Person Centered Therapy, Existential Therapy, Gestalt Therapy, Chapter 8 Gestalt Therapy Questions, Psychoanalytic Theory/Gestalt/Existential/Person Centred/ Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice

Genuine knowledge is the product of what the person understands of the situation of another.

False

Gestalt experiments are ready-made techniques that are often used to evoke the expression of certian emotions.

False

One of the contributions of Gestalt therapy is the vast empirical research that has been done to validate the specific techniques used.

False

Preparing clients for Gestalt exercises destroys both their spontaneity and effectiveness.

False

Since Gestalt therapy focuses on the here-and-now, the past is neither explored nor given emphasis.

False

The Gestalt approach to dream work consists of the therapist interpreting the meaning of the symbols in the dream.

False

The Gestalt therapist typically uses diagnosis and interpretation as a basic part of the therapeutic process.

False

The goal of Gestalt therapy is to solve basic problems, to resolve one's polarities, and to help the individual to adjust to his or her environment.

False

Therapy is based upon the successful resolution of the transference relationship.

False

Gestalt therapy makes use of a wide variety of techniques that are designed to increase the client's awareness of his or her present experiencing.

True

According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves: ​ ​ A. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. ​ B. initiative vs. guilt. ​ C. identity vs. role confusion. ​ D. trust vs. mistrust.

A. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT

A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is:​ ​ A. psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. B.​ psychoanalytically oriented reality therapy. ​ C. superego-oriented psychotherapy. ​ D. psychoanalytic behavior analysis.

A. PSYCHOANALYTICALLY ORIENTED PSYCHOTHERAPY

Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as: ​ ​A. rationalization. ​B. projection. ​C. displacement. ​D. introjection.

A. RATIONALIZATION

One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings into the unconscious, is:​ ​A. repression. ​B. regression. ​C. displacement. ​D. rationalization.

A. REPRESSION

Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self-absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders? ​ ​A. Narcissistic ​B. Dependent ​C. Borderline ​D. Obsessive-compulsive

A. narcissistic

The person-centered therapist is best described as a: ​ A. ​facilitator. ​B. teacher. ​C. human engineer. ​D. friend.

A. ​facilitator.

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense? ​ ​A. Displacement B. ​Reaction formation ​C. Introjection ​D. Projection

B. REACTION FORMATION

All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except: ​ ​A. individuation. ​B. the shadow. C. ​symbiosis. D. ​collective unconscious.

C. SYMBIOSIS

Which person is not associated with the existential movement? ​A. Rollo May ​B. Victor Frankl ​C. Irvin Yalom ​D. B. F. Skinner

D. B.F. SKINNER

Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as:​ A. ​sublimation. ​B. repression. C. ​introjection. ​D. displacement.

D. DISPLACEMENT

If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include all of the following except: ​ ​A. rejecting others' love. ​ B. fear of intimate relationships. ​ C. mistrust of others. ​ D. high self-esteem.

D. HIGH SELF ESTEEM

Developmentally, Freud's latency stage corresponds to Erickson's stage of: ​ Question options: ​ A. trust versus mistrust. ​ B. intimacy versus isolation. ​ C. initiative versus guilt. ​ D. industry versus inferiority.

D. INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY

A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of _________ during the_________ stage. ​ ​A. intimacy; young adulthood ​ B. identity; adolescent ​ C. integrity; later life ​ D. industry; school age

D. INDUSTRY; SCHOOL AGE

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:​ ​A. transference. ​B. rationalization. ​C. countertransference. ​D. interpretation.

D. INTERPRETATION

The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of: ​ ​A. displacement. ​B. reaction formation. ​C. sublimation. D. introjection.

D. INTROJECTION

Who developed the object-relations view that focuses on separation and individuation? ​ A. ​Perls ​B. Satir ​C. Rogers D. ​Mahler

D. MAHLER

The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known as: ​ ​A. displacement. ​B. denial. ​C. compensation. ​D. sublimation.

D. SUBLIMATION

A common theme originating in Carl Rogers's early writings and continuing to permeate all of his works is:​ ​A. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering. ​ B. the need for a religion to find meaning in life. ​ C. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues. ​ D. a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present.

D. a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present.

The five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances include all of the following, except: ​A. retroflection. ​B. projection. ​C. introjection. ​D. introflection.

D. ​introflection.

Retroflection involves doing to others what we would like them to do to us.

False

A Gestalt therapist pays attention to ways the client uses language.

True

A current trend in Gestalt therapy is toward greater emphasis on the client/therapist relationship rather than on techniques.

True

Although Perls used a highly confrontational approach in dealing with client avoidance and resistance, the confrontational model is not representative of contemporary Gestalt therapy.

True

An effective Gestalt therapist must develop deep personal awareness.

True

In Gestalt terms, awareness refers to our connectedness to our external and internal worlds.

True

In Gestalt therapy, a client's resistance is welcomed and used to deepen their therapeutic work.

True

Most of the Gestalt techniques are designed to intensify one's experiencing.

True

__________ involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment.

a. Confluence

Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist?

a. Fritz Perls

Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy?

a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.

Existential therapy is best considered as:​ a.​ an approach to understand the subjective world of the client. b. ​ a school of therapy. ​c. a system of techniques designed to create authentic humans. ​ d. a strategy for uncovering dysfunctional behavior.

a. an approach to understand the subjective world of the client

Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might:

a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is:

a. attaining awareness and contact with the environment.

Existential therapy groups are particularly helpful for clients working on: ​ A.​ self-actualization. ​ B. issues of responsibility. ​ C. reducing problematic behaviors. ​ D. exploring family dynamics.

b.

Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader's roles?

b. Evoking group catharsis

Which technique takes an anticipated event and brings it into the present moment to act out?

b. Future projection

A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is the:

b. approach to confrontation.

One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is its:

b. emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment.

The empty chair technique:

b. is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal.

From a multicultural perspective, a limitation of Gestalt therapy is that

both it tends to produce high levels of intense feelings and it is highly focused on direct expression of feelings.

In the book Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death (2008), ________________develops the idea that confronting death enables us to live in a more compassionate way.​ ​A. Martin Buber ​B. Justin Bieber C. ​Irvin Yalom ​D. Stephen King

c.

The goals of existential therapy include all but_________. ​ ​ A. to help clients become more present to both themselves and others. ​ B. to assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence. ​ C. helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives. ​ D. to encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives.

c.

When a client learns how to influence his or her environment describes which stage of Miriam Polster's threestage integration sequence?

c. Assimilation

Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members?

c. Making the rounds

It is essential that counselors establish a relationship with their clients, so that the clients will:

c. feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments.

According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except:

c. withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.

Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as a:

d. creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

A contribution of this therapeutic approach is:

d. the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present.

What is a limitation of person-centered therapy? ​ ​ A. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy. ​ B. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies. ​ C. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior. D.​ The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.

C. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior.

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? ​ ​ A. Defining concrete and measurable goals ​ B. The therapist's technical skills ​ C. The relationship between the client and therapist ​ D. The therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems

C. The relationship between the client and therapist

The technique of reflection involves the therapist: ​ ​A. restating the client's words verbatim. ​ B. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client. ​ C. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation. ​ D. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.

C. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach? ​ ​A. The focus is on the phenomenological world of the client. ​B. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research. ​C. The client-centered approach emphasized the role of the therapist as a facilitator of growth and honored the inherent power of the client. ​D. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.

D. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.

A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a sense of ___________ during the ___________stage of development. ​ ​ A. identity; adolescence ​B. trust; infancy ​ C. generativity; middle age ​ D. intimacy; young adulthood

D. INTIMACY; YOUNG ADULTHOOD

In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must: ​ ​ A. have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament. ​ B. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences. ​ C. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client. ​ D. connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.

D. connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.

Person-centered therapy is best described as a:​ A. ​completed "school" of counseling. ​B. fixed set of therapeutic principles. ​C. systematic set of behavioral techniques. D. ​philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

D. ​philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is not true? ​ ​ A. Rogers stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research. ​ B. Rogers literally opened the field for psychotherapy research. ​ C. Rogers inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome. D.​ Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

D.​ Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

Gestalt theory is best considered as a form of psychoanalytic therapy.

False

Gestalt therapy focuses on the cognitive aspects of therapy.

False

Gestalt therapy is designed for individual counseling, and it typically does not work well in groups.

False

Gestaltists typically ask why questions in the attempt to get clients to think about the source of their problems.

False

The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ________?​ ​A. fixation ​B. rationalization ​C.regression ​D. introjection

REGRESSION

A statement that best illustrates "bad faith" is:​ ​ A. Naturally I'm this way, because I grew up in an alcoholic family. ​ B. I will not consider others in the choices I make. ​ C. I must live by commitments I make. ​ D. I am responsible for the choices that I make.

a.

Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence?

a. Reunification

The characteristic existential theme includes: ​ ​a. freedom and responsibility. b. ​resistance. c. ​transference. ​d. examining irrational beliefs.

a. freedom and responsibility

In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as:

a. the heart of therapy.

According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams:

a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.

Erving Polster believes that storytelling:

b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process.

According to Yalom, the concerns that make up the core of existential psychodynamics include all of the following, except: ​ ​A. death. ​B. freedom. ​C. togetherness. ​D. meaninglessness.

c.

Which is not an essential aim of existential-humanistic therapy?​ ​ A. To help clients become more present to both themselves and others ​ B. To assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence ​ C. To dispute clients' irrational beliefs ​ D. To challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives

c. to dispute clients irrational belies

One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is its: ​ behavioral training models. ​ emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment. ​ attempt to remain focused on the past. ​ ability to allow the client to remain oblivious to his or her behavior.

emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment.

Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference?​ ​A. Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased. ​B. Countertransference reactions are inevitable because all therapists have unresolved conflicts and personal vulnerabilities that are activated through their professional work. ​C. Most research on countertransference has dealt with its deleterious effects and how to manage these reactions. ​D. It is critical that therapists monitor their own feelings during therapy sessions and use their responses as a source for increased self-awareness and understanding of their clients.

A. COUNTERTRANSFERENCE REACTIONS ARE THE WEAKEST SOURCE OF DATA FOR UNDERTSANDING THE WORLD OF THE CLIENT SINCE THEY ARE SO BIASED.

In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to:​ ​ A. reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts. ​ B. replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk. ​ D. make use of programs such as Weight Watchers or the Atkins diet plan. ​ D. increase their support networks and develop social interest.

A. REDUCE THEIR SYMPTOMS AND RESOLVE THEIR INTERNAL CONFLICTS

According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams: ​ A. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives. ​ B. that suggests they have no internal conflicts. ​ C. they are sound sleepers. ​ D. they lack creativity.

A. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.

From a person-centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the: ​ A. ​individual client. ​B. therapist. ​C. client's family. ​D. therapeutic relationship.

A. ​individual client.

A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the: ​ A. ​therapist's role as facilitator. ​B. length of treatment. ​C. focus on creating a collaborative spirit. ​D. focus on building genuine relationships among members.

A. ​therapist's role as facilitator.

The ______________________that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.​ A.​ positive psychology movement ​ B. object relations approach ​ C. dialectical behavior therapy approach ​ D. applied behavior analysis movement

A.​ positive psychology movement

Question 5 1 / 1 point Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the: ​ ​A. oral stage. ​B. anal stage. ​C. phallic stage. ​D. genital stage.

ANAL STAGE

Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to:​ ​A. "making the ego conscious." ​ B. "where there was id, let there be ego." ​C. "get rid of the id, kid!" ​ D. "may the force be within you."

B. "WHERE THERE WAS ID, LET THERE BE EGO"

In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels: ​ ​A. he has behaved in a manner that is inconsistent with his moral code. ​ B. a realistic threat is present in the environment. ​C. he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately. ​ D. guilt associated with past actions.

B. A REALISTIC THREAT IS PRESENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT

The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as: ​ ​A. sublimation. ​B. compensation. ​C. introjection. D. ​reaction formation

B. COMPENSATION

Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework? ​ ​A. Unconditional positive regard ​B. Creative expression ​C. Accurate empathetic understanding ​D. Congruence

B. Creative expression

What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages? ​ ​ A. Anal/phallic/latency/genital/oral ​ B. Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital ​ C. Oral/anal/latency/genital/phallic ​ D. Latency/oral/anal/phallic/genital

B. ORAL/ANAL/PHALLIC/LATENCY/GENITAL

Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways?​ ​A. To refer to the death instincts ​B. To refer to the energy of all the life instincts ​C. To refer to sexual abuse ​D. To account for the aggressive drive

B. TO REFER TO THE ENERGY OF ALL THE LIFE INSTINCTS

Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach? ​ ​ A. Therapists should give advice when clients need it. ​ B. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes. ​ C. Therapists should function largely as teachers. ​ D. Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.

B. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.

​ The Gestalt therapist: ​ A. freely makes interpretations for the client. ​ B.pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. ​ C. is mainly nondirective. ​ D. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways.

B. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except: ​ A contact is necessary for change and growth to occur. ​ B one maintains a sense of individuality as a result of good contact. ​C withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis. ​ D contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.

C withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.

The person-centered approach's view of human nature:​ ​A. views people as basically competitive. ​B. states that humans are driven by irrational forces. C. ​emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others. ​D. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.

C.

A person who manages his or her anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using: ​ A. ​introjection. ​B. sublimation. ​C. denial. ​D. compensation.

C. DENIAL

In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is:​ ​ A. intimacy vs. isolation. ​ B. integrity vs. despair. ​C. identity vs. role confusion. ​ D. initiative vs. guilt.

C. IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION

All of the following are true about the superego except: ​ ​ A. it is the judicial branch of personality. ​ B. it is the internalization of the standards of parents and society. ​ C. it governs, controls and regulates the personality. D. ​ it inhibits id impulses.

C. IT GOVERNS, CONTROLS AND REGULATES THE PERSONALITY

The main function of the ego is to: ​ ​ A. inhibit id impulses. ​ B. seek pleasure in life. ​ C. mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment. ​ D. strive for perfection.

C. MEDIATE BETWEEN THE INSTINCTS AND THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is:​ ​ A. forming a contract with the therapist. ​ B. willingness to do "homework assignments." ​ C. participating in free association. ​ D. writing down dreams.

C. PARTICIPATING IN FREE ASSOCIATION

The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during: ​ ​A. school age. ​B. early childhood age. ​C. preschool age. ​D. adolescence.

C. PRESCHOOL AGE

Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilty feelings?​ ​A. The id ​B. The ego ​C. The superego ​D. The consciousness

C. THE SUPEREGO

Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches?​ ​ A. Use of interpretation early in the therapeutic relationship ​ B. Targeting a specific interpersonal problem during the first session ​ C. The therapist functioning as a blank slate ​ D. Developing a strong working alliance

C. THE THERAPIST FUNCTIONING AS A BLANK SLATE

Gestalt techniques can be considered experiments.

True

The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to: ​A. treat specific learning disorders. ​B. change overt behavior. ​C. correct irrational thinking. ​D. make the unconscious motives conscious.

D. MAKE THE UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES CONSCIOUS

Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes all of the following except:​ ​dreams. ​post-hypnotic suggestions. ​free-association. ​material derived from introspective techniques.

D. MATERIAL DERIVED FROM INTROSPECTIVE TECHNIQUES

The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development? ​ ​A. Anal stage ​B. Genital stage ​C. Oral stage ​D. Phallic stage

D. PHALLIC STAGE

The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests: ​ A. we change by setting future-oriented goals. ​ B. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be. ​ C. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening. D. authentic change occurs more from being who we are then from trying to be who we are not

D. authentic change occurs more from being who we are then from trying to be who we are not

According to Perls, awareness of and by itself is not sufficient to lead to change; clients must also put their experiences into some type of cognitive framework if change is to happen.

False

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is synonymous with Gestalt therapy.

False

Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members? ​ The rehearsal exercise ​ The reversal technique ​ Making the rounds ​ The exaggeration technique

Making the rounds

Gestalt therapies view a client's avoidance behavior as related to unfinished business.

True

Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior.

True

Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning.

True

Gestalt therapy is lively and promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations.

True

Gestalt group therapists use experiments to encourage clients to move from talking about action to taking action.

True

In the Gestaltist view, unfinished business is best explored in the present.

True

Part of success in using Gestalt techniques is contingent upon preparing clients for these techniques.

True

People who rely on retroflection tend to inhibit themselves from taking action out of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment.

True

Since Gestalt therapists believe that questions have a tendency to keep the questioner hidden, safe, and unknown, they often ask clients to change their questions into statements.

True

The existential approach is particularly well-suited to clients who:​ ​ A. are dealing with grief and loss. ​ B. are victims of oppression. ​ C. have limited intellectual capacities. ​ D. suffer from severe mental illness.

a.

Therapy is viewed as a ___________________in the sense that the interpersonal and existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of the therapy relationship.​ ​ A. social microcosm ​ B. "touchy feely" encounter ​ C. living laboratory ​ D. tension-filled encounter

a.

__________ emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. ​ ​ a. Existential analysis ​ b. Existential anxiety ​ c. Self-awareness ​ d. Existential guilt

a.

​Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist? A. ​Fritz Perls B. ​Laura Perls ​C. Miriam Polster ​D. Erving Polster

a.​Fritz Perls

From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because:​ ​ A. it is founded on abstract, westernized notions that are not widely applicable. ​B. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices. ​ C. death anxiety is not a central issue in all cultures. ​ D. the use of techniques may be overwhelming for them.

b.

The central theme running through the works of Viktor Frankl is:​ A. ​that freedom is a myth. ​B. the will to meaning. ​C. self-disclosure as the key to mental health. D. ​the notion of self-actualization.

b.

Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as:​ ​ a. individual psychology. ​ b. logotherapy. ​ c. reality therapy. ​ d. redecision therapy.

b.

When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint?​ ​ a. When the client feels comfortable enough to engage in shame-attacking exercises outside of counseling sessions. ​ b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client. c. ​ When the therapist uses his or her influence to convince the client to let go of his or her anxiety. ​ d. When sessions begin with progressive muscle relaxation exercises.

b.

Which of the following is not considered a basic dimension of the human condition? ​ ​ A. Capacity for self-awareness ​ B. Striving for acceptance of others ​ C. Establishing meaningful relationships with others ​ D. Freedom and responsibility

b.

When a client recognizes he or she has a choice describes which stage of Miriam Polster's three¬stage integration sequence?

b. Accommodation

Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls?

b. During his childhood, he was a model student.

The central goal of existential psychotherapy is to:​ A. ​decrease self-awareness. B. ​increase awareness. ​C. help clients reject the responsibility of choosing. ​D. keep the client from experiencing authentic existence.

b. increase awareness

According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to:

b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions.

The Gestalt therapist:

b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

In Gestalt theory, the experiment is:

b. tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner.

A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is:

b. the reversal exercise.

Which of the following was not part of Stan's work in existential therapy? ​ ​ a. Challenging his feelings of loneliness ​ b. Working on his inauthentic relationship with his siblings ​ c. Confronting his responsibility for his drug and alcohol use ​ d. Exploring Stan's human potential

b. working on his inauthentic relationshis with his siblings

According to the existential viewpoint, death: ​ ​a. makes life absurd. ​b. makes life meaningless and hopeless. ​c. gives significance to living. ​d. should not be explored in therapy.

c.

Existential therapy is: ​ ​ d. a deterministic approach to therapy. ​ b. an expansion of the Adlerian school of therapy. ​c. a phenomenological approach to therapy. ​ d. a structured approach to therapy.

c.

Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings:​ ​ a. is a neurotically dependent attachment. ​ b. should be based on our needs and theirs. ​c. is healthy when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength. ​ d. is not necessary, since we are basically alone.

c.

Ursula lived in New York City on 9/11. Ever since experiencing the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, she has felt anxiety about going to the upper level floors of tall buildings. As an existentially oriented therapist, you might conclude that:​ ​ a. Ursula is highly neurotic. ​ b. Ursula's fears are completely unfounded. ​ c. Ursula's anxiety is normal in light of the traumatic experience she had on 9/11. ​ d.Ursula is on the verge of becoming psychotic.

c.

Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life? ​a. Medard Boss ​b. Jean-Paul Sartre ​c. Soren Kierkegaard ​d. Martin Buber

c.

Which of the statements below regarding emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is not true?

c. EFT blends the relational aspects of the person-centered approach with the active phenomenological awareness experiments of Gestalt therapy.

__________ are preplanned activities that can be used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal.

c. Exercises

When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?

c. The internal dialogue exercise

Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is:

c. becoming stronger.

The British scholar working to develop training programs in existential therapy is:​ ​A. Roll May. ​B. Irvin Yalom. ​C. Emmy van Deurzen. ​D. J. Michael Russell.

c. emmy van deurzen

A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in:

c. retroflection.

Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist:

c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream.

Field theory asserts that:

c. the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field.

Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as a: ​ way that clients avoid confrontation. ​ sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work. ​ therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome. ​ creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except: ​ ​ a. discarding old values. ​ b. meaninglessness. ​ c. creating our own value system ​ d. exploring unfinished business.

d.

Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except: ​ ​ A. learn to tolerate feelings of isolation. ​ B. develop strength and self-reliance. ​ C. develop a deep understanding of ourselves. D. ​ reject the social overtures of others.

d.

From a scientific perspective, existential psychotherapy: ​ ​ A. is well researched. ​ B. lends itself easily to evaluation due to its clearly defined principles and techniques. ​ C. fits well into the framework of evidence-based practice. ​ D. is difficult to research because every psychotherapy experience is unique.

d.

In regards to freedom and responsibility, existential therapy embraces three values. Which of the following is not one of these values?​ a.​ The freedom to become within the context of natural and self-imposed limitations ​ b. The capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices ​ c. The capacity to act on the choices we make ​ d. The freedom to choose our past and the choices of our parents

d.

When working with a client living a restricted existence, an existential therapist would likely:​ ​ A. explore the developmental origins of these feelings. ​ B. develop a specific behavioral plan to help the client get "un-stuck." ​ C. encourage the client to do a shame-attacking exercise. ​ D. make the client aware of how his or her current ways of living are keeping him or her stuck.

d.

Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting?

d. Confluence

__________ grow out of the interaction between client and therapist and emerge within this dialogic process.

d. Experiments

Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques?

d. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on?

d. Semantics

The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests:

d. authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

Finding the "courage to be" involves:​ ​A. confronting a specific phobia. ​B. learning to be alone. ​C. discarding old values. ​D. developing a will to move forward in spite of anxiety-producing situations.

d. developing a will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations

Gestalt therapy is a form of:

d. existential therapy.

The five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances include all of the following, except:

d. introflection.

Prerequisites for good contact involves all of the following except:

d. projection.

​ The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: ​ A. attaining awareness and contact with the environment. ​ B. to understand why we feel as we do. ​ C. to uncover repressed material. ​ D. to help clients develop better social skills.

​ A. attaining awareness and contact with the environment.

In person-centered group therapy, the leader: ​ ​ A. displays a sense of trust in the members. ​ B. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group. ​ C. focuses on making interpretations. ​ D. sets goals for the group members.

​ A. displays a sense of trust in the members.

Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy?​ ​ A. An improvement in Adrianne's ability to block negative thoughts about her career options ​ B. A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction C. Progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment​ ​ D. A willingness on Adrianne's part to examine her family constellation in order to deepen her understanding of her reasons for her lack of direction

​ B. A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction

Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy?​ ​ A. It could be referred to as holistic therapy. ​ B. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used. ​ C. It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person. ​ D. It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.

​ B. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used.

Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls? ​ A. He was the main originator and developer of Gestalt therapy. ​ B. During his childhood, he was a model student. ​ C. He was influenced by psychoanalytic concepts. ​ D. He took issue with Freud's theory on a number of grounds.

​ B. During his childhood, he was a model student.

Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as:​ ​ A. opponents to be defeated. ​ B. allies who play a major role in their present and future success. ​ C. victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and dysfunction. ​ D. people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.

​ B. allies who play a major role in their present and future success.

According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: ​ A help assist them in facing unfinished business. ​ B keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. ​ C help them work to change. ​D help express feelings openly.

​ B. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions.

According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as:​ ​ A. internalizing the validation one receives from others. ​ B. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence. ​C. going on one's instincts when judging the behavior of others. ​ D. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical.

​ B. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.

Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate?​ ​ A. MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking. ​ B. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems. ​ C. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization. ​ D. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and reframe resistance as a healthy response.

​ C. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization.

Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counseling?​ ​ A. Client-centered to person-centered to nondirective ​ B. Client-centered to nondirective to person-centered ​ C. Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered ​ D. Nondirective to person-centered to client-centered

​ C. Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered

When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? ​ A. Making the rounds ​ B. The reversal technique ​ C. The internal dialogue exercise ​ D. The rehearsal exercise

​ C. The internal dialogue exercise

Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist: ​ A. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog. ​ B. should interpret the dream for her client. ​ C.should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream. ​ D. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.

​ C. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream.

In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of:​ ​ A. organizational management seminars. ​ B. private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists. ​ C. student-centered teaching and encounter groups. ​ D. the National Training Laboratories and T-groups.

​ C. student-centered teaching and encounter groups.

Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to: ​ ​ A. the transference relationship. ​ B. countertransference, or unfinished business of the counselor. ​ C. the client/therapist relationship. ​ D. guilt and anxiety.

​ C. the client/therapist relationship.

Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques? ​ A. "Exercises" are ready-made techniques. ​ B. "Experiments" grow out of the interaction between therapist and client. ​ C. Clients need to be prepared for their involvement in Gestalt techniques. ​ D. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

​ D. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

​ One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves: ​ A. a respect for the client's subjective experience. ​ B. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices. ​ C. an emphasis on freedom. ​ D. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

​ D. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader's roles? ​ Designing experiments for group members ​ Evoking group catharsis ​ Engaging in self-disclosure ​ Facilitating contact in the group setting

​ Evoking group catharsis

Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy? ​ a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients. ​ b. It is important to confront clients with the ways they are avoiding being fully alive. ​ c. Confrontation does not have to be aimed at negative traits. ​ d. Confrontation should be a genuine expression of caring.

​ a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients

Gestalt therapy is a form of: ​ ​A. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy. ​ B. neo-Freudian analytic therapy. ​ C. behavior therapy. ​ D. existential therapy.

​ d. existential therapy.

The empty chair technique: ​ assists clients in deciding what chair they like. ​ is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal. ​ allows clients to internalize a role and not share. ​ does not help resolve unfinished business.

​ is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal.

​ In Gestalt theory, the experiment is: ​ a specific technique of therapy. Correct Response ​ tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner. ​ a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal. ​ a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy.

​ tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner.

Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?​ ​A. Physical and safety needs ​B. Belonging and love ​C. Esteem from self and others ​D. Self-actualization

​A. Physical and safety needs

From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by: ​ ​A. a sense of equality. ​B. the transference relationship. ​C. the therapist functioning as the expert. ​D. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.

​A. a sense of equality.

​ Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: ​ A. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it. ​B. have Greta undergo hypnosis. ​ C. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." ​ D. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis.

​A. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is the: ​A. emphasis on contact. ​B. approach to confrontation. ​C. use of techniques. ​D. focus on the figure formation process.

​B. approach to confrontation.

Erving Polster believes that storytelling: ​A. is always a form of resistance. ​B. can be the heart of the therapeutic process. ​C. is acceptable only if one's client is a writer. ​ D. is an indication that one's client is a pathological liar.

​B. can be the heart of the therapeutic process.

Person-centered therapy is a(n):​ ​A. action-oriented approach to therapy. ​B. humanistic approach to therapy. ​C. existential approach to therapy. ​D. deterministic approach to therapy.

​B. humanistic approach to therapy

A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is: ​A. making the rounds. ​B. the reversal exercise. ​C. the rehearsal exercise. ​D. the empty chair technique.

​B. the reversal exercise.

Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?​ ​A. Unconditional positive regard ​B. Acceptance ​C. Genuineness ​D. Accurate empathic understanding

​C. Genuineness

The __________ is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination. ​ ​A. congruence tendency ​B. empathic understanding ​C. actualizing tendency ​D. actualizing understanding

​C. actualizing tendency

Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is: ​A. weak. ​B well-developed. ​C becoming stronger. ​D unavailable.

​C. becoming stronger.

​ It is essential that counselors establish a relationship with their clients, so that the clients will: ​A. be less divulging during an assessment. B. be less focused on the here and now. ​C. feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments. ​D. be more willing to be involved in process-oriented diagnosis.

​C. feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments.

Field theory asserts that: ​ A. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ​B. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate. C. ​the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field. ​ D. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change.

​C. the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field.

Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting? ​Introjection ​Projection ​Retroflection ​Confluence

​Confluence

​ __________ involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. ​Confluence ​Deflection ​Retroflection ​Projection

​Confluence

Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach?​ ​ A. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment. ​ B. In a climate of safety in the therapeutic session, the client comes to realize that there are more authentic ways of being. ​C. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy. ​D. The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

​D. The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

__________ are preplanned activities that can be used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal. ​ Cathartic events ​Faulty experiments ​Exercises ​Conflicting opinions

​Exercises

Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence? ​Reunification ​Discovery ​Assimilation ​Accommodation

​Reunification

​ Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on? ​a. It" talk ​b. You" talk ​c. Questions ​d. Semantics

​d. Semantics

A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in: ​introjection. ​projection. ​retroflection. ​confluence.

​retroflection.