Personality

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and feelings about one's self-worth characterize a. major depressive disorder. b. social anxiety. c. schizophrenia. d. agoraphobia.

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A disorder in which excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least 6 months.

Hyperactivity

A symptom of bipolar disorder that is also present in attention deficient hyperactive disorder.

Panic Attack

A term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating.

CS;CR

Extinction occurs when the ____ no longer produces the ___.

Delusions

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness.

plausible

False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as

The reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others is called

diffusion of responsibility

Self-regulation refers to

directing and controlling one's behavior.

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a _______ is made.

dispositional attribution

Some researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of

emotional contagion.

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus,

extinction will occur.

The evidence linking psychological factors to the onset of cancer is

extremely weak.

Vitamin C is important to a child's diet because it

facilitates iron absorption and wound healing.

Understanding of __________ is associated with early reading ability.

false beliefs

Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, complex sentences with mental-state words are especially likely to pass __________ tasks.

false-belief

Laughter reflects

faster processing of information than smiling.

Some responses, such as __________, are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with stimuli.

fear

which of the following factors contriubtes toward deindividuation?

feelings of anonymity and lack of individual responibily

Ruminating

focusing on negatives and endlessly analyzing what caused problems

An estimated 17 percent of U.S. children suffer from ________ because government-supported supplementary food programs do not reach all families in need.

food insecurity

Rogers' and Perls' ____________therapies share an emphasis on the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive.

humanistic Correct. This is the definition of humanistic therapies.

Using the ________ paradigm, researchers have found that infants can recognize sounds to which they were exposed in utero.

high-amplitude sucking

Some research has shown that there are gender differences in aggression. These findings suggest that

higher levels of testosterone may produce more outward aggression in males.

Participant modeling

model a calm encounter with the client's feared object or situation, guide the client through the steps of the encounter until she can cope unassisted

Humanistic Therapies Evaluated

more effective than no treatment, but mixed results compared to other therapies

At 16 months, Brynn is in Piaget's ___________ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

separation anxiety.

Erogenous zone

sexually arousing zone of the body

According to ________ theory, children can deduce meaning of words they do not understand by inferring meaning from the context.

social pragmatics

deindividuation

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities

in-group bias

tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group

Based on research regarding the perception of racism in the United States, in which of the following areas of life does racism still linger?

-housing -health care -education *Racism still lingers in all of the above areas of life.*

Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope

...

We are predisposed to form intimate interpersonal networks that are only so large

150 people or so

Baby Alan started opening his mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. Baby Alan is probably in Stage ___ of Piaget's sensorimotor stages.

2

Despite declines in family size, _____ percent of Western babies grow up with at least one sibling.

80

Parent-infant "cosleeping" is the norm for approximately _____ percent of the world's population.

90

Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?

Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.

Brian has an IQ of 130. This means that he performed as well or better than ______ percent of his same-age peers.

98

Jackson's research career is based on his ability to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance the general scientific understanding of behavior. Jackson's career focuses on _____.

Basic research

c. diffusion of responsibility.

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as Select one: a. pluralistic ignorance. b. social loafing. c. diffusion of responsibility. d. evaluation apprehension.

A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as a. dissociative fugue. b. dissociative amnesia. c. schizophrenia. d. dissociative identity disorder.

B

__________is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months. a. Bipolar disorder b. Seasonal affective disorder c. Major depressive disorder d. Cyclothymia

B

Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behaviour? a. Behaviour that does not create distress b. Behaviour that is consistent with societal norms c. Behaviour that is rare d. Behaviour that is adaptive

C

the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented

According to the theory of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits.

7

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.

70; 90

By 2 years of age, a typical toddler's height is ______ percent greater than at birth and birth weight has __________.

75; quadrupled

Community mental health centers

A treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community

In the 1970s, researchers using meta-analysis determined that psychotherapy was _________

Generally effective in relieving human suffering

Which of the following is true about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood?

Girls are ahead of boys in fine-motor skills.

The suicide rate of people with bipolar disorder is about ________________ than that of the general population. a. 5 times lower b. 7 times higher c. 10 times higher d. 15 times higher

D

Which familial factor increases the risk of relapse in patients with schizophrenia? a. Schizophrenogenic mothers b. Authoritarian parenting c. Childhood sexual abuse d. High levels of expressed emotion

D

Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling shows that

Chinese parents use storytelling to guide children toward socially responsible behavior.

Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychology disorders? a. Biological b. Psychological c. Social and cultural d. Biopsychosocial

D

Antergrade amnesia

Dori in Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she just met. What is more likely explanation for her memory failure?

Shantae constantly complains of physical symptoms such as nausea and trouble catching her breath. After finding no medical explanation for her symptoms, a physician suspects Shantae suffers from a. dissociative disorder. b. illness anxiety disorder. c. conversion disorder. d. somatization disorder.

B

Suppose that the treatment recommended for a patient at the mental health clinic is phototherapy. What is the likely diagnosis? a. Bipolar disorder b. Seasonal affective disorder c. Major depressive disorder d. Cyclothymia

B

To remember ________, think of "cycles" of up and down moods. a. major depressive disorder b. dysthymic disorder c. cyclothymia d. seasonal affective disorder

C

__________ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.

Framing c. Decision making d. Anchoring

Exorcism

The treatment for people, in the Middle Ages, that were believed to be possessed by spirits or demons.

Photo Theory

The treatment recommended with SAD is __________ __________.

Why do people speak in different dialects?

The culture and environment in which a person is raised impacts the way they communicate linguistically.

What advice can you give Paul, who wants to help his 4-month-old daughter sleep better at night?

Take her on regular early-afternoon outings, exposing her to more bright sunlight.

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called __________.

attachment

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing _______.

attributions.

Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles?

authoritarian

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing

attributions.

Melissa grew up in the South and is prejudiced against New Yorkers. She sees a TV program about a kind-hearted but clumsy New Yorker and afterward she talks about how the program made the New Yorker appear to be bumbling, stupid, and ignorant. Melissa's behavior best illustrates which of the following? a. Self-serving bias b. The selectivity of person perception c. Defensive attribution d. The fundamental attribution error

b. The selectivity of person perception

Research indicates that people with negative self-views preferred partners who viewed them a. positively. b. negatively. c. realistically. d. unrealistically.

b. negatively.

Some basic emotions are happiness, fear, sadness, and

disgust.

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of _____.

emotion-focused coping

Emotions

energize development.

Infants and toddlers grow

in little spurts.

minimal intergroup paradigm

a laboratory method for creating groups based on arbitrary differences.

Research on language development in early childhood shows that recasts and expansions

model grammatical alternatives and encourage children to experiment with them.

The strength of the relationship between stress and health is

modest.

Children who are sociable and assertive are

more likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress.

The more preschoolers play with same-sex playmates, the

more their behavior becomes gender typed.

Research on handedness demonstrates that

most left-handers have no developmental problems.

Kayla was talking to her 12-month old daughter, and was talking in a very high-pitched, exaggerated voice. Experts refer to this sort of communication as __________.

motherese

Research on multiple attachments demonstrates that

mothers in dual-earner families tend to engage in more playful stimulation of their babies than mothers who are at home full-time.

Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both _______ and __________ deficits.

motor; cognitive

Some researchers believe that self-concept is most likely to change when a person _______________.

moves to a new city.

In contrast to the United States, most European countries

nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality.

Dr. Hahn believes that children are "prewired" to master the intricate rules of their language. Dr. Hahn endorses the ________ perspective of language development.

nativist

At birth, the brain is

nearer to its adults size than any other physical structure.

According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the

need-to-belong theory

discrimination

negative behavior toward members of out- groups

Recovery to a new stimulus, or ____________, assesses infants' recent memory.

novelty preference

Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of

one to three words per week.

In interviews with more than 3,000 U.S. parents of infants and toddlers, results indicated that _____ ate no fruits or vegetables.

one-third

When baby Brad gazes at his mother, she smiles at him, and then Brad gazes and smiles, too. This contingent responsiveness is an example of

operant conditioning.

A central component of the Head Start philosophy is

parental involvement.

Dr. Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see. Dr. Sardoza studies

perception.

Stewie has developed strong feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival for her attention. However, he is afraid that his father will find out and interfere with these plans. Stewie is clearly immersed in the __________ stage.

phallic Correct. During the phallic stage, we see the emergence of the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Frequent punishment

promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior.

Diathesis-stress models

propose that disorder is a joint product of a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressors that trigger it

Four behaviors to promote health

quitting smoking, curbing drinking, achieving a healthy weight, exercising

in survey research, a __________ should be used to help to avoid a biased sample.

random sample

Authoritarian parents

rarely listen to the child's point of view.

A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a(n)

reinforcer.

Highly aggressive children tend to

seek out deviant peer groups.

The way we each affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others and are, in turn, affected by others is the study of __________.

social psychology

In the information-processing system, information first enters

the sensory register.

Alternative medicine

used in place of conventional medicine

The term dialect is used to indicate

variations of the same language based on geographical or ethnic similarities.

In-group bias

we favor those within our group over those outside it

Empathy-based guilt reactions

can predict future prosocial behavior.

Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.

cerebellum; cerebral cortex

Comparative Psychology

challenges Roger's claim that our nature is entirely positive

The __________ effect refers to a person's unconscious mimicry of other people's expressions, behaviors, and voice tones

chameleon

Research on language acquisition indicates that

childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition.

Preschoolers' self-conscious emotions are

clearly linked to self-evaluation.

In 2007, Alex the African gray parrot died. He was an important part of the work conducted in _________________.

cognition and communication research

In 2007, Alex the African gray parrot died. He was an important part of the work conducted in...?

cognition and communication research

In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of disequilibrium,

cognitive change is rapid.

The unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior defines ____

cognitive dissonance

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is a t the bar with her friends although at those times, she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behavior. Jayla is likely experiencing ____ when she smokes.

cognitive dissonance

Adaptive conservatism

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

explicit prejudice

feelings we're unaware of, Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

Heavy episodic drinking (binge drinking)

five or more drinks on one occasion for men, four or more for women -- increase in cancer, liver problems, pregnancy complications, and brain shrinkage

Behavior therapists

focus on specific problem behaviors and the variables that maintain them

Research on emotional understanding shows that preschoolers

focus on the most obvious aspect of an emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.

How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"?

four

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of

deindividuation. Correct. The prisoners and guards engaged in uncharacteristic behavior.

Attributions

entail assigning causes to behavior -- internal vs. external influence

Somatic symptom disorder

entails anxieties about physical symptoms that interfere with daily living

Newborn's remarkable capacity for _______________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

intermodal perception

Lana understands that an object's shape is the same whether she sees it or touches it; that breaking a glass causes a sharp, crashing sound; and that the patter of footsteps signals the approach of a person. This understanding is called

intermodal stimulation

The statement "the student receives good grades because she is very intelligent" is an example of a(n)

internal attribution

By age 3, most children can

jump and hop.

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.

Knowing Niraj's IQ score helps his dad

know whether Niraj is ahead, behind, or on time in mental development compared with his agemates.

Piaget acknowledged that ________ is a child's most flexible means of mental representation.

language

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called

lateralization.

Enlightenment effect

learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better

enlightenment effect

learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better

Explanations for anxiety disorders

learning models focus on acquiring fears via classical conditioning, then maintaining them through operant conditioning

David Reimer's gender reassignment failed because his

male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity.

Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive ___________ care.

overstimulating, intrusive

cult

group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

A group member's adoption of a more extreme position about an issue than she originally held after participating in a discussion in which other group members strongly express agreement with her defines ______

group polarization

Tabitha was not quite sure how she felt about the new health care law signed by President Obama. She was leaning toward the idea that the health care bill was a good one, but she was still not completely for it. After discussing the bill with her four roommates, who were all in full support of the new legislation, Tabitha became a strong supporter of the new bill. What psychological phenomenon just occurred here that caused Tabitha to solidify her point of view?

group polarization

cults

groups of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

The Bay of Pigs invasion, the Challenger explosion, and countless other meetings where group unanimity comes at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making is overlooked is known as

groupthink

At first, baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood. Several weeks later, Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks. This is an example of

habituation

Preoperational children have difficulty with ________________, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences.

hierarchical classification

Gianna was coming home from work and could not help but notice the young woman who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. She immediately wondered if the girl was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made a(n)

internal attribution. Correct. Gianna is appropriately considering the situational influences on one's behavior.

Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has

internal locus of control

Impression management theory

proposes that we don't change our attitudes, but report that we have for consistency

Humanistic theorists reject the interpretive techniques of

psychoanalysis. Correct. Psychoanalytic therapists do not focus on the present nor living fully.

Monica experienced depression that emerged or strengthened after she gave birth to her son but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son probably

sleeps poorly.

Which facial expression would you be surprised to see your newborn baby exhibit?

smirk Correct. All but the smirk reflect a primary emotion; the smirk would be too complex for a newborn baby.

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs

strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated.

parametric studies

studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable

Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is

the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it.

Infants' play maturity and _________________ predict advanced language progress in the second year.

vocalizations during games

Generalized anxiety disorder would be more likely to occur in which of the following persons? a. A divorced 60 year old Hispanic man b. A widowed low-income Caucasian female c. A married, poor, Asian couple d. A 19 year old African Canadian woman

B

Which of the following is not part of Beck's cognitive triad of depressed thinking? a. Negative views of oneself b. Negative views of others c. Negative views of one's experiences d. Negative views of the future

B

The most severe psychological disorder is a. depression. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. autism.

C

Which of the following is true regarding handedness?

Left-handedness occurs more frequently among severely retarded and mentally ill people than in the general population.

______ play a larger role in chronic diseases than contagious diseases.

Lifestyles and stress

Post traumatic stress disorder

More than four weeks duration of repeatedly reliving/remembrance of life-threatening event

Which of the following is true about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern human development research?

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.

____________ factors are particularly predictive of who seeks mental health services

Socioeconomic

Janice has a fear of dogs. This is a type of _______ phobia

Specific

As a child, young Quinton often went bowling with his father. First he would use a "ramp" to just push the ball off of, using mostly the muscles in his shoulders. As he got stronger and more coordinated, he would hold a light ball and flick it with his wrist. Finally, he learned to control the grip of his fingers to make the ball spin left or right. What developmental principle describes this pattern of increasing coordination from the center to the outside of the body?

The proximodistal rule

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ____.

Tend and befriend

Women are more likely to be this than males

Research on speed-reading courses indicates that

a. comprehension suffers as reading speed increases. c. speed is completely unrelated to comprehension. d. the faster we read, the better able we are to retain attention to the text.

During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will

adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener.

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by

adjusting their expectations to children's capacities.

Th intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on others is referred to as

aggression

Follow-up research on peer sociability indicates that

all types of play coexist in early childhood.

Fusiform face area

an area of the visual cortex that specifically responds to and recognizes faces.

Dispositional Attribution

an attribution based on a person's personality or characteristics.

Situational Attribution

an attribution based on a person's situation or environment.

Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as

an autobiographical memory.

cognitive dissonance theory

an influential model of attitude change

Jayne is a 26-month-old toddler. She is most likely in the __________ stage.

anal

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called

animistic thinking.

In most cases, the rules of syntax...

are rarely followed in real-world language

Symbolic meaning

assumption that all actions are meaningful

In the movie Grumpier Old Men , the oldest character claims that he has had bacon, alcohol, and cigarettes every day for his entire adult life and that none of these behaviors have harmed him. If you were to go out now and start doing these behaviors because you felt they were, in fact, safe, you'd be falling pray to the..?

availability heuristic

Gender patterns in eye contact are most likely to be confounded by which of the following? a. Age b. Atatus c. Height d. Culture

b. Atatus

Which of the following drugs is considered a stimulant? a. Heroin b. Cocaine c. Morphine d. Marijuana

b. Cocaine

Which of the following types of opening lines is likely to be least effective in initiating a conversation with another-gender stranger? a. Direct b. Cute/flippant c. Innocuous d. Complimentary

b. Cute/flippant

Which of the following is least likely to be a risk associated with the use of hallucinogens? a. Flashbacks b. Death from overdose c. Acute panic during a "bad trip" d. Precipitation of psychological disorders

b. Death from overdose

Baby Greer says "babababababa." This is an example of

babbling.

Babies everywhere start babbling at about the same age, but for babbling to develop further,

babies must be able to hear human speech.

Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months,

babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.

prosocial behavior

behavior intended to help others

According to social learning theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.

behavior; self-perceptions

Social influence

behavioral control

Professor Zettler regards language development as entirely due to environmental influences. Professor Zettler's belief is consistent with the ___________ perspective.

behaviorist

Some critics of the violation-of-expectation method

believe that it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their understanding of experience.

Interactional synchrony is

best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance."

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed a. abuse. b. tolerance. c. physical dependence. d. psychological dependence.

c. physical dependence.

Marcia is feeling bad about cheating on her exam because she thinks of herself as an honest person. She relieves her_____by reasoning that she had to chear because the professors exam was not a fair test.

cognitive dissonance

The fact that you recognize Great Danes, Dachshunds, Collies and Chihuahuas as being dogs is an example of a__________

concept.

Changing one's behavior or thinking in order to go along with the group or to fit another's expectation is referred to as _______.

conformity

although he knew he was right paul changed his answer under pressure from the other three members on th panel. Pauls behavior demonstrates the power of

conformity

You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of

conformity. Correct. You are conforming to the actions of the group.

Joan decides not to see a scary horror film. Joan is using

emotional self-regulation.

Truly moral individuals

have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.

Koro

involves believing your genitals are shrinking and receding nto your abdomen

Suicide

more than 30,000 people commit suicide in US each year (11th leading cause of death)

The term adaptive conservatism refers to

our tendency to distrust anyone who is unfamiliar to us

Peripheral

route focuses on its surface aspects

Advertisers of personal care products are tapping into the _____________ motive.

self-improvement

Maltreating parents

suffer from biased thinking about their child.

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.

the zone of proximal development

confederates

undercover agents of the researcher. But the actual participants are unaware of that deception.

Which theory of prejudice is based on the idea that people tend to form in-groups and out-groups?

us versus them theory

According to Vygotksy, learning takes place

within the zone of proximal development.

Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse?

Cole, a premature baby

Which of the following is true about brain development?

Gains in neural fibers and myelination are responsible for the extraordinary gain in overall brain size.

Which of the following is supported by research on sex differences in aggression?

Although girls have a reputation for being both more verbally and relationally aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small.

_______ are responsible for myelination.

Glial cells

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

Psychoanalytic

_______ may profoundly affect handedness.

Prenatal events

The notion of "basking in reflected glory" was proposed by

Robert Cialdini.

_____ occurs when an individual aims his/her aggression toward an innocent target.

Scapegoating

Traumatic

Stressor so severe that it can produce long-term psychological or health consequences

__________ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries.

Unintentional injuries

Punishment

Will decrease the likelihood of behavior reoccurring

Lucid

____ dreaming is a phenomenon in which a person achieves an awareness of a dream as a dream while dreaming.

Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to

decide for herself when and how much to eat.

Which of the following statements is an example of induction?

"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers

"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands.

Which of the following statements might lead to feelings of incongruence?

"I would rather you join the band than go out for the basketball team."

Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink?

"I'm sure we all agree on this."

Thorndike's law of effect

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated. IF a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This statement is a summary of ______.

a. Occam's razor

"Oh my gosh, it's a UFO!" This scream came from the backyard of a suburban neighborhood home, after which several other people came out and agreed that they were all seeing a UFO. As it turns out, there was merely a weather balloon flying high in the sky after it had separated from its tethering cord. This simpler explanation for the sighting of a UFO is consistent with the conceptual principle of Select one: a. Occam's razor b. correlation versus causation c. falsifiability d. replicability

One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start quickly dissolve is that many of the children

enter low-quality public schools.

EEG and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal

especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the frontal lobe.

The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

ethological

Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view?

ethological

Reorganization in the brain can occur

even in adulthood.

adaptive conservatism*

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

Stress as a transaction approach

examines how people interpret and cope with stressful events

A key criticism of the trait perspective on personality development is that it

fails to explain the cause of the differences in the various trait dimensions.

urban legends

false stories repeated so many times that people believe them to be true

Research shows that children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called

fast-mapping.

Biofeedback

feedback by a device that provides an almost-immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate

Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests

focus on the products of cognitive development rather than on the process of development.

relational aggression

form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation

According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items

from early in the list. Correct. The primacy effects suggest that you will recall information that is presented at the beginning of a list.

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, and is constantly physically tense. Leo's symptoms sound most like ______.

generalized anxiety disorder Correct. Leo's worrying all the time about many different things is symptomatic of generalized anxiety disorder. (panic disorder --- Incorrect. If Leo had panic disorder, he would suffer from intense panic attacks rather than the more generalized worrying that he experiences.)

A local charity sends you return mailing lables and asks you to contribute whatever you can. You go ahead and send 5$ a month later you receive another request but this time for 10$ along with nuerous other charities to contribute to you feel good that you contributed but you may be experiencing the

good in the door technique

The second key theme in Milgrams paradigm is the_____the psychologcal distance between the teacher and learner, the_____is the obedience

greater, more

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience.

greater; less

One of the key themes in Milgrams paradigm is the ______the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter the____is the obedience

greater; less

During the preschool years, high self-esteem

greatly contributes to children's initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.

in a social experiemtn there are 12 people 6 white 6 black and they lived together for one week, they caried in their level o prejudice; those with low leves of prejudice became less prejudiced, while those with high leves of prejudiced became more prejudiced . this type of behavior is called

group polarization

After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at her reflection in a mirror, 3-year-old Maggi is frightened. This is probably because Maggi

has a fragile understanding of the appearance-reality distinction.

Aerobic Exercise

has many benefits: lowers blood pressure and risk for CHD; improves lung function; relieves the symptoms of arthritis; decreases diabetes risk; cuts the risk of breast and colon cancer -- not safe or effective

Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents

have different expectations for sons than for daughters.

Children with autism

have narrow and overly intense interests.

Follow-up research on appearance versus reality problems suggests that young children

have trouble with the language of appearance-reality tasks.

Which of the following briefly describes the classic research on obedience led by Stanley Milgram in the 1960s?

having the teacher administer shocks of increasing strength to a learner upon every incorrect response.

Bipolar disorder

heavily genetically influenced

Which of the following is a motive that is linked to the concepts of social pressure and influence?

hedonic motive

In the violation-of-expectation method, __________ suggests that the infant is surprised by a deviation from physical reality.

heightened attention to an unexpected event

Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. You can assure Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat"

helps her keep a constant body temperature.

According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes, the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the

higher their cortisol levels.

In the first few years of life, the brain is

highly plastic.

An inner-brain structure called the ____________ plays a vital role in memory and spatial awareness.

hippocampus

A three-month old baby named Bryan smiles even when he is alone. Scientific research has suggested that his smile should be attributed to ________.

his innate motor programs from birth Correct. The fact that some emotional expressions emerge even without direct reinforcement suggests that they may be by-products of innate motor program.

beck's cognitive model

holds that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations -- Cognitive triad, negative schemas, and cognitive distortions

schools of thought focuses on the uniqueness of individuals and suggests that individuals are responsible for their own behaviors

humanistic

Which of the following children is most likely to have a temper tantrum when her father leaves the room?

ilsa who has an anxious ambivalent attachment to her father

Our most powerful mental representations include ________ and _________.

images; concepts

Karen has a behavioral condition that prevents her from functioning normally in everyday life. Under what criterion might this qualify her condition as a mental illness?

impairment

According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, babies

impose meaning on what they perceive.

Children acquire motor skills

in highly individual ways.

Maria more positively evaluates girls than boys. This is an example of

in-group favoritism.

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence

increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.

The bystander effect suggests that as the number of individuals _______, the likelihood that someone will help _______.

increases; decreases

in the experimental method, the __ is sometimes referred to as the treatment.

independent variable

the variable that the experimenter changes, or manipulates, in an experimental method is referred to as the ____.

independent variable

An intelligence quotient (IQ)

indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals.

Information-processing research indicates that by 3 months, infants can remember events for as long as 3 months and categorize stimuli. These findings challenge Piaget's assumption that

infants are unable to mentally represent experiences.

Unlike Piaget, who thought young babies constructed all mental representations out of sensorimotor activity, most researchers now believe that

infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience.

Research on child care in infancy suggests that

infants placed in full-time child care before 12 months of age are more likely than infants who remain at home to display insecure attachment.

Consistent with Piaget's theory, searching for hidden objects is a true cognitive advance because

infants solve some object-hiding tasks before others.

Core knowledge theorists assume that

infants start out life with a set of prewired understandings.

Informational Social Influence

influence exerted by information that others give a person.

Normative Social Influence

influence that draws on a person's desire for others' approval and his or her longing to be part of a group.

Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson's image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

initiative

Psychodynamic Therapies

insight is not necessary to relieve distress; many psychodynamic concepts are difficult to falsify; no evidence for repressing hurtful memories either -- less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy -- not effective for psychotic disorders

Health psychology

integrates behavioral sciences with the practice of medicine

Of the following choices, the best definition of aggression is:

intentionally inflicting physical or psychological harm on another

According to Bowlby, the _____________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

internal working model

Douglas does not like volleyball. Douglas concludes that only girls like volleyball. Douglas

is a gender-schematic child.

Molly says, "Only girls can be nurses." Molly

is a gender-schematic child.

Nathan is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Nathan remembers him as a doctor. Nathan

is a gender-schematic child.

Longitudinal research on the developmental consequences of lead indicates that

lead impairs learning and contributes to behavior problems.

Stranger anxiety is

less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.

Self-help groups

like AA have become very popular -- peers with similar problems; often no professional therapist --based on "12 steps" method, but little research demonstrating its effectiveness

Helen Keller's writings suggest support for the

linguistic determinism view

Halfway houses

living facilities that offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment while they are trying to reestablish employment and ties to family and friends

Children first represent objects and events on paper by

making gestures that leave marks.

Studies on emotional understanding indicate that 4-year-old Casey will have difficulty

making sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

An advertiser selling an herbal remedy for instant weight loss on tv has the actor in the commercial wear a white lab coat. They ar relying on

maladaptive gullibility

Research on child maltreatment shows that

maltreating parents lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.

In parametric studies, experimenters

manipulate the independent variable in systematic ways to observe the effets on the dependent variable

Information-processing researchers focus on

many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving.

Infant characteristics do not show strong relationships with attachment quality because

many child attributes can lead to secure attachment as long as the caregiver behaves sensitively.

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

marked by obsessions - persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress -- relieved by compulsions (repetitive behaviors r mental acts -- related disorders include body dysmorphic disorder and Tourette's syndrome

Coworkers in a office building noticed a bad order outside and suspected it might be a terrorist plot using a biochemical weapong. Soon a number of reporters covered the story and reportrs of bad odord were popping up everywhere. Despite the mayor and the swe department staing that a sublet in the sewer had burst, workers were convinced of the possible attack. This phenomenon is better explained by

mass hysteria

The notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets defines the _____.

matching hypothesis

According to the authors, our memory is most like

melting wax. Correct. Memories can change over time, which is why they are thought of as melting wax rather than hardened metal

After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of

memory illusion.

__________ is to women as __________ is to men.

menopause; andropause

Over time, children rely on increasingly effective ___________ to solve problems.

mental approaches

In working memory, children actively apply ________ as they "work" on a limited amount of information.

mental strategies

Information processing focuses on ___________that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems.

mental strategies

In New York City, a basketball league was devised to create friendship between groups of young black boys and young Jewish boys. Because these kids all had to work together to create friendly competition and a fun environment, the prejudices that existed between the two groups slowly started to fade away. This is an example of the __________ effect

mere exposure

According to the __________, repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus.

mere exposure effect

Human adults have especially elaborate ___________, which enable them to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in their own brains.

mirror neurons

The term cognitive ________ is used to reflect the fact that human beings seek to reduce their mental effort as much as possible, while still being able to make accurate decisions.

miser

In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs,

more effective schemes are produced.

According to the information-processing approach, the longer a person holds information in working memory, the

more likely it will transfer to the permanent knowledge base.

Bill's use of the word "broad" in conversation when referring to women offends Betty and makes it hard for her to follow his meaning. This type of miscommunication is called

noise

Baby Edda's body looks wasted, and she is withdrawn and apathetic. However, she is offered enough food and there is no biological cause for her condition. She most likely has

nonorganic failure to thrive.

Research conducted on adolescents in the Jimi Valley of Papua New Guinea indicates that

nonrepresentational scribbles and shapes are a universal beginning stage in drawing.

Frank, a kindergartener, says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along. But when a dispute arises, he reverses himself: "Pat is not my friend!" Frank's parents should

not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust.

Biologically Based Therapies

not effective -- shark cartilage, calcium, vitamin C -- not regulated by the FDA

With the transition to toddlerhood, attraction to __________ declines and __________ improves.

novelty; sustained attention

Behaving in accordance with the rules and commands of those in authority defines ________

obedience

When a person performs an action simply because an authority figure has given an order, the term that describes the behavior is:

obedience.

Jermaine was plagued by the persistent idea that everything he touched was contaminated by viruses. He couldn't avoid thinking about contagion repeatedly throughout the day, and eventually he began to fear touching objects outside his home without wearing sterile gloves. Jermaine is experiencing an ___________

obsession

Research indicates that about _____ of the world's children suffer from malnutrition before age 5.

one-third

Research on child care in the United States shows that

only 20 to 25 percent of child-care settings in the United States provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy psychological development.

Atitude

only correlate with actual unless: they are highly accessible; person is a low self-monitorer

Baby Kate now relates dropping and throwing to her developing understanding of nearness and farness. In Piaget's theory, this achievement is an example of

organization.

After reading about a rape that occurred in the neighborhood, Jane says, "all men are violent, sex-crazed, and dangerous." This is an example of the

outgroup homogeneity effect.

Mood disorders

over 20% of Americans will experience this -- major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common, at 16% -- more prevalent in females, most likely to develop in 30s -- lasts 6 months to 1 year; most people experience 5-6 episodes of this

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.

The minimal intergroup pardigm demonstrates that

people will discriminate againist an out-group even when they know the groups were established on arbitary criteria

Studies of bystander nonintervention reveal that

people will help more often when they are alone than when they are in a group

Research has shown that children's self-perceptions are more strongly related to their ______ than to their parents' attitudes toward them.

perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward them

In Piaget's conservation-of-liquid problem, preoperational children are easily distracted by the ________ of objects and ignore the ___________ between events.

perceptual appearance; dynamic transformation

Infants' earliest categories are

perceptual.

According to the core knowledge perspective, babies can

perform simple addition and subtraction problems.

Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to ______ factors.

personal

Behavioral Approaches

personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning -- view personality as under the control of genetic factors and contingencies

Self-monitoring

personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes

When an individual purposely tries to change your view on something or change your behavior, he/she is utilizing

persuasion

__________ is a direct and deliberate attempt to change a person's attitude or behavior

persuasion

low-ball technique

persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product

foot-in-the-door technique

persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one

door-in-the-face technique

persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted

social loafing

phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

A baby's ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of the __________, use of the thumb and index finger opposably.

pincer grasp

The ___________, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

pituitary gland

One theory that explains why children play such different types of games - from tag to playing house with dolls, from building brick towers to playing word games - suggests that

play helps children develop the skills that they need later in life.

Which of the following is an example of a learning experience that would promote experience-dependent brain growth?

playing a computer game

You are walking downtown and finda man wearing streeth clothes who is sluped on the sidewalk. You look around an dsee others walking and not paying attention. Thus, you decide to do the same thing. you demonstarted

pluralistic ignorance

You are walking downtown one day and find a man wearing street clothes who is slumped on the sidewalk. You look around and see others walking and not paying attention. Thus, you decide to do the same thing. You have demonstrated

pluralistic ignorance

Polypharmacy

prescribing many medications at the same; it can be hazardous

At school, maltreated children

present serious discipline problems.

Humanistic psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the ________ rather than to the ________.

present; past Correct. Humanistic therapists focus on the present rather than the past.

Spitz's study of institutionalized infants found that the babies experienced emotional difficulties because they were

prevented from forming a bond with one or a few adults.

Maks, who lives in an individualistic culture, gets an "A" on his test. His parents will probably encourage Maks to feel

pride in his personal achievement.

According to Piaget's theory, when baby Sasha sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating a __________ circular reaction.

primary

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation ___________ temperament.

profoundly alters

Self-perception theory

proposes that we acquire out attitudes by observing our behaviors

__________ memory refers to remembering to perform a specific action or task.

prospective

According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby

protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.

In child-centered preschool programs, teachers

provide a variety of activities from which children select.

DSM-5

provides list of diagnostic criteria and a set of decision rules for each condition -- warns to "think organic" (rule out physical causes of symptoms first) -- contains information on prevalence and adopts a biopsychosocial

Chris and pat are a happy couple. They met a few years ago in the dormitory of their college where they shared not only a cafeteria, but three classes that first semester. Which of the following factors of attraction likely played a role in their initial coming together as a couple?

proximity

The term that refers to the fact that interpersonal attraction is influenced by the physical closeness of people's living quarters is:

proximity.

which of the following topics would "NOT" be considered of interest in the filed of social psychology ?

psychology disorder and treatment

Juan, who suffers from extreme emotional deprivation, is very short in stature, and has decreased GH secretion, an immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. He most likely has

psychosocial dwarfism.

Reactivity refers to the

quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

Four-year-old Hobie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating. He will probably

rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating.

We tend to like the people who also like us -or who believe like us -a phenomenon called

reciprocity

The process of repeating a study to verify the research findings is called ?

replication

Thematic Apperception Test

requires subject to construct a story based on pictures -- little evidence for adequate reliability or validity for most application

Myelinization of the __________ throughout childhood and into adolescence contributes to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.

reticular formation

Oral rehydration therapy

saves the lives of millions of children every year.

According to Vygotsky, a parent engages in _______ when he adjusts the support offered to the child during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.

scaffolding

"Raindrops keep falling on my head. And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit!" These lyrics to a popular song describe a very uncomfortable sleeping arrangement! There are several ways this problem can be solved. If the singer chooses to cut off his feet so that he fits in the existing bed, this would be similar to the Piagetian concept of __________.

schema transformation

According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called _________ are organized ways of making sense of experience.

schemes

In Western societies, the role of equipping children with the skills they need to become competent workers is assigned to

schools.

Today, infant mental tests are largely used for

screening to help identify babies who are likely to have developmental problems.

General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation are known as

scripts.

In Piaget's theory, through the _________ circular reaction, babies try to repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions.

secondary

In all societies studied, the most common attachment pattern is the ________ pattern.

secure

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

secure

Research on parental influences on children's peer sociability shows that

secure attachment to parents is linked to larger peer networks during the preschool years.

Parents who discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative, tend to have __________ infants.

securely attached

authoritarianism

see the world as a big hierarchy of power. For them, authority figures are to be respected, not questioned; display high levels of obedience in Milgram's paradigm

Compared to their Western agemates, Yucatec Mayan preschoolers

seldom ask others for something interesting to do.

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform?

selecting line sizes

In their research into the function of memory in younger, middle aged, and older adults, Cartensen and her colleagues found that older adults:

selectively remembered positive events while forgetting negative ones

As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a

self-concept.

Humans are capable of a higher-order set of feelings beyond basic emotions called __________ emotions.

self-conscious

Threats to personal and social identity motivate individuals to restore

self-esteem

According to cognitive-developmental theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.

self-perceptions; behavior

A researcher places a red dot on two-year-old Raven's nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed

self-recognition.

Have you ever failed an exam and blamed the teacher for not doing a good job of clarifying the material or for writing an unfair exam? Maybe you got a better grade on the next test and congratulated yourself for your study skills, your intelligence, and your tremendous effort. This might be considered an example of the __________ bias

self-serving

The meanings derived from words or sentences are collectively known as the ________ of language.

semantics

In Jody's preschool classroom, teachers introduce activities that build on children's current thinking but do not try to hasten development by imposing new skills before children indicate interest. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of

sensitivity to children's readiness to learn.

Ekman's research proposed that there are __________ distinct emotions across cultures.

seven

The Magic Number of short-term memory is

seven plus or minus two.

As he was just learning how to play tennis, Dave did worse when in the presence of others in a phenomenon known as

social disruption. Correct. His performance worsened

Compared to Freud himself, the neo-Freudians placed more importance on __________ and less on __________

social drives; sexuality Correct. Neo-Freudian theories placed less emphasis on sexuality and more emphasis on social drives, such as the need for approval.

When Jacob's girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance increased slightly due to what Zajonc calls

social facilitation. Correct. His performance was enhanced by the presence of his girlfriend.

Demonstrating the phenomenon of ________, Zajonc found that cockroaches will run faster when ________.

social facilitation; other cockroaches are present

Which of the following theories suggest that aggressive behavior is learned from the environment via watching others engage in aggressive acts?

social learning theory of aggression

Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing almost none of the work while the others complete the project. Amanda ends up getting the same grade as the other group members. This is an example of

social loafing

Laticia, David, Portia, and Joshua are all assigned to work together on a group project. While three of the group members all work hard to create an excellent piece of work, David seems to lag behind. He doesn't really do much, and only participates to the bare minimum of his ability. This is an example of __________.

social loafing

The tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone is known as

social loafing

When an individual, who is part of a larger group, chooses to put forth less effort than other group members, _______occurs.

social loafing

The attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group define ___

social norms

People who have a(n) ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing.

social phobia Correct. People who have a social phobia tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. (specific phobia -- Incorrect. People who have a social phobia tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. Specific phobias involve a fear of a specific object or situation, such as dogs or going to the dentist.)

When he was introduced to his best friend's sister, Marlon immediately got the sense that she didn't like him. For some reason he felt that she was a bit cold, not genuine when she said "its nice to meet you," and he was left with the impression that she was a bit snobby. Marlon's attempt to understand and categorize the behavior of his friend's sister is called __________.

social preception

The area of psychology that focuses on how people are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others is called:

social psychology.

Infants use __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

social referencing

Orson's parents smile and say "Yummy!" when he tries new vegetables. His parents are using _________ to try to influence Orson's food preferences.

social referencing

Socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a given group defines ____

social roles

Jayci lost her husband, daughter, and home in a widespread wildfire in California. To overcome this ordeal, she turns to old friends and support groups set up in the community for emotional comfort, information, companionship, advice, and financial assistance. This relationship is known as

social support

Early signs of schizophrenia vulnerability

social withdrawal, thought and movement problems, lack of emotions, decreased eye contact

Door-in-the-face

starts big then backs off (works just as well as foot-in-the-door)

In the form of teaching known as scaffolding, as a child's competence increases, the adult

steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task.

A(n ) __________ is a belief where _________ is an action

stereotype, discrimination

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.

strange situation

Delusions

strongly held, a fixed beliefs with no basis in reality

social psychology

study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitudes

Empirically supported therapies are those that are ____________

supported by scientific evidence from controlled studies

Reinforcement and imitation are best viewed as _________ language development.

supporting, rather than fully explaining,

Research in diverse cultures demonstrates that fathers'

sustained affectionate involvement protects children against a wide range of childhood emotional and behavioral problems.

The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ______.

syntax

Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents __________ is especially important in facilitating toddlers' intelligence test performance.

talk to their infants and toddlers

Research shows that children more often use private speech when

tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed.

Home-based early intervention for at-risk infants and toddlers

teaches parents how to stimulate young children's development.

Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of

telegraphic speech.

Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that

temperament can protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.

Long-term prediction of temperament can best be achieved after age 3 because

temperament itself develops with age.

high self-monitors

tend to be social chameleons

group polarization

tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members

conformity

tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure

Learned helplessness

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control -- genes exert a moderate influence on MDD; role of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

fundamental attribution error

tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior

out-group homogeneity

tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar

Any agent that can cause a birth defect is known as a __________.

teratogen

Which of the following prompted Stanley Milgram to create research on the topic of obedience?

the Holocaust

Professor Novak is interested in assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. Which of the following laboratory procedures should Professor Novak use?

the Strange Situation

Stressor as stimuli

the approach focuses on identifying types of stressful events -- helps identify situations that cause more stress, as well as persons that react more strongly

Type A personality

the aspects of this place one at high risk for CHS, especially anger and hostility

Young children can be classically conditioned most easily when

the association between two stimuli has survival value.

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

According to the information-processing framework, __________ make more complex forms of thinking possible with age.

the capacity of the mental system and increases in the speed with which information can be processed

Research on temperament indicates that

the ease with which children manage their reactivity in early childhood depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion involved.

Research on friendships shows that

the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement.

Psychoanalytic theory stresses

the emotional side of conscience development.

Pulalistic ignorance refers to

the error of assuming that others around you are perceiving things different from you

implicit egotism effect

the finding that we're more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us—across many domains; This effect appears to influence not only our attitudes, but our life choices

The circular reaction initially centers on

the infant's own body.

Diana was given a music CD as a gift. Although it was from a genre of music that she thought she would never like, she is realizing that the more she listens to it, the more she actually likes it. In fact, it is quickly becoming one of her favorite CDs. Which of the following is influencing her preference for this CD?

the mere exposure effect

Research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families,

the more mothers discipline physically in childhood, the less their teenagers display angry, acting out behavior.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most researched personality test -- 567 true-false questions, and 10 basic scales --- L(lie) detects impression management, F(frequency) detects malingering, K(correction) measures defensive responding --- Most scales are both reliable as well as valid for differentiating among mental disorders. Problematic in several ways: redundant scales, not used for formal diagnosis, and scales can be misused

Minority Influence

the power of few people.

Nativist Noam Chomsky believed that

the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to or discovered by even a cognitively adept young child.

The process whereby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations is called

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view

the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.

Attractiveness Bias

the tendency for a person to rate, physically attractive people as more intelligent competent, sociable, and sensitive than their less attractive counterparts.

Out-group homogeneity

the tendency to view people outside of our group as "all alike"

Th term cognitive dissonance refers to

the unpleasant state of tention we experience when we have conflicthing thoughts

Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem?

the use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era

When Sarah was 18 months old, her mother stood behind her, helping her throw a bean bag into a hole. As Sarah's skill improved, her mother stepped back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of

the zone of proximal development.

Infants in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period, who can better anticipate events, sometimes use __________ to try to change those events.

their capacity for intentional behavior

self-perception theory

theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors

Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size.

thyroxine

Newborn babies respond with generalized distress

to changes in body temperature

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions are ________.

to serve evolutionary functions Correct. Advocates of the discrete emotions theories suggest that each emotion we experience is associated with a set of distinct biological roots and evolutionary functions.

Research on brain development shows that

toddlers advanced in language development show greater left-hemispheric specialization for language than their agemates.

Vygotsky's theory challenges Piaget's conclusion that

toddlers discover make-believe play independently, once they are capable of representational schemes.

An estimated 30 percent of U.S. preschoolers have ____________, a figure that rises to 60 percent by age 18.

tooth decay

A(n ) __________ situation is one in which a person is isolated or cut off from alternative viewpoints and is given strict rewards and punishments from leaders.

total

The _____ states that three components- intimacy, passion, and commitment - singly and in various combinations, produce seven different kinds of love.

triangular theory of love

Failure analysis approach

tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning

According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to

try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

Pound for pound, an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

twice

By 6 months of age, babies can categorize on the basis of

two correlated features.

concluded that conformity was influenced by the following independent variables

unanimity, difference in the wrong answer, size

Roger's Self actualization

unconditional positive regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their feelings -- he proposed this as the core motive in personality

Basic tendencies

underlying personality traits; characteristic adaptations are their behavioral manifestations

One reason Piagetian problems do not always elicit responses reflecting preschoolers' true cognitive abilities is that they contain

unfamiliar elements or too many pieces of information.

explicit prejudice

unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

implicit prejudice

unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing.

uninvolved

James is walking down the street one evening when he notices a woman having a seizure on the sidewalk. There is nobody around to help her, and he doesn't have a telephone. Without thinking, James picks up a garbage can, throws it through the door of a closed convenience store, crawls in through the broken glass, and calls an ambulance. Although he is technically guilty of a crime, which stage of moral reasoning provides us with an acceptable justification for James's actions?

universal ethical principle oreiantation

Basic emotions are

universal in humans.

By age 4, most children can

use scissors.

For most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is largely responsible for __________ and the right hemisphere handles _____________.

verbal abilities and positive emotion; spatial abilities and negative emotion

Compared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have critical, punitive parents are more

verbally and physically aggressive toward one another.

Animal studies on early sensory deprivation

verify the existence of sensitive periods in brain development.

extrinsic religiosity

view religion as a means to an end, such as obtaining friends or social support, tend to have high levels of prejudice

Heritability of attachment is

virtually nil.

For exploring the environment, humans depend on _______ more than any other sense.

vision

Of all motor skills, ________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.

voluntary reaching

Moral treatment

was pushed by Reformer Phillippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix -- still no effective treatment

The matching hypothesis suggests that:

we are likely to end up with someone similar to ourselves in attractiveness and other assets.

downward social comparison

we compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us in some way, as when the same basketball player compares herself with her clumsy friends who keep bouncing basketballs off of their feet

upward social comparison

we compare ourselves with people who seem superior to us in some way, as when a new member of the women's college basketball compares herself with the team's top two super- stars

In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically during the past half century, largely as the result of

widespread immunization of infants and young children.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding the number of brain cells a person has?

you're born with almost all of the brain cells you are ever going to have

Overall, personality assessment can be useful, but only if using valid, reliable instruments

...

Problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping

...

Which of the following is one of the attributes that people seek in a job, according to the occupational self-direction theory of Melvin Kohn?

...

Violation-of-expectation studies provide evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence by __________, whereas Piaget argued that this ability emerges __________.

2 ½ to 3 ½ months; between 8 and 12 months

About what percent of Americans have received psychological treatment at some point?

20 percent

About _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.

23

The Stanford prison study involved a total of ___ male undergraduates.

24

In his experiment on conformity, Solomon Asch demonstrated that a group of at least ___ people was needed to create the pressure that would lead an unsuspecting subject to alter his or her behavior to be like the group

3

About _______ percent of new fathers report symptoms of depression after the birth of a child.

3 to 5

In the United States, nearly ______ percent of childhood deaths and ______ percent of adolescent deaths result from injuries.

35; 50

By ____ months, babies' attention becomes flexible due to development of structures in the cerebral cortex controlling eye movements.

4

The average age for the onset of puberty is approximately ____ years later in pre-industrial cultures than it is in industrialized cultures.

4

About ____ percent of U.S. parents fail to place their preschoolers in car safety seats.

40

On a typical day in the United States, there are between __________ murders.

40 and 45

By the time a child reaches the age of around 18 months, (s)he will start rapidly learning new words and associating them with their meanings. In fact, children at this age may learn up to ___ new nouns every day!

45

Most children can tie their shoes by age _____ years.

5 to 6

Katie has an IQ of 100. She performed as well or better than _____ percent of her agemates.

50

The social smile first appears between __________ of age.

6 and 10 weeks

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises exclusive breastfeeding for ________ and inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until _____.

6 months; 1 year

In the United States today, more than ______ percent of mothers with a child under age 2 are employed.

60

In Milgrams gamous shock experiment,____percent of subjects displayed complete compliance

62

Worldwide, _____ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases.

70

If you're like ___ percent of participants in the original Asch study, you'd conform to the incorrect norm on at least one of 12 trials.

75

The Stanford prison study ended ____ days early.

8

Recent surveys indicate that in dual-earner families, U.S. fathers devote _____ percent as much time as mothers do to children.

85

The cerebral cortex accounts for ______ percent of the brain's weight.

85

The Study

: On the first trial (figure not shown) the correct answer is clearly "1." You listen intently as the first few participants call out their answers. Participant 1: "1." Partici- pant 2: "1." Participant 3: "1." Participant 4: "1." As Participant 5, you simply follow, and say "1." The three participants following you give the same answer: 1. "This study's going to be a breeze," you say to yourself. The second trial displays a similar problem, just as easy to answer, in which the cor- rect answer is clearly "2". Again, you listen while the participants call out their answers. Participant 1: "3." Participant 2: "3." Participant 3: "3." Participant 4: "3." You can hardly believe your eyes. It seems obvious that "2" is the correct answer, but everyone is calling "3." What on earth is going on? Are your eyes deceiving you? What are you going to do?

A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behaviour meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts is called a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. social anxiety disorder. c. paranoid schizophrenia. d. clinical depression.

A

A strong intense fear of being in public or performing behaviours in public is characteristic of a. social anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder. c. obsessive-compulsive disorder. d. agoraphobia

A

According to the authors, which of the following statements is true? a. Gender differences in depression are not universal. b. Men in North America are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression. c. Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression. d. Gender differences in depression are found throughout all cultures.

A

According to the cognitive model of depression, one's negative beliefs develop as the result of a. failure and rejection. b. deficient levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. c. excessive levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. d. the loss of positive reinforcement.

A

According to the data, the single best predictor of suicide is a. a previous attempt. b. loss of a loved one. c. recent discharge from the hospital. d. unemployment.

A

An anxiety disorder that involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation is called a. social anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder. c. a specific phobia. d. agoraphobia.

A

An irrational fear of some object or specific situation is called a. a specific phobia. b. an interactive phobia. c. acrophobia. d. pantaphobia

A

Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a a. phobia. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. panic attack. d. panic disorder.

A

Asperger's disorder appears to be a mild form of what disorder? a. Autism b. Schizophrenia c. Bipolar disorder d. Depression

A

Behavioural theorists argue that anxiety disorders are conditioned through the process of a. negative reinforcement. b. positive punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative punishment

A

Delusions are to ____________ as flat affect is to _____________. a. positive symptoms; negative symptoms b. negative symptoms; positive symptoms c. excess dopamine; excess serotonin d. diminished serotonin; diminished dopamine

A

Demetri is walking down the street and suddenly experiences a bout of intense fear, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, and a pounding heart. He goes to the emergency room and is told that his symptoms were "all in his head". This is the seventh time that Demetri has experienced these unexpected symptoms within the past few months. Based on what you know about psychological disorders, Demetri most likely would be diagnosed with a. panic disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. agoraphobia. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A

Dissociative identity disorder is caused by a history of severe abuse according to the ____________ model, and by expectancies and beliefs about the therapeutic process according to the ____________ model. a. posttraumatic; sociocognitive b. behavioural; humanistic c. psychoanalytic; behavioural d. humanistic; behavioural

A

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n) a. obsession. b. compulsion. c. delusion. d. hallucination.

A

Each day, while Sid is sitting at his desk at work, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, he washes his hands. Sid probably suffers from a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. social anxiety disorder. c. paranoid schizophrenia. d. clinical depression.

A

Excessive spending, reckless driving, and unprotected sex are all characteristics of what mood disorder? a. Manic episode b. Hypomanic episode c. Cyclothymic disorder d. Bipolar disorder I

A

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called a. agoraphobia. b. trypanophobia. c. acrophobia. d. pantaphobia.

A

Fear of public speaking and stage fright are both examples of a. social anxiety disorders. b. panic. c. specific phobias. d. nonspecific phobias

A

Fear of snakes, thunderstorms, darkness, and water are classified as ______ phobias. a. specific b. social c. nonspecific d. nonsocial

A

Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around or no one is talking to you) would be examples of what symptom of schizophrenia? a. Hallucinations b. Obsessions c. Compulsions d. Delusions

A

Genetic research suggests that individuals are at an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder if they have genes that increase the sensitivity of _____________ receptors and decrease the sensitivity of _____________ receptors. a. dopamine; serotonin b. serotonin; norepinephrine c. norepinephrine; dopamine d. serotonin; dopamine

A

George is suffering from an obsessive-compulsive disorder. If he tries to stop his compulsive behaviours, he is likely to experience a. anxiety. b. depression. c. amnesia. d. hypochondrias

A

High levels of _____________ tend to be associated with excessive worry, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression, suggesting a shared genetic pathway for these disorders. a. neuroticism b. anxiety sensitivity c. introversion d. self-monitoring

A

In a condition called _______, some residents in Central Canada report a morbid fear of becoming a cannibal. a. Windigo b. Latah c. Brain fog d. Mal de Ojo

A

Jenny's son received his mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine approximately six months ago. Shortly after his 2nd birthday, she noted that he is showing many of the classic signs of autism. Her belief that the vaccine caused his autism is a. an example of illusory correlation. b. supported by several scientific studies. c. an example of confirmation bias. d. an example of hindsight bias.

A

Kevan used to study diligently for exams in all of his high school classes and begin working on writing projects immediately after they were assigned. However, no matter what he did, he could never score higher than C or C+. What prediction would the behavioural model make about Kevan's behaviour today as a college student? a. Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts. b. Kevan will eventually drop out of college because of his poor performance. c. Kevan will continue to study diligently and work hard in his classes. d. Kevan's behaviour cannot be adequately predicted from his past experiences.

A

Mr. Evans feels that no matter what he does, he will be unable to convince his boss that he deserves a promotion. He also feels that it doesn't matter who his boss is, he still would not receive a promotion. These feelings represent what Martin Seligmann called a. learned helplessness. b. depressive realism. c. illusory control. d. overgeneralization.

A

New to the DSM-5 is the ______________ disorder a. somatic symptom b. hypocondriasis c. panic d. pre-anxiety

A

Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else could see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as a. hallucinations. b. obsessions. c. compulsions. d. delusions.

A

People who have a(n) ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. a. social anxiety disorder b. panic disorder c. specific phobia d. agoraphobia

A

Randy has a grandiose sense of self, lacks empathy for others, and is dishonest, manipulative, and callous. What type of personality disorder is Randy most likely to have? a. Psychopathic personality b. Antisocial personality c. Borderline personality d. Depersonalized personality

A

Research has shown that persons who suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder have more active ________ lobes than persons without the disorder. a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. parietal

A

Research indicates that some people's schizophrenia may result from abnormalities in the brain's receptor sites for what neurotransmitter? a. Dopamine b. Acetylcholine c. Epinephrine d. GABA

A

Research using _____________ has demonstrated that anxiety leads us to interpret ambiguous stimuli negatively. a. homophones b. inkblots c. earworms d. negative reinforcement

A

Sandy has the tendency to make everything seem so much worse than it actually is. A cognitive therapist might say that Sandy has a tendency to engage in a. catastrophizing. b. minimizing. c. all-or-nothing thinking. d. overgeneralizing.

A

Sierra is constantly worried that everyone whom she comes in contact with is full of germs so she is constantly rushing off to wash her hands. Sierra suffers from what psychological disorder? a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Social anxiety disorder c. Paranoid schizophrenia d. Clinical depression

A

The ______________model is to evil spirits as the _____________ model is to physical disorder. a. demonic; medical b. medical; demonic c. institutional; asylum d. asylum; institutional

A

The behavioural perspective views anxiety as a. a learned reaction. b. a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface. c. the result of illogical, irrational thought processes. d. linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system

A

The disorder or culture-bound syndrome in which men fear that their penis is shrinking is primarily found in which country? a. China b. Sri Lanka c. Malaysia d. Subarctic Canada

A

The idea of "split mind" contributed to the popular myth that the symptoms of ____________ stemmed from a split-personality. a. schizophrenia b. borderline personality disorder c. dissociative identity disorder d. bipolar disorder

A

The police find a man who is dishevelled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area. When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 1000 kilometres away. The man is most likely suffering from a. dissociative fugue. b. dissociative amnesia. c. schizophrenia. d. dissociative identity disorder.

A

The preponderance of the available data suggests that dissociative identity disorder is a. one's expectancies and beliefs rather than a true disorder in nearly all instances. b. the result of early childhood sexual abuse experiences. c. unconscious and unresolved motivational conflicts from adolescence. d. an attempt to malinger symptoms to avoid imprisonment for one's crimes

A

The prevalence of a disorder refers to a. the percentage of persons who exhibit the symptoms of a particular disorder. b. its accuracy or correctness as a diagnosis of a real mental illness. c. the agreement among professional about a diagnosis for a specific patient or client. d. the popularity of a diagnosis among different types of mental health professionals.

A

The research data suggest that schizophrenia results from a. biological/genetic causes. b. difficulties in learning. c. troubles in filtering information from one's social world. d. poor mother-child relationships.

A

The risk of developing schizophrenia is approximately ___ percent if we have a parent with schizophrenia. a. 6 b. 13 c. 17 d. 48

A

What anxiety disorder became a psychological disorder shortly after veterans, returning from Vietnam, began to experience intense anxiety and flashbacks from stimuli that reminded them of the war zones where they were deployed? a. Posttraumatic stress disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Panic disorder d. Generalized anxiety disorder

A

What category of psychological disorders is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavioural patterns? a. Personality disorders b. Schizophrenia c. Dissociative disorders d. Anxiety disorders

A

What is the name of the culture-bound syndrome that results from a perceived insult and is followed by a period of brooding and then a violent outburst during which the person may attack others and not remember doing so? a. Amok b. Ghost sickness c. Susto d. Kyofu

A

Which of the following forms of depression, which develops within a month of childbirth, has become more widely discussed in recent years? a. Postpartum depression b. Major depressive disorder c. Seasonal affective disorder d. Bipolar disorder

A

Which of the following is a diagnosis rather than a label? a. Schizophrenia b. Drapetomania c. Road rage disorder d. Codependency

A

Which of the following statements is true regarding suicide? a. More women than men attempt suicide. b. There is no relationship between age and attempting suicide. c. Depression is a better predictor of suicide than are feelings of hopelessness. d. More men than women attempt suicide.

A

In which of the following cases should the parents be concerned about their child's language development?

A 16-month-old has not yet begun to babble.

Crisis Debriefing

A Single 3-4 hr. session conducted soon after a trauma designed to ward off PTSD -- it is not helpful and might increase risk of developing PTSD

circadian

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)_____rhythm.

Flat Affect

A condition in which a person shows little or no emotion.

Which of the following is supported by research on babbling?

A deaf infant not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thought.

After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from _____.

A dissociative disorder

giving reinforcement after a specific number of behaviors have been produced.

A fixed ration schedule of reinforcement involves

Relational aggression

A form of aggression more commonly used by girls which is aimed at hurting others by sabotaging their reputations and relationships with peers

c. Social loafer

A group of engineers was assigned the task to create a more useful dashboard for cars. All of the members, except for one, put forth quite a bit of effort. The individual who choose not to work very diligently knew that the other members of the group would pick up his slack. In the end, their hard work paid off. The group's new dashboard was named design of the month by the company. With that honor came a monetary bonus. Which of the following can be used to describe the one individual who seemed not to put forth any effort at all, but still reaped the rewards of everyone else's hard work? Select one: a. Compliant b. Conformist c. Social loafer d. Conscientious

If you wanted to study age changes, which type of research would be the best to conduct?

A longitudinal study

removed; increases

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ___ and, thus, _____ the probability of a response

Tourette's syndrome

A neurological disorder beginning in childhood that involves stereotypical, repetitive motor movements (tics). These are often accompanied by multiple vocal outbursts such grunting or inappropriate words such as swearing. It is about three times more prevalent in boys than in girls.

Antisocial

A person with an __________ personality disorder feels no remorse and often behaves in an impulsive manor with no regard of the consequences.

Approval Motive

A person's desire to be accepted by his or her peers.

Chameleon Effect

A person's unconscious mimicry of other people's expressions, behaviors, and voice tones.

According to the data, the single best predictor of suicide is

A previous attempt

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure -- Lack of incremental validity

Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment?

A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time.

strengthens; weakens

A reinforcer is a consequence that _____ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that _____ a behavior.

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

Tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

Culture of honor

A social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression.

Factor analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

Which of the following is supported by research on brain lateralization and handedness?

A strong hand preference reflects the individual's dominant cerebral hemisphere.

Reality principle

According the Freud, the attempt by the ego to satisfy both the id and the superego while still considering the reality of the situation.

Wish fulfillments

According to Freud, the expressions of the id's impulses represented in dreams and slips of the tongue.

Locus of control

According to Rotter, it is the extent to which individuals believe they have control over events that effect them. People with external loci of control believe the environment has more of an effect, while people with internal loci believe they can control events in their lives through their own efforts

Schizophrenia

According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at the greatest risk for developing __________ if he or she has an identical twin diagnosed with the behavior.

Cognitive

According to the __________ perspective, disordered behavior is the result of illogical thinking patterns.

the CS produces the CR

Acquisition can be described as the process which

extinction

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called_____

c. Occam's Razor

After a couple of cars were broken into, neighbors began to believe that there was a crime spree occurring in their neighborhood. In fact, many were reporting minor dings and scratches on their cars to the police, claiming that criminals had tried to break in and steal their cars. The police believed that the original crimes were isolated incidents carried out by teenagers as nothing was stolen. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this example best fit? Select one: a. Extraordinary claims b. Replicability c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

Third wave of CBT

After behavioral (first) and cognitive (second), these therapies focus on acceptance -- highly electric; remains to be seen if these are superior to establish CBT methods

Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence?

Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.

Gestalt Therapy

Aims to integrate differing and sometimes opposing aspects of clients' personalities into a unified sense of self -- utilizes empty-chair-technique

Rational Emotive behavior therapy

Albert ellis -- emphasized changing how we think, as well as how we act -- how we feel about the consequences of an event is determined by our beliefs or opinions -- our vulnerability to psychological disturbance is a product of the frequency and strength of our irrational beliefs

sleep apnea

Albert is extremely obese and his family often complains of his snoring. During the night as he sleeps, he often stops breathing for a few seconds. As a result, his sleep is less restful because he awakens gasping for air. Albert clearly suffers form...

rehearsal

All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night he ask for her number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of

Galen decided to join the Peace Corps after college and turned down three very financially lucrative job offers in the process. He believed that joining the Peace Corps could assist more people than his job offers in the field of advertising. Which of the following BEST describes Galen's decision?

Alturism

All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT

Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands than non-Americans.

Social Phobia

An anxiety disorder that involves a fear of interacting with others or being in social situations.

Nomothetic

An approach to personality that focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals.

Recall

An essay exam question or fill in the blank question with no word bank is similar to the _____method of assessing one's memory

source monitoring confusion

An important source of false memories comes from

Biopsychosocial

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Specific Phobia

An irrational fear of some object or specific situation.

Situational

An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected -- we underestimate this

Hippocrates

Ancient Greek philosopher who stated that mental illness was caused by imbalances of fetal body fluids.

Operant procedures

Applied behavior analysis procedures to treat autistic children -- Token economies: reward client for desirable behaviors with tokens to exchange for items -- mixed support for the use of Aversion therapies (alcohol)

Idiographic

Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person.

The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people, called _____.

Archetypes

Which of the following researchers led a classic study on conformity?

Asch

The Setup

Asch invites participants to a "study of perceptual judgments" that asks eight participants—including you—to compare a standard line with three comparison lines: 1, 2, and 3. Unbeknownst to you, the other "participants" are actually confederates. A researcher explains that your job is to say out loud which of three comparison lines match- es the standard line. The researcher starts with a person across the table, so you're always the fifth to be called.

People with low self esteem are prone to conformity; however ____ARe also more likely to conform than____

Asians, Americans

People with low self-esteem are prone to conformity; however, ________ are also more likely to conform than ________.

Asians; Americans

An alternative method to the Strange Situation is the ________________, which is suitable for children between 1 and 4 years and depends on home observation.

Attachment Q-Sort

low self-monitors

Attitudes also predict behavior well for a group of people; tend to be straight shooters; We can more often trust low self-monitors' actions to mirror their attitudes

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing

Attributions

A concern for researchers interested in the topic of suicide prevention is that the number of suicides is a. hopelessly out of date. b. underestimated. c. overestimated. d. much greater for adults than adolescents.

B

A counterintuitive research finding involving depression is that a. depressed people assume they have more control over the outcome of events than do nondepressed people. b. depressed people have a more accurate view of circumstances than do nondepressed people. c. nondepressed people are less attentive to reality than are depressed people. d. nondepressed people have a more accurate view of circumstances than do depressed people.

B

A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit a. intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behaviour patterns. b. impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others. c. a strong need to be the centre of attention in all social situations. d. a charming, self-centred, and manipulative interpersonal style.

B

A person who is preoccupied with every sensation of her body, worries excessively about getting ill, and continuously goes to doctors who never find anything physically wrong with her is likely to be diagnosed with a. somatoform disorder. b. Illness anxiety disorder. c. personality disorder. d. conversion disorder.

B

A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between ________. a. mania and schizophrenia b. depression and manic episodes c. anxiety and mania d. depression and schizophrenia

B

According to Aaron Beck, depression is often caused by a. poor interpersonal skills. b. negative beliefs and expectations. c. a lack of positive reinforcement for one's behaviour. d. biological or genetic influences.

B

According to the sociobiological model, individuals with borderline personality disorder a. are likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and have poor coping skills. b. inherit a tendency to overreact to stress and experience difficulty with emotional regulation. c. have low levels of serotonin that increase responsivity to emotional stimuli resulting in oversensitivity. d. were lacking in key childhood experiences involved in developing a sense of self and emotionally bonding to others.

B

Although most individuals with mental disorders are not at an increased risk for violence, a subset of those with _______________ or _______________ may be more likely to act violently. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder; schizophrenia b. substance abuse disorders; beliefs of persecution c. mood disorders; anxiety disorders d. personality disorders; sleep disorders

B

Believing that other people or the government is out to get you is a way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their a. hallucinations. b. delusions. c. obsessions. d. compulsions.

B

Bloodletting was a treatment associated with which model of mental illness? a. Demonic model b. Medical model c. Societal model d. Biological model

B

Children who display severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination would be diagnosed as having what disorder? a. Conduct disorder b. Autism c. ADHD d. Bipolar disorder

B

Family studies have demonstrated that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder are more likely to inherit a specific overactive gene that is related to the transport of which neurotransmitter? a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate

B

For some people, their depression lasts only from December to February but returns at the same time each year. This is what psychologists call a. bipolar disorder. b. seasonal affective disorder. c. major depressive disorder. d. cyclothymia.

B

Illness anxiety disorder is to ____________ disorders as obsessive-compulsive disorder is to ___________ disorders. a. anxiety; personality b. somatic symptom; anxiety c. personality; mood d. factitious; somatoform

B

In a condition called _______, Indian residents report episodes of inappropriate laughing or crying, fainting, memory loss, and the sensation of being bitten by ants. a. Windigo b. Saora disorder c. Arctic hysteria d. Mal de Ojo

B

In a condition called _______, some Malaysian residents report episodes of intense sadness and brooding, followed by uncontrolled behaviour and unprovoked attacks on people or animals. a. Windigo b. Amok c. Ataque de nervios d. Mal de Ojo

B

In the last six months Shelly has visited her physician ten times to complain of numerous physical symptoms. The physician has been unable to find a physical cause for her symptoms. What category of psychological disorders is the physician likely to suspect Shelly exhibits? a. Dissociative disorder b. Somatic symptom disorder c. Personality disorder d. Schizophrenia

B

Individuals with a psychopathic personality may have a history of what childhood disorder? a. Autism b. Conduct disorder c. ADHD d. Bipolar disorder

B

Individuals with anxiety disorders also may display high levels of ____________ and tend to interpret ambiguous situations in a negative light or as dangerous. a. depression b. anxiety sensitivity c. delusions d. schizophrenia

B

Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and creative, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n) a. dissociated amnesiac episode. b. manic episode. c. major depressive episode. d. obsessive episode.

B

Marty is moody, manipulative, and unstable, and he lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ______ personality disorder. a. antisocial b. borderline c. bipolar d. dependent

B

Monte often displays either flat or inappropriate affect, giggles unpredictably, speaks in a manner that reflects "word salad" and experiences only short-lived and incoherent delusions. What subtype of schizophrenia does Monte have? a. Paranoid type b. Disorganized type c. Catatonic type d. Undifferentiated type

B

One the main differences between the DSM-IV and DSM-5 is a. that the DSM-IV was dimensional and the DSM-5 is categorical. b. that DSM-5 allows individuals to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder due to the loss of a loved one. c. that the DSM-5 includes non-mental, medical diagnoses and the DSM-IV did not. d. There are no significant differences between DSM-IV and DSM-5

B

Shareen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shareen is experiencing a. hallucinations. b. delusions of grandeur. c. delusions of reference. d. compulsions.

B

The DSM-5 has been criticized on the basis of all of the following points except that a. not all diagnoses meet the criteria for diagnostic validity (e.g., Mathematics Disorder). b. the DSM-5 exclusively relies on a dimensional model of understanding disorders. c. there is a high level of comorbidity among many of its diagnoses. d. the DSM-5 is vulnerable to political and social influences

B

The authors suggest that individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorders often engage in all of the following except? a. Drug abuse b. Gambling c. Self mutilation d. Sexual promiscuity

B

The belief that one is Abraham Lincoln is an example of what schizophrenic symptom? a. Disorganized thinking b. Delusion c. Obsession d. Hallucination

B

The development of modern psychiatric treatments, such as medications like Thorazine, was associated with a. the hospitalization and humane treatment of mental patients rather than imprisonment. b. a movement towards deinstitutionalization which released patients and closed mental hospitals. c. a push towards moral treatment of mental patients and the provision of better care in asylums. d. the closure of community mental health centres and halfway houses as disorders were treated with medication.

B

The dramatic increase in the rate of autism over the last decade is most likely due to a. childhood vaccines. b. changes in diagnostic procedures. c. poor diets and nutrition. d. genetic mutations.

B

The failure analysis approach to understanding mental disorders involves a. evaluation of failures in treatments for mental illness in relation to its causes. b. examining breakdowns in adaptation to understand healthy functioning. c. a focus on early identification of people that have an increased susceptibility to develop mental disorders. d. a recognition that mental disorders can be adaptive and treatment should only be applied when behaviours become disruptive.

B

The legal system is to _____________ as scientific psychology is to _____________. a. determinism; free will b. free will; determinism c. psychoanalysis; behaviourism d. behaviourism; psychoanalysis

B

The most frequent type of hallucinations involves a. experiencing taste in the absence of the appropriate food. b. hearing voices or sounds that are not real. c. seeing objects or persons that are not real. d. feeling objects on one's body that are not really present.

B

The most prevalent of all mental disorders is/are a. dissociative disorders. b. anxiety disorders. c. personality disorders. d. schizophrenia

B

The perspective that mental disorders don't all have one thing in common, but rather share a loose set of features is called the ___________________. a. failure analysis approach b. family resemblance view c. medical model d. multimodal approach

B

The risk of developing schizophrenia increases to approximately ___ percent if we have an identical twin with schizophrenia. a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100

B

The single most controversial psychological disorder is a. antisocial personality disorder. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. autism. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

B

Which disorder are the following symptoms associated with—Low-level depression of at least two years' duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, and hopelessness? a. Bipolar disorder II b. Dysthymic disorder c. Cyclothymic disorder d. Seasonal affective disorder

B

Which of the following behaviours used to be considered a mental illness, and was used to support the view that mental illness is nothing more than conditions that society dislikes? a. Pedophilia b. Homosexuality c. Racism d. Sexual addictions

B

Which of the following is a disorder that takes the form of a bodily ailment that has no physical cause? a. Dissociative disorder b. Somatic symptom disorder c. Personality disorder d. Schizophrenia

B

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? a. Conversion disorder b. Phobic disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Schizophrenia

B

Which of the following statements is true about anxiety? a. It is never considered realistic or normal. b. Some anxiety is realistic when its source is understandable. c. It always manifests itself as a disorder. d. It is unusual for a mentally healthy person to experience anxiety

B

Which of the following statements is true concerning attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? a. Approximately 10-15% of children are diagnosed with ADHD. b. ADHD is more prevalent in young boys than in young girls. c. Children with ADHD are unable to concentrate on tasks. d. ADHD is caused by environmental and parenting factors.

B

Which of the types of psychological disorders is marked by disruptions in one's sense of consciousness and/or memory? a. Schizophrenia b. Dissociative disorders c. Anxiety disorders d. Personality disorders

B

Which type of anxiety disorder is the most common? a. Panic disorder b. Phobias c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Generalized anxiety disorder

B

____________ are repetitive behaviours or mental acts initiated to reduce anxiety caused by ____________. a. Obsessions; compulsions b. Compulsions; obsessions c. Panic attacks; generalized anxiety d. Generalized anxiety; panic attacks

B

________________ disorder involves frequent experiences where you feel detached from yourself, as though you are living in a movie or a dream, or observing your body from the perspective of an outsider. a. Dissociative amnesia b. Depersonalization c. Dissociative fugue d. Dissociative identity

B

by the 5th month

Babies can hear inside the womb

Which of the following statements about imitation is true?

Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult's behavior right away because they first try to play familiar social games.

Which of the following is supported by research on early self-development?

Babies whose parents respond sensitively to their signals and encourage exploration tend to be advanced in selfdevelopment.

Which of the following is true about basic emotions?

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli.

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression?

Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

Carl Rogers ?

Because we will have (free Will) individuals can choose to overcome psychological difficulties

Three-year-old Benny is presented with a toy called the Magic Shrinking Machine. An object is inserted in an opening on top of the machine, and with the turn of a crank, Benny can retrieve a smaller, identical object from behind a door on the front of the machine. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

Benny will not be able to translate his nonverbal memory for the game into language six months to one year later.

A patient who is taking lithium is most likely suffering from ________

Bipolar disorder

If you wanted to teach a nonhuman animal to communicate using language, which of the following animals does research suggest would be the best choice?

Bonobos

John and Allison have been married for 10 years. Which of the following is the best description of how the two would likely describe their honeymoon?

Both would remember the overall experience, but the memory would also include some best guesses about what they did. Correct. We actively reconstruct our memories using the cues and information available to us. Our memories for events are not recorded exactly how the event happened.

_______ have a harder time regulating ________ emotion.

Boys; negative

Which child is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?

Brooke, an obese girl

Which of the following is an example of onomatopoeia?

Buzz

Which of the following is supported by research on gender typing?

By age 6, children spend 11 times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates.

Which of the following is true regarding emotional self-regulation?

By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry less than American infants.

A key idea in the discussion on the universality versus diversity in psychiatric diagnoses was that a. all disorders are found throughout all cultures of the world. b. most psychiatric disorders are unique to specific cultures and relatively unknown in others. c. many psychiatric disorders are similar across cultures. d. psychiatric disorders found in North America and Europe are often unknown in many African and Asian cultures.

C

A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from a. depression. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. autism.

C

A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality is likely suffering from a. depression. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. autism.

C

A person with schizophrenia who displays bizarre or rigid postures, often seeming to get "stuck" in certain positions for hours, is displaying what symptom of schizophrenia? a. Delusions b. Disorganization c. Catatonia d. Echolalia

C

According to the ______________ model of depression, when people become depressed they seek excessive reassurance, which, in turn, leads others to dislike and reject them, which can maintain or worsen their depression. a. behavioural b. cognitive c. interpersonal d. learned helplessness

C

According to the authors, schizophrenia is most often confused with which other psychological disorder? a. Dementia b. Bipolar disorder c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Autism

C

Any behaviour that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered a. qualitatively rare. b. socially disapproved of. c. impairing and maladaptive. d. statistically rare.

C

DSM-5 lists how many personality disorders? a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20

C

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. those of a panic attack. d. posttraumatic stress disorder

C

Dave, a graduate student, has difficulty talking to groups. Unfortunately, he has chosen a career in which he must speak to large groups of people. The night before a presentation he tosses and turns, and the resulting lack of sleep makes the situation worse. When he makes a presentation, he often becomes confused and stumbles over his words. As a result, he feels worthless and miserable. Which two criteria of abnormal behaviour are most useful in analyzing this case? a. Inability to function normally and statistical rarity b. Statistical rarity and deviance from social norms c. Subjective discomfort and inability to function normally d. Deviance from social norms and subjective discomfort

C

Depression has been associated with low levels of which two neurotransmitters? a. Serotonin and dopamine b. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine c. Dopamine and norepinephrine d. Acetylcholine and serotonin

C

Ellie is a graduate student in psychology at the local university. She is interested in one day specializing in the study of abnormal behaviour. What area of psychology should she focus on in school? a. Psychobiology b. Developmental psychology c. Psychopathology d. Health psychology

C

Evidence of a biological influence in bipolar disorder comes from brain imaging studies, which have found that activity is increased in the ________ and decreased in the ________. a. hippocampus and thalamus; temporal lobes b. amygdala and emotion-related structures; temporal lobes c. amygdala and emotion-related structures; prefrontal cortex d. amygdala and emotion-related structures; occipital cortex

C

Experiencing extremes in motor behaviour or repeating phrases over and over are two symptoms associated with a. paranoid schizophrenia. b. disorganized schizophrenia. c. catatonic schizophrenia. d. undifferentiated schizophrenia.

C

Genetic and biological research has reported that ADHD patients display decreased activation in what area of the brain? a. Temporal lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Frontal lobe d. Occipital lobe

C

In a condition called _______, Inuit persons may experience abrupt episodes accompanied by extreme excitement and then followed by convulsive seizures. a. Windigo b. Gururumba c. Arctic hysteria d. Mal de Ojo

C

In a condition called _______, some residents in New Guinea report episodes where they steal and later deposit their neighbours' possessions in the forest, but remember nothing of the entire episode. a. Windigo b. Arctic hysteria c. Gururumba d. Mal de Ojo

C

In ancient times, signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by a. imbalance of neurotransmitters. b. social forces. c. demons. d. improper diet.

C

Insane asylums were often considered synonymous with ______________ due to some of their questionable treatment methods. a. witch burning b. exorcists c. snake pits d. placebos

C

Jessie is giving a class presentation on suicide. Which of the following is a point you are likely to hear her make? a. People who talk about committing suicide are just looking for attention. b. One must be careful when talking with a depressed person about suicide because you might make them more likely to take their own life. c. As depression lifts, the risk of suicide may increase rather than decrease. d. There is seldom any warning given by those who commit suicide.

C

Kat is giving a report on dissociative identity disorder (DID) in her psychopathology seminar. A main conclusion that you would expect to hear from her talk is that a. most clinical psychologists agree that DID is a valid psychological disorder. b. most claims of sexual abuse as a precursor to DID have been proven with corroborating evidence. c. DID is most often created by questionable therapeutic practices rather than being a true disorder. d. the diagnosis of DID has dropped nearly a hundredfold since 1979.

C

Lily is concerned that her roommate Sachie is feeling overwhelmed by being a first-year student at a large university. Sachie often explains her academic difficulties and failures as being due to ________ factors. a. internal, specific, and unstable b. internal, global, and unstable c. internal, global, and stable d. external, specific, and unstable

C

Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality? a. Societal disapproval b. Social context c. Subjective distress d. Statistical rarity

C

Most people with ____________ also develop agoraphobia. a. generalized anxiety disorder b. post-traumatic stress disorder c. panic disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

C

Most people with panic disorder also develop what other anxiety disorder? a. Posttraumatic stress disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Agoraphobia d. Generalized anxiety disorder

C

Mr. Carpenter is constantly afraid that he is going to oversleep and be late for work. As a result, he spends nearly an hour total each night making certain that his alarm clock is correctly set and saying, "It's set, it's set, it's set" each of the times he checks it. This repetitive action is what clinical psychologists refer to as a(n) a. hallucination. b. obsession. c. compulsion. d. delusion.

C

Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from a. dissociative fugue. b. dissociative amnesia. c. depersonalization disorder. d. dissociative identity disorder.

C

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behaviour that creates a great deal of emotional distress or a. societal disapproval. b. social context. c. subjective distress. d. statistical rarity.

C

One suggestion for overcoming depression is given by the behavioural model. What is it? a. Stop thinking negative, irrational thoughts all of the time. b. Look at how your actions are creating a negative impression on others and change your behaviour to create a more positive impression. c. Engage in pleasurable activities, even when you do not want to, to create reinforcers for your behaviour. d. Don't get too close to people because they might die or move away and leave you all alone.

C

Repeating the word "maaaaah" repetitively and in a parrot-like fashion reflects what symptom of schizophrenia? a. Delusions b. Hallucinations c. Echolalia d. Disorganized speech

C

Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depressive disorder, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that a. there are no age, gender, or racial differences in the prevalence of the disorder in North America. b. men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America. c. men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America. d. adults are less likely than children to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America.

C

Schizophrenia is a disorder that results from disturbances in ________ that spill into other areas of the person's life. a. memory b. personality c. thought d. mood

C

Serial killers Paul Bernardo, Ted Bundy, and Aileen Wuornos each are prototypical examples of a. histrionic personality. b. schizotypal personality. c. psychopathic personality. d. borderline personality.

C

Some parts of Malaysia and several other Asian countries have witnessed periodic outbreaks of a strange condition known as _______ . The victims, most of whom are male, typically believe that their penis and testicles are disappearing and receding into their abdomen. a. Windigo b. Hwa-byung c. Koro d. Mal de Ojo

C

Suppose you are a psychologist who is evaluating the behaviour of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is not a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behaviour as abnormal? a. Societal disapproval b. Impairment c. Subjective distress d. Statistical rarity

C

The DSM-5 has 18 different classes of disorders, and includes all of the following except a. somatoform disorders. b. factitious disorders. c. insanity disorders. d. adjustment disorders.

C

The authors of your text suggest that the increase in diagnosis of early-onset bipolar disorder may come from the fact that many children diagnosed with bipolar disorder could merely be those with severe symptoms of _________ . a. Autism b. Asperger's disorder c. ADHD d. Conduct disorder

C

The phenomenon of getting a song stuck in your head is referred to as ___________. a. catastrophizing b. ruminating c. an earworm d. a homophone

C

The results of studies investigating the role of biological factors suggest that depression is caused by a. decreased levels of various neurotransmitters. b. exposure to stressful life events. c. both A and B. d. neither A nor B.

C

The symptoms of ________ are often mistaken for those of a heart attack. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. a panic attack d. posttraumatic stress disorder

C

Trevor has schizophrenia and often hears a voice that tells him "Meat eaters are the devil. They will force you to eat the beef and implant you with brain tumours. Go and stop the meat eaters". Trevor's experience reflects what symptom of schizophrenia? a. Delusions of grandeur b. Disorganized speech c. Command hallucinations d. Persecutory delusions

C

What other childhood disorder is ADHD often confused with (and possibly misdiagnosed as)? a. Autism b. Asperger's disorder c. Early-onset bipolar disorder d. Conduct disorder

C

What specific psychological disorder is marked by cycles of extreme activity and inactivity? a. Catatonic schizophrenia b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Major depressive disorder

C

Which of the following is not a criterion for defining mental disorders? a. Subjective distress b. Societal disapproval c. Bizarre behaviour d. Impairment

C

Which of the following is not a criterion for determining whether a psychiatric diagnosis is valid? a. It distinguishes that diagnosis from other, similar diagnoses. b. It predicts an individual's performance on laboratory tests. c. It relies on self-reported behaviours and not observations. d. It predicts an individual's response to treatment.

C

Which of the following is not a major risk factor for suicide? a. Schizophrenia b. Depression c. Dissociative disorder d. Borderline personality disorder

C

Which type of anxiety disorder is most commonly associated with malingering for some type of external gain? a. Phobias b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Panic disorder

C

Which type of phobia is the most debilitating of all phobias? a. Social anxiety disorders b. Arachnophobia c. Agoraphobia d. Hydrophobia

C

____________ is a culture-bound disorder whereas ___________ is a disorder that has cultural universality. a. kunlangeta; bulimia nervosa b. mal de ojo; apotemnophilia c. anorexia nervosa; psychopathy d. schizophrenia; windigo

C

_______ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

Catch-up

One criticism of the DSM noted by your author is that it adheres to a _____ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder.

Categorical

_______________ helps infants reduce the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day so they can learn and remember.

Categorization

Diagnosis Across Cultures

Certain conditions are culture-bound. But, many severe mental disorders appear to be universal (alcoholism, psychopathy)

Chang is profoundly deaf, whereas his parents are hearing. What advice can you offer Chang's parents based on research in your text?

Chang needs access to language models—deaf adults and peers—to experience natural language learning.

________________ is a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.

Child-directed speech

Which of the following statements is true about childhood diseases?

Childhood diseases occur earlier in developing nations than in industrialized countries.

Which of the following is true about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies?

Children in collectivist societies are more willing to include a quiet, reserved child in play than children in individualistic cultures.

Which of the following provides the best explanation for why your history teacher can remember 14 random historic dates, while you can only recall about 7?

Chunking Correct. Chunking material into meaningful units helps us to extend our memory capacity beyond what it would normally be. The history teacher's broad knowledge base of dates and events would help him or her to remember more randomly provided dates than the average person.

According to the levels-of-processing model, which pair of words should be the easiest to remember?

Clinton - Nixon Correct. Information encoded by meaning is more likely to be remembered than information encoded by appearance or by sound.

When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are experiencing

Cognitive Dissonance

Which of the following statements is the best summary of the cognitive development theory of Lev Vygotsky?

Cognitive development occurs on a social level before it occurs at the individual level.

Which of the following characteristics is least closely associated with the Type B personality? a. Patient b. Easy-going c. Competitive d. Relatively relaxed

Competitive

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is called

Conformity

You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of

Conformity

______________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

Conservation

According to your textbook, people are motivated to maintain a(n) __________ view of the self.

Consistent

resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions at will

Contrary to popular public opinion regarding hypnosis, people can

Which of the following is true about pattern perception?

Contrast sensitivity continues to increase during infancy and childhood.

AA Alternatives

Controlled drinking: programs encourage people to set limits and drink moderately -- Relapse prevention: treatment assumes people will "slip up" and plans accordingly -- Lapse does not equal relapse

The type A behavior patten is a significant predictor of

Coronary heart disease

A dissociative disorder that involves sudden travel from home, the taking on of a new identity, and amnesia regarding the trip and one's actual personal information is called a. antisocial personality disorder. b. dissociative amnesia. c. depersonalization disorder d. dissociative fugue.

D

A mentally ill individual can be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital against their will if a. they pose a clear and present threat to themselves or others. b. they are so psychologically impaired that they can't care for themselves. c. psychiatrists or physicians place an emergency "hold" on the patient or it is ordered by a judge. d. All of the above are criteria of involuntary commitment.

D

According to the biological perspective, anxiety disorders are a. learned reactions. b. danger signals that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface. c. the result of illogical, irrational thought processes. d. genetic in origin.

D

After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from a. antisocial personality disorder. b. conversion disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. dissociative disorder.

D

Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. posttraumatic stress disorder. c. panic disorder. d. a phobia.

D

Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter? a. The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. b. There is an autism epidemic and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase. c. The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of overdiagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic. d. The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in the diagnostic criteria.

D

Dr. Nwoambi is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder. a. Textbook of Mental Illness b. Textbook of Psychological Disorders c. Physician's Reference Checklist d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

D

Eve seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice changes and someone claiming her name is "Joan" begins to speak. During therapy, 23 separate entities, each with its own name, personal style, and memories emerge. Eve appears to be suffering from a. antisocial personality disorder. b. dissociative amnesia. c. schizophrenia. d. dissociative identity disorder.

D

In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body? a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Dissociative amnesia c. Schizophrenia d. Dissociative identity disorder

D

Jeff collects books, paperclips, pennies, empty soda cans, and old trophies. He has so many objects in his collection that it interferes with his daily life and he cannot stop collecting things no matter how hard he tries. Jeff would most likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder? a. Agoraphobia b. Generalized anxiety disorder c. Panic disorder d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

D

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore; he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like a. agoraphobia. b. major depressive disorder. c. social anxiety disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder

D

Research has found that more people with schizophrenia are born in which two seasons? a. Spring and summer b. Summer and fall c. Fall and winter d. Winter and spring

D

Russell has had bouts of mild depression for years, yet tends to display a more accurate view of his circumstances and recognizes factors such as job stress, rejection, and change, which lead to his depressive episodes. Russell's thoughts represent a phenomenon called a. illusory control. b. overgeneralization. c. learned helplessness. d. depressive realism.

D

Shannon believes that her boss has inserted microelectrodes in the water at work because he wants to be able to track the movement of all of his staff. She has "evidence" of this because her fish died when she brought them into work, and she feels compelled to work non-stop every time she has drank the water. Shannon's experience reflects what symptom of schizophrenia? a. Hallucinations b. Obsessions c. Compulsions d. Delusions

D

Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for a. agoraphobia. b. major depressive disorder. c. social anxiety disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder.

D

Some residents in Latin America refer to ________ as the cause of disease, misfortune, and social disruption. a. Windigo b. Gururumba c. Saora disorder d. Mal de Ojo

D

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from a. exposure to stress. b. genetic influences entirely. c. environmental influences entirely. d. a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.

D

The erroneous belief that many criminals are acquitted on the basis of the insanity verdict is most likely due to a. the confirmation bias. b. logical fallacies. c. representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic

D

The likelihood of experiencing an anxiety disorder at some point in your lifetime is roughly a. 55%. b. 48%. c. 35%. d. 29%.

D

The presence of at least two distinct personalities is characteristic of a. antisocial personality disorder. b. dissociative amnesia. c. schizophrenia. d. dissociative identity disorder.

D

The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to a. help psychologists assess only normal behaviour. b. keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum. c. describe the causes of common physiological disorders. d. help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.

D

Unlike many other psychological disorders, manic episodes may be triggered by a. failures and rejection. b. stressful life events. c. negative life events. d. positive life events

D

Victims of sexual assault may experience strong stress reactions, intense anxiety, and flashbacks to their attacks from environmental cues that remind them of being attacked and helpless. If these become frequent, intense, and debilitating, the person may be diagnosed as suffering from a. generalized anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder. c. social anxiety disorder. d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

D

What psychiatrist has claimed that mental illness is "a myth" and that the labels used to identify the various forms of mental illness are nothing more than a means of social control? a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. Carl Rogers d. Thomas Szasz

D

When a psychologist or psychiatrist is using the DSM-5 as a guide to evaluating a client, he or she would assess the client on each of five a. steps. b. phases. c. stages. d. axes.

D

Which criterion would designate a person who never talks to anyone as abnormal? a. Societal disapproval b. Impairment c. Subjective distress d. Statistical rarity

D

Which of the following losses might serve as a starting point for one's experience of major depressive disorder? a. Losing $1.25 in a vending machine and not getting it refunded b. A fellow student from your high school class moves away c. The loss of a grandparent who had been sick for many years d. Getting fired from one's job and having difficulty getting a new job

D

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5? a. It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions. b. It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. c. It lists information regarding symptoms but does not include a checklist of criteria that must be met for diagnosis. d. It describes symptoms and includes a checklist of specific criteria for diagnosis.

D

__________ refers to the overlap between diagnoses, where individuals with one diagnosis also may meet the criteria for one or more other diagnoses. a. Labelling b. Pathologizing c. Exclusivity d. Comorbidity

D

_____________ is associated with moods that alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms. a. Bipolar disorder b. Dysthymic disorder c. Seasonal affective disorder d. Cyclothymia

D

______________ are concerned with the possibility that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviour, and can lead them to act differently and be treated differently by others. a. Psychoanalysts b. Humanists c. Behaviourists d. Labelling theorists

D

_______is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. a. The Textbook of Mental Illness b. The Textbook of Psychological Disorders c. The Physician's Reference Checklist d. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

D

Skip has a big test tomorrow and has studied late into the night. If Skip falls asleep and takes the test first thing in the morning, which of the following would best explain any information he forgets?

Decay Correct. Decay involves information fading from memory.

Dopamine

Decreased levels of the neurotransmitter __________ in the prefrontal cortex have been associated with the development of schizophrenia.

______ is a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

Defensive attribution

Devoid of any retribution, , thousands of fans at a football game swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. This behavior of normally mild-mannered citizens is known as

Deinduazation

__________ is the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves.

Depth perception

Person-Centered Therapy

Developed by Carl Rogers -- nondirective: encourages clients to direct the course of their therapy -- to ensure outcome, therapist must express unconditional positive regard

Psychoanalytic Theory

Developed by Sigmund Freud -- Rests on three primary assumptions: Psychic determinism, Symbolic meaning, unconscious motivation

b. deindividuation.

Devoid of any retribution, , thousands of fans at a football game swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. This behavior of normally mild-mannered citizens is known as Select one: a. individuation. b. deindividuation. c. demoralization. d. demonification.

__________, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly two million childhood deaths each year.

Diarrhea

Neo-Freudians

Differ from Freud's theories in two key ways: less emphasis on sexuality, more on social drives -- more optimistic about personal growth

The ambiguity of language is BEST illustrated by which of the following examples?

Disagreements about the interpretations of laws.

Learned responses

Disordered behavior is a result of a set of __________ __________.

Mood Disorders

Disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion.

Stimulus Hunger

Drive for stimulation--can be done by figeting, fantasizing, listening to music socializing, to doing wheelies on motorcycles

Which of the following is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

During childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

Decay

During lecture day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

Witch Craft

During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was believed to result from __________.

Which of the following is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?

During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

REM Sleep

During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream?

linking the info to be remembered to other info

Elaborative rehearsal involves

Giving a child candy for completing homework

Example of Positive Reinforcement

Anxiety

Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness are characteristics of __________ disorders.

__________________ seems to make crawlers and walkers more aware of the consequences of their movements.

Experience in trying to keep their balance on various surfaces

________ brain growth consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific, varied learning experiences.

Experience-dependent

_________ brain growth refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences.

Experience-expectant

Achak is upset. He tells his roommate that if his psychology teacher knew how to teach, Achak would not have flunked his midterm. What locus of control is Achak demonstrating?

External

What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?

Extralinguistic information

The imitation theory of language acquisition is hindered by a finding that children learn to use syntax gradually and that even adults use grammatically incorrect sentences. This is the basis of which principle of critical thinking?

Falsifiability

The practice of physiognomy, as well as that of phrenology, have been summarily discredited by modern scientific research. As it turns out, the bumps on a person's head and one's facial characteristics give virtually no information about their personality characteristics. This is an important reminder of the importance of the critical thinking principle of

Falsifiability

Simon has ben afraid of heights since he was a young child. To help Simon overcome his fear, his therapist has taken him to the rooftop of his 20-story office building. They stay there for his entire session and repeat the process until Simon realizes nothing bad will happen to him, even at great heights. His therapist is using the technique known as _________

Flooding

A local charity sends you return mailing labels and asks you to contribute whatever you can. You go ahead and send $5. A month later, you receive another request, but this time for $10, along with numerous other charities to contribute to. While you feel good that you contributed, you may be experiencing the

Foot in the door technique

MacGyver, a fictional TV hero, was able to solve nearly any problem with duct tape, chewing gum, and some luck. Which of the following cognitive tendencies was one that MacGyver has clearly overcome?

Functional fixedness

WE commit this error when we overestimate the impact of dipositional influences on other peoples behavior for example when a driver cuts us off in traffic we immedietly think that driver is a jerk when a better explanation, such as he or she is rushing to get to the hopstpital is true,

Fundamental attribution error

Which of the following was the individual who was chained to a potty chair in the back of a bedroom and deprived of social interaction until she was 13 years old?

Genie

Pam just set her best friend Olivia up on a blind date with her brother. According to the two-factor theory, what might she do to enhance the likelihood that Olivia will find her brother desireable?

Give them tickets to a scary movie. Correct. A scary movie will raise the general level of arousal, increasing the chances of desirability.

Which of the following is supported by research on child care?

Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development.

____________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Goodness of fit

______ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even falling to use rational thought in the process.

Groupthink

____________ is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.

Growth hormone

_____________ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.

Guided participation

Melissa's mother was recently diagnosed with leukemia. As a result, Melissa is now required to take care of all of her mother's personal needs and manage her financial affairs. Melissa is already a full-time student, and is also the primary caregiver for her son. However, Melissa has an attitude that things could be worse. She is confident that she will get through this crisis. Thus, she is displaying

Hardiness

Roland was having a bad day. He woke up late for his job interview because the power in his house went off due to a thunderstorm that surprised his state of Ohio. While he rushed around the house to get ready, he remembered he still had to stop at the gas station for some gasoline. As he was getting gas, some of it sprayed on his suit. Upon driving to the interview site, he ran into construction and had to sit in traffic. He forgot his cell phone at home, so he could not call to inform the company he was running late. By the time he made it to the interview, he was frustrated, late, and smelled of gasoline. What could Roland possibly do to still create a positive first impression?

He could offer a firm handshake with a smile along with good eye contact when he first meets the interviewer.

What theorist strongly disagreed with Freud's ideas about women and their feelings of inferiority and the Oedipus complex?

Horney

Which of the following is a behavioral component of an attitude regarding psychology?

I read my psychology textbook and do assignments as necessary.

Structure of Personality

ID: basic instinct; operates on pleasure principle -- Ego: principal decision maker; operates on reality principle -- Superego: sense of morality --- Conflict between these causes distress

Michael was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell his parents about the possibility of recovery as it relates to sensitive periods in brain development?

If Michael has corrective surgery within four to six months, his vision can improve substantially, except for subtle aspects of face perception.

The Results

If you're like 75 percent of participants in the original Asch study, you'd conform to the incorrect norm on at least one of 12 trials. Across all 12 trials in the Asch study, participants conformed to the wrong answer 37 percent of the time. Some con- formed even when the comparison line differed from the standard line by more than six inches! Understandably, participants reported being confused and even distressed because they experienced a sharp conflict between their perceptions and what they believed to be others' perceptions.

conditioned response

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the

autonomic nervous system; skeletal muscles

In classical conditioning, the organisms's responses depend primarily on the _____; in operant conditioning, the organism's responses depend primarily on the ____.

Persecution

In delusions of __________, the person is convinced that others are trying to harm them in some way.

Proactive interference

In high school, Deanna took 3 years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college 10 years later, she signed up for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with spanish words instead of french words. This is example of

d. Zimbardo

In his famous study, this researcher recruited college students to portray either guards or prisoners with some rather shocking results. Select one: a. Spears b. Milgram c. Asch d. Zimbardo

Exhaustion

In prolonged stressors, out resistance can break down -- can cause phsyical or psych damage

Defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

b. Selecting line sizes

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform? Select one: a. Pretend they were prison guards b. Selecting line sizes c. Plunge their hands into buckets of water that were either ice cold or scalding hot d. Deliver electric shocks to helpless victims

Trait Models

Interested primarily in describing and understanding the structure of personality -- used Factor analysis to reduce diversity of personality descriptors to underlying traits -- and based on Lexical approach

A number of influences make us more likely to engage in intentionally harmful behavior

Interpersonal provocation, frustration, media influences, aggressive cues, ect.

What kind of therapy strengthens social skills and targets coping with conflicts and life transitions?

Interpersonal therapy

Which of the following is true about intermodal perception?

It is a fundamental ability that fosters all aspects of psychological development.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Standard Prison Experiment?

It was led by Stanley Milgram and aimed to study obedience

________ speculated that thinking operates as a form of internal speech.

John B. Watson

observational

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ______ learning.

Jordan and Doris are teenagers who live near six other teens. All eight of the teens tried out for the high school play, and all but Jordan and Doris were rewarded with a part in the play. Though Jordan and Doris were upset about not getting a part, they were more upset by the behaviors of the other six teens. It seemed that all of the students in the play formed a strong bond and sense of togetherness. They did not want anything to do with other students who were not in the play. Because of that, Jordan and Doris rarely see the other six teens from the neighborhood anymore. According to research in social psychology, which of the following is TRUE?

Jordan and Doris are part of the out-group.

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely true?

Katherine is likely to show moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks.

Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion?

Label Thomas's feelings, encourage him to describe his internal state, and offer a comforting hug.

stimulus discrimination

Little Albert learns to fear white rats but he does not fear white rabbits. This behavior illustrates

iconic

Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes. Although this strategy won't work, she is hoping to take advantage of her _____ memory.

Which of the following factors offer a biological explanation for aggression?

Low arousal of the autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is true about make-believe play?

Make-believe is a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills and learn about important activities in their culture.

Which of the following is one reason the United States lags behind Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Canada in immunizations?

Many American children do not have access to the health care they need.

Which of the following is an example of a direct parental influence on children's peer sociability?

Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park.

Is Psychotherapy Effective?

Meta-analysis showed that it does work chp. 16 - slides 44+

The Neo-Freudian Tradition

More concerned with conscious aspects of the client's functioning -- emphasize the impact of cultural and interpersonal influences on behavior -- more optimistic; emphasize needs for power, love, and status (not just sex and aggression)

Which of the following is true about infantile amnesia?

Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.

Which of the following is supported by research on child care in infancy?

Mother-child interaction is more favorable when children attend higher-quality care and spend fewer hours in child care.

________ is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive.

Motion

maintaining social relationships

Much of our language use serves non-informational purposes such as

Functional fixedness

My exposure to the typical use of objects in my culture may render me less able to find novel solutions to problems. This is referred to as..

Stanley Schacter asked five male volunteers to live alone in separate rooms for an extended period of time. One of the participants quit after ____ minutes, three others lasted only ___ days, and the fifth participant made it to ____ days.

NOT 20; 2; 10

Which of the following individuals is least likely to engage in an attribution that demonstrates the fundamental attribution error?

NOT Eduardo, who is from El Salvador

The best way to avoid groupthink is to encourage ______________ within an organization.

NOT active agreement

People with low self-esteem are prone to conformity; however, research finds that ________ are also more likely to conform than

NOT americans, asians

A trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviors reflect their true feelings and attitudes is called

NOT belief NOT Predictive

________ theory proposes that we don't really change our attitudes but that we report that we have done so to make our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes.

NOT cognitive dissonance

ANo ________ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behavior on the situation; aNo ________ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behavior to his or her personality or other personal characteristics.

NOT external, situational

After a couple of cars were broken into, neighbors began to believe that there was a crime spree occurring in their neighborhood. In fact, many were reporting minor dings and scratches on their cars to the police, claiming that criminals had tried to break in and steal their cars. The police believed that the original crimes were isolated incidents carried out by teenagers as nothing was stolen. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this example best fit?

NOT extraordinary claims

The tendency of a group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members is known as __________________.

NOT groupthink

An attitude

NOT includes a physiological component

A belief

NOT includes an emotional component. NOT includes a behavioral component.

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of

NOT obediance NOT conformity

Group brainstorming is less effective than individual brainstorming because

NOT of social loafing.

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, aNo ________ is made.

NOT situational attribution

Alan and his friends were playing a game of pool at the local bar and grill. Jackie, a girl Alan likes, and her friends came over to talk. As Alan is an inexperienced pool player, his pool game suffered from Jackie's presence. Social psychologists would explain his poor performance as

NOT social facilitation

Tarek is a college student who lives on campus. While riding his bike to class the other day, he witnessed a bike accident between two other students. Both were badly injured. Tarek stopped to offer help knowing that he might be late or even miss his class. The two students involved in the accident were grateful for his assistance. Tarek demonstrated ________ in this situation.

NOT social facilitation

According to Asch and others, all of the following are social factors that influence conformity EXCEPT

NOT unanimity of the group.

__________ provide(s) the most precise information about which brain regions are specialized for certain capacities.

Neuroimaging techniques

________ are nerve cells that store and transmit information.

Neurons

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked, and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n)

Obsession

After a couple of cars were broken into, neighbors began to believe that there was a crime spree occurring in their neighborhood. In fact, many were reporting minor dings and scratches on their cars to the police, claiming that criminals had tried to break in and steal their cars. The police believed that the original crimes were isolated incidents carried out by teenagers as nothing was stolen. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this example best fit?

Occam's Razor Correct. The simplest explanation is often the best.

c. greater; less

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience. Select one: a. less; less b. less; greater c. greater; less d. greater; greater

faulty eyewitness identification

One of the leading reasons for the conviction of innocent persons is

Emotional Distress

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a deal of __________ __________ or subjective discomfort.

Big Five Model

Openness to Experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism -- predict job performance and grades in school, physical health and life span -- relatively similar traits seen across cultures, but different prevalence rates. Individualist vs collectivistic societies

_____________ and ___________ provide windows into early memory by showing that retention of visual events increases dramatically over infancy and toddlerhood.

Operant conditioning; habituation

A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development?

Oral stage

take into account extralinguistic info such as location and facial expressions

Our co worker says, "its awful in here." To understand what she means, we must

Consciousness

Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as

Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem?

Overcrowding and understaffing Correct. Indeed, as asylums emerged, those who were suffering from mental illnesses came out in droves, and the asylums rapidly became overwhelmed and understaffed. (A lack of "customers" caused by the massive drop in mental illness --- Incorrect. In fact, those who were mentally ill had done their best to hide their symptoms for years. When asylums emerged, they felt a freedom to finally reveal their condition and seek help.)

Psychopathic Personality

Overlaps with antisocial personality disorder -- primarily males; about 25% of the prison population qualifies -- they may be perpetually under aroused and experiencing stimulus hunger

Which of the following is true about paternal depression?

Paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict as children grow older.

a. Asians; Americans

People with low self-esteem are prone to conformity; however, research finds that ________ are also more likely to conform than ________. Select one: a. Asians; Americans b. Asians; African Americans c. Americans; Asians d. African Americans; Asians

What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobic disorder?

Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. Correct. With a phobia, the sufferer knows exactly what he or she is afraid of, while with generalized anxiety disorder the trigger of the tension and worry is not clear. (Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women and phobic disorder is more common in men. -- Incorrect. This statement regarding the gender differences between phobias and generalized anxiety disorder is not accurate and is not presented in the textbook.)

_____________ is a strong predictor of emergent literacy.

Phonological awareness

_________ and __________ are at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.

Preschool; school-age children

Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition?

Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.

Which of the following is supported by research on emotional understanding?

Preschoolers who are securely attached to their mothers better understand emotion than preschoolers who are insecurely attached.

Which of the following mental health professionals holds a doctor of medicine degree?

Psychiatrist

______ occurs when someone's number of choices has been restricted and he or she pursues the choices that have been denied.

Reactance

Eila is a 16-year-old girl. Her mom just got remarried to Brick, a strikingly handsome and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even tells her mom that she can't stand him. What defense mechanism is she exhibiting?

Reaction-formation Correct. Reaction-formation involves transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite, in this case, attraction into repulsion. (Regression Incorrect. Regression is the act of returning psychologically to a younger age, typically early childhood, when life was simpler and safer.)

Social Loafing

Refers to people's tendency to slack off in groups

Culture relativity

Refers to the need to consider the neat characteristics of the culture in which a person's behavior takes place.

_________ and _________ play a role in the decline of magical beliefs.

Religion; culture

Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?

Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

Asch also tried to rule out alternative hypotheses for his findings. He examined whether group norms affected participants' perceptions of the lines, and he then conducted his original study but asked participants to write, rather than call out, their responses. In this condition, he found the answers to be right more than 99 percent of the time. Which of the six principles does this example demonstrate?

Replicabiility

As the Stanford prison study was not carefully controlled, it was more of a demonstration than an experiment, and the prisoners and guards may have experienced demand characteristics to behave in their more assigned roles, researchers have not been able to demonstrate Zimbardo's findings. This lack of research consistency is a problem for which of the six principles of scientific thinking?

Replicability

syntax

Rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as

Many early studies have suggested that women are more likely to conform than men. This sex difference may have been due to the experimenters being all male. Later studies found these differences had vanished when the studies were conducted by female experimenters. Which of the six principles does this example demonstrate?

Ruling out rival hypotheses

The research by Lloyd and Margaret Peterson suggests that the duration of short-term memory is about 15 seconds, but some have proposed that it may be as short as 5 seconds. These other theorists have suggested that some of the participants in the Petersons' study were able to silently rehearse the letters they were shown, thus appearing to have a longer short-term memory duration. This alternate explanation for the Petersons' findings demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

Ruling out rival hypotheses Correct. This attempt to explain the findings from a different perspective demonstrates the principle of ruling out rival hypotheses

The prevailing explanation for the relationship between stress and illness has been that increased levels of stress result in a decrease in the immune system's ability to protect the body from illness. On the other hand, it is possible that people who are experiencing stress engage in more health-damaging behaviors, this leads us to a greater likelihood of illness. This different explanation of the relationship demonstrates the importance of

Ruling out rival hypothesis

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test?

Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word. Correct. Ryan is engaging in elaborative rehearsal, which involves linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way. It generally helps us to improve our retention of information.

As actual-ideal discrepancies outnumber actual-ideal congruencies, cheerfulness decreases and ________.

Sadness increases.

assist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations

Schemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they

Which of the following is supported by research on the stability of attachment patterns between 1 and 2 years of age?

Securely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than insecure babies.

An organized set of beliefs about one's personal qualities and typical behavior constitute one's _______.

Self Concept

Another term for self-concept is

Self-Schema

________ are the inferences that people make about what causes their behavior.

Self-attributions

A mismatching of self-perceptions is termed _________.

Self-discrepancy.

___________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.

Self-evaluative narratives

________ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors.

Self-perception

_______ seems to help protect the young brain from excessive or inadequate stress-hormone exposure.

Sensitive adult care

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

Sensitive caregiving

Major Depression

Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause.

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality -- symptoms: disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships. -- Less than 1% of population, but over half of people in mental institutions -- Delusions, Hallucinations, disorganized speech -- psych factors pay a role in this, but only trigger it in persons with genetic vulnerabilities

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Sexuality begins in infancy

Cailee and Rick's parents take them to church every week. What type of influence on personality is being exhibited?

Shared environmental Correct. Shared environmental experiences make individuals within the same family more alike. (Sociological -- Incorrect. Sociological factors take into account the influences of one's surrounding society on individual behavior. The best answer to this question is a shared environmental influence)

Who is least likely to be aggressive?

Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage, Alaska

Who is least likely to be aggressive?

Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage, Alaska Correct

According to the authors, ________ is one of the most influential personality theorists in all of psychology.

Sigmund Freud

Gianna was coming home from work and could not help but notice the young woman who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. She immediately wondered if the girl was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made aNo

Situational attribution

Psychoanalysis

Six core techniques: Free association, interpretation, dream analysis, resistance, transference, working through

Mike is a great football player. Last Saturday, his new girlfriend attended the game to watch him play, and Mike played even better than usual. Mike's enhanced performance demonstrates the phenomenon known as

Social Facilitation

When Jacob's girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance increased slightly due to what Zajonc calls

Social facilitation

You and your group have had four weeks to complete a group project for your economics class. You are now four days away from the due date, and you and one other group member have been putting in all of the time and effort. The other two members come occasionally to group meetings and do the minimal work required. This unfortunate situation is known as

Social loafing

Which of the following researcher's work was the most influential in shaping our understanding of conformity?

Solomon Asch

Which of the following is a disorder that takes the form of a bodily ailment that has no physical cause?

Somatoform

Can personality change?

Some variability prior to age 30, but little thereafter -- Some evidence for changing of personality psychopharmacological, but should we?

Val has a crush on Ilene. What is one thing he might do to make himself more desirable?

Stop by every day to say hello. Correct. The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus (in this case Val) makes us view the stimulus more favorably.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of th erelationship between the immune system and central nervous system -- high levels of stress over the past year make you more susceptible to catching a cold virus

What structure serves as the social component of one's personality?

Superego Correct. The superego operates on morality principle, and concerns itself with social standards of right and wrong. (Ego Incorrect. The ego operates on the reality principle, and makes decisions that balance the needs of the id and the superego.)

With the self-presentation strategy of ______, people try to present themselves as weak and dependent in order to get favors from others.

Supplication

___________ is ther therapy technique that exposes a patient to increasing amounts of anxiety-producing stimuli

Systematic desensitization

Tayshaun is a professor at a major university. He & his team of researchers just found out that the research they published last year has been replicated. how will Tayshaun likely respond to this news ?

Tayshaun will be thrilled because that verifies his research findings from last year

____________ is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Temperament

250

The DSM provides information about __________ different disorders.

seven plus or minus two

The Magic Number of short-term memory is

c. low-ball

The ________ technique involves having someone agree to a request and then revealing that there are additional hidden obligations. Select one: a. foot-in-the-door b. door-in-the-face c. low-ball d. bait-and-switch

DSM

The __________ describes symptoms and includes a check list of specific criteria for diagnoses.

Biopsychosocial

The __________ model says that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychological disorders.

Psychodynamic

The __________ or psychoanalytic model believes that abnormal behavior is the result of repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns.

Sharon's 46-year-old husband suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. What information about brain plasticity can you provide to Sharon?

The adult brain can produce a small number of new neurons and generate new synapses.

c. 150.

The approximate number of people that each of us knows reasonably well is Select one: a. 50. b. 100. c. 150. d. 200.

age of acquisition

The best predictor of whether someone will achieve fluency in a second language is

Psychopathology

The branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behavior.

critical period theory

The case of Genie and her failure to acquire meaningful language ability best supports

Coronary Heart Disease

The complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart -- top causes of death and disability in the US

the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the contioned response

The conditioned stimulus is defined as

In correlation, sometimes the variables are strongly related. How is this relationship expressed by the correlation coefficient ?

The correlation coefficient will be closer to 1

Which of the following is supported by research on attachment and later development?

The effects of early attachment security are conditional.

The greater the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter, the less obedience

The greater the psychological distance between teacher and learner, the more the obedience

______ is the tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits as a result of observing on major positive or negative trait.

The halo effect

linguistic relativity hypothesis

The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the

_____ is the claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a belief that the world is fair and people always get what they deserve.

The just-world hypothesis

_____ suggests that individuals tend to choose significant others who are similar to themselves in degree or physical attractiveness.

The matching hypothesis

long term memory

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage system is

Steve just joined a fraternity. He was introduced to 55 new "brothers." If asked to recall all of their names, which ones would he be most likely to struggle with?

The names of brothers in the middle of the group Correct. We tend to remember information at the beginning of a list (primacy effect) and at the end of a list (recency effect) better than information in the middle.

Encoding, storage, and retrevial

The order of the basic memory processes in which info enters the memory system and is later used is...

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and its flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision?

The peripheral route

Which of the following statements has been supported by research investigating the pros and cons of letting children of different ages play together?

The play teaches younger kids more advanced skills when they watch older kids.

______ is the tendency of the overall impression of another to be influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later.

The primacy effect

DSM

The primary purpose of the __________ is to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.

Which of the following is supported by research on infant anger?

The rise in anger among older infants is adaptive because new motor abilities enable them to defend themselves or overcome obstacles.

are rarely followed in real-world language

The rules of syntax

Abnormal Behavior

The study of __________ __________ can be traced to at least 3000 B.C. from evidence of trepanning or drilling holes in the skull to release demons.

short term memory

The system of memory that can hold approximately 7 "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called.

sensory memory

The system of memory that consists of our perceptions of sensory experience is known as

Self Serving Bias

The tendency for a person to attribute his or her failures to external events and his or her successes to personal characteristics and skills.

mental set

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is callled

stimulus generalization

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called____.

In Freudian psychoanalysis, what person was responsible for obtaining the insight into the client's psychological problem?

The therapist Correct. The therapist is responsible for obtaining the insight into the client's problem.

b. peripheral route.

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments. This is known as the Select one: a. central route. b. peripheral route. c. afferent route. d. efferent route.

What psychiatrist has claimed that mental illness is "a myth" and that the labels used to identify the various forms of mental illness are nothing more than a means of social control?

Thomas Szasz

Roger's Model

Three components of personality: The organism, The self, Conditions of worth - can result in incongruence

From early in the list

To the research of primary effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the store you would most easily recall those items......

Abnormal Behavior

Today, __________ __________is any behavior that is rare and deviates from the social norm within the situational context causes discomfort or is maladaptive.

Trepanning

Today, __________ is done to relieve pressure of fluids on the brain.

secodary

Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ______ reinforcers.

Hank continually loses his temper when waiting in lines. He has very little patience for other people and is driven to be highly successful. Hank's personality is called

Type A

Social Influences on Conformity

Unanimity increased conformity; lower conformity is only one other person differed from the majority; size of majority up to five or six people makes a difference

Implicit prejudice

Unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

Scientific Evaluation

Very influential in our thinking about personality, but here are major criticisms: unfalsifiable, failed predictions, questionable conception of unconscious, unrepresentative samples, and emphasis on shared environment

Effective Therapists

Warm and direct, establish a positive working relationship, tend not to contradict clients, select important topics to focus on in session, match treatments to needs of clients

Changes in brain wave activity

What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle?

REM behavior disorder

What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams?

salience of surface similarities

When a student is given 2 seemingly different problems to solve, but the problems have the same underlying logical requirements, the student may miss this similarity due to the apparent differences in the wording of the questions. The relationship between 2 problems is called

interference

When info that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ____has occurred.

Which of the following is true about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan?

When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.

Bystander Nonintervenion

When people see someone in need but fail to help them -- Kitty Genovese's murder

Which of the following is true about speech stream patterns?

When presented with controlled sequences of nonsense syllables, babies listen for statistical regularities.

c. situational

When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation, Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor, scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway. They ran over to him, helped him pick up his books, and commented, "I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over. Select one: a. dispositional b. assistive c. situational d. cooperative

d. cognitive dissonance.

When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are experiencing Select one: a. implicit egotism. b. maladaptive gullibility. c. self-monitoring. d. cognitive dissonance.

Stimulants

Which class of psychoactive drugs works by increasing activity within the nervous system?

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

c. "I'm sure we all agree on this."

Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink? Select one: a. "Let's hear some differing opinions." b. "What do you think?" c. "I'm sure we all agree on this." d. "We need to look at all of the evidence."

c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming.

Which of the following statements is true about brainstorming? Select one: a. More heads are better than one. b. Brainstorming groups come up with better ideas than individuals. c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming. d. Brainstorming results in confusion and hostility.

c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression? Select one: a. Billy, who was raised in North Dakota b. Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing, China c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia d. Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo, Japan

c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression? Select one: a. Billy, who was raised in North Dakota b. Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing, China c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia d. Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo, Japan

Which of the following is true about computer use in early childhood?

Word-processing programs can support emergent literacy, enabling preschoolers to experiment with letters and words without having to struggle with handwriting.

Skeletal age is determined by

X-raying the long bones of the body to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone.

b. pluralistic ignorance.

You are walking downtown one day and find a man wearing street clothes who is slumped on the sidewalk. You look around and see others walking and not paying attention. Thus, you decide to do the same thing. You have demonstrated Select one: a. monistic ignorance. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. singular ignorance. d. triangular ignorance.

Which of the following statements is true about strategies for early word learning?

Young children take advantage of the rich social information that adults frequently provide when they introduce new words.

c. door-in-the-face technique.

Your friend asks you to borrow $50 from you. You tell him no. Then he asks for a mere $10, which you gladly give him. While you feel good to have helped him out, you may have just experienced the Select one: a. foot-in-the-mouth technique. b. foot-in-the-door technique. c. door-in-the-face technique. d. door-in-the-foot technique.

In his famous study, he recruited college students to portray either guards or prisoners with some rather shocking results

Zimbardo

d. deindividuation.

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of Select one: a. conformity. b. obedience. c. influence. d. deindividuation.

Retrieval

___ is the process of locating and recovering information form your memory store.

Learning

____ is any change in an organisms's behavior or think gin brought about by experience or practice.

Tolerance

____ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage.

Decision Making

______ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.

a. Self-perception

______ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors. Select one: a. Self-perception b. Cognitive dissonance c. Impression management d. Implicit egotism

Disorganized

__________ Schizophrenia is characterized by confused speech and vivid hallucinations.

Paranoid

__________ Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy together with hallucinations.

Catatonic

__________ Schizophrenia is characterized by severe disturbances of motor behavior.

Seasonal Effective

__________ __________ Disorder is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

Although good discipline is crucial, ___________ is also influential in conscience development.

a child's temperament

Cognitive Dissonance

a disconnect between a person's internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.

Anxiety sensitivity

a fear of anxiety-related symptoms

Taijin Kyofushu

a fear of offending others by saying something offensive or body odor

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life is called___________.

a mental disorder

Unconscious motivation

a motivation of which one is not aware

obedience

a necessary, even essential, ingredient in our daily lives. Without it, society couldn't run smoothly.

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble ______.

a panic attack Correct. A panic attack is a sudden onset of extreme panic with physical symptoms. (post-traumatic stress -- Incorrect. Post-traumatic stress is a persisting anxiety in the wake of a terrifying event, not a sudden onset of extreme panic with physical symptoms.)

Erikson described early childhood as

a period of "vigorous unfolding."

Attribution theory

a person understands other people by attributing their behavior either to their internal dispositions or their external situations.

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

a phenomenon in which people make an attribution based on character, even when they know that the behavior is situational.

Bystander Effect

a phenomenon in which the likelihood that a person requiring help receives it from an individual bystander is inversely proportional to the number of bystanders present.

Group Polarization

a phenomenon in which the more members of a group discuss similar opinions, the more extreme their position become.

Behavioral Expectation Confirmation

a phenomenon that enables a person to influence other people to behave in accordance with his or her expectations.

Hedonic Motive

a pleasurable incentive or an attempt to avoid pain that causes us to act in a certain way.

Jung's collective unconscious

a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. Includes images of that are a record of common experiences, such as having a mother & father.

A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is

a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal.

social disruption

a worsening of performance in the presence of others—occurs on tasks we find difficult.

When people say it is more important to encourage boys than girls in athletics, they are engaging in a. "old-fashioned" discrimination. b. modern discrimination. c. defensive discrimination. d. perceptual discrimination.

a. "old-fashioned" discrimination.

Which of the following styles of managing conflict is characterized by low concern for self and others? a. Avoiding b. Competing c. Compromising d. Accommodating

a. Avoiding

Which of the following is an example of an external-unstable factor in attribution? a. Bad luck b. One's self-esteem c. Lack of ability d. The nature of the task

a. Bad luck

Which of the following is generally NOT considered as a contributor to racial prejudice? a. Egocentrism b. Stereotyping c. Defensive attribution d. The fundamental attribution error

a. Egocentrism

"Look out for number one" is an attitude that is most likely associated with an individual a. from an individualistic culture. b. with an interdependent view. c. with a shared sense of responsibility. d. from a collectivistic culture.

a. from an individualistic culture.

The self-views of those who appear to have low self-esteem are _____________ than those of people with high self-esteem. a. more confused b. more negative c. less accurate d. less culturally based

a. more confused

Self-defeating behaviors include all of the following except a. self-efficacy failure. b. counterproductive strategies. c. deliberate self-destruction. d. trade-offs.

a. self-efficacy failure.

Illusions of control and the "better than average effect" are examples of a. self-enhancement. b. self-improvement. c. self-assessment. d. self-verification.

a. self-enhancement.

Once relationships are well established, self-disclosure tends to a. taper off. b. become more reciprocal. c. increase in breadth, but not depth. d. increase in depth, but not breadth.

a. taper off.

Unlike her coworkers, Susan resisted the temptation to overeat at the company retreat potluck. Following the potluck, the coworkers were put into groups and asked to tackle some difficult work-related tasks. The likelihood that Susan would give up more quickly than her coworkers is consistent with a. the ego depletion model of self-regulation. b. the ego integrity model of self-efficacy. c. self-handicapping. d. self-sandbagging.

a. the ego depletion model of self-regulation.

Research on narcissism may have practical use for professionals who are trying to rehabilitate a. those who engage in domestic violence. b. drug addicts. c. women with eating disorders. d. college professors.

a. those who engage in domestic violence.

There is a famous collection of movies about a trio of kids who are in the same "year" at school. You may have heard of them, but just in case you haven't, they are the Harry Potter films. Of the three characters, Hermione is very level-headed, dislikes breaking the rules, and always tries to act responsibly. Ronald, on the other hand, tends to be a bit of a slacker, is irresponsible, and is often more interested in having fun than he is taking care of his obligations. According to Bernice Neugarten, Ronald's chronological age appears to be ______________ Hermione's.

about the same as

Which of the following educational principles derived from Piaget's theory continues to have a major impact on classroom practices?

acceptance of individual differences

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll into the box, throwing some objects gently, while using more force with others. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of

accommodation.

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that

active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives.

obedience

adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

Bullous lives in a shantytown. His parents can decrease the risks of persistent diarrhea by

administering oral rehydration therapy when he is sick and giving him a regular zinc supplement.

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require

adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

crowd behavior is

affected by the prevailing social norms

Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges,

allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.

The V-Chip (or Violence-Chip)

allows parents to block undesired TV programming.

Juan Carlos risked his life to save countless lives aboard the crashed commuter train that he way on. His unselfish act is know as

altruism

Babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting

amodal sensory properties.

Graphology

analysis of handwriting is another projective test -- no scientific support

Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Mark's responses indicate a(n)

androgynous gender identity.

Urban legends

another example of social contagion

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do

are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination.

According to Piaget, first schemes

are sensorimotor action patterns.

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

arousal and context Correct. In Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion, first there is arousal, which is followed by contextual labeling.

John Bowlby believed that

attachment can best be understood in an evolutionary context in which survival of the species is of utmost importance.

Cross-cultural evidence indicates that

attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in certain cultures.

Chris smiles and laughs when interacting with his mother, but he does not protest when separated from her. Chris is most likely in Bowlby's ____________ phase.

attachment-in-the-making

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies

attachment.

Research on gender constancy demonstrates that

attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to the ability to pass Piagetian conservation and verbal appearance-reality tasks.

One surprising finding of infant face perception is that infants will look longer at

attractive faces than unattractive ones.

The impact of passive spectators on performance refers to

audience affects

Greg couldn't wait to play in his first high school football game. Once he got there and saw the crowd, however, he began getting nervous. This reaction surprised him a bit because he didn't think much about how a crowd would affect his playing. His coach noticed how nervous he was and reminded him to just run the plays as they had practiced. By redirecting Greg's focus, the coach was trying to decrease the ________ for Greg.

audience effects

Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a hallucinogen? a. LSD b. Hashish c. Psilocybin d. Mescaline

b. Hashish

Which of the following researchers conducted the classic study of group competition at Robbers' Cave State Park in Oklahoma? a. Albert Bandura b. Muzafer Sherif c. Robert Cialdini d. Mark Snyder

b. Muzafer Sherif

Which of the following would be considered the best strategy for reducing the risks of engaging in self-disclosure? a. You should discuss a variety of superficial topics. b. You should move gradually when using self-disclosure. c. You should emphasize the number of personal problems you have. d. You should avoid revealing truthful information until you know you can trust the other person.

b. You should move gradually when using self-disclosure.

Otis, the union president, has explained to the CEO that he is flexible and willing to modify his position. He is using a. a competing style of conflict management. b. a key principle in dealing constructively with conflict. c. an accommodating style of conflict management. d. a manipulation style of constructive management

b. a key principle in dealing constructively with conflict.

Nonverbal sensitivity varies by all of the following except a. social competence. b. age. c. academic competence. d. gender.

b. age.

All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process except a. internal versus external. b. automatic versus controlled. c. stable versus unstable. d. controllable versus uncontrollable.

b. automatic versus controlled.

Researchers think that the reason the foot-in-the-door technique is effective is that people have a tendency to a. please others. b. behave consistently. c. use the reciprocity norm. d. engage in fundamental attribution

b. behave consistently.

Marijuana, hashish, and THC are all derived from a. opium. b. cannabis. c. the peyote cactus. d. Central American mushrooms.

b. cannabis.

A spontaneous, vivid recurrence of a previous drug-induced experience is called a(n) a. overdose. b. flashback. c. hallucination. d. psychotic episode.

b. flashback.

In Asch's studies, ______ and ______ were found to be key determinants of conformity. a. task difficulty; group size b. group size; group unanimity c. group size; the participants' intelligence d. the group leader's personality; group unanimity

b. group size; group unanimity

Close contact between same-gender friends is encouraged a. in all cultures. b. in Jordan, where male and female friends are discouraged. c. in the U.S., where male friends disclose personal information. d. in the U.S., where female friends share more impersonal information.

b. in Jordan, where male and female friends are discouraged.

In the beginning stages of a relationship with a person of the opposite sex, a. women typically disclose more than men. b. men often disclose more than women. c. there is very little reciprocal self-disclosure. d. men tend to disclose more about negative emotions.

b. men often disclose more than women.

Jane thinks that women don't need sexual harassment laws anymore because men get by with much worse anyway. Jane's attitudes are examples of a. "old-fashioned" discrimination. b. modern discrimination. c. situational prejudice. d. nondiscrimination.

b. modern discrimination.

A _________ period is a time during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire knowledge more easily.

b. sensitive c. receptive d. potentiated

People engage in counterproductive strategies because a. they are intent on self-defeat. b. they believe they will eventually be successful. c. they are masochistic. d. they are experiencing only minimal emotional arousal.

b. they believe they will eventually be successful.

Babies engage in intentional vocalizations that sound meaningful, but are not. This is referred to as..?

babbling

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,

balance improves greatly.

Homeopathic medicine

based on premise that consuming an extremely diluted dose of a substance that produces an illness in a healthy person will alleviate that illness

Systematic Desensitization

based on reciprocal inhibition - we can't be anxious and relaxed at the same time -- Uses counterconditioning by repeatedly pairing an incompatible relaxation response with anxiety

Subjects who disobey an authority tend to

be more morally advanced than subjects who obey

Stanley Milgram

became a landmark study

ERP brain-wave recordings reveal that around 5 months, babies

become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language.

With the transition to early childhood, many children

become unpredictable, picky eaters.

As neurons form connections, stimulation

becomes vital to their survival.

According to Bowlby, during the attachment-in-the-making phase, babies

begin to develop a sense of trust with their caregiver.

Around 7 to 9 months, infants

begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike units.

Psychodynamic therapy

believe that abnormal behaviors stem from adverse childhood experiences -- analyze avoided thoughts and feeling; wishes and fantasies; significant past events; and the therapeutic relationship -- believe that symptoms will vanish when clients gain insight into unconscious material

Heavy viewers of television violence

believe that there is much more violence in society than actually exists.

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

The tragic case of Kitty Genovese illustrated the __________ effect, which suggests that the more people who are present, the less likely any of them are to provide assistance when it is needed.

bystander

Which of the following statements about self-disclosure is NOT true? a. In the U.S., females tend to be more openly self-disclosing than males. b. Females share more personal information with same-gender friends than males in the U.S. c. Japanese and Chinese are less open about their status than U.S. males. d. Japanese males share more with same-gender friends than American males.

c. Japanese and Chinese are less open about their status than U.S. males.

Which of the following statements about interpersonal touching of friends is NOT true? a. Men seldom touch male friends on the face. b. Women quite often touch female friends on the face. c. Men very often touch female friends on the hips. d. Women often touch male friends on the leg.

c. Men very often touch female friends on the hips.

Which of the following is NOT an example of ingratiation? a. Theo gives a sincere compliment to his psychology instructor. b. Ted does a favor for a neighbor. c. Theresa plays up her strong points to her boss. d. Terry goes along with some new friends to a movie that he doesn't really want to see.

c. Theresa plays up her strong points to her boss.

Most of us have a. no public self. b. one public self. c. a number of public selves. d. a public self for family and friends, and another for strangers.

c. a number of public selves.

Even though she never met him, Jane told all of her friends that the new mayor of their town was her second cousin. Jane was using the method of self-enhancement known as a. downward social comparison. b. upward social comparison. c. basking in reflected glory. d. "CORFing."

c. basking in reflected glory.

The use of sedatives may result in personal injury because they a. trigger hallucinations such as flying. b. produce a strong physical dependence. c. cause motor coordination to deteriorate. d. suppress pain warnings of physical harm.

c. cause motor coordination to deteriorate.

When relationships are in distress, self-disclosure patterns a. decrease in breadth, but not depth. b. increase in breadth, but not depth. c. decrease in breadth and depth. d. increase in breadth and depth.

c. decrease in breadth and depth.

Deception on the part of another person may be signaled by a. pauses before speaking. b. slowness in speech patterns. c. giving short answers. d. shifts in body posture.

c. giving short answers.

Compared to those who are less attractive, physically attractive people are actually likely to a. be more competent. b. be more assertive. c. have better social skills. d. have better mental health.

c. have better social skills.

The most likely explanation for people's tendency to act in self-destructive ways is that a. people have an innate desire for sensation-seeking. b. most people tend to believe that bad things happen to bad people. c. many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time. d. people engage in health-impairing behavior "on the spur of the moment," without giving much thought to the consequences.

c. many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time.

A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but who, in fact, lies frequently is manifesting her a. self-concept. b. self-conflict. c. self-discrepancy. d. self-ambivalence.

c. self-discrepancy.

The tendency to use various strategies to maintain a positive view of the self is called a. self-verification. b. self-serving bias. c. self-enhancement. d. fundamental attribution error

c. self-enhancement.

People assess personal worth through a. authentic self. b. public self. c. self-esteem. d. self-ideal.

c. self-esteem.

Someone who says, "I probably won't do well on the exam because I was up all night with a sick friend," is using the strategy of a. projection. b. reaction formation. c. self-handicapping. d. basking in reflected glory.

c. self-handicapping.

The root of communication apprehension is thought to be a. the context in which the communication is to take place. b. the strength of one's physiological reactions to communication. c. the interpretation of one's own physiological reactions. d. the audience to whom one is going to communicate.

c. the interpretation of one's own physiological reactions.

The local animal shelter sends you cute return address labels with cuddly kittens on them. They are hoping that you will send a donation based on the effects of a. compliance. b. the lowball technique. c. the reciprocity norm. d. the foot-in-the-door technique.

c. the reciprocity norm.

The __________ is the largest, most complex brain structure.

cerebral cortex

Taking tennis lessons in response to a self-discrepancy in the area of athleticism is an example of a coping technique called

changing one's behavior.

Social-interactionsts emphasize that

children's social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.

According to Piaget, a ___________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.

circular reaction

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is at the bar with her friends, although at those times she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behavior. Jayla is likely experiencing ________ when she smokes.

cognitive dissonance

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is at the bar with her friends—although at those times, she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behavior. Jayla is likely experiencing _____ when she smokes.

cognitive dissonance

Jennifer works at a university where there is a very useful employee benefit. Each employee can "donate" their accrued sick days to a central "Sick Bank," so that any employee who has an extended illness does not have to lose their pay after they've used up their own sick days. Jennifer donates one of her sick hours to the sick bank per week to help the entire community of employees benefit. This is an example of __________

collectivism

Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by

combining firm correction with induction.

According to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, the three basic components of love are the following:

commitment, passion, and intimacy

Shared environmental

common experiences that work to make them similar. live in same home

Research on cultural variations in child-rearing styles shows that

compared with Western parents, Chinese parents describe their parenting as more controlling.

When an individual gives in to another's wishes or requests, he or she is said to be demonstrating

compliance

Research on speed-reading courses indicates that..?

comprehension suffers greatly

At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.

comprehension; production

A car would be an example of a ________, while the way we behave at a new restaurant is an example of a_________.

concept; schema

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk which is only half full and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of __________.

conservation

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

conservation.

Research on temperament indicates that

consistent ethnic and sex differences in early temperament exist.

According to Sternberg, ______ love is the ideal form of love that many strive for but few attain.

consummate love

Rasha and Malik have been a couple for over 20 years. They still share similar interests, enjoy each others' company, and share a strong physical attraction to one another. According to Robert Sternberg, Rasha and Malik display

consummate love.

Mass hysteria

contagious outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads -- UFA outbreaks

Extralinguistic information allows us to determine meaning by analyzing..?

context

Generalized Anxiety disorder

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability about many areas -- about 3% of the population develop it after major stressor or life change -- more prevalent in females and caucasians

Around 2 months, babies begin to make vowel-like noises called

cooing.

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy? a. Mastering new skills b. Watching others perform a skill one wants to learn c. Soliciting encouragement and advice from others d. Comparing one's self to others who are less fortunate

d. Comparing one's self to others who are less fortunate

Which of the following is NOT associated with lying? a. Higher pitch b. Pupil dilation c. Relatively short responses d. Excessive shifting of posture

d. Excessive shifting of posture

Which of the following is NOT consistent with empirical data? a. Self-esteem is strongly related to happiness. b. Low self-esteem has been shown to be a reliable cause of improvement in academic performance. c. Self-esteem is unrelated to how quickly love relationships end. d. Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

d. Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

Which of the following is a risk associated with the use of cannabis? a. Overdose b. Chromosome damage c. Physical dependence d. Psychological dependence

d. Psychological dependence

Maccoby and Martin's research suggests that parental ___________ and ___________ are major determinants of a child's self esteem.

d. acceptance; control

Bobby tends to suppress his feelings. He is more likely to _____ about events. a. ruminate b. have heightened negative feelings c. be depressed d. all of these

d. all of these

Some negative self-views can lead to success by a. strengthening resolve. b. working hard to avoid worst-case scenarios. c. providing emotional dividends when one outperforms one's goal. d. all of these.

d. all of these.

Anxiety caused by having to talk with others is called communication a. aversion. b. disruption. c. avoidance. d. apprehension.

d. apprehension

Tolerance involves a. physical dependence on a drug. b. psychological dependence on a drug c. gradual increase in responsiveness to a drug with continued use. d. progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use.

d. progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use.

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy an intense emotional and mental craving the person has developed a. abuse. b. tolerance. c. physical dependence. d. psychological dependence.

d. psychological dependence.

Research on deaf children shows that

deaf children of deaf parents are on a par with hearing children in language and play maturity.

Psychotherapy

designed to help resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems -- over 500 brands of psychotherapy -- 20% of Americans have received psychotherapy at some point in their lives -- more females than males, caucasians more than minority groups

Primary and Secondary Appraisals

determine if a situation is harmful and then how well we can cope with it

Because infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages, they are conservatively labeled _________________ rather than IQs.

developmental quotients (DQs)

ADHA and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder

diagnosable in 3-7% of school children; more males than females (3:1) -- genetically influenced -- rates of this disorder had risen over the last 20 years. 0.42% to 6.67% from 1990 to 2003

Biologically based reactivity

differentiates children with inhibited and uninhibited temperaments.

According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

difficult

Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a(n) _________ child.

difficult

In Paul's preschool classroom, children are encouraged to choose activities from a rich variety of materials designed to promote exploration. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of

discovery learning.

After a day when all of his students complained about the way he graded their papers, his boss doubled his workload, and he got a speeding ticket on his way home, Nick yelled at his wife for leaving her toothbrush on the bathroom counter. This is an example of

displacement. Correct. Displacement involves directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one. (sublimation -- Incorrect. Sublimation is transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goal.)

Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to _____________ than peers who attend a child-centered program.

display a decrease in motivation and emotional well-being

When half of his class earned D's and F's on the midterm exam, Professor Bush came back to the next class and delivered a stern lecture about their effort. He admonished the class for failing to meet their obligations, for being lazy, and for not taking their studies seriously. These attributions, which were all _____ attributions, did not really give any consideration to the fact that the students may have had other reasons for failing the exam that were beyond their immediate control.

dispositional

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a(n) _______ is made.

dispositional attribution

The chronic stress of early, deprived orphanage rearing

disrupts the brain's capacity to manage stress, with long-term physical and psychological consequences.

Experiences with ___________ help preschoolers appreciate that one object can stand for another.

diverse symbols

Breastfed and bottle-fed children in industrialized nations

do not differ in emotional adjustment.

Mental disorder

does not have a clear cut definition

"Professor Wilson," asks Jeremy, who is a freshman in class, "I had a really tough week and wanted to know if I can turn in our term paper a week late. I just haven't had time to write it!" Given that this request comes on the Friday the paper is due, Professor Wilson declines the request. "Then would it be okay if I get it to you on Monday, or even email it to you tomorrow?" To this changed request, Professor Williams agrees. Professor Williams is obviously not a psychology teacher, otherwise he would know he was just a victim of the __________ technique.

door-in-the-face technique

Salvatore wanted to borrow $25 from his mom. Because he was not sure if she would agree, he decided to get creative and asked her for $100. Just as he expected, she replied, "You want to borrow $100? Not a chance." He came back with, "Okay mom, how about just $25?" He was thrilled, but not surprised when she agreed. Salvatore just utilized which of the following compliance techniques?

door-in-the-face technique

While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a "bottle" to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp

dual representation.

jigsaw classroom

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project

Jigsaw classrooms

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project -- Robber Cave's study

Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood.

effortful control

A key concept in Rothbart's model of infant temperament is

effortful control.

Emotional self-regulation requires

effortful management of emotions.

The ________ seeks to find a resolution between the competing demands of the ________.

ego; id and superego Correct. The ego is a peacemaker that mediates between the demands of the id and superego. (id; ego and superego --- Incorrect. The id operates on pleasure principle, and so it does not find resolutions between the ego and superego. It is only concerned with gratification of its own needs)

Piaget called children's self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.

egocentric

According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is

egocentrism

With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ________ style recall _________ information about past events.

elaborative; more

Research shows that all of the following factors play a role in aggression EXCEPT

empathy

An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

empathy.

Veronica has the ability to understand her friends' emotional state and respond emotionally in a similar way. Veronica is displaying

empathy.

groupthink

emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

groupthink

emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making

Social learning theories

emphasize reciprocal determinism and locus of control

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

When trying to promote friendly peer interaction in her preschool classroom, Miss Dodge should

encourage compromise rather than insisting on sharing.

In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.

engage in deferred imitation; use make-believe play

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she

engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.

social facilitation

enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others

Laughter first appears around

3 to 4 months.

Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called a. obsessions. b. compulsions. c. checklists. d. rituals

A

Infants whose parents ___________ tend to be less fussy.

"read" and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues

prevalence

(epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population

Which of the following is an example of social facilitation?

-Monita, who is a soccer player, performs better when there is a large group of people watching. -George chooses not to engage in certain tasks because he knows other members of the group will eventually do the work. -Kiera, a gymnast, gets so nervous when her friends come to her meets that she falls off the balance beam. *Only choices A and C are examples of social facilitation*

Which of the following plays a role in an individual's choice of a significant other?

-Similar level of physical attractivenes -Similarity in personality -Similar attitudes *All of the above*

Japanese and Chinese are more prone to seeing others' behavior as a combination of both dispositional and situational influences

...

Lifetime prevalence rates are 5% in males and 10 % in females

...

While each panic attack is different, the symptoms of a panic attack often peak in less than ____ minutes.

10 minutes

By age 6, children have a spoken vocabulary of around ________ words.

10,000

The human brain has _________ neurons.

100 to 200 billion

The average 2-year-old needs _____ hours of sleep.

12 to 13

While driving her children, Adriana's car broke down. She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself, most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next __________ or she will forget the number.

15 seconds Correct. Without rehearsal, short-term memory is time limited to 10 or 15 seconds.

The approximate number of people that each of us knows reasonably well is

150

Group Therapies

3-20 people

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, _____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

35

In all, about _____ percent of synapses are pruned during childhood and adolescence to reach the adult level.

40

Which of the following is an example of the catastrophizing that sometimes accompanies anxiety disorders? a. "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again." b. "If she doesn't want to go to the dance with me, I'll just ask someone else." c. "I sure hope that this storm isn't strong enough for there to be a tornado." d. "I've never had to work so hard in my life just to make a C in a class."

A

Which of the following types of anxiety disorders is related to a history of shyness in childhood? a. Social anxiety disorde b. Panic disorder c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Agoraphobia

A

Dysthymia

A mild, chronic form of depression that last at least two years.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between depression and manic episodes.

Border Line

A person who is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others as well as has problems with close relationships has a __________ __________ personality disorder.

Agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

Which of the following is true about social referencing?

An adult's voice is more effective than a facial expression in guiding a baby's behavior.

Maladaptive

Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within, or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life.

babbling

Babies engage intentional vocalizations that song meaningful, but are not. This is referred to as

Which of the following is an example of an underextension?

Bonita only uses the word "kitty" to refer to her family's cat.

What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behaviour? a. Psychobiology b. Developmental psychology c. Psychopathology d. Health psychology

C

Who is not a psychoanalytic personality theorist?

Carl Rogers

Research finds that increases in loneliness are tied to heightened rates of depression in both teenagers and adults, but this does not suggest that the depression is a direct result of loneliness. This is an important consideration for the critical thinking concept of

Correlation vs. causation

False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as _____.

Delusions

context

Extralinguistic info allows us to determine meaning by analyzing

Nadia calls her son "right-brained" because he is analytical and calls her daughter "left-brained" because she is artistic. What can you tell Nadia about her notions?

Her daughter is actually "right-brained" and her son is "left-brained."

Which of the following is true about lead exposure?

High lead exposure causes brain swelling and hemorrhaging.

DSM Criticisms

High level of comorbidity, medicalizes normality, reliance on categorical model of psychopathology, vulnerable to political and social influences

Jerry is very careful to dress for events in a manner that fits the style of those with whom he will be socializing, and he spends a great deal of time familiarizing himself with the interests of his companions. Jerry would best be classified as a

High self-monitor.

Which of the following is cognitive component of a attitude regarding smoking?

I believe smoking should not be allowed in any restaurants

Which of the following is a emotinal component of an attitude regarding welfare?

I feel frustrated that individuals on welfare are often unfairly judged by others.

Grandeur

In delusions of __________, the person believes they are a powerful, important person.

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

________ is the treatment in which people are first introduced to the reasons why a belief seems to be correct, and then exposed to the reasons why the belief is incorrect.

Inoculation

Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style?

Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so.

implict; explict

It is believed that the ______ memory system may handle automatic remembering while the _____ memory system requires conscious effort.

Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects

You just discovered a nomadic people who have lived in the desert their whole lives. Their language contains over 20 words to describe the various types and textures of sand contained in their environment. According to research on linguistic determinism, what is the likely origin for all of these terms?

It is impossible to know if the language caused them to think differently about their environment, or the way they perceive their environment caused them to create their language.

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

It is sensitive to environmental influences for a longer period than any other part of the brain.

Hassless

Minor annoyances that strain out ability to cope - can impact us as well -- number of hassles is positively related to illnesses, depression, and anxiety -- Research shows this is true even when major life events are controlled for

Paraprofessionals

Often obtain agency-specific training and attend workshops that enhance their education -- little to no difference in effectiveness bet. experienced and novice therapists

Which of the following is true about the development of make-believe play?

Older preoperational children are aware that make-believe play is a representational activity.

A therapist utilizing a token economy approach is relying on the power of _______ as a motivation for behavioral change

Reward

heightened brain activity

Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show....

His work influenced the contemporary work of interpersonal therapy (IPT).

Sullivan. Correct. Sullivan believed psychotherapy is a collaborative undertaking between client and therapist. His work influenced interpersonal therapy.

Carmen adopted her son just after his second birthday. What can you tell Carmen about the opportunity for attachment?

The first attachment bond can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

_______ overemphasizes internal causes when explaining the behavior or others.

The fundamental attribution error

Axis IV

This axis of the DSM includes information about problems in the person's life that might affect adjustment.

Nonshared environmental factors

Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household.

Sigmund Freud ?

Unconscious forces may contain conflicts that can be a detriment to Psychological health and development

based on classical conditioning

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be ______.

Rapid Eye Movement

What does REM stand for?

Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.

a clear self-image

Mentalizing

a person's understanding that his or her behavior and that of others reflects a person's mental states.

Self Fullfilling Prophecy

a belief that causes itself to become true.

stereotype

a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

Group Think

a phenomenon in which group members' opionons become so uniform that all dissent becomes impossible.

Babies develop attachments to

a variety of familiar people.

According to Freud, children

act morally to avoid punitive feelings of guilt from their superego.

Preschoolers' self-concepts

are very concrete.

A surprising aspect of brain growth is that

as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die.

Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a narcotic? a. Heroin b. Cocaine c. Codeine d. Morphine

b. Cocaine

Dwayne seemed more aware when friends were fearful and offered assistance more often than others. It is likely that Dwayne has _____ facial expressions. a. a high sensitivity to encoding b. a high sensitivity to decoding c. a low sensitivity to encoding d. a low sensitivity to decoding

b. a high sensitivity to decoding

The elaboration likelihood model states that a. the more elaborate the message, the likelier the attitude will change. b. the thoughts about a message rather than the content of the message determines whether an attitude will change. c. peripheral routes are more important than central routes. d. attitudes change mainly when the person cannot elaborate on their reasoning for their initial attitude.

b. the thoughts about a message rather than the content of the message determines whether an attitude will change.

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that

boys who frequently engage in "gender-inappropriate" activities are likely to be ignored by other boys even when they engage in "masculine" activities.

Which of the following is NOT a step in assertiveness communication training? a. Understanding b. Monitoring c. Adopting an aggressive attitude d. Practicing

c. Adopting an aggressive attitude

The tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure is called a. self-centered bias. b. self-serving bias. c. self-handicapping. d. basking in reflected failure.

c. self-handicapping.

In psychological research, the people who pose as participants but who are actually assisting the researcher are called __________

confederates

Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender

constancy

According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers.

contrary

Heritability research indicates that genes ______________ to shyness and sociability.

contribute only modestly

Social psychology explains

converge gradually around a common norm

group judgement tend to

converge gradually around a common norm

Research on children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred before birth or in the first six months of life shows that

delays in language development persist until about 3½ years of age.

Mental illness during the Middle Ages

demonic model

Priscilla was abused by her mother. She does not want to repeat the cycle with her own children. Which of the following interventions is the most likely to help Priscilla?

developing a trusting relationship with another person

Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the way in which people experience physical, cognitive, and social changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

developmental

Chomsky's "LAD" is a

device that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.

Aleta is looking at a stack of applications for the open position she has at her bakery. She called all of the applicants acting as if she was asking an important question about their application. Really, however, she wanted to know who had an accent so she could put those applications in the "no" pile. Aleta just engaged in

discrimination

Aleta is looking at a stack of applications for the open position she has at her bakery. She called all of the applicants acting as if she were asking an important question about their application. Really, however, she wanted to know who had an accent so she could put those applications in the "no" pile. Aleta just engaged in

discrimination

In the Strange Situation, Sara approaches her parent during reunion with flat, depressed emotion. Sara looks away while her parent is holding her and displays a dazed facial expression. Sara is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.

disorganized/disoriented

your friend aska to borrow 50$ from you. You tell him no. He then asks for a mere 10$ which you gladly gave him. you just experinced what?

door-in-the face techinque

Depression _____ one's chance of developing heart disease.

doubles

According to the ___________ of motor development, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action.

dynamic systems theory

Most children classified by Thomas and Chess fell into the ________ category.

easy

Sayuri, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel

embarrassed by the individual attention.

Twenty-month-old Steffy is firmly aware of herself as a separate, unique individual. Which of the following emotions is Steffy likely to display?

embarrassment

Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called

emergent literacy.

__________ adulthood is a period during a person's early 20s in which they still depend on their parents for financial and emotional support.

emerging

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using _____.

emotion-focused coping

Coaching in __________ is an effective treatment for aggressive children.

emotional competence

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that:

frustration produces aggression.

Using a wire coat hanger to unclog a stopped toilet or fish a hair plug out of a blocked drain demonstrates that you are not hindered by..?

functional fixedness

Watching educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with

getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school.

When skeletal ages are examined,

girls are considerably ahead of boys.

During infancy, __________. These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.

girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that teachers

give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.

Heather decides to seek out a therapist to help her work through feelings of anxiety.

humanistic theory

Adolescence is a famously awkward period in life in which our __________, or our sense of self, undergoes quite a bit of change and becomes a critical part of our relationships with others.

identity

According to some behaviorists, children rely on _________ to rapidly acquire complex utterances.

imitation

my collgege is having "olympic"competitions between the carious dormitores on campus. I just watched the backwards relay races and cheered for the four person team from my dorm I didnt know any of them but they definitely dispayed more teamwork than other teams. I am engaging in

in-group bias

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

include a cognitive scale, a language scale, and a motor scale.

The realistic conflict theory would predict that the amount of prejudice would:

increase during an economic recession.

Children younger than age 6 who watch an adult dress a doll in "other-gender" clothing typically

insist that the doll's sex has also changed.

Molecular genetic studies

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

involves brief electrical pulses to the brain to produce a seizure -- used to treat severe cases -- 6-10 treatments given three times a week -- problems: 50% relapse in 6 months; short-term confusion and clouded memory

The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its

irreversibility.

Four-month-old Stewart is shown a video image of himself and a video image of another baby. He will probably

look longer at the video of the other baby.

people who are considered to be "straight shooter" are considered to be___Self monitors whereas those considered to be "chamelons"are considered to be___self monitors

low; high

The more kids a married couple has, the __________ their marital satisfaction seems to become!

lower

Vygotsky viewed __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

make-believe

recognition heuristic

makes us more likely to believe something we've heard many times

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of

overextension.

Shay suffers from a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. Shay most likely has

marasmus.

Psychopathology

mental illness is often seen as a failure of adaptation to the environment

Rosemary, a college professor, has not been able to give up her overhead projector and transparencies even though her classroom has equipment that will support computer-generated projected images. This might be an example of a(n)...?

mental set

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called..?

mental set.

In Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience, the teacher was the ______ whereas the learner was the ______.

naive subject, confederate

Preschoolers distinguish ___________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from ___________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

moral imperatives; matters of personal choice

Denial

motivated forgetting of distressing experiences

Repression

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

In the United States, __________ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.

motor vehicle collisions

Deinstutionalization

movement to treat people in community rather than in hospital -- this had mixed results because patients returned to almost normal lives but some had no follow-up care so they went off medications. Community mental health centers and halfway houses stepped in to help

Coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath during the process of _________________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.

myelination

At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they

narrow their focus, limiting the distinctions they make to the language they hear and will soon learn.

Mothers engage in _________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers.

neglect; sexual abuse

During synaptic pruning,

neurons not needed at the moment return to an uncommitted state.

Various confounding factors can lead to misinterpretation of eye contact between individuals. This may cause such nonverbal communication to become a form of ________ in interpersonal communication.

noise

Researchers today believe that make-believe play

not only reflects, but also contributes to, children's cognitive and social skills.

Diffusion of responsibility deals with the effects of which of the following on helping behavior?

number of bystanders

In early pretending, toddlers use

only realistic objects.

which of the following would NOT be practiced by a critical thinker ?

only seeking out info that agrees with one's view on a topic

In ________, infants act on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.

operant conditioning

According to B. F. Skinner, language is acquired as the baby babbles and parents reinforce those sounds that are most like words. This is an example of

operant conditioning.

Temperament is assessed through

parental reports, observations, and physiological measures.

To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need

parenting tailored to their temperaments.

In a Vygotskian classroom, assisted discovery is aided by ____________ as children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another.

peer collaboration

Manny has such an intense fear of flying insects that he hardly ever goes outside his house during the summer months. He is probably suffering from a ______.

phobic disorder Correct. Manny is experiencing an irrational, persistent fear of a particular thing. (conversion reaction -- Incorrect. A person having a conversion reaction suffers specific symptoms related to the somatic nervous system, such as blindness, paralysis, deafness, or numbness of certain body parts, none of which have real physical causes.

The elementary vowel and consonant sounds that combine to form morphemes are called __________.

phonemess

Which of the following develops earlier in girls than in boys?

physical changes

Meditation

practices that train attention and awareness

The practical, social side of language is called

pragmatics.

Catastrophic thinking

predicting terrible events despite low probability

Sue is a psychologist specializing in memory. Her research results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for memory. She hypothesizes that those who regularly eat fish high in omega-3 those take omega-3 supplements have a more efficient memory than those who do not. her hypothesis reflects of the goal ?

prediction

Attitudes (usually negative) toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group are the basis of

prejudice

Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal is the definition of..?

problem solving

attribution

process of assigning causes to behavior

Compared with referential children, toddlers who use an expressive style

produce many more social formulas and pronouns.

Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response is called

punishment.

Sulivan's influence on interpersonal therapy

short term treatment (12-16) sessions) originally developed for depression - also effective at treatment of substance abuse and eating disorders

Follow-up research on the preoperational stage indicates that when given simplified tasks based on familiar experiences, preschoolers

show the beginnings of logical thinking.

The quality of interaction between deaf children and deaf parents is

similar to that of hearing children and hearing parents.

Which motor activity typically develops first?

sits alone

After a particualry difficulct psychology exam you and your friend confide in one another about the test comparin your answers and reactions to the test this is known as Leon Festingers

socail comparions theory

When Jacobs girlfriend and her friend stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacobs performance increased slightly due to what Zajonc calls

socail faciliation

You and your group have 4 weeks to complete a groupd project. You are now four days away from the due date and you and one other group memeber have been putting in all the time and effort. The other two members come occasionally to group meetings and due the minimal work required. This sitution is known as

socail loafing

Marika was confronted by the jealous girlfriend of a guy that Marika had dated. She backed down from the confrontation and fled the scene. Later, she asked several others what they would have done in that type of a situation, and they agreed that they would have done the same thing. Marika felt better. This is an example of

social comparison theory

When he was just learning to play tennis, Dave did worse when in the presense of others in a phenomenon known as

social disruption

Research on the relation between cognition and language suggests that

some aspects of thinking are more vulnerable to language influence than others.

Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents

sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals.

In a study on aggressive behavior, students from the____porition of the US were ____likely to display aggressive behavior when provoked, presumably due to a culture of honor

southern; more

Preschoolers who _____________ are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.

spend more time in sociodramatic play

Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. As a result, she is most likely to improve her understanding of her client's

symbolic dream imagery. Correct. The examination of dreams for important unconscious content is a major facet of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. (conscious motivations -- Incorrect. Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious motivations, not conscious ones.)

Two-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with

sympathetic concern.

Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses in a process called

synaptic pruning.

The rule in English that adjectives usually come before nouns is part of..?

syntax

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all characteristics

that increase a child's willingness to imitate a model's behavior.

Social perception

the process through which a person understands and categorized the behavior of others.

Six-month-old Marta holds a pacifier in each hand and shakes them vigorously. She is probably using

the ulnar grasp.

The clumsy motion in which a baby's fingers close against the palm to hold an object is called

the ulnar grasp.

Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true abilities because

they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing.

Strategic family interventions

to remove barriers to effective communication

Which of the following topics would be mostly interesting to a social psychologist ?

why some people perform better when in front of an audience

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble _____.

A panic attack

Which of the following is true about differentiation theory?

According to the theory, babies actively seek out invariant relationships.

__________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

Adaptation

Acute stress disorder

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month

Repetitive, ritualistic behaviours are called a. obsessions. b. compulsions. c. checklists. d. phobias.

B

In class, a psychology professor states that learned helplessness causes persons to make attributions that are internally focused, global in nature, and stable. A student who demonstrates critical thinking would raise his or her hand and remind the professor that a. such a claim is unfalsifiable. b. the research needs to still be replicated. c. correlation does not equal causation. d. extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.

C

In relation to its prevalence, bipolar disorder is a. more common in men than women. b. more common in women than men. c. equally common in men and women. d. extremely rare in both men and women.

C

The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to a. medicine and psychiatry. b. all mental health professionals. c. the legal system. d. psychiatrists, psychologists, and trial judges.

C

The most frequently diagnosed psychological disorder is a. schizophrenia. b. alcohol abuse. c. depression. d. social anxiety disorder

C

Which of the following is true about overextension?

Children often overextend deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word.

While attitudes may predict behaviors, that doesn't mean that behaviors do not cause attitudes. In addition, one could argue that environmental stressors predict attitudes or behaviors. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this example describe?

Correlation vs. causation

The habitual use of misguided or ineffective strategies for achieving desirable outcomes is called

Counterproductive.

A disorder in which excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least six months is called a. agoraphobia. b. major depressive disorder. c. social anxiety disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder.

D

Brian is the bassist and vocalist for a band with his two brothers, cousin, and a college friend. Recently, he has begun to experience more and more intense anxiety as he sings in front of crowds. As a result, he has begun to ask his bandmates to sing the songs for him. Brian's anxiety lessens when the focus of the crowd is not on him, demonstrating that Brian's avoidance of singing is being a. positively reinforced. b. positively punished. c. negatively punished. d. negatively reinforced.

D

Some scholars believe that ________________ may be the core anxiety disorder out of which all other anxiety disorders develop. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. posttraumatic stress disorder c. panic disorder d. generalized anxiety disorder

D

The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 is based on a ________ approach. a. biological b. psychological c. social and cultural d. biopsychosocial

D

Object words are particularly common in the vocabularies of __________ toddlers

English-speaking

Which of the following emotions would be most difficult to read from facial expression alone?

Envy

Pluralistic ignorance

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices.

Which of the following examples demonstrates what the cognitive model means when it discusses selective abstraction? a. Nicholette who believes that she will be more likely to win a gamble if she tosses the dice than if someone else does b. Manuel who believes that it is better to be overly modest than appear to be a braggart c. Ruth who chooses to focus on one instance where she gave an incorrect answer in class as the reason why she feels alienated and like an outsider in all her classes d. Rick who believes that if his girlfriend breaks up with him, there is nothing he will be able to do to make himself feel better

C

Which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating? a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Generalized anxiety disorder c. Panic attack d. Posttraumatic stress disorder

C

Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link? a. Schizophrenia b. Antisocial personality disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

C

Framing

People tend to make different decisions when they focus on what they might gain from an action rather than what they might lose. This is an effect of ______.

Personality

People with __________ disorders have an excessively rigid maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others.

Ramona's therapist accepts all of Ramona's feelings without judgement and even responds with empathy to her feelings. When they work together, they talk about what is going on in the present, not what happened in the past. Ramona is undergoing ___________

Person-centered therapy

Although the idiographic approach to studying personality might give a very rich and detailed accounting of a person's life, the findings are often based on post-hoc explanations of events that have already occurred. This makes the findings difficult to contest. This is a problem for which principle of critical thinking?

Falsifiability Correct. In order for data to be useful, their claims must be capable of being shown to be false. (Correlation vs. causation -- Incorrect. There is nothing in this question, per se, that relates to the issue of correlation and causal relationships.)

The levels-of-processing model proposed by Craik and Lockhart has been criticized because it is really impossible to determine how deeply a memory has been processed, so there is no way to truly and scientifically prove or disprove the theory. This should remind you of which principle of critical thinking noted in your text?

Falsifiability Correct. Remember, in order for a theory to be useful, it must be capable of being disproved.

Gloria had suffered from an extreme fear of flying for years. Finally she agreed to work with a therapist who took her up in an airplane during her very first treatment session. Gloria's therapist is engaging in _________

Flooding

________ suggests that we start with a small request before asking for a bigger one.

Foot in the door technique

In the psychodynamic approach, when patients freely express themselves without censorship of any sort, they are engaging in

Free association

Tina's psychoanalyst tells her to talk about anything that comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing it is. This is an example of ________

Free association

A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is that the humanists focus on

Free will

Psychic determinism

Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts

Pleasure principle

Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

Alex and Nicole just got married. They move into their new apartment and realize they need a coffee table. Alex takes four stacks of old textbooks and forms the legs of the table. He then takes an old piece of cardboard and lays it across the four "legs." Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?

Functional fixedness

thinking

Generally speaking, ____ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.

Problem Solving

Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal is the definition of

Which aspect of language is analogous to an assignment in which children are given a bag containing glue, popsicle sticks,and rubber bands,and then allowed to create as many things as they can?

Generativity

________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

Habituation

Baby Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which of the following is true?

Hannah must coordinate two schemes to retrieve the object: "pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the stuffed sheep.

Which of the following factors is not related to an increased tendency to cooperate with others?

Having no concern about damage to your own reputation

Dissociative disorders

Involves disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception -- amnesia, etc. -- Primary controversy surrounds issue of post traumatic (little evidence) vs sociocognitive models (most DID patient don't show alters prior to therapy

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5?

It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders.

Which of the following is true about the Attachment Q-Sort?

It does not indicate patterns of insecurity.

Which of the following is true about telegraphic speech?

It emerges once the child has learned a dozen or so words.

______________ contributes to preschoolers' improved emotional self-regulation.

Language

a system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning

Language

phonemes

Language is based on a basic sound unity called

_______ skills increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood. In contrast, ______ skills develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.

Language; spatial

c. the enlightenment effect.

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better. This is known as Select one: a. the bystander effect. b. the altruism effect. c. the enlightenment effect. d. the helping effect.

Latent learning

Learning that is not directly observable is called _____.

Understand that writing is a symbol for meaningful concepts

Learning to read requires that children are able to do which of the following?

Differences in Conformity

Low self-esteem makes one more likely to conform; Asian cultures more likely to conform; no sex differences

The ________ rule is a test of legal insanity that came from an 1843 British trial.

M'Naghten

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities, characterize

Major depressive disorder

Biopsychosocial perspective

Many illnesses are a blend of the physical and psychological

Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that

Most 3- and 4-year-olds believe in the supernatural powers of fairies, goblins, and other enchanted creatures.

Which of the following is true about Romanian orphans adopted into British homes?

Most children who had been institutionalized for more than the first six months displayed at least three serious mental health problems.

Which of the following is true about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability?

Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

Which of the following provides evidence that the brain hemispheres have already begun to specialize at birth?

Most neonates show greater ERP brain-wave activity in the right hemisphere while listening to nonspeech sounds.

Which of the following statements regarding social comparison theory is TRUE?

Most of us are prone to mass hysteria under certain circumstandces

Which of the following is supported by research on self-awareness?

Newborns display a stronger rooting reflex in response to external stimulation than to self-stimulation.

Which of the following is true regarding a sensitive period for mastering musical performance skills?

No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years of life for mastering skills that depend on extensive training.

Which of the following is supported by research on childhood injuries?

North American children from advantaged families are at a greater risk for injury than are children in European nations.

The example of the actions of Lieutenant William Calley at My Lai in the Vietnam War was used by the textbook to demonstrate the dangers of which social psychological concept?

Obedience

Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him. What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

Parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces, such as floor mats, firm mattresses, or wooden planks.

Which of the following is supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?

Parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children.

Stanford Prison Study

Recruited normal young men for a two week psych study of prison life -- randomly assigned them to be either a prisoner or a guard -- called by number instead of name

Diffusion of responsibility

Reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

Free floating anxiety

Refers to anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic source.

Rational/Theoretical Method

Requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization -- Some have strong reliability and validity (NEO PI-R) but others do not (Myers-Briggs)

comprehension suffers greatly

Research on speed-reading courses indicates that

Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Lionel's therapist is making use of

Rogers's person-centered therapy. Correct. These therapists do not tell clients how to solve their problems and clients can use the therapy hour any way they choose. (Beck's cognitive therapy --- Incorrect. There is no discussion of irrational thinking in this example)

The story of Helen Keller includes an anecdote wherein she states that she recalls having no awareness of her own thought processes prior to acquiring some language skills. The linguistic determinism model suggests that this supports the theory that all thinking is represented linguistically, but other explanations of Keller's remembrance (or lack thereof) posits that most people have poor (or even absent) memories from their early years. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

Ruling out rival hypotheses

The story of Helen Keller includes an anecdote wherein she states that she recalls having no awareness of her own thought processes prior to acquiring some language skills. The linguistic determinism model suggests that this supports the theory that all thinking is represented linguistically, but other explanations of Keller's remembrance (or lack thereof) posits that most people have poor (or even absent) memories from their early years. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

Ruling out rival hypotheses

Axis I

This axis of the DSM consists of clinical disorders and other conditions that maybe a focus of clinical attention.

Axis II

This axis of the DSM consists of personality disorders and mental retardation.

Axis V

This axis of the DSM contains an overall judgement made by the psychological professional of the person's mental health and adjustment based on a scale from 0 to 100.

Axis III

This axis of the DSM includes physical disorders that can effect a person's psychological adjustment.

a. Diffusion of responsibility

This is the reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Select one: a. Diffusion of responsibility b. Contusion of responsibility c. Infusion of responsibility d. Illusion of responsibility

What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths

To fit in with others

Which of the following represents a shared environmental influence?

Todd and Vie both receive 5 dollars for each "A" they earn on their report cards.

Sigmund Freud

Viennese neurologist who developed first comprehensive theory of personality

Biological Model

Views psychological disorders as resulting from physiological causes.

According to research, which of the following aspects of language is the least susceptible to the effects of age?

Vocabulary

The most effective therapists are described as _________

Warm and direct

What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?

We don't have enough information to know why a person behaved as they did, so we make rapid assumptions.

Sleeping

We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness?

concepts

What are mental categories representing activities,objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?

Narcotics

What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain?

b. attributions.

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing Select one: a. impression management. b. attributions. c. the self-serving bias. d. behavior assignment.

Schizophrenia

Suffering from disordered thinking, bazaar behavior and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality.

Which of the following is supported by research on infant fear?

The most frequent expression of fear is stranger anxiety.

When examining the correlation coefficient in correlational research, which of the following indicates the "STRENGTH" of the relationship ?

The number

Situational Context

The social or environmental setting of a person's behavior.

c. conformity.

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is called Select one: a. obedience. b. attribution. c. conformity. d. social comparison.

Deindividuation

The tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identity -- become more vulnerable to social influence -- wearing masks and concealing identity encourages deindividuation

Hide clocks to avoid becoming preoccupied with how long it is taking to fall sleep.

Which is a suggested treatment for insomnia?

The self-concept that you have in mind at a given time is referred to as a _________ self-concept.

Working

Encoding

_____ is the first process of getting info into memory.

Excessive

__________ or unrealistic anxiety is what makes the anxiety a disorder.

Which picture is newborn Alex most likely to prefer to look at?

a black-and-white checkerboard with a few large squares

Language is

a system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

a system that contains the criteria for mental disorders -- Currently on fifth edition (DSM-5) -- had 18 different classes of disorders

A confounding variable is

a variable that can creep up into the study and potentially throw off the results.

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is at the bar with her friends although at those times, she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behavior. Jayla is likely experiencing _____ when she smokes.

cognitive dissonance

Tamika met Samantha, who was new to the school. Tamika began to develop a friendship with Samantha and soon they became good friends. Then Tamika learned that Samantha had been a troublemaker at her old school. Tamika liked Samantha but now saw her as a troublemaker. Tamika finally resolved these conflicting emotions by deciding that Samantha should be admired for turning over a new leaf at her new school. This is can be explained by

cognitive dissonance theory

Research on the long-term consequences of attachment security suggests that

continuity of caregiving determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.

According to the core knowledge perspective, each of an infant's ____________ permits a ready grasp of new, related information.

core domains of thought

Child-directed speech and parent-child conversation

create a zone of proximal development in which children's language skills expand.

"This one time, at Band Camp, we had a pillow fight even though we weren't supposed to!" This famous line from the movie American Pie describes the shared actions of a large group of friends, including both boys and girls, who enjoyed sharing social time together. According to Dexter Dunphy, this group is an example of a

crowd

Before Jack's mother leaves for work every morning, she takes her car keys off of a hook on the wall. Now, as soon as she unhooks her car keys, Jack begins to cry. In this example, __________ is the conditioned response.

crying

Research on temperament shows that

cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament.

Self-serving bias refers to our tendency to use:

dispositional attributions for our successes and situational attributions for our failures.

prejudice

drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

drug developed in the 1950s -- moderately decreased symptoms of schizophrenia -- policy of deinstitutionalization was enacted

Narcotics are

drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.

pluralistic ignorance

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

in the experimenter method, participants who experience the independent variable are a part of the ______ group.

experimental

In which of the following research methods can researchers establish the cause of a particular behavior ?

experiments

Evidence regarding facial expression in different cultures suggests that

facial expressions are to some extent innate.

Central route

focuses on the informational content of the message

In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of

gender typing.

Which of these is an example of a fine-motor skill?

grasping

Researchers investigating infants' understanding of the world rely on ____________ more than any other learning capacity.

habituation and recovery

Dr. Eden studies a fetus's sensitivity to external stimuli by measuring changes in fetal heart rate when various repeated sounds are presented. Dr. Eden is probably using

habituation and recovery.

The primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to _____.

help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

altruism

helping others for unselfish reasons

Research reveals that inductive discipline

helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.

Research suggests that there is a sensitive period, ________________, when babies are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.

in the second half of the first year

In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right cerebral hemisphere

increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood.

In order to reduce the influence of cults, McGuire demonstated that the best way is to first introduce reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunk it in an approach known as

inoculation effect

One of the greatest drawbacks of the information-processing approach is its difficulty with

integrating information into a broad, comprehensive theory.

Generally, fathers ___________ than mothers do.

interact and play differently with babies

A special form of communication called _____________________ separates the experiences of secure and insecure babies.

interactional synchrony

Recent ideas about language development emphasize

interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences.

Recall is more challenging than recognition because it

involves remembering a stimulus that is not present.

Which dimension of temperament was identified by Mary Rothbart?

irritable distress

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence

is a gradual achievement.

Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because

it allows participants to practice new skills in a safe environment. Correct. Group therapy is a safe environment among clients to work with one another on each other's problems. (it is more effective at producing lasting changes than the individual treatments. --- Incorrect. Group therapy may not result in any lasting changes.)

Smoking

leading cause of preventable death in US -- 24% of men and 18% of women smoke -- 1 in 4 smokers dies from smoking-related disease -- only 5% that tried to quit succeed -- 25-35% succeed when using methods developed by health psychologists

Coworkers in one office building noticed a foul odor outside and suspected it might be a terrorist plot using a biochemical weapon. Soon, a number of reporters covered the story and reports of foul odors were popping up everywhere. Despite the mayor and the sewer department stating that a line in the sewer had burst, workers were convinced of the possible attack. This phenomenon is better explained by

mass hysteria. Correct. This is an example of an outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads.

The goal of mental testing is to

measure behaviors that reflect development and to arrive at scores that predict future performance.

implicit stereotypes are

measured with word association tasks thoguht to represent sterotypes of which we are unware

Corticosteroids

measures stress variables and outcomes

Mental illness during the Renaissance

medical model -- saw mental illness as a physical disorder needing treatment -- began housing people in asylums -- treatments were bloodletting and snake pits

Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called

neurotransmitters.

In classical conditioning, once a baby's nervous system makes a connection between two stimuli, the

neutral stimulus produces the behavior by itself.

In Piaget's theory, _________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.

newborn reflexes

Dismantling

no single component was essential -- led to response prevention -- very effective for phobias, OCD, and PTSD

Overall stability of temperament is

only low to moderate.

mass hysteria

outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion

Explaining the behavior of outgroup members on the basis of the characteristic that sets them apart is known as the

outgroup homogeneity effect.

Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating

overregularization.

Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in _______ play.

parallel

In studying moral feelings on youths from low-income high-risk neighborhoods, Psychologist Daniel Hart determined that social factors such as __________ can contribute to moral development.

parental influence

In explaining the causes of behavior, the fundamental attribution error refers to the overestimation of the role of ______ factors

personal

A deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another person defines _______.

persuasion

Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as

pleasurable play and sharing of toys.

The stronger children's self-definition is, the more ________ they tend to be.

possessive

Devin holds the viewpoint that a female physician will not be as effective as a male physician because females are too emotional in nature. Devin's way of thinking about this situation can best be described as

prejudiced

Newborn Sam's poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward an object in front of him is called

prereaching.

Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that

preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.

Research on peer sociability demonstrates that

preschoolers move from one type of play to another and back again.

Cults

promote groupthink in four major ways: have a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty; disconnect members from the outside world; discourage questioning of assumptions; gradually indoctrinate members

Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely. He is more likely than other children to

react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.

Which of the following parent-child activities strongly predicts academic success during the school years?

reading and talking about picture books

Social pressure

real or imagined psychological forces that people exert over others through their example, judgments, and demands.

The phenomenon whereby we are more likely to believe something we've heard many times is known as the

recognition heuristic

Displacing aggression onto members of minority groups or other innocent targets not responsible for the frustrating situation is known as

scapegoating

Roger felt the need to blame other groups for his misfortunes despite the fact that he could hae taken the regions of his own life any time rather than wallowing in the

scapgoat hypothesis

Perceiver expectations include

self-fulfilling prophecy

The overwhelming majority of U.S. prison guards during the Iraqi War did not engage in abuse, so the reasons for such abuse don't lie entirely in the _____________, but in the _____________ of the guards.

situation, disposition Correct. The situation is not the entire story here; the guards themselves may have underlying issues.

Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in

social interaction.

The tendency for some psychological problems to improve without psychological intervention is referred to as ___________

spontaneous remission

During the second substage of the sensorimotor period, babies

start to gain voluntary control over their actions through the primary circular reaction.

Low-ball technique

starts with a low price, then "adds-on" all the desirable options

Foot-in-the-door

starts with a small request and moves to a larger one

The __________ could be described as similar to a judgmental parent looking down on the __________

superego; ego Correct. The superego concerns itself with standards of right and wrong, and influences the decisions made by the ego. (ego; superego -- Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer.)

For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict ________ that causes children to feel too much _________ because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.

superego; guilt

Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates

support Chomsky's assumption that the capacity for elaborate grammar is unique to humans.

Our co-worker says, "It's awful in here." To understand what she means, we must

take into account extralinguistic information, such as location and facial expressions.

Sixteen-month-old Maecy is able to repeat behaviors with variation. Maecy is demonstrating the __________ circular reaction.

tertiary

In the United States, __________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content.

the First Amendment right to free speech

Recognition memory is

the ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before.

Stress as a response

the approach that assesses psychological and physical reactions to stress

Insight Therapies

the goal is to expand awareness or insight -- include psychodynamic and humanistic therapies

The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates

the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female.

Reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to

the legal system.

Audrey has been offered a free, four day cruise for two just for filling out an online survey. As she and her husband board the cruise liner and leave the shore, all those on board are told that the cruise was really a way to get an audience of people together to hear about a new "business opportunity". Audrey was on the receiving end of

the low-ball technique.

Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of

the paradox of memory

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

the pattern of response to stress

The prevalence of a disorder refers to

the percentage of persons who exhibit the symptoms of a particular disorder.

Illusory correlations

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select

the picture that shows his own point of view.

Research on gender typing reveals that

the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys.

schools of thought strongly suggest that an individuals historical background, societal factors, and cultural values play a role in the development of human behavior ?

the sociocultural approach

Chiropractic manipulation

the spine is manipulated to treat pain and illness -- no more effective than safe treatments like exercise, relaxation, and physical therapy

Emotional self-regulation refers to

the strategies children use to adjust their emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.

Conformity

the tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure -- classically demonstrated by Solomon Asch's experiments in the 1950s

Projection

unconscious attribution of our negative qualities to others

People have a tendency to ______ the risk of their own health-impairing habits, and ______ the risks associated with others' self-destructive behaviors.

underestimate; accurately view

When toddlers first learn words, they often apply them too narrowly, an error called

underextension.

During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile

when they are full.

Resistance

you adapt and find ays to cope with the stressor

If you use self-control resources by resisting temptation in a given situation,

you may have a hard time resisting the next temptation.

Peak Experiences

according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

In a psychological study of aggressive behavior, participants who consumed alchol or Valium

acted more aggressively than when they has been sober

According to cognitive-developmental theorists, preschoolers

actively make sense of their experiences.

Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because

adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language.

When ___________, preschoolers' pictures become more comprehensible and detailed.

adults draw with children and point out the resemblances between drawings and objects

Child care in the United States is

affected by a macrosystem of individualistic values and weak government regulation and funding.

Three-year-old Carlisle knows that his mother will pick him up from preschool after snack and seeks her comfort whenever he is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Carlisle has developed

an internal working model.

The use of ________ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions.

analogies

Three-year-old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show-and-tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating

animistic thinking.

The Freudian idea of "psychic determinism" implies that

any psychological event has an underlying cause.

Permissive parents

are warm but overindulgent.

Scapegoat hypothesis

arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Which of the following briefly describes the classic research on social roles led by Philip Zimbardo in the 1970s?

asking for $40 when you really only need $10.

During __________, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in __________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely.

assimilation; accommodation

In Jean's preschool classroom, teachers guide children's learning, tailoring their interventions to each child's zone of proximal development. This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of

assisted discovery.

Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is

associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.

Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play.

associative

Relatively stable evaluations of a person, object, situation, or issue, along a continuum ranging from positive to negative define_____

attitudes

Ultimate attribution error

attributing negative behavior of some group entirely to their disposition

Lourdes conducts research at a large university. She is most interested in why some students on campus seem to lose control after their team wins or loses a big game. Ultimately, she wants to figure out why some students engage in rioting while others do not. Lourdes is most likely a

attribution

_______ is the process of making inferences about the causes of human behavior.

attribution

The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.

authoritative

Alarm reaction

autonomic nervous system is activated; stress hormones are released; physical symptoms of anxiety appear -- HPA axis and fight or flight response

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, _______________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Jay, a popular TV show host, made a joke regarding Ford Pintos and the dangers of owning them because of their "perceived" tendency to blow up. Many Pinto owners took issue with Jay's view as presented, in part due to a fear that they could never re-sell their car. Jay's very public joke and its potential to impact peoples' perceptions is an example of a(n)...?

availability heuristic

When a psychologist or psychiatrist is using the DSM-IV-TR as a guide to evaluating a client, he or she would assess the client on each of five __________.

axes

Devoid of any retribution given the size of the stadium thousands of fans swarmed the field climbing on the goal posts yelling screaming and taking their clothes off this behavior or normally mild mannerd citizes is known as

deinviduation

Researchers often study the early emergence of self-control by giving children tasks that require

delay of gratification.

Research showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start

demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development.

When _______ are adequate, height is largely determined by heredity.

diet and health

Using _________, children in a Piagetian classroom are encouraged to spontaneously interact with the environment.

discovery learning

One fraternity has only 3 openings, but during pledge week, the number of pledges increases from 4 to 9. Another fraternity has 8 openings, but only 2 pledges by the end of the week. This discrepancy was likely influenced by a. scarcity only. b. scarcity and reactance only. c. compliance only. d. scarcity, reactance, and compliance.

b. scarcity and reactance only.

The process by which your brain processes only the information that it receives, irrespective of past experiences or expectations, is called ________ processing.

bottom-up

When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a ____________ smile.

broad, "cheek-raised"

Which of the following is an accurate statement reflecting cultural attitudes toward assertiveness? a. Israelis distain assertiveness. b. Some Native American tribes have a confrontational interactional style whereby vigorous debate is expected. c. Collectivist societies place a higher value on interpersonal harmony than assertiveness. d. All of these are true.

c. Collectivist societies place a higher value on interpersonal harmony than assertiveness.

People who are eager to seek medical care are most likely to be which of the following? a. Highly psychotic b. High in extroversion c. High in neuroticism d. High in sensation-seeking

c. High in neuroticism

Evidence that preschoolers ____________ supports the idea that operational thought is not absent at one point in time and present at another.

can be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems

Mastery of _________ increases the efficiency of children's counting.

cardinality

One criticism of the DSM that is noted by your authors is that it adheres to a _________ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder.

categorical

In the information-processing system, a special part of working memory, called the ____________, directs the flow of information.

central executive

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

centration

The _____________ aids in balance and control of body movement.

cerebellum

In village and tribal cultures, parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children because

children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

chp. 16 - slide 35

Stanley was born in October of 1944. In April of 2009 his __________ age will be 64 years.

chronological

In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of

chunking.

Humanistic Therapies

emphasizes development of human potential, belief that human nature is basically positive -- emphasize importance of taking responsibility for our lives and living in the present

According to evolutionary biologists, the highest average life expectancy the human species will ever see is about ____ years of age.

85

Manifest; latent

Interpretation of the____ content of a dream is expected to reveal the _____ content.

_________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.

Reactive; relational

In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped?

...

paired-associate task

...

two-thirds of Americans are overweight; half of those are obese

...

Though all the following factors play a role in relationship success, which of the following- based on research by O'Leary and Smith (1991) - appear to be related to marital success as well as to marital choice?

...similarity in needs and similarity in personality

Boys are _____ times more likely to be injured than girls.

1.5

In early childhood, on average, children add ____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.

2 to 3; 5

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age ______, with solid foods added at ______.

2 years; 6 months

Between the ages of ________, napping subsidies.

3 and 5 years

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the Type A personality?

Hostile

5

How many stages of sleep are there in human beings?

Jung's archetypes

Humans experience the unconscious through symbols encountered in all aspects of life

seven

If you want a child to be fluent in a second language research suggests that you should begin instruction no later than age....

Personality Assessment

Plagues by number of dubious methods: Phrenology (head shape), Physiognomy (facial characteristics), Sheldon's body types --- All lacked reliability and validity

Which of the following words would present the most difficulty using phonetic decomposition?

Pleasure

_______________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.

Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

Which of the following statements about the routes of persuasive messages is true? a. Persuasion usually occurs via the central route. b. Attitudes formed via the central route are longer lasting than those formed via the peripheral route. c. Attitudes formed via the peripheral route are better predictors of behavior than those formed via the central route. d. Attitudes formed via the central route are longer lasting, but those formed via the peripheral route are more resistant to challenge.

b. Attitudes formed via the central route are longer lasting than those formed via the peripheral route.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the "what-is-beautiful-is-good" stereotype? a. Attractive people have an advantage in the social arena. b. Attractive individuals are judged as less assertive than unattractive individuals. c. Attractive individuals are perceived in a more favorable light than is actually the case. d. The tendency to associate attractiveness with positive qualities occurs outside the United States.

b. Attractive individuals are judged as less assertive than unattractive individuals.

In our society, alcohol is associated with which of the following crimes? a. Murder b. Child abuse c. Spouse abuse d. All of these

d. All of these

Which of the following has been found to impair immune functioning in animals? a. Shock b. Restraint c. Crowding d. All of these

d. All of these

Which of the following is a risk associated with the use of stimulants? a. Drug-induced psychosis b. Deterioration of physical health c. Strong psychological dependence d. All of these

d. All of these

Which of the following is NOT likely to promote effective listening? a. Paraphrasing the speaker's message b. Asking the other person for clarification c. Attending to the other person's nonverbal signals d. Assuming a body posture with arms and legs crossed

d. Assuming a body posture with arms and legs crossed

Who is most likely to have an impact on their immune function? a. Ray, whose wife died b. Janet, whose house burned down c. George, who totaled his car d. Beatrice, who cares for her child with cerebral palsy

d. Beatrice, who cares for her child with cerebral palsy

Dennis's cross-cultural research illustrates how _________ and a stimulating environment contribute to motor development.

early movement opportunities

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

easy

when psychologists are knowledge in all of the schools of thought and use various theories to understand human behavior, the are considered to be what psychological perceptive ?

eclectic

One-year-old Noah follows his mother and climbs on her in preference to others. He becomes upset when his mother leaves the room. Noah is most likely in Bowlby's _________ phase.

"clear-cut" attachment

Research on gender identity demonstrates that

"masculine" and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a "feminine" identity.

Once toddlers produce about _____ words, they start to combine two words.

200

Accuracy Motive

A person's desire to be correct or accurate.

b. self-monitoring.

A trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviors reflect their true feelings and attitudes is called Select one: a. an excessive characteristic. b. self-monitoring. c. a belief. d. predictive.

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion __________ physiological arousal.

A) follows Correct. This theory suggests that physiological arousal precedes our conscious experience of emotional stimulation.

Cognitive therapy

Aaron Beck -- focused on identifying and then modifying distorted thoughts and long-held core beliefs -- work well for depression

Flexible Coping

Ability to adjust coping strategies as the situation demands is critical o contending with many stressful situations -- Suppressing and avoiding emotions distracts us from problem solving and may cause emotions to return in greater force

Which of the following accurately summarizes Milgram's "study of memory and learning"?

About 65% of the subjects administered the highest shock possible.

operant conditioning

According to ______ theory, behavior is said to be influenced by its consequences.

Adler's style of life

Adler believed this was our unique combination of motives, interests, experiences, attitudes, and values. How the person is with this determines how they will act in any situation. 3 maladaptive forms of these: overaggressive, avoidant, and dependent.

Phobia

An irrational persistent fear of something.

Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?

Anger and hostility

Stage 2

As we sleep during the night, we spend the majority of our time in _____ sleep.

People with low self-esteem are prone to conformity; however, research finds that ________ are also more likely to conform than ________.

Asians, Americans

Projective tests

Ask examinees to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli -- Based on Projective hypothesis: When interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people project aspects of their personality onto them. -- Controversial. because reliability and validity are in dispute

_____ refers to the relatively stable view we hold of people, objects, or issues learned by direct experience or vicariously via others and/or the media.

Attitude

Psychophyiological

Authentic illnesses that emotions and stress contribute to or maintain -- ulcers, coronary heart disease, AIDS

Dikeshia is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders? a. Dissociative disorders b. Anxiety disorders c. Personality disorders d. Schizophrenia

B

Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination are called a. anxiety disorders. b. dissociative disorders. c. schizophrenia. d. personality disorders.

B

Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of a. dissociative disorders. b. anxiety disorders c. personality disorders. d. schizophrenia

B

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are known as a. hallucinations. b. delusions. c. obsessions. d. compulsions.

B

Which of the following is true about the authoritative child-rearing style?

Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation.

_____ is the mental shortcut we use to judge the likelihood of an event and the ease with which it comes to mind.

Availability heuristic

Ann was taking a pill that caused her to feel nauseous every time she ate high fat-foods. Ann was receiving a form of ______ therapy

Aversion

The widespread belief in an autism epidemic resulting from childhood vaccines has been perpetuated in the media. The autism-vaccine link represents ____________________. a. one causal factor in the development of this disorder b. an illusory correlation c. how environmental factors can "onset" a disorder d. preliminary findings that are slowly gaining research support

B

What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's unified sense of identity? a. Anxiety disorders b. Dissociative disorders c. Schizophrenia d. Personality disorders

B

What part of the brain is typically enlarged in persons with schizophrenia? a. Frontal lobes b. Ventricles c. Amygdala d. Thalamus

B

What type of medication is used, with success, to treat children with ADHD? a. Anxiolytics b. Stimulants c. Depressants d. Antipsychotics

B

When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was a sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What psychological disorder might Bob's behaviour indicate? a. Dissociative disorder b. Illness anxiety disorder c. Conversion disorder d. Schizophrenia

B

When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits him for observation. The next day the symptoms are the same. What condition with symptoms that are similar to those associated with amphetamine use might the psychiatrist now consider as a condition that is relevant to the diagnosis?

B

c. prosocial behavior.

Behavior that is intended to help others is often referred to as Select one: a. bystander behavior. b. compliant behavior. c. prosocial behavior. d. obedient behavior.

What kind of therapist might use classical conditioning to help a patient change a troubling action?

Behavior therapist

Which of the following consistently outperforms most other therapies for anxiety disorders, including phobias, panic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies

Adler's inferiority complex

Best known of Adler's concepts. In compensating for these feelings, some people act selfishly in self-defeating ways. Others turn to compensation of positive accomplishment. The productive way to compensate for this is to work to make the world a better place.

Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link?

Bipolar disorder

According to Stanley Milgram the Holocaust is an example of

Blind obdedience

All of the following are myths about the insanity defence except a. a large proportion of criminals escape criminal responsibility by using the insanity defence. b. most people who use the insanity defence are faking mental illness. c. the determination of insanity rests on a the person's mental state at the time of the crime. d. insanity is a psychological or psychiatric term.

C

An anxiety disorder characterized by frequent panic disorder that affect the person's ability to function in day-to-day living is called a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. panic disorder. d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

C

Andrea is a new mother and constantly worries about her daughter, checking her all the time, hiding knives and objects for fear of stabbing the child, excessive cleaning, and is sometimes afraid to take care of her for fear of hurting her. Andrea would most likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder? a. Posttraumatic stress disorder b. Bipolar disorder c. Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Postpartum depression

C

Which of the following is not a strongly supported finding in research into the causes of the various anxiety disorders? a. People's irrational and unrealistic thoughts often reinforce their avoidance of situations they believe will cause anxiety. b. A person observes others experiencing anxiety and distress in certain situations and can imagine the same reactions for themselves. c. Difficult interactions with one's parents during childhood lead people to develop compulsive rituals to exert control over their life. d. If one identical twin suffers from an anxiety disorder, the other is more likely to experience an anxiety disorder

C

Which of the following is not an "early warning sign" of a vulnerability to schizophrenia or related conditions such as schizotypal personality disorder? a. Learning and memory deficits b. High neuroticism c. Increased sociability d. Impaired attention

C

According to the ________, seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion fear and running away at the same time. However, the ________ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion Correct. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur, while the James-Lange proposes interpretations of physiological responses lead to emotional experience.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on television programming and aggression?

Cartoons are the most violent TV programs.

Which of the following is true about depth cues?

Changes in texture and overlapping objects are examples of pictorial depth cues.

Hanging Burning Stoning Drowning

Death by __________, __________, __________, or __________ was the usual outcome for a person who was mentally ill and accused of being a witch.

This is the reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others.

Diffusion of responsibility

Personality Disorders

Disorders that are part of a person's personality and are relatively stable.

Clinical Disorders

Disorders that bring most people to the attention of a psychological professional.

Which of the following question's is best suited for the correlational method ?

Does alcohol have a harmful effect on a fetus during pregnancy ?

Miranda received a phone call from a telemarketer for a local charity. The telemarketer asked for a $1000 donation. When Miranda refused, the telemarketer then asked for $25, to which Miranda agreed. This is an example of the

Door-in-the-face technique

Salvatore wanted to borrow $25 from his mom. Because he was not sure if she would agree, he decided to get creative and asked for $100. Just as he expected, she replied, "You want to borrow $100? Not a chance." He came back with, "Okay, Mom, how about just $25?" He was thrilled when she agreed. Salvatore just utilized which of the following compliance techniques?

Door-in-the-face technique

_________ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex.

Early experience

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with the Type B personality? a. Impatient b. Easy-going c. Competitive d. Time-conscious

Easy-going

Narcolepsy

Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has often asleep for a few minutes while in business meetings, while driving, and talking on the phone. He is most likely to diagnosed as suffering from.....

it lacks extralinguistic info

Email can often lead to misunderstanding. This is because

Christopher, a Canadian, feels that the Canadian way is the only way and clearly the best way. That being said, he feels that all other cultures are inferior to his. Which of the following concepts BEST describes Christpher's viewpoint?

Ethnocentrism

stimulant; depressant

Even though many assume that alcohol is primarily a____, it is, in fact, primarily a(n) _____.

9;6

Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately___ hours of sleep nightly, they often get only___hours.

Contingencies

Events with uncertain outcomes that may represent potential liabilities.

Which of the following is supported by research on child maltreatment?

Every industrialized country except the United States and Canada prohibits corporal punishment in school.

__________ offer the most reliable cues regarding which emotions infants are experiencing.

Facial expressions

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is

externally controlled by adults.

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience.

Greater; less

__________ refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, whereas ___________ has to do with smaller movements, such as reaching and grasping.

Gross-motor development; fine-motor development

Which of the following statements is true about brainstorming?

Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming.

_____ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even failing to use rational thought in the process.

Groupthink

Just-world hypothesis

Implies that we have a need to see the world as fair, even if it is not; results in blaming the victim

22

In any give year, about __________% of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder.

REM rebound

Jackie has not slept for several days. When she finally dozes off, we can expect her to spend a lot of time dreaming. What process of sleep is being illustrated?

variable ratio

Julie is paid based on commission so her salary reflects a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

According to this neo-Freudian, the goal of psychotherapy was individuation.

Jung Correct. Jung believed that the goal of psychotherapy was individuation. (Sullivan -- Incorrect. Sullivan believed psychotherapy is a collaborative undertaking between client and therapist.)

Echoic memory

Kira is jogging down the street listening to her iPod. Abruptly, her battery dies and the music stops. Which of the following accounts for her ability to still "hear" the last part of the song that was playing?

______ is caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein.

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following is true about brain plasticity?

Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.

Current research on infant cognition yields broad agreement on which of the following?

Many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous.

Cataplexy

Many narcoleptic individuals experience a complete loss of muscle tone, which can cause them to become limp as a rag doll. This phenomenon is called

Self-Actualization

Maslow said that self-actualized people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others. May seem difficult to work with or aloof. Prone to peak experiences

gradual if at all

Memory recovery from amnesia is

Scientific Evaluation

Mischel's argument concerning behavioral inconsistency -- Response was that traits are predictors of aggregate, not isolated, behaviors -- Primarily describe individual differences rather than what causes them

Which of the following is a strategy parents can use to protect their children from undesirable computer use?

Model good computer practices and avoid excessive computer use.

Depression

Of all mood disorders, __________ is the most common.

__________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents.

Parents

Hazel Markus uses the term ______ selves to refer to one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future.

Possible

are similar to those found naturally in our brains

Psychoactive drugs are drugs that____

In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties?

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Correct. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapies uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties (Cognitive-behavioral -- Incorrect. Cognitive therapies attempt to replace irrational cognitions with more rational ones.)

Hector's psychiatrist prescribed Paxil to relieve his severe depression. Hector's treatment can be referred to as ________

Psychopharmacotherapy

____________ refers to the use of medications to treat psychological problems

Psychopharmacotherapy

_______ are tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.

Synapses

Which of the following is true about the influence of the environment on temperament?

Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.

Stress

Tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains out ability to cope effectively

d. obedience

The example of the actions of Lieutenant William Calley at My Lai in the Vietnam War was used by the textbook to demonstrate the dangers of which social psychological concept? Select one: a. persuasion b. conformity c. compliance d. obedience

Which of the following is true about early intervention?

The strongest effects of early intervention occur at sites that offer a mix of center- and home-based services.

Which of the following is true about the frontal lobes?

They are responsible for consciousness, inhibition of impulses, memory, and integration of information.

Which of the following is true about first spoken words?

They usually refer to important people, animals, or actions.

Distributed practice

When a teacher tells you to start studying weeks before the exam rather than waiting until the last minute, he or she is really advising you to use

____________ is a much better indicator than an early mental test score of how children will do later.

Warm, responsive parenting

insight learning

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ______.

a cognitive map

You wake up at 3 o'clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn the lights on. Your ability to successfully navigate the house in the dark is due to the presence of

Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

a boy who wears nail polish

Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop

a categorical self.

In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.

a cognitive component

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from

a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.

Prosopagnosia

a condition caused by damage to the ventral region of the temporal lobe in which a person is unable to recognize faces.

Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds. According to Kagan's research, Max probably has __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty.

a higher heart rate and a higher cortisol level

Growing evidence reveals that children with autism have

a deficient theory of mind.

Dispositional

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones -- we overestimate this

Involuntary commitment

a procedure for protecting us from certain people with mental disorders and protecting them from themselves

Covariation Principle

a process of attribution in which behavior is observed based on three characteristics: the behavior's distinctiveness, it's consistency, and consensus.

Deindividuation

a process that allows people in a group to relinquish personal responsibility and give themselves over to the group experience.

Social psychologist

a psychologist who studies how the thoughts, emotions, and behavior of individuals influence and are are influenced by interactions between people.

Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using _________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

a recast

Which of the following is true of sign language?

a. There is one universal form of sign language. c. There are complex syntax structures. d. It lacks generativity.

Hardiness

a set of attitudes in which one: views change as a challenge rather than a threat; is committed to one's life and work; believes one can control events -- related to low-levels of anxiety proneness

Preexisting schema

a set of ideas or beliefs about others that leads a person to perceive others in a way that conforms with that person's expectations.

culture of honor

a social norm of defending one's reputation in the face of perceived insults

Norm of Reciprocity

a socialized norm that involes a person's tendency to desire to return favors.

Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy, which consists of

a solution of glucose, salt, and water.

Body dysmorphic disorder

a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible

algorithm

a step by step learned procedure for solving a problem is called

Cynthia has recently begun a career with a Jewish-based agency. Up until now, she had not had any interaction with anyone who was Jewish. Based on the individuals she works with, she has found them to be a very close-knit group who care for their own in the community who need assistance. Additionally, she had found them to be very educated and assertive. Cynthia now holds the view that all Jewish people are the same: educated, close-knit within their own group, assertive, and caring toward other Jewish people who need help. Cynthia's view represents

a stereotype.

A discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions? a. Dejection b. Agitation c. Apprehension d. Ambivalence

a. Dejection

There is evidence that a close partner's support and affirmation can bring a loved one's actual self-views and behavior more in line with his or her ideal self. Researchers refer to this as the a. Michelangelo phenomenon. b. stage-manage phenomenon. c. significant-construct experience. d. exceptional person experience.

a. Michelangelo phenomenon.

Aaron is just getting to know Debbie. He is more likely to disclose a. his parents' divorce when he was 10. b. only events with positive emotions. c. the time he broke into the library at school. d. all of these.

a. his parents' divorce when he was 10.

By the time children reach ________ they have usually acquired most of the syntactic rules of their language.

a. preschool b. kindergarten d. second grade

ultimate attribution error

assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh

at events with subtler elements of surprise.

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ________ and __________ play.

associative; cooperative

Lexical approach

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

Empirical method of test construction

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them -- MMPI was developed using this, so it has a low face validity

inoculation effect

approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking it

inoculation effect

approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them

Compared to schemes in Substage 3 of the sensorimotor period, schemes in Substage 4

are coordinated deliberately to solve simple problems.

When the diets of severely malnourished children improve, they

are far more likely to be overweight than their nonstunted agemates.

Infants with a lot of crawling experience

are more likely than their inexperienced agemates to remember object locations.

Research suggests that cosleeping children

are no different from other children in any aspect of adjustment.

In Bowlby's theory, babies in the preattachment phase

are not yet attached to their caregiver.

When parents have an angry and punitive style, their children

are often less equipped to show sympathy for others.

Adults who __________ may not have fully mastered the tasks of trust and autonomy during infancy and childhood.

are overly dependent on a loved one

When young children with psychosocial dwarfism ______________, their GH levels quickly return to normal, and they grow rapidly.

are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments

Prejudice is to _______ as discrimination is to _______.

attitude; behavior

According to information-processing approach, __________ expands working memory by permitting children to focus on other information simultaneously.

automatic processing

Which of the following best describes the correlation of parenting style with self-esteem from highest to lowest? a. Authoritarian > permissive > authoritative > neglectful b. Authoritative > authoritarian > permissive > neglectful c. Permissive > authoritative > neglectful > authoritarian d. Authoritative > permissive > neglectful > authoritarian

b. Authoritative > authoritarian > permissive > neglectful

Who of the following does NOT provide an illustration of self-enhancement? a. Juan asserts that he has above average intelligence. b. June prefers to be with partners who hold a similar view of her as she does of herself. c. Jimmy picks his own lottery numbers. d. Janey predicts that she will have below average problems in her future.

b. June prefers to be with partners who hold a similar view of her as she does of herself.

Which of the following is NOT a cannabis derivative? a. THC b. MDMA c. Hashish d. Marijuana

b. MDMA

aggression

behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically

Psychotherapy is an intervention designed to help people to deal with and manage

behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems. Correct. Psychotherapy helps people with behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems.

attitude

belief that includes an emotional component

A_____is a conclusion regrading factual evidence while a(n)________is a belief that includes and emotional component

belief, attitude

Dr. Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing. If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably ______-shaped.

bell

Self-conscious emotions typically appear

between 18 to 24 months.

The English language has ________ phonemes.

between 40 and 45

Researchers have found that in terms of their weight, adult adoptees tend to resemble their______ more than their ______.

biological parents; adoptive parents

Substance use in response to feelings of self-discrepancy is an example of a type of coping technique known as

blunting self-awareness.

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the common barriers to effective communication? a. Defensiveness b. Ambushing c. Cognitive restructuring d. Motivational distortion

c. Cognitive restructuring

Which of the following is NOT considered a self-presentation strategy? a. Ingratiation b. Intimidation c. Identification d. Exemplification

c. Identification

Which of the following does NOT typically underlie most self-defeating trade-offs? a. Poor judgment b. Emotional distress c. Intentional self-harm d. High self-awareness

c. Intentional self-harm

Empathy

can escalate self-focused personal distress in some children.

Good quality child care

can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life.

just-world hypothesis

claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

scapegoat hypothesis

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Newborn reflexes make ___________ possible in the young infant.

classical conditioning

Who practices psychotherapy?

clinical psychologists, pchychiatrists, counselors, and social workers -- people with non-advanced degrees also are often social services agencies, crisis intervention centers

One oft-cited criticism of the DSM-IV-TR is that many illnesses seem to occur at the same time; that is, a specific set of symptoms could qualify an individual for more than one diagnosis. This phenomenon, called __________, raises the question of whether the DSM is truly identifying independent conditions as opposed to slightly different variations of the same problem.

comorbidity Correct. This tendency is referred to as comorbidity. (dual diagnosis Incorrect. Dual diagnosis is a term that is often used to indicate that a person is suffering from a substance-related disorder (abuse or dependence) along with another mental illnesses.)

Festinger and Carlsmith's "Measures of Performance" study

conducted the classic experiment about cognitive dissonance in the 1950's. Asked participants to perform a boring task and then tell the people beind them that the task was fun, some of the people in the first group were paid $1 and others were paid $20 to lie the people who were paid $1 have significantly more positve attitudes.

You make a new acquaintance at a football game, and you ask him only questions about sports and athletics. This is an example of probable

confirmation bias.

High schoolers who being to dress like members of social group they have reently joined are exhibiting a tendency toward

conformity

You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of

conformity

_____ is defined as changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in an effort to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people.

conformity

Effortful control is

considered a major dimension of temperament.

Professor Rellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Professor Rellinger's beliefs are consistent with the _________ perspective.

core knowledge

The weights of adopted children

correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents.

Which of the following would be considered an example of an internal-stable factor in attribution? a. One's effort at the task b. One's feelings about one's boss c. One's health at the time of the task d. One's ability for the task in question

d. One's ability for the task in question

Follow-up research on cognitive development indicates that ________ is present as early as 6 weeks.

deferred imitation

During the Strange Situation, a baby who displays a secure attachment

demonstrates that the parent is more comforting than the stranger.

Research on maternal depression shows that

depressed mothers view their infants more negatively than independent observers do.

Jorge is a psychology student who is doing a report on the behaviors kindergarten children demonstrate on the playground. Because he notices that many of the children like to play tag. he takes detailed notes on tag-playing behavior. which of the goals of psychology did Jorge just use?

describe

The MMPI and MMPI-2 are personality tests that are designed to

detect symptoms of mental disorders.

When driving down the highway, Caesar could not help but notice the young-looking teenager who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. He immediately assumed that he was one of those defiant, careless, and irresponsible teens who really did not deserve a license. Caesar just made a(n)

dispositional attribution. Correct. Caesar is blaming the enduring personality traits, attitudes, and intelligence on the teenager's bad driving habits.

For those people in the Middle Ages who believed abnormal behavior resulted from spirit possession, the treatment of choice was ______.

exorcism

Gender schema theory

explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development.

The tendency to use similar causal explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as

explanatory style.

Inoculation effect

exposing people to cult beliefs, then debunking beliefs

Incremental validity

extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures

When driving down the highway, Gianna could not help but notice the young woman who seemed to be driving in a reckless manor. She immediately wondered if the woman was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made an _____.

external attribution

An _____ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behavior on the situation; a _____ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behavior to his/her personality or other personal characteristics.

external, dispositional

A(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behavior on the situation; a(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behavior to his or her personality or other personal characteristics.

external; dispositional

I am trying to get my neighbor to support my walk a thon i ask her to sponser me a 1$ per mile. When i collect the mony i mention to her that i am 50 short of my goal and ask if she is interested in sponsoring at i a higher leve. I have used

foot in the door technique

What is the term for the strategy used to gain first a favorable response to a small request, with the intent of making a person more likely to agree later to a larger request?

foot-in-the-door technique

The earlier toddlers _____________________, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year.

form word-gesture combinations

Fred is on a popular TV game show where you can win $1,000,000. He is currently at $16,000 and is not totally certain if he knows the answer to the $32,000 question. His decision could be influenced if the host says "You can take the $16,000 and go home, and that's a lot of money," or "$32,000 is way more money than $16,000." There is a tendency for the contestants to do whatever the host suggests, and Fred will probably be no different. This is the effect of..?

framing

Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of

free association. Correct. Bart is able to discuss anything that comes to his mind without censorship. (transference. -- Incorrect. While Bart may express feelings toward his therapist that remind him of someone else in his life, transference involves projecting feelings onto the therapist. It is not a therapeutic technique.)

Evelyn is in a particularly bad mood because the promotion that she'd hoped to receive at the bank where she works did not come through. When she gets home, and her children come running up to her with several demands, she yells at them to go in the other room and leave her alone. Evelyn's outburst is explained by the __________ hypothesis.

frustration-aggression

The ultimate goal of humanistic psychotherapy is for a person to

gain insight and move forward in their seeking of their ultimate potential. Correct. Humanistic therapists focus on the present rather than the past in order for the person to reach their fullest potential. (change their maladaptive behaviors and reactions to challenging situations. Incorrect. This defines cognitive-behavioral therapy. )

According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park

In Piaget's theory, 8- to 12-month-olds can use ____________ to solve simple problems.

goal-directed behavior

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to

good adjustment.

The bay of pigs invasion, the Challenger explosion and countless other meetigs where group unaimity at the expense of critial thinking and sound decision making is overlooked is known as

groupthink

The emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking is called

groupthink.

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that

guilt is an important motivator of moral action.

Young Raina is just a few months old, and her parents delight in seeing her reaction to new sights and sounds. Her mother, Lianna, bought her a new toy that hangs from the handle of her car seat and sparkles brightly. When Raina first sees this new toy, she smiles, coos, and stares at it intently. After just a few minutes, however, Lianna is surprised to see that Raina is looking away, and appears almost bored with this new toy. Developmental psychologists refer reduced responding to a familiar stimulus as __________.

habituation

On average, ________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.

half

When a person assumes that a attractive individual is also interesting, kind, sociable, and exciting, then he/she is demonstrating the

halo effect

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a _____ personality.

hardy

Today, most developing countries

have banned the practice of giving free or subsidized formula to new mothers.

Research suggests that group therapy ________

is about as successful as individual treatment

For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere

is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off.

Amok

is marked by episodes of intense sadness and brooding followed by uncontrolled behavior and violence

Today, inadequate nutrition

is not confined to developing countries.

The dynamic systems theory provides convincing evidence that the development of motor skills

is profoundly influenced by the physical environment.

Illness anxiety disorder

is the preoccupation that one has a serious undiagnosed disease

Emotional competence

is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health.

Uninvolved parenting

is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect.

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through

joint activities with more mature members of their society.

Infants and toddlers who often experience __________ sustain attention longer, comprehend more language, and produce meaningful gestures and words earlier.

joint attention

Psychologists believe that personality is largely the result of

multiple factors. Correct. Remember that psychologists are generally wary of single-factor explanations of human behavior. Personality is a result of many different contributing factors. (genetics -- Incorrect. Research has found that genetics do play a role in the development of personality, but genetics are not the only factor to consider.

In psychological research, the person who has agreed to participate in the experiment but is not aware that deception is being used to conceal its real purpose is called the _________

naive subject

Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master

object permanence.

If you ask 3-year-old Winnie to tell you about herself, she will probably describe herself in terms of

observable characteristics.

Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by

offering reasons for mild punishment.

Breastfeeding for just a few weeks

offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections.

Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. is demonstrating a grasp of

ordinality.

Follow-up research indicates that even though preschoolers have difficulty with Piagetian class inclusion tasks, they

organize their everyday knowledge into nested categories at an early age.

We often do not consider the complexity of language. This is in part because

our use of language is generally automatic.

In one of Aesop's fables, a fox is unable to obtain some grapes that he truly wishes to have. However, after failing to obtain them, he downplays their importance. This behavior is most consistent with the defense mechanism of

rationalization. Correct. Rationalization is providing a reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures. (displacement. -- Incorrect. Displacement occurs when we direct an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target.)

The shortcut that helps a person to make typically accurate snap decisions is called aNo

recognition heuristic

Following habituation, when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, the increase is called

recovery.

One strategy of positive discipline is

reducing opportunities for misbehavior.

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

Complementary medicine

refers to products and practices that are used together with conventional medicine -- not safe or effecive

Social Cognition

refers to underlying processes, such as attention and memory, that make social behavior possible.

In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-developmental perspective

regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

The Freudian defense mechanism of __________ involves returning psychologically to a younger and safer time.

regression

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

relational

This form of aggression is prevalent in girls and invlves spreading rumors, gossiping and nonverbal putdowns.

relational aggression

intrinsic religiosity

religion is a deeply ingrained part of their belief system—tend to have equal or lower levels of prejudice than nonreligious people

According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in

representational, or symbolic, activity.

Insanity defense

requires people to either: not know what they were doing at time of crime, or not know what they were doing was wrong -- less than 1% of criminal cases use the defense successfully

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

resistant

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

resistant

Expressions of _______ are less frequent than _________.

sadness; anger

Which of the following IS NOT a major factor in an individual's choice of significant other?

similarity in personal style

When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation, Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor, scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway. They ran over to him, helped him pick up his books, and commented, "I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over.

situational

When driving down the highway, Gianna could not help but notice the young girl who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. She immediately wondered if the girl was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made a(n)

situational (external) attribution.

The _____ is attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation.

situational attribution

A __________ attribution looks at __________ factors, while a __________ attribution looks at __________ factors.

situational/external dispositonal/internal

The best way of estimating a child's physical maturity is to use ________ age.

skeletal

X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's

skeletal age.

Marika was confronted by the jealous girlfriend of a guy that Marika had dated. She backed down from the confrontation and fled the scene. Later, she asked several others what they would have done in that type of a situation and they agreed that they would have done the same thing. Marika felt better. This is an example of

social comparison theory.

Compared with school-age children, preschoolers

spend shorter times involved in tasks and are easily distracted.

Visual acuity is

the fineness of visual discrimination.

In trying to explain the nature of cults, noncult members typically succumb to

the fundamental attribution error

Research on child care in infancy has found that

the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.

Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because

they are not skilled at using memory strategies.

In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of cognitive equilibrium,

they assimilate more than they accommodate.

Based on Milgram's studies of obedience, it can be concluded that:

the tendency to obey the commands of authority figures is strong.

the independent variable is____ whereas the dependent variable is____.

the variable that the experimenter changes around ; the variable that is measured in the end

Preschoolers' first attempts to print often involve writing

their own name.

Kipsigi and Jamaican infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants because

their parents incorporate direct walking instruction and formal handling routines that encourage early motor development.

impression management theory

theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but repor t that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes

social comparison theory

theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

Structural family therapy

therapist immerse herself in the family to make changes

empty chair technique

therapist places an empty chair next to the client and asks him to imagine that the object of his emotion actually is sitting in the chair

Research on cultural variations in personal storytelling reveals that

there are striking cultural differences in parents' selection and interpretation of events told in narratives.

dual process models of persuasion

there are two alternative pathways to persuading others 1.)central route, leads us to evaluate the merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. Here, we focus on the informational content of the arguments: Do they hold up under close scrutiny? 2.) peripheral route, leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments. Here, we focus on surface aspects of the arguments: For example, how appealing or interesting are they?

Most chubby babies

thin out during toddlerhood and early childhood.

John Gottman and his colleagues were able to predict divorce rates of couples with startling accuracy using techniques related to the concept of

thin slicing.

Metacognition involves

thinking about thought.

Although nonsocial activity declines with age, it accounts for a ________ of kindergarteners' free-play time.

third

PT Barnum effect

this is the tendency to accept certain vague or worthless information as true, like with horoscopes or tarrot cards

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for

thought.

Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change

through organization.

cognitive dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often

use words to echo what others say and to get things they want, not to exchange ideas.

Eighteen-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mom in a social referencing experiment. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mom if she

uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach.

According to Piaget, the balance between assimilation and accommodation

varies over time.

Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a "do-do head." This is an example of ________ aggression.

verbal

What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?

we don't have enough information to know why a person behaved why the did, so we make rapid assumptions

Need-to-belong theory

we have a biological based need for interpersonal connections

Jean Twenge asked undergraduates to complete a personality measure and gave them bogus feedback on their test results. Students who received feedback that they would be isolated toward the end of their lives

were significantly more likely than other students to engage in unhealthy behaviors.

Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique

when a child is out of control.

Around 3 to 4 months of age,

when infants gaze, smile, or vocalize, they expect their social partner to respond in kind.

Around the middle of the first year, infants smile and laugh more

when interacting with familiar people.

According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because

young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events.

One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in Western homes is that

young children feel stressed when they are required to fall asleep without assistance.