Personality - Reading Quiz Questions

Recent research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that _______. a. 'controlled' aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data, but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects can be more accurately predicted using B data b. 'controlled' aspects of shyness can be predicted using B data, but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects are more accurately predicted based on S data c. S data were unrelated to any aspects of shy behavior, but B data predicted many facets of shy behavior d. B data were unrelated to any aspects of shy behavior, but S data predicted many facets of shy behavior

a. 'controlled' aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data, but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects are more accurately predicted using B data

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data? a. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. b. Direct observations are easily quantifiable. c. Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times. d. Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.

a. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.

________ is a phenomenon that explains the tendency for the function of one part of the brain to depend on the activity of another. a. Neural context b. Inhibitory activity c. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) d. Perfusion imaging (PI)

a. Neural context

Which of the following does NOT describe a type pf person-situation interaction? a. People generally prefer situations that are pleasant. b. People choose the situations they occupy. c. People change the situations they occupy. d. People react differently to the same situation.

a. People generally prefer situations that are pleasant.

A test created using the rational method yields what kind of data? a. S b. I c. L d. B

a. S

The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called ___________. a. active person-environmental transaction b. reactive personal-environment transaction c. evocative person-environment transaction d. heterotypic continuity

a. active person-environmental transaction

According to psychologist Frank Sulloway, firstborns are more ________________ compared to later borns. a. conscientious b. neurotic c. open to experience d. extraverted

a. conscientious

A research strategy that involve gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called _______________. a. construct validation b. aggregation validation c. generalization d. internal validation

a. construct validation

According to Cronbach and Meelos' (1995) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements. a. constructs b. valid ideas c. assessments d. manifest factors

a. constructs

According to Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, damage to the right frontal lobes impairs a person's ________, which then impairs his or her ________. a. emotional reactions to events and thoughts; ability to make decisions about what is and is not important b. primary visual and auditory cortexes; ability to distinguish real sensory stimulation from hallucinations c. brainstem; ability to perform creative activities as opposed to simple responses and fixed patterns of behavior d. ability to experience pain; fear of consequences

a. emotional reactions to events and thoughts; ability to make decisions about what is and is not important

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem? a. experimental b. correlational c. case study d. repeated measures

a. experimental

Young people with life-threatening illnesses appear to shift their goals from ___________ to ____________. a. exploration; emotional well-being b. generativity; meaningfulness c. work; family d. intellectual achievement; creativity

a. exploration; emotional well-being

Which of the following is good practice for interpreting a correlation? a. finding a method that demonstrates the size of the correlation in a concrete manner b. evaluating whether it is statistically significant at the p < .05 level c. simply looking at the sign of the correlation and ignoring the actual value d. squaring the value, so that you can interpret the value more easily

a. finding a method that demonstrates the size of the correlation in a concrete manner

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________________ effect. a. fish-and-water b. self-verification c. self-expectancy d. narcissism

a. fish-and-water

Which trait describes people who are psychologically well adjusted and tend to be religious? a. honesty-humility b. sensuality c. frugality d. agreeableness

a. honesty-humility

The technical meaning of reliability refers to _______________. a. how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument b. whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure c. whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct d. whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest

a. how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument

The idea that people seek to develop a stable sense of who they are then strive to act consistently with this self-view is consistent with the ______________________. a. identity development principle b. role continuity principle c. corresponsive principle d. plasticity principle

a. identity development principle

All projective tests ______________________. a. involve stimuli with no clear meaning b. involve the construction of stories and narratives c. require choosing among multiple, predetermined alternatives d. rely on computer scoring methods

a. involve stimuli with no clear meaning

Someone who is _____________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next. a. low in self-monitoring b. high in self-monitoring c. low in self-efficacy d. high in self-efficacy

a. low in self-monitoring

A variable that affects the relationship between two other variables is known as _______________. a. moderator b. catalyst c. transmitter d. residual

a. moderator

According to the text, what paradox is central to the study of personality development? a. People change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rank-order stability in relation to others in their age group. b. People's personality changes both across their entire lives and in response to specific events. c. People develop their personalities according to both nature and nurture. d. Some people's personalities change dramatically over the life span, and some people don't change at all.

a. people change throughout their lives yet fundamental personality traits maintain rank-order stability in relation to others in their age group

In one study, researchers found that personality trait scores from the same people measured 10 years apart correlated between r = 0.60 and r = 0.90. This is evidence for a. personality stability b. personality accuracy c. mean level change d. adaptability

a. personality stability

What is another name for ego resiliency? a. psychological adjustment b. self-monitoring c. extraversion d. self-control

a. psychological adjustment

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five? a. psychoticism b. conscientiousness c. neuroticism d. agreeableness

a. psychoticism

At the heart of aggregation is the idea that _________________. a. random errors cancel each other out b. random errors never cancel each other out c. reliable errors cancel each other out d. a sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error

a. random errors cancel each other out

Jasmine is afraid that her lack of diligence and timelessness will cause her to get fired from her job. According to the text, what is the first thing she must do to increase her level of conscientiousness? a. recognize her specific problem areas and want to change b. talk to her boss to get his perspective c. change herself immediately without much thought d. recognize that particular aspects of her job are likely causing her to be late and lazy

a. recognize her specific problem areas and want to change

If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is _______________. a. reliable b. valid c. significant d. generalizable

a. reliable

In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be most accurately predicted from ______________. a. situations b. personality variables c. motivations d. goals

a. situations

According to the textbook, the goal of a scientific education is_____________________. a. to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known b. to convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context c. to train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems d. all of the above

a. to question what is known and how to find what is not yet known

Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. correlational

a. type I

If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ______________________ a. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences b. would be very informative about personality c. was developed using the rational method of test construction d. is empirically derived

a. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences

A recent review of the entire literature on social psychology concluded that the situational effect was about ______________. a. .10 b. .20 c. .40 d. .50

b. 0.20

The fact that behavior is frequency determined by multiple causes presents the most significant disadvantage for _______________ data. a. B b. L c. I d. S

b. L

One reason why the results of psychosurgeries are often erratic is that ________. a. different brain structures have different functional roles in different people b. brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas c. tools designed to lesion the brain are not very sophisticated d. the infections that often accompany these surgeries further damage the brain

b. brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas

A ____________ is the name for a group of people who are born at the same particular point in history. a. family b. cohort c. twin set d. dopplegangle

b. cohort

According to the text, __________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas __________ does seem to improve considerably. a. accuracy; consensus b. consensus; accuracy c. predictive validity; reliability d. consensus; interjudge agreement

b. consensus; accuracy

The statement 'There is no such thing as objective reality, only human ideas or perceptions of reality' would most likely be made by a ____________. The statement 'The absence of perfect, infallible criteria for truth does not force us to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally likely to be correct' would most likely be made by a _________. a. constructivist; empiricist b. constructivist; critical realist c. critical realist; empiricist d. empiricist; critical realist

b. constructivist; critical realist

The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item _____________. a. makes the scale more reliable b. discriminates between two known groups c. loads highly on its primary factor d. will be challenged in a legal context

b. discriminates between two known groups

Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be _______________ then someone high in self-monitoring. a. harder to judge b. easier to judge c. less depressed d. less conscientious

b. easier to judge

Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ___________ constructed tests. a. factor analytically b. empirically c. rationally d. nomothetically

b. empirically

Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as _________. a. opportunistic fallacies b. expectancy effects c. consequential reputations d. recency effects

b. expectancy effects

Participants in a recent study were shown and then asked to judge composite faces from targets who scored extremely low or extremely high on personality dimensions. Which two traits had the highest levels of accuracy for both female and male targets? a. extraversion and neuroticism b. extraversion and agreeableness c. agreeableness and neuroticism d. neuroticism and openness to experience

b. extraversion and agreeableness

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ___________________. a. not bother collecting data b. gather as much data as possible c. only use L data, which are the most reliable d. use only one source of data and control for its limitations

b. gather as such data as possible

Which brain region secretes several hormones and is located just above the roof of the mouth? a. cingulate b. hypothalamus c. frontal lobes d. hippocampus

b. hypothalamus

The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to ____________. a. identify individuals who are attempting to lie or sabotage a test b. identify groups of test items that seem to be alike c. identify items that mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to the researcher d. create projective tests

b. identify groups of test items that seem to be alike

According to the textbook, there are no perfect _________________ of personality, only ____________. a. measures; devices b. indicators; clues c. theories; hypotheses d. reliable measures; valid measures

b. indicators; clues

The case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrates that ________. a. brain injuries affect physical but not psychological functioning b. injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior c. the amygdala has important effects on fear and anger d. the right hemisphere is the province of image-oriented, intuitive thinking

b. injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior

A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt? a. single-trait b. many-trait c. essential-trait d. typological

b. many-trait

Personality trait measurement are typically made on a(n) _______________ scale. a. nominal b. ordinal c. ratio d. quasi-nominal

b. ordinal

According to the textbook, a __________________ would receive technical training, whereas a __________________ would receive scientific education. a. IT specialist; physician b. physician; biologist c. botanist; computer programmer d. research psychologist; clinical psychologist

b. physician; biologist

Recent feedback regarding fMRI research suggests that results from such studies might be misleading and exaggerated due to ________. a. fraudulent data collection practices b. questionable analytic techniques c. unreliable machine hardware d. uncooperative subject participation

b. questionable analytic techniques

What is the most common method of test construction? a. factor analytic b. rational c. empirical d. a combination of factor analytic and empirical methods

b. rational

People contribute to their development by creating internal ideas and rules of thumb for interacting with their world. This integrated system of ideas and rules is called a a. cognitive theory b. schema c. information processing theory d. idea balloon

b. schema

According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship? a. sexual constraint b. sociosexuality c. socio-openness d. sexual openness

b. sociosexuality

As surgeons stimulated a particular part of her brain, Lisa experienced dramatic feelings of hopelessness and dread. According to the text, surgeons are most likely stimulating the central region of the left ________. a. frontal cortex b. substantia nigra c. amygdala d. ascending reticular activating system

b. substantia nigra

If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________. a. test scores and anxiety are positively correlated b. test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated c. test scores and anxiety are unrelated d. the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0

b. test sores and anxiety are negatively correlated

Over the last 10 years, Victor has become more agreeable, conscientious and emotionally stable. What principle best describes Victor's development? a. cumulative continuity principle b. the maturity principle c. plasticity principle d. social investment principle

b. the maturity principle

What piece of evidence suggests that age is NOT a determining factor in the desire to change one's personality? a. College students are more likely to want to change themselves than do individuals in their 60s. b. There is little to no correlation between participants' age and their self-reported desire to change. c. Parents report that their children want to change more often than their children report wanting to change. d. There is a negative correlation between participants' age and their self-reported desire to change.

b. there is little to no correlation between participant's age and their self-reported desire to change

What is a key strength of longitudinal personality development studies? a. They are easy and quick to complete. b. They are not biased by the cohort effect. c. They are typically high powered with many thousand participants. d. They are not affected by attrition.

b. they are not biased by the cohort effect

The ______________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the _______ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree. a. typological; trait b. trait; typological c. essential-trait; single-trait d. constructivist; critical realist

b. trait; typological

Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significance correlation between exercise and weight loss. However, there is a real association between exercise and weight loss in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. correlational

b. type II

Christina had a self-proclaimed 'perfect childhood.' According to the text, what might Christina face later in life. a. a perfect family and career b. unpreparedness for difficult times c. a life riddled with stress d. a strong emotional reaction to imperfection

b. unpreparedness for difficult times

What can experimental research do that correlation research can not do? a. create hypotheses b. test causal relationships c. group people into high and low categories of a variable d. take place in a structured setting

b.test causal relationship

What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personally judgements? a. interjudge agreement and internal consistency b. internal consistency and behavioral prediction c. interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction d. predictive validity and behavioral prediction

c interjudge, agreement and behavioral prediction

Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately? a. Mary will smile at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow. b. At a party on Friday, Susan will talk to at least 10 people. c. David will generally be on time for work most days next week. d. None of the above; each of these behaviors would be equally easy to predict.

c. David will generally be on time for work most dos next week

_______ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment. a. B b. L c. S d. I

c. S

In order to examine the relationship between early life expectations and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins' study would be _______ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data. a. L; B b. S; I c. S; L d. B; L

c. S; L

According to the text, _______ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do. a. a weak situation b. a socially constrained situation c. a strong situation d. situationism

c. a strong situation

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ____________. a. is consistent and stable b. provides the same result if repeated c. actually reflects or measures what you think it does d. is reliable

c. actually reflects or measures what you think it does

Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors? a. Specific behaviors are generally pretty easy to predict. b. Specific behaviors are better predicted than aggregated behaviors. c. Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors. d. Aggregated behaviors aren't usually very accurate when predicting future behaviors.

c. aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement? a. multitrait assessment b. content validation c. aggregation d. construct validation

c. aggregation

Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle? a. construct validation b. operational definition c. aggregation d. incremental validation

c. aggregation

Which of the following theories discussed in Ch 1 sounded the most comprehensive? a. psychoanalytic theory b. information processing theory c. bioecological systems theory d. sociocultural theory

c. bioecological systems theory

According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals __________, the trait change will follow. a. change their mindset b. change the relevant environmental factors c. change the relevant behaviors d. change their life goals

c. change the relevant behaviors

The Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD) is a method for illustrating the size of ________________. a. reliability coefficients b. validity coefficients c. correlation coefficients d. p-values

c. correlation coefficients

Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one most responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior? a. leadership/authority b. self-sufficiency c. entitlement/exploitativeness d. self-esteem

c. entitlement/exploitativeness

According to Dan McAdams, the narrative theme of 'agency' organizes the life story around _____________________. a. an event that seemed terrible at the time but had positive consequences in the end b. individuals who had a particular influence in the trajectory of one's life c. episodes of challenging oneself and then accomplishing one's goals d. a high-point, a low-point, and a turning point

c. episodes of challenging oneself and then accomplishing one's goals

A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach. a. single-trait b. many-trait c. essential-trait d. typological

c. essential-trait

People tend to blame negative experiences on ________ rather than recognizing the role of __________. a. their own personality; external factors b. luck; their own personality c. external factors; their own personality d. external factors; luck

c. external factors; their own personality

What brain region is responsible for both an individual's strong time management skill and ability to consistently do the morally right thing? a. basal ganglia b. amygdala c. frontal lobes d. hippocampus

c. frontal lobes

Development can be both continuous, indicating that change is _________, and discontinuous, indicating that change is __________. a. unending, temporary b. forward-moving, backward-moving c. gradual, abrupt d. short-term, long-term

c. gradual, abrupt

As a child, Jay was always bouncing off the walls at his parent's social gatherings. As an adult, he is the life of every party. This is an example of ____________________. a. personal-environment transactions b. temperament c. heterotypic continuity d. cumulative continuity

c. heterotypic coninuity

People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ______________________, and people whose behavior does not change to fit the situation are called _________________. a. ego resilient; ego controlled b. ego controlled; ego resilient c. high self-monitors; low self-monitors d. recency effects

c. high-self monitor; low-self monitor

Nerve fibers that organize and regulate transmissions between nerves are called ________. a. afferent nerves b. efferent nerves c. interneurons d. extraneurons

c. interneurons

What do we mean when we say development is plastic? a. it is slow to occur and takes a lifetime to complete b. it can feature both gains and losses c. it is malleable or able to change d. it is influenced by the environment in which it takes place

c. it is malleable or able to change

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ____________________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ___________. a. externally derived; internally derived b. significant; important c. manipulated; measured d. reliable; valid

c. manipulated; measured

__________________ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker. a. Responsibility b. Consistency c. Maturity d. Generativity

c. maturity

Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships? a. conscientiousness b. self-monitoring c. narcissism d. authoritarianism

c. narcissism

What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits? a. big bandwidth inventories b. high-fidelity inventories c. omnibus inventories d. Big Seven inventories

c. omnibus inventories

Fast and Funder (2008) found that using words like 'guarantee' was correlated 0.21 with 'has a high aspiration for self.' Which of the following is a correct interpretation to this finding? a. Participants who used the word 'guarantee' were very likely to also have high aspirations. b. Participants who used the word 'guarantee' were very unlikely to also have high aspirations. c. Participants who used the word 'guarantee' were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations. d. Participants who used the word 'guarantee' were slightly less likely to also have high aspirations.

c. participants who used the word 'guarantee' were slightly more likely to also have high aspiration

A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ___________. a. individual differences cannot be measured reliably b. situations do not affect behavior c. people are inconsistent d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size

c. people are inconsistent

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because ________________. a. personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed b. personality tests are unethical c. personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual d. personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires

c. personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual

What is the correct definition of p-value? a. probability that the null hypothesis is true b. probability that the null hypothesis is false c. probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true d. probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is false

c. probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true

Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ____________. a. the ecological reliability of their research b. the internal validity of their studies c. the generalizability of their findings d. the construct validity of their studies

c. the generalizability of their findings

If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he/she typically mean? a. The result is important. b. The result is large and dramatic. c. The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. d. The result will likely revolutionize the field.

c. the result is unlikely to have occurred by chance

What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions? a. electroencephalography b. magnetoencephalography c. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. encephalographic stimulation

c. transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which of the following is an aspect of the 'good' trait with regard to judgement? a. moderation b. unpredictability c. visibility d. acquaintanceship

c. visibility

In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoken with a. rated herself as more attractive than the woman in the photograph b. rated herself as less attractive than the woman in the photograph c. was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner d. was rated by other people as behaving in a cold, aloof, and unfriendly manner

c. was rated by the other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner

Which of the following is an example of interjudge agreement in the context of accuracy judgements? a. Your own ratings of your conscientiousness predict your class attendance. b. Your friends' ratings of your agreeableness do not predict your neatness. c. Your friends' ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents' ratings. d. high in self-efficacy

c. your friends' ratings of your extraversion converge with your partners' ratings

Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable? a. S b. B c. I d. L

d. L

Your responses to the personality test item 'I am an intelligent person' would be ________ data, whereas your scored on an intelligent test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be __________ data. a. B; L b. S; L c. I; B d. S; B

d. S; B

Recent research on the good judge of personality indicates that the good judge is ____________. a. extraverted b. a high self-monitor c. narcissistic d. agreeable

d. agreeable

Which of the following is an ethical issue involved in the research process? a. how research findings are used b. which research topics are studied c. how truthful researchers are when describing their work d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Judgements of your personality by others __________________. a. reflect who you are b. create who you are c. are too inaccurate to be used in research contexts d. both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like

d. both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like

What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have a. definitional truth b. causal truth c. phenomenological force d. causal force

d. causal force

A long life is associated with what trait? a. openness to experience b. self-monitoring c. neuroticism d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes? a. neuroticism b. authoritarianism c. openness d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

A researcher wants to conduct a significance test for the correlation between extraversion and happiness. What is the null hypothesis in this analysis? a. Extraversion is positively correlated with happiness. b. Extraversion is negatively correlated with happiness. c. Extraversion is the same construct as happiness. d. Extraversion is not correlated with happiness.

d. extraversion is not correlated with happiness

The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________. a. allows the judge to rate the target person consistently high or low on every trait b. does not require the judge to make subtle discriminations between trait ratings c. can only be used by trained clinicians, thus preventing problems with untrained judges d. forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other

d. forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other

Which of the following is NOT a basic aspect of childhood temperament? a. positive emotionality b. negative emotionality c. effortful control d. heterotypic continuity

d. heterotypic coninuity

The trait approach focuses exclusively on ___________________. a. the measurement of absolute levels of traits b. aspects of personality that are the same in all people c. physical dimensions d. individual differences

d. individual differences

What intervention has been developed to (temporarily) change levels of narcissism? a. Individuals were given psilocybin mushrooms. b. Individuals were instructed to work for a charity for at least 10 hours per week. c. Individuals were told to practice mindfulness meditation. d. Individuals were told to practice perspective taking and empathy.

d. individuals were told to practice perspective taking and empathy

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of ______________. a. reliability b. a validity bias c. a cohort effect d. measurement error

d. measurement error

According to a recent study, a __________ amount of stress throughout one's life leads to a(n) ________ in cardiovascular reactivity. a. low; decrease b. high; decrease c. moderate; increase d. moderate; decrease

d. moderate; decrease

According to one study mentioned in the textbook, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change? a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. openness d. neuroticism

d. neuroticism

According to the textbook, eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will ____________. a. prevent biases from affecting hiring decisions b. decrease the likelihood that certain groups of people will be discriminated against in hiring c. increase the use of lie detector tests and drug tests in employment screening d. not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged

d. not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged

Bandura focused on a certain kind of learning that was gained through watching and mimicking models of behavior. This kind of learning is called. a. mimicry b. feel-good, do-good phenomenon c. reciprocal determinism d. observational learning

d. observational learning

Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and 'difficult to grasp'? a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. psychoticism d. openness

d. openness

What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen? a. neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience b. neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism c. ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment d. positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint

d. positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint

Richard is an extravert and finds himself miserable at parties. His response is an example of a(n) _________________ person-environment transaction. a. active b. evocative c. inactive d. reactive

d. reactive

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure? a. Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items. b. Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items. c. Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items. d. Read and consider the content of the items.

d. read and consider the content of the items

Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ______________ are relevant to how people will act under specific circumstances and that ____________ are better for describing how people act in general. a. S data; I data b. S data; B data c. personality traits; situational variables d. situational variables; personality traits

d. situational variables; personality traits

The number between -1 and +1 that indexes the linear association between any two variables is called __________. a. the significance level b. the probability value c. the alpha level d. the correlation coefficient

d. the correlation coefficient

Which of the following aspects are included in the context in which one develops? a. neighborhood b. time c. values d. family e. they are all aspects f. neither b nor d

e. they are all aspects (neighborhood, time, values, family)

(T/F) The study of development is only concerned with what take place within the individual. It is not concerned with one's social relationships.

false