Personality Psych Test

67. Having exaggerated feeling of weakness and inadequacy is referred to as a. an inferiority complex b. an incongruent personality c. a dysfunctional self-concept d. an Oedipal complex

a. an inferiority complex

34. The impending possibility of a forbidden impulse getting out of control and being expressed in behavior would be most apt to produce ___________ in the person. a. anxiety b. impulse gratification c. secondary gain d. depression

a. anxiety

61. In Jung's theory, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning are called a. archetypes b. prototypes c. mandalas d. central memories

a. archetypes

65. The sickly child who goes on to become a forceful, physically active adult is engaging in what Adler called a. compensation b. displacement c. fixation d. regression

a. compensation

87. According to Carl Rogers, if your self-concept is reasonably accurate, it is said to be a. congruent with reality b. self-actualized c. extraverted d. valid

a. congruent with reality

17. Psychoanalytic theory stresses all of the following except a. conscious thought patterns b. childhood experiences c. internal conflicts d. handling of sexual impulses

a. conscious thought patterns

2. Joan is an unfailingly polite person who always considers the feelings of others. This tendency to act in a similar manner across situations is indicative of which of the following qualities of personality? a. consistency b. distinctiveness c. reflexivity d. social desirability

a. consistency

1. The two major aspects of people that are studied by personality theorists are a. consistency and distinctiveness b. situational shifts and interpersonal similarities c. commonalties and individual differences d. constancy and change

a. consistency and distinctiveness

20. The portion of the personality that mediates between instinctual demands and the world ofreality is the a. ego b. superego c. id d. ego ideal

a. ego

103. Being sociable, assertive, active, and lively is associated with the higher-order trait of __________ according to Eysenck. a. extraversion b. self-monitoring c. locus of control d. intraception

a. extraversion

63. Roberto tends to focus on people and things around him and is outgoing, talkative, and friendly. Jung would refer to Roberto as an a. extravert b. animus-type personality c. external locus of control individual d. iconoclast

a. extravert

48. Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called a. fixation b. displacement c. reciprocal determinism d. compensation

a. fixation

92. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the __________ needs are considered to be the most basic needs and the first priority. a. physiological b. safety and security c. aesthetic and cognitive d. self-actualization

a. physiological

120. Rather than having a few "best friends," Peter tends to select companions based on the event he plans to attend or the activity in which he plans to engage. Peter sounds as if he is a. high in self-monitoring b. someone with an external locus of control c. a sensation seeker d. an extravert

a. high in self-monitoring

27. Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would probably conclude that Howard is dominated by a. his superego b. his id c. his ego d. penis envy

a. his superego

45. Candice has just joined a sorority as a means of bolstering her self-esteem. Her behavior reflects the use of ___________ as a defense mechanism. a. identification b. immersion c. regression d. projection

a. identification

70. Research in the behavioral tradition has focused largely on which of the following? a. learning b. personality c. social behavior d. sensation and perception

a. learning

12. Marcos is very quiet and avoids large groups. Some people consider him unfriendly, and he seldom takes a stand or acts assertively. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Macros would probably score a. low in extraversion b. low in agreeableness c. high in neuroticism d. low in openness

a. low in extraversion

105. According to Han Eysenck, __________ involves being anxious, tense, moody, and low in self-esteem. a. neuroticism b. psychoticism c. extraversion d. introversion

a. neuroticism

7. People who score high in ____________ tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. openness to experience

a. neuroticism

102. Which of the following criticisms can be leveled against both the psychoanalytic approach and the humanistic approach to personality? a. poor testability b. too deterministic c. overemphasis on the influence of early childhood experiences d. provide a fragmented view of personality

a. poor testability

42. John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. John's behavior can be viewed as an example of a. reaction formation b. projection c. regression d. rationalization

a. reaction formation

41. Whenever Wanda is denied anything by her husband, she pouts and gives him the silent treatment. This immature way of dealing with reality can be referred to as a. regression b. reaction formation c. displacement d. projection

a. regression

88. The collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior is referred to as one's __________, according to Rogers. a. self-concept b. phenomenology c. state of incongruence d. level of self-actualization

a. self-concept

77. The belief that one has the ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is referred to as a. self-efficacy b. self-monitoring c. self-control d. self-justification

a. self-efficacy

110. Research on the heritability of personality shows that appears to have a surprisingly small impact on personality. a. shared family environment b. heredity c. unique experiences d. unconscious motivation

a. shared family environment

80. The fact that we tend to behave differently in different situations has led Walter Mischel to contend that behavior tends to be . a. situationally specific b. situationally consistent c. reliable .d. situationally similar

a. situationally specific

126. One of the problems with self-report personality inventories is that respondents may answer questions in ways that make them look good. This tendency is called a a. social desirability bias b. response set c. perceptual set d. self-serving bias

a. social desirability bias

32. Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses, mainly because a. they tend to be routinely frustrated b. they are essential to the survival of the species c. they dominate our dreams d. they tend to be reinforced by others

a. they tend to be routinely frustrated

35. Defense mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt a. through self-deception b. through rational problem solving c. by enhancing self-insight d. by making unconscious urges conscious

a. through self-deception

52. According to Freud, the crucial event during the anal stage of psychosexual development is a. toilet training b. the emergence of the superego c. resolution of the Oedipal complex d. having to keep one's room clean and neat

a. toilet training

108. Research on genes and personality indicates that the heritability estimates for personality traits are approximately __________ percent. a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 95

b. 50

4. ________ is a statistical procedure used by researchers to identify closely related clusters of variables. a. Chi-square b. Factor analysis c. Deviation analysis d. Analysis of variance

b. Factor analysis

101. Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality? a. It is too deterministic. b. It is too optimistic about human nature. c. It presents a fragmented view of personality. d. It de-emphasizes the subjective nature of self-concept.

b. It is too optimistic about human nature.

15. Which of the following is not a criticism of the five-factor model of personality? a. It provides no insight into the causes or development of personality. b. It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality. c. It is limited by the number of specific traits that are measured in the first place. d. More than five traits are necessary to account for the variation seen in human personality .

b. It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality.

86. Which ofthe following statements is least likely to be made by a humanist? a. People are rational. b. People are dominated by unconscious conflicts. c. People can rise above their animal heritage. d. People are unique.

b. People are dominated by unconscious conflicts.

72. Which of the following definitions of "personality" best reflects the views ofB. F. Skinner? a. stable behavioral traits that evolve as a function of natural selection b. a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations c. consistent patterns of behavior that occur as a result of unconscious impulses d. innate behavioral tendencies that reflect a unique pattern of genetic predispositions

b. a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations

33. According to Freud, conflicts centering on which of the following impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences? a. greed b. aggression c. affiliation d. achievement

b. aggression

113. Which of the following is not one of the main weaknesses in biological approaches to personality? a. conceptual problems with heritability estimates b. an overly optimistic view of human nature c. the difficulty of separating the effects of nature and nurture d. the lack of a comprehensive theory

b. an overly optimistic view of human nature

47. Freud used the term "sexual" in his psychosexual stages of development to mean a. genital sexual impulses b. any pleasure-giving urge c. general sexual feelings d. none of these things

b. any pleasure-giving urge

69. The theoretical orientation that argues that psychology should study only observable behavior is a. rational-emotive b. behaviorism c. humanism d. invasive

b. behaviorism

22. Sarah is tom between the need to study for an exam and her desire to go out with her friends. She decides that she will go out later only if she completes her studying. This realistic decision reflects the functioning of Sarah's a. id b. ego c. superego d. unconscious

b. ego

95. Your needs for social status and for respect and recognition from others reflect the __________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy a. cognitive b. esteem c. aesthetic d. love and belongingness

b. esteem

6. People who score high in ___________ are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. openness to experience

b. extraversion

55. The Freudian period that begins with puberty is the a. anal stage b. genital stage c. phallic stage d. latency stage

b. genital stage

66. According to Alfred Adler, overcompensation may be found in those who a. have a superiority complex b. have an inferiority complex c. are fixated at one of the psychosexual stages d. have not been successful in the use of defense mechanisms

b. have an inferiority complex

25. Cari often has temper tantrums and pouts when she can't have her own way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of the personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by a. her ego b. her id c. reaction formation d. her superego

b. her id

13. Janelle is suspicious and uncooperative. Her friends think she is a boastful person who is seldom sympathetic. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Janelle would probably score a. low in openness b. low in agreeableness c. high in neuroticism d. low in extraversion

b. low in agreeableness

51. A Freudian might explain a compulsive smoker's behavior as being the result of fixation at the a. anal stage b. oral stage c. latency stage d. genital stage

b. oral stage

123. A person who is suspicious, aloof, guarded, worrisome, and overly sensitive is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? a. hysteria b. paranoia c. depression d. social introversion

b. paranoia

59. Freud's concept of the unconscious is most like Jung's a. preconscious b. personal unconscious c. collective unconscious d. archetypes

b. personal unconscious

28. Which of the following is not characteristic of secondary-process thinking? a. rational b. primitive c. realistic d. oriented toward problem solving

b. primitive

39. Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Should it be the case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual fearful of admitting this even to himself, we might conclude that he is using the defense mechanisms of repression and a. reaction formation b. projection c. displacement d. regression

b. projection

127. A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus such as a picture or an inkblot is called a a. self-report personality inventory b. projective test c. behavior rating d. deceptive test

b. projective test

106. According to Han Eysenck, __________ involves being egocentric, impulsive, cold, and antisocial. a. neuroticism b. psychoticism c. extraversion d. introversion

b. psychoticism

21. Finding ways to meet instinctual needs and still take into account the conditions of the external, social world defines the ___________ , the basic operating theme of the ___________ a. reality principle; id b. reality principle; ego c. pleasure principle; id d. pleasure principle; ego

b. reality principle; ego

122. Parents in Asian cultures are most likely to teach their children to a. be self-reliant b. rely on family and friends c. feel good about themselves d. view themselves as special individuals

b. rely on family and friends

93. Your needs to live in a crime-free neighborhood, save money, buy insurance, and have a stable job are examples of which of the following kinds of needs? a. physiological b. safety and security c. love and belongingness d. esteem

b. safety and security

94. Imagine a neighborhood in which a hurricane has caused extensive flooding. Many of the residents have had their homes damaged or destroyed. At the time, however, the material loss is unimportant as the residents think only of escaping the flood. Maslow would say this is because the residents' __________ needs are threatened. a. physiological b. safety and security c. esteem d. self-actualization

b. safety and security

114. The generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation is referred to as a. self-monitoring b. sensation seeking c. locus of control d. level of intraception

b. sensation seeking

57. Both Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were especially critical of Freud's emphasis on a. the influence of childhood experiences b. sexuality c. the unconscious d. defense mechanisms

b. sexuality

82. Both the psychoanalytic and behavioral theories of behavior have been criticized for which of the following? a. the belief that behavior is dominated by primitive, animalistic drives b. the failure to recognize the unique qualities of human behavior c. preoccupation with animal research d. fragmented view of personality

b. the failure to recognize the unique qualities of human behavior

118. Which of the following individuals is most likely to be good at spotting deceptive impression management in other people? a. the sensation seeker b. the high self-monitor c. the low self-monitor d. the self-actualized person

b. the high self-monitor

31. According to Freud's theory, repressed sexual desires are most likely to be found in which level of awareness? a. conscious b. unconscious c. preconscious d. collective unconscious

b. unconscious

73. Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is best summarized as a. "The environment continually shapes us." b. "Humans continually shape the environment." c. "Environments shape humans and humans shape environments." d. "Each person's world is his or her own."

c. "Environments shape humans and humans shape environments."

56. The idea that a male child desires his mother and fears his father illustrates the a. genital complex b. latency complex c. Oedipal complex d. Electra complex

c. Oedipal complex

111. According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to cooperate and collaborate with others, which is closely associated with which of the following Big Five personality traits? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. agreeableness d. conscientiousness

c. agreeableness

128. The Thematic Apperception Test is composed of a. inkblots b. forced-choice items c. ambiguous pictures d. true-false items

c. ambiguous pictures

58. To differentiate his approach from Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Carl Jung used the name a. individual psychology b. depth psychology c. analytical psychology d. existential psychology

c. analytical psychology

96. Your needs to learn all you can about philosophy, and understand the inner workings of our political system are examples of __________ needs. a. aesthetic b. esteem c. cognitive d. self-actualization

c. cognitive

10. People who score high in ___________ tend to be diligent, disciplined, well-organized, and punctual. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

c. conscientiousness

11. Which ofthe following traits is most likely to be associated with high levels of productivity in ajob setting? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

c. conscientiousness

124. A person who is moody, shy, pessimistic, and distressed is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPl)? a. hysteria b. paranoia c. depression d. social introversion

c. depression

49. According to Freud, a person may become fixated at a particular psychosexual stage because of a. permissiveness on the part of the person's parents b. a genetic predisposition for fixation c. either excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs d. abnormalities in brain chemistry that develop prenatally

c. either excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs

89. According to Rogers, for a child to develop a healthy personality the parents must a. avoid the use of punishment b. address the child's ego needs c. exhibit unconditional love toward the child d. create an atmosphere of intellectual stimulation

c. exhibit unconditional love toward the child

109. Findings from behavioral genetics research indicate that a. situational factors contributed most to similarities b. family factors contributed most to similarities c. genetic factors contributed most to similarities d. all three components contributed about equally

c. genetic factors contributed most to similarities

14. Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends think he is great at organizing events. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Julio would probably score a. high in agreeableness b. low in neuroticism c. high in conscientiousness d. high in openness

c. high in conscientiousness

19. According to Freud, the aspect of personality that is totally unconscious is the a. superego b. ego c. id d. ego ideal

c. id

75. A social learning theorist would most likely explain the behavior of a spoiled brat in terms of which of the following? a. personality defects of the child b. unresolved conflicts between the child and the parents c. learning through observation and reinforcement d. a genetic predisposition resulting in a high need for attention

c. learning through observation and reinforcement

5. Which of the following is not one of the "big five" personality traits? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. locus of control d. openness to experience

c. locus of control

116. All but which of the following are characteristic of high sensation seekers? a. uninhibited b. adventuresome c. low tolerance for stress d. low tolerance for routine and repetition

c. low tolerance for stress

74. In explaining a person's aggressiveness, a social learning theorist would favor which of the following explanations? a. an inferiority complex b. unconscious forces c. observational learning d. unresolved conflicts

c. observational learning

50. The order of the stages in psychosexual development is a. anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency b. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital c. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital d. anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic

c. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

99. Awed by the grandeur of nature, the hiker experienced a profound emotional high. Maslow called such experiences a. ecstatic experiences b. sublimation c. peak experiences d. archetypal experiences

c. peak experiences

53. The Oedipal complex, of such great importance in Freud's thinking, occurs during the ___________ stage of psychosexual development. a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. latency

c. phallic

85. The term used to refer to an appreciation of an individual's personal, subjective experiences as a way to understand behavior is a. epistemology b. philosophy c. phenomenology d. self-efficacy

c. phenomenology

38. Attributing one's own thoughts or motives to others defines a. reaction formation b. rationalization c. projection d. regression

c. projection

16. Sigmund Freud's method for treating disorders is called a. systematic desensitization b. client-centered therapy c. psychoanalysis d. primal-scream therapy

c. psychoanalysis

40. A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of attention and love. He is probably exhibiting the defense mechanism of a. regression b. identification c. reaction formation d. displacement

c. reaction formation

44. As an adult, going back to an earlier way of gratifying needs defines a. repression b. fixation c. regression d. reaction formation

c. regression

46. Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to "stomp around" and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Scott's behavior exemplifies which of the following? a. a fixation b. projection c. regression d. rationalization

c. regression

115. Jack is an adventuresome fellow who feels most alive when he is putting his life at risk. Marvin Zuckerman would say that Jack is high in a. self-actualization b. impulse behavior c. sensation seeking d. self-monitoring

c. sensation seeking

97. What need was Abraham Maslow expressing when he said that "what a man can be, he must be"? a. the need for superiority b. the need for unconditional love c. the need to self-actualize d. the need to achieve'

c. the need to self-actualize

90. According to Carl Rogers, troublesome anxiety is caused by a. unresolved sexual conflicts b. unconditional love c. threats to our self-concept d. the use of defense mechanisms

c. threats to our self-concept

71. Which of the following terms is least closely associated with Skinner's view of personality? a. determinism b. reinforcement c. unconscious motivation d. response tendencies

c. unconscious motivation

81. Which of the following is not a criticism of the behavioral approach to personality? a. overdependence on animal research b. neglect of biological factors c. use of extensive empirical research d. providing a fragmented view of personality

c. use of extensive empirical research

98. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a self-actualizing person? a. being realistic b. being open and spontaneous c. enjoying peak experiences d. having a strong need to affiliate with many people

d. having a strong need to affiliate with many people

119. Gina is good at presenting herself to a group of persons, is able to detect if someone is trying to manipulate her, and has a difficult time making a genuine emotional commitment. Gina is mostlikely to be classified as a. an introvert b. an extravert c. high in introspection d. a high self-monitor

d. a high self-monitor

3. A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations is called a. an archetype b. an attribution c. a reaction formation d. a personality trait

d. a personality trait

104. According to Han Eysenck, which of the following is not considered a higher-order trait? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. psychoticism d. agreeableness

d. agreeableness

8. People who score high in ___________ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. 'conscientiousness d. agreeableness

d. agreeableness

9. People who score low in ___________ tend to be suspicious, antagonistic, and aggressive. a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

d. agreeableness

107. The findings from twin studies indicate that identical twins are much more similar than fraternal twins on which of the following? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. all of the Big Five personality traits

d. all of the Big Five personality traits

29. According to Freud, the unconscious can reveal itself through a. dreams b. slips of the tongue .c. psychoanalysis d. all of the above

d. all of the above

68. The psychodynamic theories of personality have been criticized for which ofthe following? a. sexIsm b. lack of testability c. inadequate supportive evidence d. all of these reasons

d. all of these reasons

62. Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious includes a. the presence of archetypes b. similarities in the form of myths and dreams throughout the world c. possible biologically based human thought forms d. all of these things

d. all of these things

78. Research findings indicate that feelings of greater self-efficacy are associated with which of the following? a. greater success in giving up smoking b. higher levels of academic performance c. enhanced performance in athletic competition d. all of these things

d. all of these things

76. Social learning theory has demonstrated that we are most likely to imitate the behavior of a. those whom we like or respect b. those whom we perceive as being similar to ourselves c. those whom we consider to be attractive or powerful d. any of these people

d. any of these people

121. American parents are least likely to teach their children to a. be self-reliant b. feel good about themselves c. view themselves as special individuals d. be modest about their personal accomplishments

d. be modest about their personal accomplishments

100. According to Maslow's theory, the self-actualizing person would be least likely to a. have a limited number of strong friendships b. be spontaneous and neutral in exchanges c. have somewhat mystical experiences d. be uncomfortable when alone or detached

d. be uncomfortable when alone or detached

54. During the latency stage, children a. attempt to cope with the desires they have for their same-sex parent b. begin to focus their sexual energy on their opposite-sex peers c. turn their biological urges loose d. begin to expand their social contacts beyond the immediate family

d. begin to expand their social contacts beyond the immediate family

30. Which of the following is not one of the levels of awareness proposed by Freud? a. conscious b. unconscious c. preconscious d. collective unconscious

d. collective unconscious

60. What is the name Carl Jung used to identify the level of the unconscious that stores latent memory traces inherited from our ancestral past? a. personal unconscious b. preconscious c. primeval unconscious d. collective unconscious

d. collective unconscious

112. According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to reliable and ethical with others, which is closely associated with which of the following Big Five personality traits? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. agreeableness d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

18. Id is to pleasure principle as a. superego is to desire b. superego is to repetition principle c. ego is to executive principle d. ego is to reality principle

d. ego is to reality principle

83. The approach that stresses the individual's freedom, uniqueness, and growth potential is a. social learning theory b. Gestalt theory c. behaviorism d. humanism

d. humanism

84. The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the a. psychoanalytic approach b. behavioral approach c. cognitive approach d. humanistic approach

d. humanistic approach

24. Primary process thinking is associated with the ___________ and secondary process thinking is associated with the ___________ a. ego; superego b. superego; id c. ego; id d. id; ego

d. id; ego

43. The defense mechanism of bolstering one's self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group is referred to as a. compensation b. displacement c. regression d. identification

d. identification

91. According to Carl Rogers, people with highly __________ self-concepts are especially likely to be plagued by recurrent anxiety. a. objective b. subjective c. congruent d. incongruent

d. incongruent

64. A person who is occupied with his own thoughts and feelings, aloof, and contemplative exemplifies what Jung described as the __________ type. a. introspective b. extraverted c. reflective d. introverted

d. introverted

79. Which of the following parental behaviors is not likely to foster self-efficacy in children? a. early independence training b. warm support c. providing a stimulating environment d. punitive disciplinary techniques

d. punitive disciplinary techniques

36. Giving self-justifying plausible excuses that hide the real reasons for our behavior defines the defense mechanism known as a. regression b. reaction formation c. projection d. rationalization

d. rationalization

23. Which of the following is not characteristic of primary-process thinking? a. illogical b. primitive c. irrational d. reality oriented

d. reality oriented

37. The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known as a. neurogenic amnesia b. suppression c. avoidance d. repression

d. repression

117. The degree to which people attend to and try to control the impression they make on others defines the concept of a. self-consciousness b. extraversion c. self-determination d. self-monitoring

d. self-monitoring

125. A person who is shy, withdrawn, reserved, submissive, tense, and inflexible is likely to score high on which ~ of the following clinical scales ofthe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? a. hysteria b. paranoia c. depression d. social introversion

d. social introversion

26. The superego is Freud's term for a. the biological impulses b. the mediating agent between "inside" and "outside" c. the defensive aspect of personality makeup d. the moral component of personality

d. the moral component of personality