Personality

Explain how certain stages of ego development are related to particular personality traits.

(higher ego stages are correlated with higher scores on openness to experience) -->to personal concerns (middle-stage individuals value conformity in social settings; higher stage individuals strive for recipriocal interpersonal communication -->to life stories (higher stages are correlated with more complex narratives containing multiple plots and themes of growth through struggle -each ego stage seems to specify how the basic 'I' process of meaning-making works, how the 'I' is and does

How do traits capture how you behave? ~ agreeableness and optimism

-->agreeableness would be important for therapy work; you can establish a therapeutic alliance -schemas influence how you interrupt things and the world -->optimism vs pessimism; therapy is very difficult and it is important to have an optimistic idea on how much people can change

Eplain how the investigator must look at concepts and phenomena that reside outside the realm of personality proper.

-->e.g hostility as a manifestation of a particular genetic endowment -trait is an aspect of personality, the genetic endowment is viewed as the determinant of the trait -the explanation of the personality feature rather than the feature itself-->e.g a disorganized attachment pattern may be explained as the result of repeated physical abuse at the hands of patterns -->the attachment pattern is an aspect of personality (level 2) whereas the abuse itself exists outside of personality proper, as a cause or reason for a personality feature rather than as the feature itself -the distinction between what is (personality proper) and why it is (determinants of personality) blurs at the level of narrative because the person may try to interpret events from their past

Explain how agreeableness is important for successful parenting behaviours.

-->fathers who are agreeable have sons who are securely attached to them -being nice can affect the social development of one's child -->parents with high levels of control, accepting and responsive (agreeable), parents who are warmly involved but provide little structure (permissive/indulgent parents), often develop problems with impulsivity, don't respect others, and have difficulties within their peer relationships

Explain the study that found an effect of agreeableness on social influence. The drinking experiment

-->heavy drinkers were more likely to drink more alcohol in the lab if their partners drank more -->this effect was exacerbated for high agreeable drinkers; they paid attention to the social context more and matched their behaviour more than the less sociable drinkers -->however, they may also be able to curb their drinking if that is what the situation calls for; it was not tested -whereas less agreeable people are less likely to look at social ques

What are positive traits of high reactive?

-->highly empathetic, caring and cooperative -->kind, conscientiousness -->disturbed by cruelty, injustice -->successful with what matters to them

What is the humanistic approach to the big five?

-->humanistic, we have learned to hide or short-down our true self because we are worried we will not get accepted.

What is in level 3?

-->identity in adulthood is their inner story of the self that integrates the reconstructed pass, perceived present, and anticipated future to provide a life with unity, purpose, and meaning -->psychologists explore a person's identity as an internalized and evolving life story

Explain how the big five are unconditional.

-->if someone is an extrovert there is an idea that they will be an extrovert in many settings and it will not be conditional on anything -->she asked people to describe themselves in an open ended way; people say traits that apply to a particular setting, rare for someone to use an unconditional trait description (e.g my dominance shows when my competence is threatened)

If your motives are correlated to enjoy your work?

-->if they are not correlated you need to use more volitional energy and this depletes you -->if our motives are congruent then we are more relaxed and higher well-being over time -there is a correlation between motives and strivings(goals) -->look at what someone is striving for and then determine which motive they hav

Explain how promiscuity motives are different for people low and high on agreeableness.

-->low agreeable individuals may have more partners because they are more impulsive and selfishly seek pleasure at the expense of others -->high agreeable people may have more sexual partners because they view these encounters as opportunities to share intimacy with others or as a chance to please others

Explain how agreeableness plays an important role in harmonious relationships.

-->more likely to use conflict resolution tactics that maintain positive social relationships -->able to control their anger, less likely to be aggressive/bully others, less likely to engage in antisocial behaviour

-george is high on openness, moderately high on neuroticism, moderate on conscientiousness and agreeableness and low on extremely low on extraversion How would this affect his projects and his relationships?

-->openness is consistent with his capacity to generate creative projects -->his introversion questions how he handles the interpersonal projects of his professional life -highly creative professional are successful in completing projects that are novel, influential and redefined the standards of a field -george is certifiably creative his relatively fixed traits contribute in part to his success

What are the distinctions between the self-as-subject (the 'I' or 'ego') and the self-as-object (the 'me' or 'self-concept')?

-->self and personality are overlapping realms -->the personality itself may be endowed with certain 'I' features and certain 'me' features -->traits, concerns, and life stories are more easily understood as potential features of the 'me' of the 'self-concept' in -->most of the constructs seem to be potential objects of the "I's" reflection -->the 'I' (subject) 'has' its own traits, acts in accord with its own personal concerns, and narrates its own stories

Is Obama an introvert or extrovert?

--he is an introvert, and successful presidents are high extroverts -he golfs a lot, business tend to use golf so they can influence others -->he plays with his friends; he is focused on getting better in golf not influencing others

What happens when explicit motives do not match implicit motives?

-100 managers in over six months -explicit and implicit motives -volitional strength/ego depletion at work; how much self control you need on the job -subjective well being

How did they summarize the job performance studies' results?

-150 studies examined the validity of personality measures for personnel selection purposes between 1950-1990 -studies used a diverse and confusing array of scales; everyone had their own system/scale -results can be reorganized by adopting the big five framework, they took all the studies and decoded it into the big five traits

Explain Dudycha's study of punctuality.

-8am classes, appointments, extracurricular activities, vesper services, entertainment -there was a r = .19, there was some consistency but it was not high enough

What are the three possible effects of personality in marriage?

-Actor-->themselves -Partner-->their partner -Similarity-->combination

What is a low and high self monitor?

-High SM: the consummate social pragmatists, willing and able to project images desired by others. They feel comfortable behaving differently to different people -low self monitoring: not only unwilling but unable to carry off appearances. They can't change their behaviour or if they do they feel like they are being fake

Explain how the concept of identity being a story affects how it is told.

-If identity is a story, it must be understood in story terms -->the language of identity is the language of stories -->identities are best comprehended in terms: imagery, plot, theme, scene, setting, conflict, character, ending -->a well-functioning identity in contemporary western society is a good story and exhibits traditional values of coherence, credibility, richness, openness and integration

What were the gender differences on the dark triad?

-Males scored higher on all three of the dark triad -the correlational patterns with external variables were similar; pooled the data across gender -the highest correlation was between narcissism and psychopathy

Which traits predict a better outcome?

-N -.31 -E .30 -C .35 E and C better outcomes, N worse outcomes

Which trait is OCD linked to?

-OCD is related to low in conscientiousness because you spend so much time on your habits instead of doing other things

Explain the Solomon Asch experiment. Why do people give an incorrect answer?

-Solomon did the famous conforming experiment which shows the extremes of social conformity of pressure -they found that when people are conforming their parietal and occipital lobes which indicates their perception is being skewed by the group not them changing their decisions which would require the frontal cortex; they showed less activity in the frontal lobe which shows they actually reduces their decision making

What is a moderator and a mediator?

-a moderator variable changes the relationship of two separate variable -perhaps people will only show consistency on those traits that are personally relevant and meaningful -mediator comes between two variables, people who are high in religious belief have better health outcomes-->mediator variable; they have higher self control

Explain how identity is a quality of the self.

-a story can be a method or a construct, but the two are not the same -->stories can pull information about a person's personality at any of the three levels (e.g defense mechanisms, schemas, personal strivings, motives, or traits); better for certain aspects (e.g motives) than others (e.g traits) -->the stories are not construct -->e.g a story about success is not achievement motivation itself; rather it is a measure of the construct achievement motivation -->the life story is a psychological construct-->a dynamic, inner narration, evolving over time that may be assessed through storytelling method

What are the guidelines of level three?

-a story can be a method or a construct, but the two are not the same -->stories can pull information about a person's personality at any of the three levels (e.g defense mechanisms, schemas, personal strivings, motives, or traits); better for certain aspects (e.g motives) than others (e.g traits) -->the stories are not construct -->e.g a story about success is not achievement motivation itself; rather it is a measure of the construct achievement motivation -->the life story is a psychological construct-->a dynamic, inner narration, evolving over time that may be assessed through storytelling method

What is the difference between shyness and introversion. Is there a link?

-a subgroup of introverts are shy; shy people are more anxious about social situations and they fear social judgement -introverts are just not socially oriented as extroverts -apart of being introverts; they like situations with low stimulation -shyness is interpersonal and it focuses on anxiety and nervousness -->you can't assert yourself because you are worried about how others will judge you -it is possible to find extroverts who are shy -shyness can interfere with everyday functioning

Explain the experiment of the broken toy.

-a woman gave a child a toy and told them to be very careful with it but it was rigged to break -->children showed different levels of guilt; high reactive/introverts experience the most guilt. This is probably because they feel for upsetting the woman and for doing something wrong -by age four there are kids who are less likely to cheat even if there is no way they would be caught -by six or seven they would be described as having high moral traits -they have fewer behavioural problems

How much of the population are introverts?

-about one third to a half of the population are introverts, but many pretend to be extroverts -->introverts are living in an extrovert world; and they are made to feel less for being introverted

Which motive do salespeople and researchers have?

-achievement is more for salespeople, researcher

Which motive predict academic success?

-achievement motivation does not mean you will do well in school because it is not geared towards their style. -affiliative people do well when they have a nice, warm teacher who takes an interest with them -power, if they have an opportunity to speak out and persuade others

What are the benefits to changing your personality?

-advance core personal or developmental goals -develop competencies

What are benefits of free traits on the quality of life?

-advances core projects

What are the negative aspects of power motivation?

-aggression -exploitative interpersonal relations -profligate sexuality -profligate drinking -divorce

What do agreeable people place less value on if aggression is invovled?

-agreeable individuals place less value on a victim's suffering from acts of aggression

Do agreeable individuals always cooperate?

-agreeable individuals prefer to cooperate but will act competitively if that is what the situation calls for

Do agreeable people always turn the other cheek?

-agreeable people actually exhibit more negative affect in situations that represent a mismatch of their interpersonal orientation -->people react best to situations that fit their individual characteristics -->agreeable people should do better in situations that involve others being kind and cooperative -->people higher in agreeableness may be more sensitive to the damaging effects of destructives tactics and express more anger in conflicts that use more destructive tactics

Explain the relationship between agreeableness and commitment.

-agreeable people are more likely to be faithful to their partner -when a partner perceived their partner as being more agreeable they appeared to be more willing to invest in the relationship, to please their partners and remain faithful

What is McAdam's persective on agreeableness?

-agreeable people are more than nice; altruism, affection and many of the most admirably humane aspects of the human personality -the opposite is quarrelsomeness

Why do agreeable people have better health?

-agreeable people predict educational attainment, healthy eating habits, smoking behaviours, lower BMI; all predictors of good health -compliance and trust are key traits; more likely to follow guidelines by doctor -agreeableness acts as a buffer against somatic distress when the person is high on neuroticism -they have less stress, chronic stress has been linked to many health problems

How do agreeable people deal with interpersonal conflicts?

-agreeable people reported more distress when involved in interpersonal conflicts -->become angry when someone tries to hurt them -->found anger was provoked but only when levels of conscientiousness were low

Explain the harmful effects of agreeableness and unmitigated communion

-agreeableness combined with a poor sense of self may be highly maladaptive -high levels of agreeable, communal, behaviour should be tempered by a sense of personal agency -unmitigated communion involves focusing on others to the exclusion of self -->people high on unmitigated communion are over involved in their relationships while having difficulties asserting themselves -unmitigated communion is positively correlated with agreeableness -->agreeable people have a low regard for themselves may become overly involved with others to the detriment of themselves -unmitigated communion is maladaptive and has been associated with relationship problems and poorer health -agreeableness is beneficial but being agreeable while not having a strong sense of self leads to over involvement in one's relationships and maladaptive outcomes

What are the correlations between the dark triad and the big five scores?

-agreeableness correlated with narcissism, machiavellian and psychopathy -narcissists and psychopaths tended to be higher on extraversion and opnness -machiavellians and psychopaths showed low scores on conscientiousness -psychopaths had low levels of neuroticisms

Which big five trait has its roots in temporal processes?

-agreeableness has its developmental roots in temperamental processes such as effortful controlq

When is being agreeable not beneficial in a group setting?

-agreeableness is not always beneficial in group settings -being overly concerned with the feelings of others may be detrimental to group performance

Explain the relationship between agreeableness and interpersonal relationships.

-agreeableness is strongly related to healthy interpersonal relationships throughout the lifespan-->more likely to be accepted by their peer group and have quality friendships, less likely to be the bully or the victim

Explain the relationship between agreeableness and sibling relationships.

-agreeableness is the best predictor of high-quality sibling relationships in emerging adulthood

Which disorder was agreeableness linked to?

-agreeableness was correlated to some substance abuse

What is overlap of the dark triad?

-all three entail a socially malevolent character with behaviours toward self-promotion, emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness -machiavellianism with psychopathy -narcissism with psychopathy -machiavellianism with narcissism

What is negative about people who amplify positive emotions?

-antisocial and self-defeating behaviour results from people who amplify positive emotions; riots after soccer wins -'buzz' can cause people to be less cautious with risks

Describe the branch of neuroticism (internal neurotic)

-anxiety -depression -vulnerability -self consciousness

How do they eliminate surprises?

-arrange their lives so they limit surprises in their life -sensitive to sights, sounds, smells, pain, coffee

What do you know about someone if you know them well?

-as part of knowledge about a person if you know them well you will know their desires, needs, wishes, goals, challenges, and values

What happens to extrovert/introvert teens with success?

-as teens if you are pushed of the social scene or if you are isolated by choice you tend to learn the strengths of deliberative practice -often their gregarious peers often fail to cultivate their talents

Why do asian countries perform well on math and science tests?

-asian countries performed very well on the math and science test -these test require them to fill out long questionnaires and often students don't complete them because they are too long -the students who do well fill the most out of these questions; it seems they have quiet persistence

What are the differences between asian and american education systems?

-asian-american groups prefer their kids to be introverted and enjoy quieter activities -the parents say the education is different; they teach a topic and test it here and back at home if you answered a question wrongly you be ridiculed for this and they don't go off the subject much -they didn't like to answer questions because they felt like they were wasting their classmates time -you are suppose to down grade your thinking because there are much better thinkers than you -often western schools want them to speak up and participate so they incorporate it into their grade -class participation in western cultures is nonsense in asian cultures

Explain the situation where asians and europeans shared a room.

-asians and americans sharing a room -the american told them to do the dishes -they were taken back by it because you would say a question or nothing so you wouldn't upset the group

How are asians team-oriented?

-asians are team-oriented; but they see it as being apart of the greater whole(family, corporation) -accept their place in the hierarchy and do not try to push their desires

Why do asians prefer to hangout with each other?

-asians prefer to hangout with each other because they are often shy and they feel they can be themselves -but when they are with americans they feel they need to play a role to be 'cool' or fit in

Explain the branch of extroversion which is social dominance.

-assertiveness -activity -excitement seeking -->social dominance; how comfortable you are with asserting yourself

Explain how the extrovert ideal is expressed in the harvard business school.

-at harvard business school, they all stride when they walk, and dress fashionably -they are all extroverts and they know that is a social norm -the courses are designed so you are with people a majority of the day -the classrooms are even designed so the classmates are able to be more engaged with one another -a majority of the grade comes from them speaking in class -there is a lot of pressure for students to talk, and if they don't the professor feels they have failed -they expect you to participate in the after hour social events -they say if you don't establish a social network there, you have failed -they make it seem that thoughtful and slow decisions are inferior to quick assertive decisions

Explain the behaviorist perspective on the big five?

-behaviorist perspective-->has my behaviour been enforced or am I modeling someone -->am I introverted because I am modeling my father

What is behavioural leakage?

-behavioural leakage is when are true selves leak out unconsciously (e.g not making eye contact)

Explain how agreeableness plays a role in group behaviour.

-being agreeable allows individuals to minimize the negative impact of conflicts and negotiate outcomes that capitalize on the advantages of group living -social norms across cultures dictate that people are sensitive to the obligation to reciprocate

If a trait is personally relevant what does it not predict?

-being consistent on trait and having a trait that is personally relevant does not mean you are going to be high on

Are traits or motives consistent?

-big five traits are very consistent over time, motives are consistent but not nearly as strong(there is more room to change)

What are bipolar disorders linked to?

-bipolar disorder are linked with personal project appraisals

What is the common pathway?

-brain regions are related to traits and disorders; certain brain processes that occur for traits and disorders

Explain how Cattell distinguished between traits?

-cattell distinguished between surface and source traits -->then divided source traits into ability, temperament, and dynamic traits -->dynamic traits were divided into biological ergs, attitudes, and sentiments -->took into account momentary states, customary roles into an equation

Explain the power of introverts listening to people's ideas.

-certain situations are better for introverted (active employees) and extroverted leaders (passive employees) -introverts are more likely to listen to people's ideas and incorporate them; these leads there team to be even more proactive -->because they are accepting to their ideas it motivates them to be more proactive -extroverts are so concerned with 'putting their own stamp' on things they will not use others ideas to maintain this; they fail to listen to the ideas -->their natural inspiration motivates passive workers -if the employees follow the leader's instructions, extroverts are good -if employees have ideas to improve the company than introverts outperform extroverts

Which traits are characterized by temperamental influence?

-characterized by traits such as cooperative, friendly, considerate, and helpful

Does chinese student's self esteem change?

-chinese student's self esteem is not hindered even when they recognize themselves as introverts when they are young; but once they are around 17 the extrovert ideal gets them

Which qualities do chinese and americans look for in friendships?

-chinese students prefer friends who are humble, altruistic, honest, hardworking -american students prefer friends who are cheerful, enthusiastic, sociable

What are the symptoms of depression?

-cognitive-are thinking changes and we view things negatively; yourselves, we have a feeling that we are responsible and it will not change. When we are depressed we are likely to make internal judgments; happened because of me -emotional affective; people are sad, crying spells, you just don't have the interests you had (e.g read books, the reward center in the brain might be effected) -behavioural: passive s up the recovery. Once you have had it you are much greater at getting it again; we need to prevent relapse -there is a strong link between depression and suicide

Which disorders correlate for conscientiousness?

-conscientiousness was significantly associated with all the three types of disorders; the lower on conscientiousness the more they were to have these disorders

How are explicit motives seen?

-conscious, cognitively elaborated images of the self as oriented toward particular goal states -picture story exercise: operant -social: motive is related to behaviour that is in keeping with social norms or expectations development: middle childhood

What is continuous/partial reinforcement?

-continuous reinforcement creates fast learning but is rare in the real world -partial reinforcement is more common, in that most behaviour is reinforced only intermittently -will the behaviours last and will it transfer(will they only do that behaviour in a specific situations e.g hovering in the kitchen)

How are genotypic dispositions and phenotypic behaviour interdependent?

-conventional trait theory postulates a general concordance between genotypic dispositions and phenotypic behaviour -->person-oreinted individuals engage in a high frequency of sociable pursuits and they both generate and attend to expressive cues that stimulate further interaction -->individuals tend to experience more positive affect in trait congruent situations, even when the trait itself might not be expected to create positive affect -->disagreeable people enjoy being in situations where they are being disagreeable -free traits explain disjunctions between genotypic propensities and phenotypic appearances

Which items is coolness attributed to?

-coolness is attributed to a calm personality, sunglasses, and a drink in hand; we have chosen this because they hide the response on the nervous system -->sunglasses prevent others from seeing our eyes dilate after fear -->relax torso-->low reactivity -->alcohol reduces inhibitions and lowers our arousal levels

Explain how cooperative people have different beliefs?

-cooperative people have different beliefs, competitive people view others uniformly as competitive whereas cooperative people see others more heterogeneously -people higher on agreeableness may see others as more positive, they may experience greater distress and anger when others violate their expectations about what appropriate behaviour should be

What were the correlations of cognitive ability and the dark triad?

-correlations between cognitive ability measures with narcissism -higher nonverbal IQ score relative to verbal IQ

How do cultural, economic and political climates prescribe the projects we pursue?

-cultural, economic, and political climates can prescribe the kinds of projects we pursue -work climates, there are important gender differences with women reporting pervasive links of climate and project appraisals -->a work place facilitating social connection had a particularly salutary effect; but no linkage for men -->ideal work climate was one that facilitated the unimpeded pursuit of projects

What are PAC units?

-daily activities and pursuits are PAC units -PAC units can be arranged on a continuum reflecting their origin from primarily personal or primarily contextual sources -arising from inner sources are current concerns and personal strivings -personal goals can be seen as primarily cognitive, internal constructs; when examined in terms of their pursuit they are conative constructs similar to personal projects

How are they emotionally sensitive?

-difficulty being observed (at work) or judged (dating) -philosophical or spiritual oriented rather than materialistic -they feel emotions strongly

Explain prejudicial attitudes in aggreeable and disagreeable people.

-disagreeable people seemed to not care if they expressed their prejudicial attitudes toward out-group members -if agreeable people did hold prejudicial attitudes they worked hard to suppress them when interacting with others -->they can exhibit prejudicial attitudes if the situation appears to justify such attitudes

What is dominance?

-dominance and warmth are the key to our survival; evolutionary we had to get along with others but we had to get ahead of others; make sure we get the limited sample (mate, resource)

How does he tie in his wife to his speech?

-during the break he holds on to his wife on stage and is flirty with her; after he discusses building relationships

Do agreeable people engage in more or less risky sexual behaviours?

-engage in less risky sexual behaviour -->people lower on agreeableness are more impulsive -->people who were on the extreme ends of agreeableness were more likely to have more sexual partners than those who were moderately warm.

What is equifinality?

-equifinality-many ways of being successful. There are different ways of being successful as a clinician. There are certain ways that it will fit your style better

What is the source of everday behaviour?

-everyday behaviour may frequently take this direct route from genotypic trait features to phenotypic trait expression -free trait theory postulates that some of the most deeply human and consequential features of our lives involve the conflict of the biogenic with the two other sources

Why should be doubt our intuition about stable traits?

-evidence of implicit personality theories, we think academic people have certain characteristics -evidence of attributional bias, why someone did something or why something occurred. When we are explaining other people's behaviour we tend to focus on their traits rather than the situation. But when we explain our behaviour we describe the situation instead of our traits -mistaken belief about how extensively we observe people we know, we have judgements about our friends and family members and we assume we are basing this on many behaviours. But we see people in a restricted range of settings -our language entices us to think in trait terms, we have so many trait-terms and even more words to describe someone. We don't have as many words to describe a setting

Why is stage fright so common?

-evolution tells us that when we were being 'watched' it was by animals you were predators and this became an innate response to get off 'stage' -this may be the cause of stage fright for both introverts and extroverts; but more common in introverts

Is deliberative practice the sole provider of success?

-exceptional performance is not just based on deliberative practice but also environment (the right working conditions) -->it is hard to find these conditions in contemporary work environments

Which area needs to be incorporated in an explanation?

-explanation requires considerations of biological, environmental, cultural, and other sorts of factors that reside outside the realm of personality proper

What should reasons for a person's persoanlity be restricted to each level?

-explanations of why a person is the way they are should also be restricted to their level -explanations for level one are mainly genetic predispositions over and against shared environments -it is unclear the origins of levels two and three, but it seems there is a stronger environmental component than in level 1

Explain the experiment for personal projects. What were they looking for?

-extended sets of personally relevant actions that range from daily chores to defining life commitments -->he is more interested with what are goals are and what we do in the day to do them -some projects anchor an individual's goals as a whole and are deeply infused with a sense of self-identity -these foundational and self-defining projects are called 'core personal projects' -in personal projects we are able to extend are traits to assist in personal goals but it will be very draining. And if we do it for a long time it will be physically and psychologically draining

What to people high in openness to experience do better on?

-extraversion for certain jobs-->manager and salesman -openness to experience they did better on training proficiency; it gets at whether someone can learn. It wasn't associated with doing better on the job just better during the training phase -no reliable findings for neuroticism and agreeableness -extroverts are not necessarily the best managers it has to do with their field, and how motivated their workers are. It seems introverts are better with self-motivated workers

Which disorders was extraversion related to?

-extraversion was related to some disorders

What are differences between extrovert and introvert managers?

-extraverts are good at building networks and engaging followers -introverts are better at listening and implementing other people's ideas -introverts may be more detail oriented -extraverts may be too overconfident -extraverts seek out status, are dominant and talkative

What is social anxiety?

-extreme shyness -extreme anxiety; and avoidance(eating in a public place, making a telephone call in public, talking in front of an audience, calling someone you don't know very well

Describe Jim (from the office) on the big five traits.

-extroversion (threw the party), agreeable

Which jobs did extroverts excel at? What is the exception?

-extroverts are not necessarily the best managers it has to do with their field, and how motivated their workers are. It seems introverts are better with self-motivated workers

Explain how the limbic system and the neocortex differ in introverts and extroverts.

-extroverts experience more pleasure with risk seeking -extroverts dopamine pathways are more active than introverts -they have more activity in the reward centers of the brain -introverts have a smaller response in reward systems, they won't go out of their way to receive a reward

Who does better in school?

-extroverts get better grades in elementary school, but introverts outperform extroverts in highschool and college -->introvertism predicts university success over cognitive ability

Explain the differences of extroverts on sexual partners, exercise and social network.

-extroverts have more sexual partners; great for reproduction but they often commit adultery and get divorced -extroverts exercise more but introverts suffer fewer accidents -extroverts have a wider social network but commit more crimes

What were the effects of being an introvert or extrovert when teaching a subject?

-extroverts took longer strides in their steps and took up more space on the chalkboard -if you are low self monitor and introverted you can come across as a little less introvert and a little more extrovert than you are -if you are introvert and high self-monitor is able go lower as being an introvert and higher as extravert -self-monitoring effects the range we are able to go from introvert and extrovert behaviour -similar results for extroverts; whether you are high or low affects your range -low self-monitors are seen as consistent on traits

How should we let things occur in an office setting?

-face-to-face interactions create trust that online interactions can't establish -population density correlates with innovation; people gain benefits from these environments -we should establish networks or teams as they would naturally fall; the born to be leaders and the born to be in the group; the most healthy groups combine introverts and extroverts; they should be able to mingle with others when they want and have solitude when they want -offices that have removable walls would be beneficial

Explain the role of factor analysis on traits.

-factor analysis has been used to identify whether a new scale with different traits is actually identifying new qualities in people or just a contemporary scale with different traits -->the degree that two traits go together, or covary is assessed by the correlation coefficient -->factor analysis allows us ways to determine how to group together sets of traits that are all related to each other and unrelated to other sets of traits -->e.g anxiety, anger, depression cluster around neuroticism and are independent of sociability and cheerfulness apart of extraversion

What are the costs to changing your personality?

-failure and accompanying emotions -feel inauthentic -ego-depletion, it is effortful to inhibit your natural way of responding. It will probably backfire because we have a limited amount of self-control in the day. We may not be able to fulfill our goals because we will be using up our resources; we will start doing bad in school, fail diets. -reputation confusion

Who do people seek help from?

-family doctors -clergy -family service or social agencies -hospital or university clinic -mental health specialists (psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker) -employee assistance program -private clinics

How does a person feel with regards to their personal projects?

-feeling a sense of efficacy in the pursuit of one's projects is associated with well-being; especially if these pursuits are self-concordant -projects that involve active approach are more salutary than those that are motivated by avoidance -some projects serve to anchor an individual's project system as a whole and are deeply infused with a sense of self-identity -->core projects are self-defining projects

What is flow?

-flow is when you feel totally engaged in a task; pursue the task for its own sake not for the rewards -there are activities that we engage in that do not incorporate approach or avoid and are done simply because we enjoy doing them -this may be why introverts are able to motivated to do tasks, since dopamine is not a strong motivator

Which motives should a clinical psychologist have?

-for a clinical psychologist power(impact and influence) and intimacy(a sense of closeness with one another) are important

Which disorders correlate for neuroticism?

-for all the disorders neuroticism is quite high correlations between 0.28-.0.49

What optimizes performance?

-found people learn better after they took a quiet stroll through the woods -being interrupted is a major barrier of productivity even multitasking -the brain is not capable of paying attention to two things at the same time -multitasking is really just switching between two tasks which decreases productivity and increases errors

What are free traits?

-free traits are planned to advance core projects -they arise out of the interplay between biogenic, sociogenic, and idiogenic sources of human action

How can free traits affect well being?

-free traits can have direct effect on well-being indirectly through their influence on personal projects -->this allows a person act oppositely on a trait -->free traits to recognize there is a biological component to traits

When to free traits emerge?

-free traits emerge when individuals enact sociogenic scripts to advance idiogenic aims and are not influenced by biogenic dispositions -->e.g a biogenic introvert acting in an extravert manner to advance a core project of 'keeping clients happy' is engaging in free-traited behaviour -->protracted free-trait behaviour may compromise emotional and physical health

How are george's pursuits affecting his other projects?

-george's pursuits are having a negative impact on his own and others' projects, things are far from harmonious and obsessive zeal seems imminent; sustainability becomes untenable -managing social ecology requires conveying why one's projects are worth supporting and ensuring that key supporters are themselves supported in the venture

What is a projective test?

-give them a projective test; give them an ambiguous element (e.g a picture) and then you ask them to tell a story about it. There would be many pictures and you would show the person a picture and they would tell you about the picture. The story would have a middle, beginning, and end

How are agreeable people better at generating ideas in groups?

-greater acceptance of group diversity, positive attitudes towards others in diverse groups allows oneself to have better quality ideas generated by the group -better brainstorming in groups

Explain the branch of extroversion of social vitality.

-gregariousness -warmth -positive emotions -->social vitality; people person

How has groupthink entered into the business setting?

-groupthink's foundation is teamwork and creative and intellectual advancements come from a gregarious place -companies use teams as well and a majority of managers believe group work is the key to success -there are no walls in the offices, they have little privacy -very socially engaging they have to attend retreats and a majority of the day is spent face-to-face -they design offices and some schools so there can be maximum group interaction -schools no longer have the desks in rows facing the teacher, but rather pods are groups of four desks; so the students can engage in group work

Are happiness and a sense of meaning independent or interdependent?

-happiness and a sense of meaning in one's life may be independent aspects of well-being -->meaning may be achieved through compromising physical health -->e.g Elizabeth's sudden illness will illustrate how engaging in free traits can exact a cost -->e.g George is brilliant in his work projects but he struggles with interpersonal projects; his quality of life will be compromised because his core projects will be stopped

What is the connection between being agreeable and academic performance?

-have more academic and career stability and success -->people do not typically perform in isolation, interpersonal behaviour should be critical for both academic and job success

How does having a sensitive amygdala play into stage fright?

-having a highly sensitive amygdala would also be hindering because you would notice the actions of your audience members (e.g someone looking at their watch)

Consider how self-monitoring could be a moderator.

-having control of what you are presenting -people differ meaningfully in the extent to which they can and do engage in expressive control

Why did he think his technique would work?

-he believed that when judgement is eliminated people produce better ideas than when working in solitude -this doesn't work

How did they test to see if a baby was high/low reactive?

-he had babies listen to recorded voices, look at mobiles, and sniffed alcohol -some of the babies cried during this and then later they would be introverts (high-reactive) -the low reactives did not cry and they were likely to be introverts

Does President Obama have the motive profile to be a successful president?

-he is able to move people, people made contributions, he re-engaged people with politics -he has had a polarizing experience -people think he is changing to much -his first speech was average for achievement, affiliation and higher for power

What did her husband learn to do?

-he started using the techniques on her; he used LRS when she complained about wearing braces -kids and animals can train their owners

How does Tony sell his extrovert seminar?

-he tells you, this seminar is a good deal because other ones are much more expensive -he tells you it is a good investment to surround yourself with the 'right' peer group; and he tries to sell a spot in an elite group -he is a good salesman because he believes in what he is selling -he conveys he is not using his sales skills for personal gain but to help us -afterwards people will claim Tony not only helped his business skills, but made him a better person

How did Mcelland assess people's motives?

-he wanted to assess stories; he used ordinary pictures that would elicit power, intimacy, achievement -the stories people tell gives you a window into how they think and their thought processes. Capture how their minds typically run throughout the day -after the story is written then it is coded for which motive this falls under

What is health and happiness with regards to wellbeing?

-health, happiness and a broad spectrum of competencies including impacts of individuals on their environments are in Block F

How to help depressed friend or family member?

-help them get appropriate diagnosis and treatment -help them stick with the treatment -offer emotional support

Explain the story of conditioning her husband.

-her husband had habits that annoyed her and they annoyed her more after time and it begin to dull her love for him. A counselor told them they were great communicators and they didn't need it. And she just thought she needed to accept it. She went on a trip and she saw students who were being trained in operant conditioning -they use a lot of operant conditioning with sea world animals. The killer whales carry the human on their nose -she learned about how wild animals are changed -she wondered if she could train her husband

david winter wanted to determine: how each motivation would impact their lives?

-high need for power will go after high impact careers; but if you are an introvert this may be a problem. They have a desire for impact but they want to avoid influencing others; so you will be strayed away from your natural position. -women who set up their lives so they can help others is affiliated motive. This may be deflected if you are an introvert

describe the boss on the office with the big five traits.

-high on extraversion, he is neurotic, he is low on agreeableness (how other people think and feel),

Explain the attampts to go from the big five to personality traits.

-high on introversion-->schizoid -histrionic-->extroversion -borderline

Which motives is martha stewart high on?

-high on power(directing and controlling), and higher on achievement(doing this proficiently, standards of excellence) -people who are really successful tend to be high on power and achievement -low on intimacy; awkward with her niece, husband divorced her -achievement is about efficiency; you might cheat or cut corners. Martha stewart was caught cheating on her investment

What are characteristics of high reactive children?

-high reactive children pay 'alert attention' -they make more eye movements before they attend to items in their environment -they found children were more likely to match images accurately and do more intentful reading -it seems they process things deeper both consciously and unconsciously -they also process emotions deeper; they would feel guilt sorrow and sadness for other kids -they also come up with more sophisticated ways of dealing with problems -->e.g how to share a toy; alphabetize everyone's name and the person closest to S gets it

Which parenting styles to high/low reactive kids benefit from?

-high reactive kids do well with strict parents because they fear anxiety which is aroused by disapproving parents, so they are less likely to elicit these responses -kids who are low reactive do better with positive role models -these kids tend to be delinquents in poverty neighbourhoods because they do not healthy outlets to release their temperament

Explain the metaphor: their skin is thinner.

-high reactives introverts sweat more than low reactive extroverts -metaphor; their skin is thinner because they feel more emotions -their skin is actually thicker less responsive to stimuli, and cooler to touch

Why does Kagan think there is a genetic component to high/low reactive?

-high reactivity babies tended to have blue eyes, allergies, and hay fever -he thinks high reactivity may be based on physical traits -it is interesting that we give these traits to fictional characters....cultural unconsciousness

Explain the experiment where they had computer programmers design a game.

-highly dense work environments -they had computer programmers design games in their offices during regular business hours and they had a partner from their company however they did not communicate with their partner -the programmers' experience did not affect their performance -the top performers came from the offices where they had the most space, privacy, personal control, freedom from interruption

Who is reward sensitive?

-highly motivated to seek rewards(e.g promotion, lottery, stock market) -pursue goals linked to sex, money, social inflation -this can get a person in trouble; we take outsized risk and ignore obvious warnings -often they accelerate when these warning signs are present (e.g should sell stocks, buy more)

Which traits predict marital satisfaction?

-how happy someone is in their marriage is from their own standing on the big five traits -but some of your happiness will be based on your partner's traits -but there was no benefit to be matched on certain traits or different on other traits -the big five doesn't affect who you marry -the higher one is on neuroticism the lower marital satisfaction either yourself or your partner -C, A, E will result in more happiness

What is hum flourishing contingent on?

-human flourishing is contingent upon the sustainable pursuit of core projects

What is the humanistic approach towards personality?

-humankind's capacity to think, love, and grow

What is a iatrogenic problem?

-iatrogenic problem-treatment that makes you sick; gays to straight, introverts to extroverts

What is the identity?

-identity is internalized and evolving life story, or personal myth -adult's identity is expressed so it is coherent, followable, and vivifying narrative that integrates the person into society in a productive way -->provides the person with a purposeful self-history; so the self of yesterday became the self of today and will become the self of tomorrow

What to personologists look for at level three?

-identity is internalized and evolving life story, or personal myth -adult's identity is expressed so it is coherent, followable, and vivifying narrative that integrates the person into society in a productive way -->provides the person with a purposeful self-history; so the self of yesterday became the self of today and will become the self of tomorrow

What is the difference of idiogenic and sociogenic sources?

-idiogenic sources are not the same as sociogenic sources -we are able to act social at a party as a sociogenic script but this is not the protracted pattern of free traits

How could peer pressure hinder innovation?

-if personal space is vital to creativity it may be due to the fact that peer pressure is absent -in a group setting people may not say their ideas because they fear their ideas will be rejected by their peers

What makes a person vulnerable to depression?

-if you act in a submissive way and can never be dominant you will develop depression -they look at traits and life events -if you lose someone or fail; if you are self-critical you are more vulnerable to failure, if you are highly dependent you are more vulnerable to when you lose someoneq

Explain explicit and implicit achievement with doing a puzzle?

-if you are achievement oriented implicitly you will enjoy doing a puzzle if you are explicit you won;t -->explicit people do better when they are told this is what intelligent motivated people enjoy

Explain interactions between depressed people

-if you are depressed and you interact with others; other people are reluctant to interact with you if you are depressed. You act more neurotic and introverted so this would affect others

Which motives predict one another? Gender?

-if you are high in power motivation then you are not also high in intimacy -there is no difference in gender except females score higher on intimacy -change motives? first you need to figure out your implicit and explicit motives

What should introverts and extroverts do when playing the other role?

-if you are introvert who has to behave extrovertly, you need to restore yourself; so if you teach for an hour then after an hour you need to be by yourself -->need to take time to restore your introvert nature -if you are an extrovert and have to be an introvert you need to restore yourself. If you are at school you need to tone down your extrovertness, you need to find a way to be around people to restore extroverted self

What if I am in the 25% who stay shy inhibited into adulthood?

-if you have a good romantic person it helps you be less shy -we have fixed traits but we can act out of actor to achieve a core personal goal -often a core personal goal is finding a partner -brian little pushed out of the constraints of his temperament because he enjoyed teaching

Explain the lessons where they had people stand in powerful poses.

-if you posed in a powerful way you would do better in an interview and in a public talk -these dominant poses have an impact on how you come across and this is mediated by the hormonal changes; more testosterone and less cortisol -when you do this and have success it will begin to feel more natural so you can fake it until you make it --->is this short or long-term?

What are agreeable people good and not good at job wise?

-important for occupations that involve interpersonal interaction; especially cooperation (teamwork), dyadic interactions (e.g providing direct service to customers), or nurturance (e.g helping others) -agreeableness is the best predictor for those job occupations -they do not do well when competition or rejection from clients than disagreeable people excel

Explain how social desirability bias does not undermine agreeableness.

-impression management-consciously inflates their positive traits and underreported their negative traits-->may be connected to agreeableness this relationship is weak -even when people were told being agreeable was bad they still endorsed more agreeable behaviours than did disagreeable individual -agreeableness is not easily distorted by self serving biases or manipulation

Describe external neurotic.

-impulsiveness -anger hostility

Which two traits are more sensitive to culture. Why might this occur?

-in general the big-five are stable across cultures -agreeableness and extraversion are more sensitive to cultural contexts -parents in some cultures pay more attention to agreeableness than do parents from other cultures

What happens neurologically in the highly reactive?

-in novel situations high reactors have an excited amygdala but the prefrontal cortex becomes activated to tell it to calm down and then it relaxes -the prefrontal cortex is not more powerful than the amygdala

What is universal about the big five traits?

-in other cultures there are five big traits, there seems to be a universal aspect to these traits -we notice these traits very quickly, a quick interaction with a person can produce accurate results of making a prediction of who that person is -these traits apply to all people because the consume opposite traits for each category

Explain how new social roles in young adulthood lead to dynamic changes in agreeableness.

-individual take on new responsibilities (e.g spouse) that come with new sets of expectations and commitments -these expectations and commitments promote a reward structure that encourages the individual to become more agreeable (as well as more socially dominant, conscientious, and less neurotic)

Can individuals withstand the influence of behaviour setting to change micro-level situations?

-individuals can withstand or subvert the claims of behaviour settings and to change micro-level situations -->e.g avoiding the situation is a good strategy -->when one falls under their influence the claim of contextual force fields is exceptionally powerful -->contextual influences may promote a flourishing life or make it utterly miserable

Are agreeable people more easily influenced?

-individuals conformed more when in public than in private; but agreeableness did not influence group conformity

Was the extrovert ideal always present?

-initially most of the population lived in rural communities and spent their lives with people they knew their whole life; after the industrial revolution more people live in cities -in the 1920s and 30s it was made know you should be more like an extrovert; and this is why everyone started idolizing celebrities or actresses and actors -men were expected to be talkative and flirty and women were also expected to do so -->framed homosexuals has introverts

Explain the lemon juice test.

-introverts and extroverts need different amounts of stimulation to function their best -introverts produced more saliva when lemon juice was placed on their tongue

How is it seen that introverts are better at delaying gratification?

-introverts are better at delaying gratification which is linked to lower BMI, higher SAT scores -they gave people a choice to have a small reward know or a large reward later -when they chose now their reward center was activated, when they waited their prefrontal cortex was activated

Who functions better when sleep deprived?

-introverts function better than extroverts when sleep deprived -sleep deprivation makes you less aroused -overarousal interferes with attention and short term memory

Explain the exercise robot experiment.

-introverts in rehab engaged longer with the exercise robots who had a soothing voice -the extroverts did better with the more aggressive robits

Which types of relationships do introverts and extroverts prefer?

-introverts need meaningful relationships with others -extroverts need people to socialize with -often introverts crave down time and their partners are hurt by this because they want to socialize

Explain the football game experiment.

-introverts reported their competitors and teammates more positively when they played a cooperative game -extroverts rated their competitors and teammates more positively when they played the competitive game -introverts like people they meet in friendly settings and extroverts like people they meet in competitive settings

How do introverts act when they meet someone?

-introverts talk less when they meet new people -less eye contact -less firm handshake

Why do introverts outperform extrovert with complex problems and problem solving?

-introverts think critically, longer and are less likely to give on a task and work more accurately -introverts like to think of the past, present and future and their goals -extroverts like to think of the present moment -extroverts are more likely to quit mid-way in a problem -they tend to inspect the problem before they try to solve it -extroverts and introverts have equal intelligences -extroverts who were conscientious outperformed introverts

Which mind frame may encourage groupthink in educational settings?

-it has a politically progressive approach; students taking charge and learning from one another -teachers believe this style reflects how businesses run and this is preparing the kids for the future

In order to have innovation, why are introverts necessary?

-it is beneficial and almost necessary for inventors, designers, artists, writers to work alone -->creative people tend to be socially poised introverts -->reason: introverts prefer working alone and solitude is a catalyst for innovation

How do they classify personality disorders?

-it is lasting and it impairs the person's life -looking for 9 or 10 indicators and if you have at least 5 you may be classified cluster A-->they look odd or strange come across as being strangled cluster B--> histrionic(comes off superficial, they will be really warm and then not know who you are) narcissistic; lacks admiration. CLuster B erratic and impulsive social behaviour cluster C-->they are anxious, can have OCD to cope with their anxiety

Why is deliberative practice is best conducted alone?

-it takes intense concentration and others can be distracting -requires deep motivation that often comes from the self -you are able to focus on the task that is most challenging to you

Why do levels one and two not form an identity?

-items from levels one and two (lists of traits/attributes, qualities) does not make up an identity -children are too young to face the problem of unity and purpose so levels one and two are sufficient to make up their identity

How are highly sensitive people observant?

-keen observers before they leap -they day dream vividly and often they can recall their dreams the next day -they love music, nature, art, beauty -they have notice details in their environment that others miss

Do high reactive babies grow out of their shyness?

-kids grow out of their shyness; by adolescence half of they shy kids are unidentifiable -age 25 or 30 there is only 25% who are shy; they can outgrow of it behaviourally they act like everyone else; but if you measure them their body and brain reacts the same way -the neurobiology has not changed they just have learned to respond differently -this is the united states; most kids get the message you need to be more outgoing -they looked in Japan and you don't see as many kids changing their behaviours; they are more accepting of restrained introverted behavior -with monkeys if their mom was shy they would be shy

How did she solve the missing keys dilemma?

-least reinforcing scenario--for behaviour that you really don't like -so when he couldn't find his keys and would get upset; so when he would say this she wouldn't say anything or any facial expression -after a few days he wouldn't do that thing anymore he would just look for his keys without getting upset

How do introverts act in a work/school environment?

-less likely to be leader -study in secluded places -prefer solitary pursuits -narrow friendships network; but good friends

What are qualities of low self monitors?

-less sensitive to nuances of situation and less likely to alter behaviour -high consistency between trait scores and behaviours -fewer friends but engage in many different behaviours with all of them and encourage social contact even if friends are very different

What is in level 1?

-level 1 consists at broad terms-->traits which provide a dispositional signature for personality description

At which life stages may we apply the levels?

-level one and two have near-universal applicability -level three may only apply to adulthood and perhaps only modern societies that value individuation of the the self (e.g western societies)

Why are none of the levels derived from one another?

-level one is well mapped and levels two and three are uncharted (the geography at these levels are unknown) -levels two and three need to explored on their own terms for a long time -the levels do not need to exist as meaningful levels -there are no neat levels filtering into other neat levels -a full knowledge of a person's traits reveals nothing about her identity

What is in level one?

-level one: traits

What is in level 2?

-level two (personal concerns) personality descriptions invoke personal strivings, life tasks, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, domain-specific skills and values, other motivational, developmental or strategic constructs that are contextualized in time, place, or role

Why might lie detectors not work on highly reactive people?

-lie detectors work because lying results in anxiety which increases sweating -this can occur just by being interrogated

What are the links between traditional trait measures and personal projects?

-links between traditional trait measures of personality (big five) and the content and appraisal of personal projects -->e.g openness to experience predicts creative projects -->optimism predicts efficacious project pursuit

What are strengths of introvert workers?

-listen more -deliberation helps them make smart decisions -excel at solitary work -can be highly effective leaders with proactive groups -if introverts can look people in the eyes and smile than that is beneficial to social interactions

What is listening to prozac

-listening to prozac--people wonder if it is you or the medication; and they felt like they were being phonies

How do we view our partner if they are low in conscientiousness?

-low conscientiousness: -->sloppy,careless (unhappy marriage) -->carefree, relaxed, doesn't fret the small stuff (happy marriage)

What is low extraversion linked to?

-low extraversion was linked to some disorders but substance abuse disorders weren't not linked to low extraversion

Who are low self monitors?

-low self-monitors base their behaviour on their internal compass -they have a small repertoire of social behaviours and masks -less sensitive to situational cues -they are not as good at lying compared to high self-monitors

What are the main profile categories that emerge from big-five personality?

-main profile categories that emerge from big five personality profiles are resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled

Who are resilient people?

-main profile categories that emerge from big five personality profiles are resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled -resilient people have fewer behaviour problems than both undercontrolled and overcontrolled

Which medium was a catalyst of groupthink

-many of the collaboration and group work based ideas after the invention of the world wide web -this medium allowed many people to come together to produce many beneficial inventions (e.g Wikipedia) -collaboration became a sacred concept and the key to multiplier success -we may have not thought this through because the real world is not the same platform as the internet; it is much noisier and space becomes restricted -it is ironic because many introverts are attracted to the online platform because it is less stimulating

Do only violinists benefit from solitude?

-many professionals do this athletes, chess players(they study the game), athletes, and students -->they all have success when they have this solitude

Explain the following schemes that have arose to understand psychology: stylistic, cognitive schemes, dynamic motives.

-many schemes have arose to understand psychology -stylistic traits(extraversion, friendliness) -cognitive schemes (e.g personal constructs, frames, values -dynamic motives (e.g the need for achievement, power motivation)

Explain the role between behaviour and personality traits.

-many traits show remarkable longitudinal consistency -aggregation shows that traits often predict behaviour fairly well -situational effects are often no stronger than trait effects -when you assess a person's trait you examine how often it appears in different situations and their qualities compared to other people's qualities

How do personal projects affect quality of life?

-meaningful, manageable projects that are supported by others and are not too stressful is conductive to human well-being -Ad hob dimensions are designed to reflect relevant features of the eco-setting under study -->predict quality of life -affect appraisals for projects form two orthogonal (positive and negative affect) factors and these are strong independent predictors of well-being -->when george's projects are in full flight he is joyful; when they are impeded, the team and Elizabeth stay out of his way

What are the types of treatment for depression?

-medication/counseling/both -individual/group-->support groups (AA, grief groups), more extroverted the more comfortable -directive/non-directive--> -behavioural/insight-oriented

What are the positive aspects of power motivation?

-membership in voluntary organizations -efforts to make community contributions; food bank -effective leadership -acquisition of prestige symbols; nobel prizes, man of the year

Explain how agreeable people are more forgiving. And how this translates in better well-being and health.

-more likely to forgive and seek forgiveness -less resentful, show more gratitude -recognize the role of others in their positive experiences and achievement -better overall well-being, less depression and stress and more successful aging -better health via social support, better health behaviours, and better spiritual well-being

Does personality affect whether you seek help or not?

-more likely to seek help if you are older, higher education, more perceived social support, higher levels of conscientiousness, more severe depression (if you haven't slept, lost weight) -->unrelated: gender, N, E, O, A -when he collected all the traits; they were high in neurotiscm, low in conscientiousness this was at the start of therapy

Who is moses?

-moses was also an extrovert, he was humbled by God's presence -he needed his brother Aaron to help him carry God's will because he was more extroverted

How are these traits framed and how are they ranked

-most are framed so you want to be them except neuroticism -these traits are comparative, you can rank individuals

Does environment have a larger affect on some kids?

-most children are able to flourish in any environment (like dandlions) but some high reactive kids need a specific environment to become magnificent (orchid) otherwise they will wilt -->the orchid children are influenced more by both positive and negative environments -they are vulnerable to marital tension, parent's death or abuse-->depression, anxiety, shyness -many suffer from social anxiety disorder -they tend to benefit from good parenting, and stable home, fewer emotional problems

Explain the elements of comparision and conditional qualities on traits?

-most important features of trait description are comparative and non conditional qualities -->when you truly get to know someone you move beyond trait information and construct a more detailed profile

Do we need extrovert leaders?

-most leadership in businesses is not done in front of big groups and does not require an outgoing leader -introverted leaders are usually easier to get along with and their egos are not built on who they are but the companies they have created

What is david winter's channeling hypothesis?

-motives involve wishes desires or goals (often implicit or nonconscious), whereas traits channel or direct the ways in which motives are expressed in particular actions throughout the life course -your traits will show how your motives are displayed but they are independent

What do narcississts and psychopaths have?

-narcissists and psychopaths exhibited self-enhancement

What is the need for achievement?

-need for achievement: success Achievement: a recurrent preference for experiences of doing well and being successful power-a recurrent preference experiences of having impact on others

What is the need for affiliation or intimacy?

-need for affiliation or need more intimacy; what we think about most is having warm close relationship, sharing intimate moments Affiliation-a recurrent preference for establishing, maintaining, or restoring positive affective relationships. THis is about getting into and maintaining relationships

What is the need for power?

-need for power; having impact and power over people power-a recurrent preference experiences of having impact on others

What are the big two and what role do they play?

-neuroticism and extroversion play a large role in many personality inventories and they are known as the 'big two'

How does groupthink change how we process items?

-not only is groupthink unpleasant but it changes how we process items -often these people don't release they are choosing the wrong decision they are blind to it -when they go against the group there is heightened activation in the amygdala which is associated with fear

What were the dependent variables?

-number of peer relationships -contact with your parents and friends from back at home -falling in love -interpersonal conflict

Explain the focus of behaviorist based theories on personality. Explain the branch of social learning theories.

-observable behaviour and invoke situational determinants, expectancies, and histories of reinforcement to explain behaviour -social learning theories-->bandura -->the role of cognitive processes in shaping behaviour not just the body reacting to stimuli

What is FUD?

-often in the stock market, you have introverts who would make the right decision but are too shy to say what that move is, or they are dismissed -FUD; fear uncertainty and doubt

sometimes you need to behave differently than your natural orientation, are there certain things that introverts can't do? ~ being a leader

-often the extrovert will be picked to be a leader, that is not the same as being effective as a leader. Introverts in certain circumstances where they are more effective; there is a moderator variable; the moderator is the workers you have; are they passive or proactive. It has been shown passive workers do well with an extroverted leader but if you have proactive workers you do better with an introverted leader, because they will allow ideas from others workers; they don't care if they get credited for it -most companies are knowledged based and they are proactive so introverted leaders are better than extroverts; the company style is changing

How is the extrovert ideal incorporated in Evangelism?

-often the priests must be extroverts in order to preach -the religion itself expects people to go to social outings and make religion a social event -they believe you most outwardly project your love for God

What genetic influence is there for agreeableness?

-one or both S alleles of SLC6A4 polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene score lower on agreeableness than those homozygous for the L allele of the same gene -agreeableness if influenced by norepinephrine levels which are influenced by ADH4 activity -norepinephrine in low levels for a long time results in aggressive behaviour and low agreeableness

Why is it beneficial to practice by yourself?

-only when you are alone are you able to engage in deliberative practice, which leads to exceptional achievement -when you are alone you can identify which tasks and knowledge are out of reach, upgrade your performance, monitor your progress and revise accordingly -practice sessions that fall short of this are counterproductive; it reinforces cognitive mechanisms instead of improving them

What are negative aspects to having an open office layout?

-open layouts in office have shown a decrease in productivity and memory, staff turnover, and increased blood pressure, elevated stress, and co-worker conflict -more likely to catch the flu -there is less confidentiality and they often worry about their co-workers previewing their monitors and overhearing conversations -they are exposed to loud environments -->this raises heart rate releases cortisol and makes people socially distant, quick to anger and slow to help others

What are optimal levels of arousal?

-optimal levels of arousal are environments that allow you to perform the best based on your personality

Did Osborn's rules work?

-osborn's rules were meant to eliminate this anxiety but fear of public humiliation is potent

Why we want an Extroverted personality?

-outshine the crowd, be the center of attention

What is the self-enhancement bias?

-over-claiming correlated significantly with narcissism -narcissists and psychopaths tend to overestimate their intelligence

Wh0 are overcontrolled people?

-overcontrolled are neurotic and introverted and tend to be low on conscientiousness and agreeableness

Explain how parents and parenting promote the development of agreeableness.

-parent personality and socialization provide opportunities for modeling prosocial and cooperative behaviour such that agreeable parents tend to raise more sympathetic and agreeable children -parenting behaviour that includes non-coercive discipline is positively associated with child prosocial behaviour -children whose parents or older siblings consider their need during an argument are more likely to use constructive resolution techniques with their peers

How can passionate project pursuit be compensatory in nature?

-passionate project pursuit may be compensatory in nature, a reaction to the terror of uncertainty and under specifiable conditions can transform the project into an enterprise -->hot projects can extract a major toll both on the project pursuer and the surrounding ecology -->two types of passionate pursuit: one that is harmonious and one that is obsessive

Who is Rosa Parks?

-passive disobedience: after she was kicked off the bus she dropped her purse before she left and sat on a 'white' seat before she left -she was an introvert and struggled with the fundraising campaign with martin luther king jr

Explain the link between traits and habits.

-patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions indicate both the breadth and the generality of traits -->traits are distinguished from habits, repetitive, mechanical behaviours (e.g smoking, driving fast) -->habits are specific and learned behaviours, traits are generalized dispositions, finding expression in a variety of specific acts -->habits are thoughtless repetitions -->traits lead people to develop new behaviours after much thought and planning -driving fast is a habit, but if the person also likes loud music, rollercoasters, and drugs. It can imply they are excitement-seeking -->traits resemble motives rather than habits, it is unclear whether a disposition (e.g excitement-seeking) should be known as a trait or a motive -trait refers to a broad term, and indicates motivational, stylistic, and other aspects of human consistency

What were the dependent measures of friendliness? What were they trying to prove?

-peer's report, mother's report, father's report -observation of behaviour in group discussion -observation of spontaneous friendliness -if friendliness was a core trait then it would be seen each setting; but if it wasn't a core trait then it would not be seen. They would use self-report to see if it was a core-trait -it is true that we vary across these traits but only for traits that are not personally relevant

What has increased after the release of the extrovert ideal?

-people are seen as more shy and self-report as more shy because of high standards -social-anxiety disorder (clinical shyness) diagnoses have also increased

What were the results of the study?

-people go up on extroversion and go down on neuroticism in their first two years of university; but your rank order is stable -when you start university, you increase the amount of friend you have -contact family less -more people were in love -they are connecting with their peers and disconnecting with their family -it was the extroverts who expanded their friends and a lot faster, they also fell in love, -->it do not predict whether you contacted your family -the higher you were on consciousness, you were more reliable with staying in contact with your family

What were the outcomes with mental health if you were low on agreeableness?

-people low on agreeableness were more likely to be alcoholics, have a criminal record -->adolescents had more conduct disorders and substance abuse

What are people willing to do in order to become extroverts?

-people strive to become extroverts because they believe in the extrovert ideal -they are willing to spend a lot of money on courses to become more extroverted -these courses tend to preach the only way you can success if you are an extrovert -you need to sway people, with your charm, witty words, and outgoing personality

What do high on achievement tend to do?

-people who are always looking for an efficient way to do things are high on achievement

How do genetics and environment work together?

-people who are highly reactive are more likely to become writers or artists because they prefer familiar settings which pushes them inside to familiarity

Which emotion do people who receive botox less?

-people who get botox experience less anger because they don't frown which doesn't set off the amygdala -after fighting is takes a little to refuel the love again

What is the scar hypothesis?

-people who have had a disorder their personality afterwards may be affected -when you are suffering from a disorder your personality will be different

When do extroverts have better nutrition?

-people who have the extroversion gene have good nutrition when it is a hunter and gatherer society -in a society built on farming, markets, and selling goods; their skills for this are not strong and the nutrition is poor

When are introverts better at avoiding risk?

-people with a serotonin gene (linked to introversion) were less likely to engage in financial risk -out play peers one gambling games(low probability of winning they are risk averse; high probability of winning they are risk seeking) -highest performing introverts were emotionally stable introverts

Why traits may be consistent?

-perhaps one should not assume that all traits are equally relevant for all people -we might only be consistent on the traits that are relevant and meaningful

Are there individual differences in variability of behaviour?

-perhaps some people always tend to be more consistent across a wide variety of traits whereas others tend to be inconsistent

How do personal project determine quality of life?

-personal projects can change and be changed by the quality of life experienced by a person and have themselves been used as measures of quality of life -->the answer to how's life, is how one's projects are coming along -->elizabeth and george have had things going well; they are flourishing -->having sustainable core projects and managing free traits without burning out explain why things are on hold at Trag (george's company)

Why do personal projects occupy a central position on the continuum?

-personal projects occupy a central position on this continuum -people list pursuits that span the full PAC spectrum from inchoate wishes to precisely defined social expectations -personal projects and other PAC units are predictors of human well-being and flourishing

Do personality traits predict behaviour?

-personality traits account for very little of the variation between people's behaviours -->it does not predict how a person will react in a situation

Which trait was phobias linked to?

-phobias are the easiest to treat but not related to personality

What is positive/negative reinforcement/punishment?

-positive R-->receive food pellet -negative R-->don't receive electric shock -positive P-->receive electric shock -negative punishment-->taking away treats

WHich motivation is related to academic success?

-power motivation often relates to school performance unless other conditions are meant

Explain how emotions and moods predict traits. use neuroticism and extroversion as examples.

-predict emotions/moods; on a scale ask how often someone has experienced an emotion -they have people keep track of their emotions and they try to predict the traits based on this -->neuroticism is associated with experiencing more negative emotions, but it is unrelated to how much positivity you feel -->positive emotions are associated with extroversion, but it is unrelated to negative emotions

How did being high in conscientiousness affect a person's job performance?

-predicted learning and doing well on the job; it was consistent regardless of the profession -the other end of this is lacking responsibility, they don't do well on jobs regardless of the profession -this important for doing well on the job

What happens when you predispsoe individuals to engage in free-trait behaviour?

-predispose individuals to engage in free-traited behaviour -self-monitoring and agreeables should facilitate free trait adoptions -free trait behaviour is intrinsically regulated rather than externally controlled this should facilitate adoption -the absence of stress facilitates free-trait behaviour

Explain the relationship between agreeableness and romantic relationships.

-prefer a kind person in a romantic relationship, women only prefer a dominant assertive man if he is also kind -a man's kindness was a strong predictor of desirability in many relationships -agreeableness was inversely related to negative behaviour in marriage and positively related to marriage satisfaction

Who are high self-monitors?

-pseudo extroverts came close to appearing as extroverts -they were high in self-monitoring; able to modify their behaviour to meet the social demands, they look for cues that tell them how to act -they experience less stress when they conform to the demands of the situation

Explain the psychoanalytic theory on the big five traits.

-psychoanalytic theory-->oedipal complex, in love with mother, dad is rival and you are neurotic due to this

How do psychologists make observations?

-psychologists observations are systematic and structured, via standardized questionnaires, laboratory citings, ethnographic inquiries, content analysis, etc -->organize the observations and measurements into a meaningful system/framework

What are qualities of high self monitors?

-quickly assess demands of a situation and respond accordingly -low consistency between trait scores and behaviour -many friends but engage in narrow range of behaviours with each. Do not encourage social contact among friends

What is a TAT?

-read a person stories and determine which motive they are high on

How are implicit motives seen?

-recurrent; non-conscious desires for certain goal states -standard questionnaires; respondent -activity: naturally occurring behaviour that is valued for its own sake -development: very early childhood; pre-verbal

When should reinforcement be administered?

-reinforcement should be administered when they stop and correct their behaviour

What is the rubber-band theory?

-rubber-band theory; we are able to stretch our personalities but only to a certain point -if you are highly reactive you can reduce your anxiety in novel situations but physiologically you still are aroused; there is a limit to the novel situations

Explain how control is connected to agreeableness.

-self regulatory ability to control undesirable emotions that agreeableness is closely related to interpersonal relationships -in young children effortful control is associated with high agreeableness via resiliency -in adolescence agreeableness is related to effortful control -->adolescents high on self-control and compliance but low on aggressiveness were more likely to become agreeable -agreeable individuals have natural mechanisms associated with self-control of emotions, specifically the right lateral prefrontal cortex to regulate negative affect associated with threatening or conflict-related signals

What is the link between self-report and stories?

-self report (quiz) and stories have no correlation. Self report is how they would like to think of themselves; it is not an accurate sampling of how their ideas and thoughts run -the self report and stories don't predict the same things

How do sensitive people converse?

-sensitive people begin conversations with deep discussion (childhood experiences, love life) and then end it with small talk. The reverse of what people normally do -->when they are in a setting that allows for this, they talk just as much as others would

Was she totally succcessful?

-she did this with her husband for two years and it was a great success, but there are a few things he can't do -there are some things you can't train animals; raccoons won't give up shiny things

How did she train incompatible behaviours?

-she had many islands in the kitchen so she would put things on different islands so he would go to it and then he wouldn't get in her way. He would chops vegetables and eat the chips and she would praise him for chopping the vegetables

Which traits/motives does Kaetlyn Osmond have?

-she is not high on affiliation; she said her sister quit because she beat her -she likes to perform and practice when people are watching (power motive) -she is an extrovert; they like groups, individuals, impact you have on the group -she gave a performance, about a prostitute from a musical, she gave a highly sexual dance; the newspapers were outraged. She was trying to be 'mature' and seen as an adult -the notion for the need for power, you don't mind controversy; if you have a choice between edgy or tame you will go for edgy and you won't be distressed with the controversy -she is high on the need for power, low on the need for affiliation, high on extroversion, she isn't neurotic, -most coaches say their student has conscientiousness; focuesed, work hard --> may not be the case

Explain the experiment where they showed participants subtle changes in pictures.

-showed participants a photo and one had evident changes and in the other one there was subtle changes -the sensitive people spent more time looking at the pictures and areas in their brains that help identify pictures were active; processed more elaborately -they are bored by small talk because they think in such complex ways

Which conditions would introverts/extroverts survive?

-shy animals conserve resources and are less likely to be attacked by predators -extroverts are more likely to be eaten by predators they survive when food is scarce

Who is likely to be friend/leader in ontario and china?

-shy introverts are shunned in southern ontario but are sought in china to be friends and they are more likely to be leaders -sensitive/shy in china are considered understanding

Do shy people get married less?

-shy people get married at the same rate; but if you have social anxiety is quite low

Is computer-based communication helpful to shy people?

-shy people tend to use online medium more often and find relationships on people -on-line communication appears to have some advantages over off-line communication for shy individuals verbal and nonverbal discomfort hidden -on-line relationships do transition into off-line ones -when you are shy you will be hesitant and not look in the eye; but none of that is apparent when you are typing; you have time to think and respond -some evidence that for initial interactions, both shy and non-shy report being better able to display their true self on-line (also greater self-disclosure) -people feel they get to know more about the person online

What is the difference between introverts and shyness?

-shyness is a fear of social disapproval or humiliation, while introversion is a preference for environments that are not overly stimulating -->shyness is inherently painful but introversion isn't -->shyness and introversion look the same; whether you don't say anything in your board meeting because you are overstimulated or too scared to do so you still behave the same way. This is why it gets confused

How do skills help while giving therapy?

-skills; listening skills, empathizing skills. They skills can be trained, but some of us have more of these skills. You need to be able to ask open ended questions. You need to be comfortable with silence. empathy, decoding emotional expressions, listening skills

Explain the small positive correlation between IQ and narcissism.

-small positive correlation between IQ and narcissism -psychopathy and Machiavellianism and psychopathy have high nonverbal to verbal IQ score -->strongest correlate was in psychopathy in males of european heritage -->verbal performance is higher in delinquent than in non-delinquent adolescents and higher in psychopathic than non-psychopathic delinquents (samples were primarily white males)

Which athletes are high and low on neurotiscm?

-snowboarders are relaxed; not neurotic -figure skaters are neurotic

What is social loafing?

-social loafing; when people sit back and let others do the work

Explain the concept of the 'drive home'

-social rituals in the lives of middle-class american families is 'the drive home' -->we discuss people's personalities after a social outing on the way home

What are sociogenc sources?

-sociogenic sources of human action comprise of repository of scripts and normative guides about how we should interact in certain eco-setting -sociogenic sources influence behaviour through the form of trait prescriptions

Where does someone who is gregarious fall?

-someone who gregarious they are between warmth and dominant, you can have a high status person who is not warm (they would be arrogant)

What do Introverts do differently than extroverted Leaders?

-speak quietly without much inflection -they tend to listen more and gather a great deal of information; they don't need to dominate the conversation -not concerned with getting credit or being in charge; assigned work based on who would do it best

How to contextual features and eco-settings influence the course of human lives?

-stable contextual features or eco-settings influence the course of human lives -range from micro-level situations through meso-level behaviour settings to macro-level economic and political conditions -eco-setting forces are at the macro level as relatively resistant to change by the individual

What are features of the human personality?

-stable features of human personality are individual differences such as temperament, traits and abilities -features are robust predictors of well being (e.g links between extraversion and stability with happiness)

Explain how cooperation in groups is beneficial.

-strive for cooperation rather than competition during group tasks, offer more social support to others, work harder to suppress negative emotions during social interactions, are more likely to forgive other, genuinely like people more, accept others who are stigmatized -key for in-group and out-group harmony -in-group directed bias (discriminatory expectations) and out-group-directed bias were associated with lower levels of agreeableness

Which traits do subclinical psychopaths have?

-subclinical psychopaths were low in conscientiousness; narcissism showed small positive associations with cognitive ability

What are subjective evaluations of well-beings?

-subjective evaluations of well-being are assessed and hard indicators such as biological markers of healthy pregnancy, profit margins in entrepreneurial ventures and academic and work performance

What do you need to base core projects on in order to obtain sustainable pursuit?

-sustainable pursuit of core projects should be based on an accurate reading of one's eco-setting resources and constraints -->it is possible to strategically focus on the positive side of the project in order to motivate pursuit

What is the extrovert ideal?

-talkative people are rated as smarter, better-looking, more interesting and more desirable as friends -velocity and volume of speech: we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow talkers -->no real correlation

What is a common teaching method?

-teachers are engaged more with group learning as opposed to formal instruction -this is even more popular in young teachers, so this trend is likely to persist

Explain the role of temperament and environment in society.

-temperment is innate and personality is based on cultural influence -these babies should heighten response in their amygdala -the babies were sensitive to the environments and it was unrelated to how they engage with people; introversion is connected to environment not a dislike of people -->people can make an environment stimulating but their actual presence isn't the issue

What is the ARAS?

-the ARAS(a part in the brain) can become activated to activate and energize us, but it also has calming mechanisms -introverts have wide channels and become over stimulated -extroverts have narrow channels and become understimulated; they are left wanting more

What was the central lesson she learned? How could this be used in animals and her husband?

-the central lesson I learned from exotic animal trainers is that I should reward behaviour I like and ignore behaviour I don't -->after all, you don't get a sea lion to balance a ball by nagging. The same goes for the husband -you can only use pos reinforcement of orcas you cannot use punishment or dominance; so you have to ignore behaviour you don't -getting upset with children and just ignore their behaviour it will extinguish because if they know what upsets you that is very powerful

Is there a possible level IV?

-the contains the deeper and more implicit characteristics of the person -two parallel processing systems that appear to link up with two corresponding systems of personality-one rational and conscious and the other implicit and unconscious

What do creative individuals do while pursueing their goals?

-the creative star typically did not do routine detail work or handle to socially demanding requirements of the practice -creative individuals have a rare combination of introversion and social poise

Which traits did the triad share?

-the dark triad all had low agreeableness -narcissism and psychopathy were associated with extraversion and openness -machiavellianism and psychopathy were negatively associated with conscientiousness -psychopaths were low on neuroticism(lack anxiety) -dark triad are disagreeable; socially destructive -narcissists and psychopaths exhibited more self-enhancement -->narcissists have a strong self-deceptive comonent to their personality

Explain the externalize of the event but internal of the narration.

-the event remain outside the realm of personality proper, but the narration of the events within the life story becomes part and parcel of personality itself at level 3 -->one can now proceed to explain why the individual has created one kind of identity rather than another

What is the first axis in interpersonal circumplex?

-the first axis is status and it runs from assured and dominant to unassure the second axis is love and it runs from agreeable and warmth to cold

How can you predict outcomes when you look at the motive and the trait?

-the higher your power motive is and if you are extrovert will lead to you going into a power career -power motive and if you are an introvert it does not predict whether you will go into a power career -only extroverts and high affiliation motivation will participate in volunteering -your motives seem to be expressed if you are extroverted

How do the contents of projects moderate the impact of some traits?

-the impact of some traits is moderated is moderated by the content of projects -->e.g extraverts appraise their interpersonal projects as meaningful and manageable but not academic projects -->neuroticism predicts a general tendency to see projects as demanding irrespective of domain but particularly interpersonal in nature

What are the structural units of personality?

-the main structural units of personality are cardinal, central, and secondary traits -->must incorporate noncomparative, idiographic information about the particular person in question

Describe the role of frequency and intensity.

-the more of a trait people have, the more likely they are to show the behaviour, and thus we are more likely to see it -->e.g a gregarious individual likes to be around people, and frequently is -->frequency and intensity of the acts and feelings are the major signs from which we infer the level of the trait

If quarrelsome is seen as negative, why has it not been muted by evolution?

-the opposite ends are good they helped with evolution -you don't want policemen or lawyers to be agreeable

Explain the role of Western Society on level 2.

-the problem of identity is the problem of overall unity and purpose in human lives -->only for adults and western societies (value individualism) -->western societies expect an adult to fit in and to be unique, the self should be separate and connected, individuated and integrated simultaneously -->selves are not passed down but must be made or discovered

What is sustainable project pursuit?

-the sustainable pursuit of core projects is central to our conception of human flourishing -->requires joint competencies of self-regulation and eco-setting management

Explain how the levels are independent.

-the three levels of personality description are conceptually and epistemologically independent -->it is not a hierarchy in which traits give rise to more specific personal concerns which then form a life story; stories are not derived from traits

How do we display our traits?

-the way we display our traits is based on previous reinforcement

Why might the western world be more extroverted?

-the western world is more extroverted, which may due to the fact that our ancestors travelled here, and they did so because they were extroverted and did not want to stay home

Who believes introverts/extroverts are instable/stable?

-there are psychologist who believe introverts and extroverts remain stable over life -there are situationists who belive they vary in their traits

Are people good a predicting their motives?

-there is a lot of evidence that we don't know what are motives are; it can be assessed reliably but a lot of people think they are certain motive but when they are assessed you find they are not high in that motive but higher in another motive

What predicts who we choose to be partners with?

-there is no evidence that big five traits play a role in who we select as partners -but attitudes and values do result in people selecting a similar partner

Do traits and motives predict one another?

-there is not significant relations between traits and motives -traits and motives can interact -traits are how we behave, motives are why we behave

Why are the big five traits predictable and consistent over a lifetime?

-these big five traits often are predicted from a very young age, they are more genetically based so they are fairly stable over a lifetime

Why are these rates so high?

-these categories co-occur so many people are counted twice; 25% of us will have a mental disorder

How are the big five traits not conditional or decontextualized?

-they are not conditional or decontextualized, some people are not comfortable being described in traits but traits related to situations. Most want to conditionalize who they are in particular situations

Explain the experiment where they asked people to list their big five traits for a particular situation.

-they asked people to answer the big five questions when they were in different situations (e.g school, parents, work, friends)-->can predict how stable a trait is or how varying it is -->most variance has to do with between person effects but there is also individual variation -least extroverted at school and most with their friends -most neurotic at school and least with their friends -agreeableness is high with friends and work and low is with your family -conscientious is moderate high at school most at work less with friends and even less with friends -predictable change and variation between situations; probably do this naturally

How did they measure these children after?

-they exposed them to novel situations where they measured their talking, smiling, laughing, and body language. -they interviewed the parents and children about how they act outside of the lab

How can a crowd hinder performance?

-they found basketball teams performed their best without a crowd -they had participants complete an anagram in front of others and it was too arousing and declined performance

Explain the experiment of the unsolvable task.

-they gave Japanese and american students an unsolvable task -japanese students persisted longer and few americans reached their time

Explain the study where the violin teacher divided their students into three groups.

-they had a teacher divide their students into the best violinists(performer, career), good violinists, the third group was training to be teachers -they violinists had the same conditions, pressure, lessons, practice time -but the best two groups practiced in solitude and the less solitude they practice the lower rank they fall -musicians are conscious of this and they are aware in order to become great you need to work alone and rehearse as a group

Explain the experiment of volume.

-they had introverts and extroverts adjust the volume level; introverts were much lower than extroverts and quiet for extroverts was loud for introverts -they completed a word game while doing this; introverts performed poorly with the extrovert volume level because they were over-aroused, but extroverts performed poorly with the introvert volume level because they were under-aroused

Explain the experiment where they had people look at disturbing images.

-they had people hold pens in their mouth to prevent them from frowning while seeing disturbing pictures -they reported feeling less disgust then the ones who didn't have the pens in their mouth -the people with pens were more likely to fill in the word fragments that corresponded to disturbing words

Explain the caterer study.

-they had people view a caterer who they were looking to hire -asians were more likely to work the friendly one but the Israelis do not show a preference over the friendly or hostile one

Explain the experient where they had asian-americans and euro-americans talk out loud.

-they looked at asian-americans and euro-americans and asked them to talk out loud while solving a problem -asians performed better when it was the silent condition

Explain the experiment of blushing wrongdoers.

-they participants read stories of people who did something morally wrong(e.g leave the scene of an accident) or something embarrassing (spilt coffee on someone) -they showed pictures of the wrong doers who expressed: shame/embarrassment (head and eyes down), shame/embarassment with blush, neutral, neutral with a blush -they were asked to rate how sympathetic and trustworthy the transgressors were -the people who blushed were rated more positively; the blush sends a single that they realize they did something wrong and they do not care -since one can not control blushing; it is a genuine sign of embarrassment; it tends to bring people together because it shows modesty and wants to make peace

Explain the experiment where they instilled a fear in rats?

-they performed classical conditioning on rats to fear a beep because they would get shocked -they continued to play the beep so they would 'unlearn' to be afraid -while the prefrontal cortex was good at suppressing the amygdala when it was severed the amygdala produced the fear

Explain the experiment of men in dominant and submissive poses.

-they present pictures of men in dominant and submissive poses -the dominant poses activated the pleasure center in the american men -the submissive poses activated the pleasure center in the japanese men

Explain the babies in the mobile experiment?

-they showed kids stimuli; some of the infants liked it and others didn't high/low reactive -->highly reactive are the shy kids; when they are presented with a novel stimuli; physiologically they are reacted (heart rate, pupil dilation, morning cortisol) -->the kids' limbic system (amygdala fight and flight) is over engaged when shown new faces

Explain how highly reactive people have an enormous capacity for empathy.

-they tend to be extremely empathetic and have very strong consciences; they have more brain activity in the areas related to empathy -they avoid violent tv and movies -and they are aware of the consequence of their behaviours -they are able to focus on personal problems that many find are too 'heavy'

How did highly sensitive not get cut out through evolution?

-they think and observe before they act -you need some not all of the traits to be consider sensitive that would benefit you in evolution -every sensitive person is sensitive to different stimuli -both high and low sensitivities exist because they both have effective survival strategies -->trade of theory; a trait is neither all good nor all bad

What happened when they took baby monkeys away from their mothe

-they took baby monkeys away from their mothers and the babies produced less serotonin (a mood regulator) a reduction is a cause of depression and anxiety -->the monkeys raised with nurturing mothers had better outcomes -humans with the short allele of serotonin are better in stable nurturing homes

What is shaping?

-they waited until the orca would come close to the platform they would reinforce it with fish and -with people when they come close to that behaviour you have to reward it. This builds up to a more complex behaviour

Are extroverts or introverts more reward sensitive?

-this is more common in extroverts than introverts -introverts are better at making a plan and sticking with that plan; they have discipline

What is the argument against the big five being exclusively descriptive?

-this is no longer valid because there is a genetic component, trait theory says you have one trait or another and that is about, you need to discover the trait and figure out the behaviour that goes along with it

Why do fears reappear?

-this may be why fears return in humans; we can unlearn this fear but in times of stress when the neocortex is busy it may not have the resources to eliminate this fear -this may be why high-reactive kids maintain some of their fears into adulthood

Which parts of the big five does this system include? Are there gender differences?

-this system includes two of the big five traits, agreeableness is love, it includes the dominant part of extroversion -extroversion is group-oriented like being with people the other is dominance, taking the lead, being the leader -men are likely to be high on dominance and women on agreeableness

Is this theory only related to introversion and extroversion?

-this theory is not just about introversion or extroversion -if something is really important you could become less agreeable and be more quarrelsome if you ties into your core goals

How can the big five traits be superficial?

-too superficial-->you can judge people after a couple minutes, it might not be an in depth analysis -can lead to labeling, it may be unfair with how you use it and there may be biases -big five traits give you a fuzzy outline

How do trait remains stable and change?

-traits are distinguished from passing modes, transient states of mind, or the effects of temporary stress and strains -->across many situations it is a trait, when it varies it is due to their emotions to the situations

Are traits the only source of personality?

-traits do provide information on personality but they are not the sole provider of information

Explain the circular order of traits.

-traits that described styles of interacting with others could be arranged in a circular order around the two axes of Love or affiliation and status or dominance -->individual high on one trait (e.g gregariousness) tend to be high on adjacent traits (dominance and warmth) and low on traits on the opposite side of circle (aloofness)

What was the center of personality disorders?

-traits that described styles of interacting with others could be arranged in a circular order around the two axes of Love or affiliation and status or dominance -->individual high on one trait (e.g gregariousness) tend to be high on adjacent traits (dominance and warmth) and low on traits on the opposite side of circle (aloofness)

What are twin studies on introversion/extroversion?

-twins tend to show the same introversion/extraversion traits even when raised in separate households

What are personal Concerns?

-typically couched in motivational, developmental, or strategic terms -are not affected by time and are not linked to developmental stages, phases, or seasons -traits are not effort but simply who the person is-->extraverted don't try to be extraverted they just are

How can I tell what my implicit motives are?

-uncorrelated with self-report, motives, traits, difficult to have motives assessed -moderately correlated with personal goals

What are undercontrolled people?

-undercontrolled people tend to exhibit more internalizing and externalizing problems than resilient people

Why are students becoming more narcissistic?

-university students are becoming more narcissistic -->cultural emphasis on individualism -->social media; people are viewing us more, our posts -->exaggerated praise from parents and teachers

What can cause a person to be blindsided by life?

-unless there is initial realistic appraisal of affordances and constraints including knowledge of one's own internal resources, the person runs the risk of being blindsided by life -->Elizabeth and George are learning this

How do values guide your behaivour?

-values: higly personalized beliefs that guide your behaviour and have a moral quality to it -->helping others, pro-social

How do we tend to view our partner?

-we are likely to view our partner more positively even more than they would, by believing they have special ideal qualities. Overtime your partner is likely to increase in those qualities -in the happy marriages what we do with traits is different positive illusions -a mix of realistic knowledge about our partners and idealized perceptions of them -do not ignore partner's real liabilities -consider partner's positive qualities as more special, unique and rare

What is labeling? How does this affect the connections we make?

-we automatically code good and bad. And we think good things go with good things and bad things go with bad things. The five traits are independent so if someone is good in one trait they might not be in another trait if someone is agreeable it does not say anything about their consciousness

What do people think causes us to live in a creative era?

-we believe we live in a creative era and promote work collaboration as opposed to working indepently -->'groupthink' has the potential to strip away children's creative processes by eliminating solitude and this could delay innovations for the future

What is the role of the limbic system and the neocortex?

-we have the limbic system that tells us to do something, and the neocortex tells us not to (eat the cupcake, don't eat it) -they work together but often are in conflict and then the stronger signal wins out

Explain how we match our partner.

-we match our interaction partner based on their level of warmth and agreeableness. If they are cold we act cold and if they are warm we act warm. We tend to match each other -if someone is dominating the other person tends to act submissive; this is a reciprocal response. If someone is submissive you act more dominant, you don't match you move to the opposite end -we are varying are behaviour quite a lot depending on who we are interacting with

What do we need to learn to respect in both work and school settings?

-we need to respect that some people enjoy fitting in the group instead of being the leader. And there are certain people who aspire to be a leader

How do we perceive quick talkers or talkers in general?

-we perceive talkers as being smarter, and this will allow their ideas to get published even if quieter members in the group disagree with their ideas -we think talkers are leaders, mainly because our attention is constantly being directed towards them which gives them power -we think quick talkers are more capable than slow talkers -however there is no correlation between talkers and insight

How are western cultures revolved around the individual?

-western culture is revolved around the individual -->value boldness and verbal skill which promotes individuality -->asian value quiet, sensitivity, humility which promote social cohesion

western society expects adult's identity to be expressed in synchronic and diachronic element even though:

-western society expects adult's identity to be expressed in synchronic and diachronic element even though: -->many facets the self is coherent -->unified and many changes that attend the passage of time -->the self of the past led up to or set the stage for the self of the present and will set up for the future

Which traits predict divorce?

-when a man is low on conscientiousness and narcissism for either gender are related to divorce

What happened when they asked people to describe the appearance of an extrovert/introvert?

-when asked to describe their own appearance it would be vivid and when asked to describe an introvert's appearance it was bland

What are the costs of free traits on the quality of life

-when elizabeth suppresses her introversion she ego depletes herself -even if going against one's natural orientation is short-lived it can increase tachycardia (anxiety) -reputational confusion; people may become skeptical of her identity if they see Elizabeth as both an extrovert and introvert -->she herself may have personal confusion

How do introverts and extroverts argue?

-when introverts argue they tend to get quiet, pull away seem distant; which hurts extroverts who become engaged with the conversation

What happens when an introvert/extrovert click a bad number?

-when introverts click a button for a bad number they slow down their pace while extroverts speed up their pace; you speed up to knock out roadblocks -->this is ineffective because they are less likely to learn the probabilities of which numbers are good/bad; they don't learn to avoid trouble

What happens when you have extroverts and introverts act like one another?

-when people are asked to act like an extrovert in experimental research they are able to do so with various degrees of 'leakage' of their biogenic traits -->under strong situational pressure (experiment or in daily life) there may be a direct induction of role appropriate behaviour

What happened when they had people work alone and in a group?

-when people worked alone compared to being in a group they produced more ideas that were equal or superior quality -as group size increases the worse the outcome -however the best results came from people who brainstormed using internet as a medium

What is Clara Hughes' story of depression?

-when she was a teenager, she was involved with drugs and skipped class -she started to train as a speed skater -she won medals and then a year later she had symptoms -she slept 18 hrs a day but some depressed people can't sleep, she gained weight, a lot lose weight. She had an examine with a doctor and he diagnosed her, she could tell she was bad didn't feel she was going to get through it. She went for counseling and she didn't take medication. -she is a little haunted by this and even though her life is going well, she still worries she will become depressed again -they think Clara may have overtrained; overtraining is related to depression

What is the problem with our intrinsic ability to follow an initiated action?

-when someone starts an action we are likely to follow (going on a day trip to place we don't want to go) -when we place too much emphasis on presentation skills, we lose ideas from non-starters -harvard may not be correct about vocal skills, there are many successful introverted and extroverted CEOs

How do adolescents respond in therapy?

-when teenagers come to therapy, they often don't want to be there. So you can't push or lecture

Explain the distribution of traits, and which element they require in order to obtain such a distribution.

-when using traits to describe dimensions of individual differences, it means people can be ranked or order by the degree to which they show these traits-->e.g shy,trust -->people are normally distributed, few are suspicious and highly trusted, and the majority are moderately trusting

What does it mean when personality theories describe types?

-when using traits to describe dimensions of individual differences, it means people can be ranked or order by the degree to which they show these traits-->e.g shy,trust -->people are normally distributed, few are suspicious and highly trusted, and the majority are moderately trusting

What is one way they have resolved the big five being to broad?

-with each of the dimensions they have divided them into six sub skills for each category -you want to go beyond the category to determine which type it is

What are gender differences?

-women score higher on agreeableness in all cultures both in children and adults -->evolutionary pressures have created these sex differences, as well as socialization

How do you examine children's motives?

-you can look at young children and you can look at natural incentive in them -they are alert to variety and challenge; you can pick up on their facial reactions; achievement -intimacy for kids they like closeness -power, desire to have impact; take other kid's toy

If you discuss failure in your story which motive can you be?

-you can score for achievement even if you discuss failure because you are concerned about failure

What is this system used for measuring personality?

-you can use this as a trait system, but this is based on how a person acts while interacting with others

What is the evidence that supports we behave with minimal consistency?

-you could be conscientious in one area and not another -you can't really label people with traits because there is not enough consistency -the traits never do better than .30 -Mischel was looking at situational effects and different situations result in different behaviours it isn't based on disposition but situational effects

What are power motivated people likely to do with other pepole's emotions?

-you like to arouse emotions, but it might not matter which emotions are aroused (negative or positive)

What prompts one to dismiss FUD?

-you play a game and the more accurate your responses the more money you make; it is based on probability (a number will be good/bad) -even if they know it is unlikely they will still push it -extroverts especially impulsive extroverts are more likely to push the button

Who do you want to hire in an investment bank?

-you want reward sensitive and people who are more neutral; ideally you want a range of people who fall along the reward sensitivity curve

Explain the experiment of erotic images.

-you want to surround yourself with neutral images before making an important decision -men you were shown erotic images before gambling made more risky decisions

Describe the university student study.

132 German university students followed over first 18 months -big five and important social relationships were repeatedly assessed (included diary assessment of interactions -they assessed your personality before university and during

Explain the break down of trait words and which process was used to conclude to categories.

18000 words in the dictionary to describe someone, most are state words (how someone is in a particular situation) but 4000 are consistent for a person -from the 4000 you can condense into 180 antonyms because so many are synonyms -->from the antonyms they did a factor analysis and were able to place them in five broad dimensions

What is sociogenic?

: personality expected by our culture, family, religion orms, rules, and scripts and may elicit action without conscious activity

How does agreeableness affect patient's treatment?

A: subjective reaction to the person of the therapist. Highly agreeable patients often they are in therapy because they have been mistreated by others -you need to watch out for high agreeableness because they will make you feel good as a therapist; but they might hide information

Describe achievement motivation in level two.

Achievement motivation: doing well. These motivations are not correlated with the big five traits. So if someone is extroverted they may not have power motivation so they would not make a big leader.

Which type of friendship style do you have depending on your motivation?

Achievement-->shared activities that are goal oriented; it can influence your relationships, you are more likely to learn new activities power--> agentic, assertive style in relations. You like larger groups and you like being in charge intimacy-->dyadic interactions with close friends. Self disclosure they do this in a smart way. Both people are self-disclosing, it was very appropriate only with close friends and when it was reciprocal; there is an exchange

What are the characteristics of achievement, power, and intimacy?

Achievement: moderate challenge, personal responsibility, extensive feedback power- exerting influence and being noticed Intimacy- conversing with people in warm, reciprocal manner

What are anxiety disorders?

Anxiety Disorders: 29% -general anxiety disorder -PTSD -panic disorder -social phobia

Describe attachment style in level two.

Attachment style; how we function in close relationships, insecure looks like a lot like neuroticism. Attachment style is different from their big five traits. Developmental challenges: you can chart with how someone is wrestling their issues and they can look neurotic and introverted can occur if you are not handling finding your identity well: it might not be a trait but a developmental challenge

How did bandura describe the origins of personalities or characteristic traits?

Bandura (social learning theorist)--> contemporary behaviourists, characteristics like masculinity or femininity as the result of role-modeling and socialization processes

Are introverts able to adapt?

Brian Little; he is shy and introverted but he can present himself in an introverted way -he is saying that school systems push more introversion -introverts can adapt better; it may be an extrovert setting (Susan Cain)

What is conscientiousness?

C: willingness to do the work of therapy. They will do the homework exercise they will do the hard work that is involved in therapy

What are caveats to the channeling effect?

Caveats: channeling effect of I may not be only negative. Findings reflect characteristics of available data mostly externalities of life. Also may be an artifact of western cultural context where extraversion is considered desirable and healthy. Introversion is more praised in China and they think you are odd if you are extroverted. -->introverts may show their motive in other ways

What are depression disorders?

Depressive Disorders: 17% -major depressive disorder -dysthymia

How does extroversion affect the patient's treatment?

E: energy and enthusiasm for therapy; they will tell your problems before you ask questions. You want to see if you have a bond with the patient b/c they do better so sometimes you think you have a bond when you don't. Introverts prefer structure they don't talk as much

Explain how Elizabeth had been doing well; objectively and subjectively flourishing?

Elizabeth had been doing well, objectively and subjectively flourishing -she is a biogenic introvert, she is not neurotic, high on openness to experience -->she is struggling with the social pursuits at Traq -->she is highly agreeable -she is not a natural extrovert

When are extroverts not the better leader?

Extraverted leadership may be negative if the group is proactive

Explain how Freud believed personality arose?

Freud-->the resolution of psychosexual conflicts in childhood and the development of characteristic defense led to enduring character traits, such as those typifying the anal personality -->neatness, punctuality, thrift, and cleanliness are viewed as the outcome of a fixation during the analrtertive stage of development

In general what are the three types of disorders linked to?

Generally High N, low C

Explain how gossip serves an important function in groups.

Gossip serves an important function in groups as to what is appropriate and inappropriate and it acts to warn people. One third of our communication is gossip and often it isn't malicious. They had a group of rowers and the new member who was a slacker and often late, people gossiped about his conscientiousness because they were worried it would affect; he left and then they stopped gossiping

Explain the roles of Henry Murrary and Jack Block

Henry Murrary identified a list of needs or motives he considered necessary for reasonably complete description of the individual's personality -jack block developed a standard language for personality description

Which evidence by Kaetlyn's mom supports her power motivation?

Her mother said Kaetlyn could do what she wants, she seemed unsure of what she would do after skating. She said coach, this is similar to teacher; suggests power motivation

What happens when you have responsibility training and how does conscientiousness influence power motivation?

If they have responsibility training, more self control and more executive control and channel power -conscientiousness channels power motivation; do they have self-control, sense of responsibility

How do intimacy oriented people play the ring toss game?Which jobs would they be good for?

Intimacy - conversing with people in warm, reciprocal manner. They are likely to spend time in dyads than groups. If you are with someone and you are relating to them well; your body movements will be synchronized. Counsellor -as a lawyer you have to do what your client wants; you have to be responsive to them

What role did Jung have on personality?

Jung's theory of psychological types became the basis of many personality instruments -->especially scales to measure the two Jungian attitudes of introversion and extraversion

Does Kagan believe we should nudge our kids

Kagan believes in gentle nudging; try to encourage a kid to not be on their own, but play with our kids. You don't want to make them feel bad about feeling shy, but you need to structure things so they can overcome their shyness -some of us learn how to judge ourselves; and we come up with plans to overcome our shyness -given the right environment; if it is not to harsh many kids can overcome their shyness

Explain McAdams explanation on the big five traits about why the big five are not useless

McAdams says it is the first level of personality, the first part we get to know. It is us observing some other person and making judgements on them. After meeting someone briefly and for a long time we come to the same conclusions and the person being judged would come to the same conclusion.

What did Mcclelland focus on when he wanted to predict a career?

Mcclelland wanted to explain who would be good for a particular career -he would focus on the person (motives, traits, schema, values and skills) -->traits are the consistency in behaviour; how we behave. Traits are not related to motives.

What are medicated and cognitive treatments?

Medications that affect neurotransmitters provides relief to 60-70% of depressed persons -serotonin, norepinephrine -if you are not doing well, more severe the better to consider medication and the counseling Cognitive-behavioral treatments seem to be just as effective, and target the automatic irrational thoughts that accompany depression

What is the misery triad?

Misery Triat: High N, Low E, Low C

What are mitigaotrs and how do they assist us when we act out of character?

Mitigators: restorative resources and free trait agreement -you need restorative niches to counterbalance acting out of 'character -->e.g a biogenic introvert acting as an extrovert needs solitude and reduced stimulation to rehydrate -->this environment would not be restorative to an extrovert; they need an engaging environment to be feel restored -->a pseudo-agreeable person's restorative niche would be volunteering for a collection agency -mediation for overloaded introverts and restorative projects such as exotic travel for someone suppressing their natural openness to experience

How does neurotiscm affect the patient's treatment?

N: intensity and duration of client's distress; the person has been experiencing this for a while and they have negative affect often. If they are depressed and low on N it is more reactive

How does openness to experience affect patient's treatment?

O: reactions to the therapist's interventions. People who are more open will allow you to try more things

What were Osborn's rules of brainstorming?

Osborn did not believe in eliminating group work to catalyst creativity but he coined brainstorming which involved discussing ideas with your peers in a judgement free way: -don't judge or criticize ideas -be freewheeling, the crazier the idea the better -go for quantity; the more ideas the better -build on the ideas of the fellow group members

What are personal projects and what is their source?

Personal projects are extended sets of personally relevant action the range from daily chores to defining life commitments -they may be self-focused or dedicated to others -they may feel forced on by others or be carried out with passion

Explain the personality and compatibility experiment. Which traits affected marriage satisfaction?

Personality and Compatibility -50 year study of 300 engaged couples who were to be married 1938 -personality rated by five acquaintances who knew them well; very objective -->reconfigure and reduce to the big 5 -->many non-personality variables also assessed -followed up first five years, then after 20 and 50 years -key outcomes: divorce, satisfaction, in marriage -would personality predict marriage satisfaction Neuroticism, if the husband or wife was neurotic it was related to poor marriage outcome. If it was both it was very likely they would have a bad outcome -->neuroticism was stronger than life events and geographical area -->this was the best predictor of the potential outcome consciousness, if a man was low it would result in a negative outcome

How do power oriented play the ring toss game? Which jobs would they be good for?

Power- exerting influence and being noticed. They stand far away if there is an audience, if they are left alone they will randomly try from different place. They like when other people notice them. It is a more interpersonal motive. They were colours and styles, they decorate their door, they are more likely to have the latest gadget the most impressive thing. More likely to be a leader. Manager, they like to guide other people

If you are high in power motivations which jobs would like?

Power-->manager, teacher, therapist, journalist -->like opportunities to influence and direct the behaviour of others according to some pre-conceived plan

How do products sell themselves with the extrovert ideal?

Products try to sell themselves to people, that if you have this product you won't be as introverted -->e.g Nike 'just do it'

How has social media risen leaders

Social media has allowed certain people to rise up and be leaders who don't necessarily fit into the harvard business school mold -many are introverts, and introverts can easily reveal personal facts about themselves that they wouldn't normally share with close family - a person who could not raise their hand in class could blog to two million people - an introvert is likely to engage in a relationship online and then extend it to real life

What are substance use disorders?

Substance Use Disorders: 35% -alcohol/drug/mixed

When do the big five traits predict behaviour?

The big five traits predict behaviour as long as you aggregate the behaviour

Explain the evolution component McAdams discusses about the big five traits.

The big fived in all human groups and all human languages.There is an evolution function component to it, the big five are the five questions you would ask about someone joining your group (hunter and gather) Can you count on them(conscientiousness), can we get along with them (agreeableness), can they learn how to do things? (openness to experience) Will they try to dominate us? (extroversion, concern in evolution that someone would try to overtake us) WIll they be high maintenance?(neurotic, will we continually have to stop and change things for them.

Explain how achievement oriented people played the ring toss game. Which jobs would be ideal for them?

They tend to work on a task that is moderately challenging. T hey try different places try and find the best spot. T hey don't like working in a group. They like getting better and doing well; they like a lot of feedback. You will perform very well when you get a lot of feedback and provide optimal challenge and personal responsibility. Often achievement doesn't predict success in school because the ideal conditions are rare. Small business owner, need to know how you are doing to relative business and always trying to improve things and you get feedback

What are items that help guide what you like in work?

Things to help guide what you like in the work -what did you like doing as a child/what did you want be -what interests you in the work place -pay attention to what you envy -you should have a job that conforms to your personality style or ensure there are enough restorative niches to help you refresh

How does time, specificity, size of reward, diversity and variability of schedule influence reinforcement?

Timing-->bridges, whistles, clickers (to let the animal know they earned a reward). You have a limited time to reinforce so they make the connections Specificity, rewards should be specific and what you are reinforcing Size of reward-->minimal that does trick, jackpots. You want a small reward but when they do exactly what you want you do a jackpot reward Diversity of Rewards Variability of Schedule

What is the typical body language that shows wrong doing?

Typical body language that shows wrong doing -lowering the head; shrinks one size -avoiding eye contact; displays the intent to stop -pressing lips together; inhibition -embarrassment and showing embarassment determines how important we value the rules that bind us

What happened when they crossed the firepit?

When they cross the firepit they entered a Tony Robbins' state of mind -superior-state of mind; he thinks he is superior over quiet, reserved people -good-heartedness; he wouldn't be able to inspire so many people if he didn't make them feel he cared about them. You fall in love with him when he is on stage. He says he is motivated by love, and you believe him

Why are american girl dolls successful? And why do girls play with them longer?

You get movies and books which creates a story about your doll. They only make it for one year which adds to the doll's uniqueness. We care about what a person's story. Our identity is told from our story. It makes her seem more real. Kids play with these for long periods of time and beyond the years of when typically dolls become less interesting.

Which two traits provided no information on job performance?

agreeableness and neurotisiscm

Why are both agreeableness and conscientiousness important in relationships?

agreeableness is an important interpersonal trait; interactions with others conscientiousness is also important because you want someone who you can count on

How are introverts seen in western society?

american society and most societies have an unfair view of shyness and introvert -->it is seen as a social norm and if you don't conform it is seen as not normal

Explain the role of evolution in the five dimensions.

argument there is an evolution function, there is value to a culture to have variations among these traits

What is personality?

characteristics of thoughts, feelings, and patterns that make a person unique; they must be consistent.

What is dark triad? How is it assessed?

dark triad: subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, and machiavellianism -machiavellism: the manipulative personality -->assessed with participants who agree/disagree with statement. If they agreed they were more likely to behave in a cold and manipulative fashion in the laboratory

How did Maslow define individual differences? Which school of thought did he belong with?

defined individual differences in terms of levels of basic motivation

Which traits are linked to depression, anxiety and substance use?

depression and anxiety low E substance use, low A

What is evaluation apprehension?

evaluation apprehension: the fear of looking stupid in front of others

What are the five dimensions

extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, consciousness

How do psychiatrists measure your sypmtoms for personality disorders? Which trait do they score high on?

for psychiatric diagnosis you identify symptoms and you work in categories and if they occur in 5 or 6 categories that would be enough to diagnose someone personalogists look at dimensions people who have psychiatric concerns score high on neuroticism

Explain the moderator of gender on power motivation?

gender-->the negatives of power only occur in men, many men don't show it they will have a mix -->women show the positive side of it -->girls get more responsibility training and males have more freedom to pursue their own interests -->if men had responsiblity training it channels the power motivation to be social -->you often only saw it in lower class men; social class affects your brain development. The longer you are in lower class the less your frontal cortex is developed and less control you have -->activity inhibition; in these stories you can code more than motives, you can code how much inhibition their is (how often do they use inhibitory words 'not'); this may be an implicit way on how much they exhibit self control.

Which characteristics do subclinical neurotics have?

grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, and superiority

Explain the survival traits of guppies.

guppies are eaten by pike; guppies who lived in pike zones were hesitant and shy and guppies who lived in pike free zones were not shy. This is because the other types died off; the genes are mutated and they get these traits from their parents

Describe neuroticism.

he tendency to experience negative emotions, more emotionally reactive, most of the seinfeld characters are neurotic especially george. The opposite of neuroticism is emotional stability (e.g Jerry). Often they field worried, depressed, stressed(descriptive terms

What do the big five traits not predict?

hese big five traits don't predict behaviour. But they do predict if you aggregate the behaviour

When implicit and explicit motives develop?

implicit motives develop early but the explicit develop later you hear what other people think are important so you think you are a certain motive. Explicit are the motives you think you have

What is in level three?

level three: life narrative; internalized and evolving narratives of the self that people construct to integrate the past, present, and future and provide life with a sense of meaning and purpose. This is the last thing we will learn about a person -->most individuating, no one has the same story

What is in level two?

level two: personal concerns; particular aspects of personality that describe personal adaptations to motivational, cognitive, and developmental challenges and tasks. Power motivation: we like others to notice us.

Where does Pam fall on the big five traits?

low extroversion and neuroticism -super high agreeableness moderate open to experience moderate high conscientiousness

What is mary-jane's traits and motivation?

mary-jane; extrovert, agreeable -->need for power because actresses have a lot of power

How do we express our motives?

motives are a general class of goals that we strive for and they energize and select and direct our behaviour -we will be aroused/pay attention more, and learn more quickly how to carry out our motive

What does it mean when someone behaves differently on trait dimensions?

not a personally relevant trait may be a high self-monitor

What is biogenic?

our mostly inborn personality genetic and evolutionary based influences and may operate without awareness

What is idiogenic?

our personal desires and sense of what matters in our life; this is what we are able to stretch or be able to act out of character. This changes when we are in young adulthood so we can meet others. the valued concerns that people concerns that people pursue in their lives and comprise their personal constructions, commitments and core projects -->product of self-reflection and require conscious deliberation

Describe extroversion.

outgoing, sociable, assertive. We think of them as a person but many things are connected to this (being active). Assertiveness and dominance-->the ability to be comfortable in stressful situations (e.g asking a person out). This has to do with how you are in groups

What is peter parker's traits and motivation?

peter parker; introvert, agreeable, conscientiousness -->achievement oriented

What is production blocking?

production blocking: when only one group member can produce ideas and the others must sit back passively

How is psychopathy assessed?

psychopathy: high impulsivity, thrill-seeking, low empathy and anxiety -->self-report psychopathy scale differentiates clinically diagnosed psychopaths from non-psychopaths -->these SRP scores predict antisocial behaviour in forensic/non-forensic populations

Is sheldon, rag, leonard, howard, penny extroverts or introverts?

sheldon-introvert but not shy rag-social anxiety leonard-shy; he is trying to get over it -howard-extrovert not shy; but he is neurotic -penny-extrovert

What was skinner's advice on punishment and reinforcement?

skinnner said we should only use positive reinforcement -the kids usually learn not to get caught -through classical conditioning you become a feared stimul

What two types of information can be life narrations?

some life narrations provide superficial and socially desirable stories for public consumption and others would be deeper and have revealing information

What is the main focus for psychoanalytic theories of personality? Which forms of meaurement do they use?

stress the individual's unconscious motivation -->inferred from indirect sources; dreams, slips of the tongue, and fantasies

What is consciousness?

tendency for organization, goal-oriented, persistence, and movtivation in goal-directed behaviour Do you exercise self-control to do work, go back and redo things. They often do well in school. Opposite is irresponsible

What is truism?

that each school of thought holds some truths to humanity but none hold all the truth

What is openness to experience?

the tendency to be accepting of new ideas and approaches, and to be curious, being artistic (interesting music and looking at art), It tends to correlate with education and IQ higher openness, higher education level

What is agreeableness?

the tendency to have concern for others, to have warm and trusting sentiments. The opposite is quarelance-->close minded, cold hearted. Agreeableness has to do with out how you are with one person-->patient, help others, listen well, empathetic. People think it is a person who avoids conflict, but this is because they are trying to see another person's perspective not to relieve personal stress. They act toward you the way you want them to act toward you

What do workers do in office with an open layout?

these offices can result in workers not showing up to work because they can't get any work done there

How can these traits be assessed?

these traits can be assessed by self-report

How do motives and goals work together?

they looked at college students over the semester; they looked to see the progress of their goals. -they looked to see if you were making progress on goals that related to your motive -->if you achieved this goal then your well-being was improved -->if you achieved a goal that wasn't related to your motive then you would not show an improvement in well-being

Explain how traits act as linguistic conveniences.

trait attributions reflect real differences in behaviour and personality of the people being rated

How do traits and motives interact to predict behaviour?

traits and motives interact in the prediction of behaviour: traits channel the behavioural expression of motives during the life course. Extraversion facilitates unconflicted expression whereas introversion deflects social motives away from their characteristics goals and creates difficulties in goal achievement

Which motives do you want a president to have?

want the president to be highly power motivated; they will be judged as great -negative part; they are more likely to engage a war -high achievement motivation is great when you are working on your own, but it is not good for presidents. They like to own everything and have their hands in everything -high in power, low in affiliation, high activity inhibition people who went highest in manager position the boss from the office is really bad because he is high in affiliation and he doesn't want anyone to not like him

What are the first two parts we discover about our identity?

when we try to figure out who we are; after gender it is something about introversion and extroversion

Can traits vary in a person?

you can think of traits, as how much someone can vary on a particular trait due to who they are with and the situation -->if you are with your friends you might be more extroverted than a group of strangers -->we have a range and we move around within this