Personality: Chapters 1- 7
An example of Freud's notion of projection might be
"I like him fine, but for some reason he hates me"
Adler's break with Freud was due tot he fact that
Adler could not accept Freud's strong emphasis on sexual factors as motivations of behavior
Horney criticized Freudian theory on several accounts. Which of these was one of her major criticism
Freud's ideas on feminine psychology
Karen Horney, like _____________, was the youngest child of a middle-aged father, had older siblings who were favored by her parents, and felt unwanted and unloved
Melanie Klein
Adler would see an individual's inconsistent behavior as
a person's attempt to strive for superiority
Which statement is most nearly true?
a theory can be practical guide for a psychotherapist
Klein assumed that infants come into the world with
an activity phantasy life
Among Freud's personal qualities were
an intellectual curiosity and high moral courage
Feelings of isolation, Horney said, stem from
an overly competitive society
Compulsively neat person who is also stubborn and miserly is what Freud called an
anal character
Freud believed that boys and girls have a different psychosexual development because of
anatomical differences between genders
Klein's depressive position includes
anxiety over losing a loved object and guilt for wanting to destroy it
An infant remains calm when her mother exits the room, leaving her with a stranger. When the mother returns, the infant ignores her. According to Ainsworth, this infant is displaying the __________ attachment style
anxious-avoidant
Jung called the contents of the collective unconscious
archetypes
Kip seeks out powerful people to be his friends. Horney would say that Kip's needs for a powerful partner
are needs that are neurotic
According to Adler's theory of abnormal development, the goals of neurotic people
are overcompensations for exaggerated feelings of inferiority
Jung's theory sees humans
as combinations of a number of opposing forces
Children who feel isolated form others are likely to develop Horney's neurotic trend of moving
away from others
According to Horney, the attempts of neurotics to find love typically result in
basic anxiety
Horney saw neurotic behavior as protection against
basic anxiety
Horney believed that children develop _______ as a reaction to unfilled needs for love and affection
basic hostility to their parents
In Jungian theory, extraverted feeling types are more likely than other types to
become businessmen or politicians
Klein contended that when introjected, dangerous objects
become internal persecutors
According to Freud, the genital period
begins at puberty
Freud's lifelong optimism and self-confidence may have stemmed from
being his mother's favorite child
Freud held that ideals in the preconscious originate from
both the conscious and the unconscious
According to Klein, the child's first model for interpersonal relations is the
breast
Psychologists generally agree that personality
can be explained by several different theories
Horney's concept of humanity was based mostly on her
clinical work with neurotic patients
Which of the following areas of psychological research have recently joined to provide support for Freud's theory of unconscious motivation?
cognitive psychology and neuroscience
Horney contended that modern society is based on _________ between individuals
competition
The major strength of Horney's theory is her
comprehensive description of the neurotic personality
According to Horney, the principal difference between a psychologically healthy person and a neurotic person is the degree of ________ with which each moves toward, against, or away from people
compulsivity
According to Freud, the ego is
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Neuroses, Horney said, grow out of the "nutritive soil" of
constant, unrelenting basic anxiety
Freud believed that the id
constantly seeks to increase pleasure and reduce tension
Descriptive research
contributes to expanding a theory
Klein claimed that infants used the paranoid-schizoid position to
control the good breast and fight off its persecutors
If scores on an instrument that measures introversion correlate highly with a number of other measures of introversion-for example, shyness and inhibition-then that instrument is said to have
convergent validity
For Horney, psychic differences between men and women result from
cultural and social expectations
In Horney's view, __________ is (are) largely responsible for the development of basic anxiety and subsequent unhealthy interpersonal relations
cultural conditions
Horney believed that neurotics move toward people because they experience
deep feelings of helplessness
Freud held that the pain of anxiety is most likely to result in
defensive behavior
Freud believed that instincts are characterized by all the following EXCEPT
depth
According to Horney, the principal behavior of neurotics who move away from people is
detachment
Freud's concept of humanity can be described as
deterministic and pessimistic
Adler believed that social interest
develops early in the mother-child relationship; is characteristic of all people to some degree; is the English translation of "Gemeinschaftsgefuhl"
Madison is frequently berated by his domineering employer. Madison is too timid to confront his employer, but he takes out his frustration by mistreating his dog, children, and wife. According to Freud, this an example of
displacement
Freud held that the secondary process function through
ego
In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the
ego at the urging of the superego
Freud called areas of the body especially capable of producing sexual pleasure
erogenous zones
The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an
expenditure of psychic energy
According to Horney, neurotics differ from normals in that they
experience sever, insoluble conflicts
Klein believed that during the female Oedipus complex, the girl
fantasized that the father's penis feeds the mother with babies
If a hungry infant cries and kicks, Klein would say that it is
fantasizing about kicking or destroying the "bad" breast
On the dimensions for a concept of humanity, Klein's theory rates lowest on
free choice and uniqueness
Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training is likely to lead to which behaviors as the child grows to adulthood?
generosity and benevolence
Freud's enduring popularity is most likely due to his
gifts as a writer and his emphasis on sex and aggression
Jung believed that
goals and behaviors of early life are not fitting for the second half of life
After WWI, Freud made which revision to his theory of personality?
he placed a greater emphasis on the aggression instinct
Among the people that Klein psychoanalyzed was
her son Erich
Mythical characters such as Achilles and Superman personify which Jungian archetype
hero
Which of these is LEAST characteristic of people Horney regarded as neurotic?
high self-esteem
According to Horney, aggressive people assume that other people are
hostile
According to Horney, the underlying cause of human neuroses is
human interrelations
Bethlehem argued that psychoanalysis should be seen as a
human science
which technique(s) did Horney, not use in her psychotherapy?
hypnosis
Although Adler's theory is optimistic, it can be criticized for its
inability to be falsified
According to Freud, a masochist may receive sexual pleasure from
inflict pain on self; receiving pain inflicted by others
Tyler greatly admires his geometry teacher and tries to copy his mannerisms and lifestyle. This is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
introjection
To Klein, an introjected object
is phantasy of internalizing the object in a physical form
A useful theory must be falsifiable, which means that
it must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets
Horney believed that the cultural contradictions of society
lead to intrapsychic conflict
Freud called an expression of both the sexual and the aggressive instinct
masochism
From a Freudian perspective, psychological maturity might be characterized by
minimal repression and maximal consciousness
Ashley feels uneasy after violating her personal standards of honesty and cheating on a test. Freud might suggest that she is suffer from _____ anxiety
moral
According to Freud, the ego's dependency on the superego results in
moral anxiety
Trained psychoanalysts can interpret dreams
most accurately by asking the dreamer for his or her associations to the material
According to Adler, the behavior of psychologically healthy individuals is
motivated mostly by conscious goals and drives
Horney believed that people combat basic anxiety by adopting which mode of relating to people?
moving against others; moving towards others; moving away from others
Each of Horney's neurotic trends has a normal analog. The ability to survive in a competitive society is a healthy extension of which neurotic trend?
moving against people
Those individuals who adopt Horney's neurotic trend of moving away from people typically fear
needing others; dependence upon others; competition
The apprehension one feels while int he presence of a teacher is what Freud called ________ anxiety
neurotic
According to Horney, normal and neurotic individuals differ in their use of the three basic styles of relating to people in that
neurotics only use one mode of relating to others
Klein's conception of a "position" is different from "stage of development" is that "positions" are
not referring to periods of time
The classical Freudian anal character possesses all of the following traits except for?
passivity
Adler's concept of humanity is most accurately summarized in which phrase?
people are motivated by their goals for the future
Jung's notion of the collective unconscious refers to
people's tendency to react to biologically inherited response patterns from our ancestors
According to Jung, the archetype that manifests itself as one's social role is the
persona
Tami is proud of her intellectual skills and abilities, and she is pleased when other notice and admire her superior intelligence. These characteristics reflect Horney's neurotic need for
personal admiration
Freud believed that a little girl's Oedipal wish for a baby is a substitute for the
phallus
Object relations theory differs from Freud's theory in that it
places more emphasis on interpersonal relations; stresses the importance of a nurturing mother; places less emphasis on sexual pleasure
"Freudian slips" are a product of
preconscious and unconscious forces
Any test that correlates with future behaviors is said to have
predictive validity
A man goes into a gay bar and initiates a fight with a homosexual man as a result of his own unconscious homosexual impulses. This is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
projection
Klein called the fantasy that one's own feelings actually reside in another person
projection
Seeing deficiencies in other that one unconsciously feels within oneself is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
projection
When carried to extremes, which Freudian defense mechanism can become paranoid behavior?
projection
Adler believed that dreams
provide clues to solve future problems
The event that eventually led to Freud's achievement of fame was his
publication of "The Interpretation of Dreams"
A mother who has deep-seated hostility toward her only child but who shows overprotection and hyper-concern for the physical well being of her child illustrates which Freudian defense mechanism?
reaction formation
According to Freud, the apprehension a person feels when physically threatened is _________ anxiety
realistic
Amy, an 18-month-old child, resorts to taking her baby sister's bottle event hough she has previously been weaned. This behavior illustrates which Freudian defense mechanism?
regression
Freud believed that the ego begins to evolve from the id soon after birth. While the ego is developing, the id
remains stationary
The most basic Freudian defense mechanism is
repression
Which statement is correct, according to Freud?
repression reduces anxiety
Freud believed that parapraxes or "Freudian slips,"
revealed unconscious intent
According to Horney, Western society hinders people's attempts to find love by
rewarding competitiveness
Horney believed that people are governed by which two guiding principles?
safety and satisfaction
The word "theory" is most closely associated with
science
Freud saw himself primarily as a
scientists
Freud abandoned his _________ theory in 1897, the year after his father died
seduction
Mahler believed that when infants realize they cannot satisfy their own basic needs, they
seek a symbiotic relationship with their mother
The aim of Freud's destructive instinct is
self-destruction
According to Horney, two important intrapsychic conflicts are
self-hatred and the idealized self-image
According to Freud, all people possess two major instincts or drives, they are
sex and aggression
Freud's psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones?
sex and aggression
Research by Statton and Wilborn found that children who received counseling
showed more changes in early recollection than did students who did not receive counseling
According to Freud, male and female personality development is
similar until the phallic stage
Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is the path of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of
social interest
The paintings and sculpture of Michelangelo best exemplify Freud's concept of
sublimation
The transformation of instinctual drives ins socially productive forces such as art, science, and religion is what Freud called
sublimation
Which of the following distinguishes sublimation from the other Freudian defense mechanisms?
sublimation is constructive to society
The function that fights against id impulses regardless of what is realistic or possible is what Freud called the
superego
Freud said that in girls, the castration complex
takes the form of penis envy
According to Horney, the most destructive elements of the neurotic search for glory is
the drive toward a vindictive triumph
After successful psychoanalytic treatment
the ego is expanded with previously repressed material
Freud's oral-sadistic stage is characterized by
the emergence of teeth
Horney referred to the neurotic's compulsive drive toward actualizing the ideal self as
the neurotic search for glory
Bowlby's theory assumes that
the relationship between infant and caregiver becomes a model for future interpersonal relationships
According to Freud, a boy who feels strong hostility toward his father and sexual love for his mother is experiencing
the simple male Oedipus complex
According to Freud, a guilt-ridden, timid person is most likely dominated by
the superego
The word personality comes from the Latin word "persona," meaning
theatrical mask
Statements formed in an if-then framework are most likely
theories
In there need for perfection, neurotics often set up complex rules and outrageous standards that they feel they must follow. Horney refers to this as
they tyranny of the should
The id is primarily involved in which of the following activities, according to Freud
thumb-sucking behavior
Parker is constantly belittling his own accomplishments. He also dreads asking others for favors. These behaviors illustrate Horney's neurotic need
to restrict one's life within narrow borders
Horney predicted that people who experience a positive, loving relationship will move
toward self-realization
Symbols for Jung's great mother archetype include
trees, gardens, and plowed field
According to Klein, the phantasies of an infant are
unconscious
Freud's three levels of mental life are
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
In Horney's view, neurotics
use the idealized self as the standard for self-evaluation
Klein extended Freud's psychoanalysis by emphasizing
very early infancy
Freud believed that a girl's superego
was not as fully developed as a boy's superego
Horney insisted that the Oedipus complex
was the result of cultural forces
Certain political and religious leaders rely on charisma and verbal persuasions to influence multitudes of people. Jing would say that the spell these individuals cast over others might be due to the __________ archetype within people
wise old man
Jung's archetype of wisdom and meaning is the
wise old man
In Freudian theory, dreams are seen as
wish-fulfillments
A reliable test
yields consistent results
