Pharmacology- ch12 Parenteral administration (ID, IM,subcut, IV)

Insulin syringes - which scale do you use?

U-100 (hundred units)

Site commonly used in infants (IM)

Vastus lateralis

Name the 3 most important electrolytes?

1) Na (sodium) 2) Cl (chloride) 3) K (Potassium)

Formula for drops/ minute?

mL of solution drops/mL (Drip factor) ______________ x _________________= drops/ min Hours of administ. 1 hour/60 min

Needles used? (IM gauge size?

one to one and a half inch 20 to 22

Use different needles for adult and ____ patients.

pediatric (Smaller gauges)

Types of IV access devices? (5)

1) Peripheral devices 2) Midline catheters 3) Central devices 4) Implantable venous infusion ports 5) Saline, heparin or Medlock

Drugs can be administered continuous through infusion through two lines :

Peripheral and central IV line.

Complications of IV therapy?

1) Phlebitis 2) thrombophleibitis 3) Infection 4) Septicemia 5) Infiltration/ extravasation 6) Air in tubing/ embolus 7) Circulatory overload 8) Pulmonary edema 9) Pulmonary embolism 10) Speed shock

Z track method - which type of injection? - why is it performed? (2) - do you want blood to come out? why?

- IM - For patients who needs multiple injections - so that medication wouldnt leak! - yes, to make sure that we hit the muscle!

Two types of allergy testing using Intradermal route?

- Injection method -Skin prick test (SPT)

IV route is more effective when? (2)

- Large volume of fluid must be quickly administered. - Medication must be absorbed faster.

Sites commonly used in adults? (IM) (3) (point where they are~!)

1) Gluteal area 2) deltoid 3) Vastus lateralis

Intradermal route - Usually used for? - administer ___ degree

- Allergy testing (tuberculin) - 15 degrees

Interstitial compartment?

- Between the cells

SASH method? -define? - abbreviation

- Flushing method - Saline antibiotic - saline heparin

milliliter scale - shorter lines represents? - longer lines represents? syringes- what are male & female tapered end (look at ppt)

- 0.1 mL - 0.5 mL

What normally occur during an intradermal injection?

- A bleb - A wheal

Parenteral administration -Define?

- Administration by any other route than the GI tract.

Central access devices Implantable infusion ports: - How long? - Where? - For 4 things How is it accessed? (what degree? what needle?)

- Long term therapy - in central vein for: IV fluids, medications, TPN and chemotherapy. -90 degree, huber needle.

Subcutaneous route - where is the medication deposited? (between which layers?)

- Loose connective tissue between dermis and muscle layer - FAT

Differ phlebitis and thrombophleibitis?

- Phlebitis (inflammation of the vein) doesn't have to be necessarily be blood. When it is clot with blood it is called a thrombus--> lead to pulmonary edema. - Thrombopheibitis ( blood clot)

Heparin (treatment for?) - How does it work?

- Prevent blood clotting for patients who have medical conditions that will trigger blood clotting. - Stops the growth of clots.

Central access devices - Sites? (3)

- Subclavian, jugular, femoral veins.

Central access devices Tunneled central venous catheters: - How is it placed? - Where does it exits?

- Surgically placed - Chest

Tuberculin syringe - is the most _____ of doses ___ mL or less.

- accurate - 1mL

Extracellular compartment ? (define)

- outside the cell

Tuberculin syringes are used to measure? -example?

- small volumes of medication accuretaly (0.5 mL)

Name one quipment used in parenteral administration?

- syringe

Prefilled syringes - are they disposable? - does it already have medication inside? - advantage (3) & disadvantage?

- yes - yes adv ( safe preparation time, less chance of contamination and medication errror) dis ( cost more, volume of second medication limited. )

Locate iliac crest anterior, superior iliac spine, gluteus, greater trochanter.

------

Lower dose insulin syringes are used for patients receiving ___units or fewer than 100 units .

-50

Types of infusion control devices? 1) controllers ( it is controlled by___) 2) Pumps (two types) 3) Syringe pumps

1) Gravity 2) nonvolumetric & volumetric

Procedure protocol? (6)

1) Hand hygiene 2) Seven rights 3) Check compatibility of drugs before mixing 4) Prepare drug in clean, well lit area 5) Use asepsis 6) Check expiration date

Subcutaneous route- common drugs injected subcut (3):

1) Heparin 2) Insulin 3) Enoxaparin

The needle has 3 parts?

1) Hub 2) shaft 3) Beveled tip

Equipment used for IV therapy? (6)

1) IV bag 2) IV access device to enter the vein 3) Spikes 4) drip chambers 5) tubing with control clamps 6) Needle adapters

What are the 4 parenteral routes?

1) Intradermal (ID) 2) Subcutaneous (sub-cut) 3) Intramuscular (IM) 4) Intravenous (IV)

Name the four types of solutions?

1) Isotonic 2) Hypotonic 3) Hypertonic 4) Total parenteral solution

Two kinds of drip chambers?

1) Macrodrip 2) Microdrip

Dispose used syringes and needles in ____. This comply with ___ standards.

-sharp containers -OSHA

What is the typical volume of medication usually used for IM injections? ___to __mL 1 mL or less is usually used in ___ patients.

0.5 to 2mL - pediatrics

Glass vs plastic syringes? (differentiate) 1) Glass? (Advantage & disadvantage) 2) Plastic ? (Advantage & disadvantage) Which one do we use more? (nowadays)

1) - economic, can be re sterilized - Easy to break, time consuming, plungers can become loosen easily. 2) Various sizes, disposable - More expensive, some have unclear calibration (Can't be read) - Plastic-

All devices used for administration of IV fluids and drugs have safety features. Name them! (3)

1) Alarm systems 2) Automatic stop capability 3) Programmability

Parenteral dose has 3 containers?

1) Ampules 2) Vials 3) Mix o vials

Monitoring IV therapy? (3 steps)

1) Assessment of site insertion 2) Procedures- flushing and administering meds 3) nursing intervention- discontinuing IV when it is needed.

Intravascular compartments (4)

1) Blood vessels 2) arteries 3) veins 4) Capillaries

Nursing responsibilities? 1) care of ___ and ___ __ 2) Change __ 3) Flushing___ 4) Discontinuing ___ infusion 5) Know which medication can be __ 6) Carefully check drug order for __ 7) Recommend rate of infusion for all ___ medications.

1) Care of sites and implanted ports 2) Dressings 3) Catheters 4) IV 5) infused 6) dose 7)IV

How to prepare a medication from a vial?

1) Cleanse the top of the vial 2) Pull plunger of syringe to fill with amount of air equal to the volume of the solution to be withdrawn (ex. insulin administration)

The physician's order for IV must include (5)

1) Date 2) type of solution/medication 3) dosage 4) rate 5) frequency

Equipments needed for parenteral administration? (5)

1) Drug in sterile sealed container 2) Correct syringe 3) Correct needle length & gauge 4) Antiseptic swab 5) MAR (Medication administration Record)

Advantages of IV therapy? (3)

1) Drugs can be administered directly from syringe injection into the vein. 2) Drugs can be administered continuous through infusion through two lines : Peripheral and central IV line. 3) More comfortable than IM , subcut injections! (painful)

Describe function of each: 1) isotonic 2) Hypotonic 3) Hypertonic 4) Total parenteral solution

1) Fluid replacement (add volume) 2) Cellular dehydration- subtract from extracellular and interstitial 3) absorbed fluid from extracellular into blood vessels 4) Has all the electrolytes!

Signs of speed shock (6 in order)

1) Flushed face 2) Headache 3) tight feeling in chest 4) Irregular pulse 5) loss of conciousness 6) Cardiac arrest

Disadvantages of IV therapy?

1) Requires extended time to administer. 2) Requires a skilled health care provider to administer 3) Decrease patient's mobility 4) Increase of infection 5) Increase the possibility of severe adverse drug reaction (allergic) ---> FASTER REACTION

How to prepare a medication from an ampule? (6)

1) Shake the ampule (friction) 2) Cover ampule neck with sterile gauze or antiseptic swab 3) Break the neck 4) Use a filter needle to withdraw medication 5) Attach sterile needle using correct gauge 6) Administer

Can be used for how long? 1) Peripheral devices 2) Midline catheters 3) Central devices ( name the two types) 4) Implantable venous infusion ports (two types)

1) Short term 2) 2-4 weeks 3) PICC and tunneled 4) Infus-a-port / port-a -cath

Intradermal route -Preffered sites? (3)

1) Upper chest 2) Inner forearm 3) Scapular back area

Intramuscular route (IM) - Sites? (5)

1) Vastus lateralis 2) Rectus femoris 3) VENTROGLUTEAL 4) Dorsogluteal 5) Deltoid muscle

How to prepare a reconstituting (powder) medicaton from a vial? (5)

1) Withdraw measured volume diluent according to order required to diluent the powder. 2) Tap the vial to break up caked powder 3) Clean the rubber diaphragm with alcohol swab 4) Insert needle and inject diluent. 5) Mix throughly to dissolve poweder

What else does a parenteral solution has? (3)

1) amino acid 2) carbohydrates (dextrose_ 3) fatty acids

Three parts of syringe?

1) barrel 2) Plunger 3) Tip

Principles of IV medication administration? (6)

1) know the purpose of the drug 2) know the 7 rights 3) Check compatibility of drugs 4) Use aseptic techniques 5) SASH method 6) Calculate drip rates properly.

Before injecting, make sure u have the right (4)

1) medication 2) Dose 3) Gauge size 4) needle length

Syringes are calibrated in 3 units - Which one is not used routinely?

1) minims 2) milliliters 3) cubic centimers (cc) -minims-

How to prepare a medication from a mix- o- vial? (5)

1) tap the container a few times to break up the cake powder 2) Remove plastic lid protector 3) Push firmly on the diaphragm plunger 4) Mix gently by shaking gently 5) clean the rubber diaphragm and remove drug using syringe

Subcutaneous sites? (3) - administer ___ degree?

1) upper arm 2) Anterior thighs 3) Abdomen -45 degree

IV solutions 1) consist of__ containing 1 or more ___ particles (solutes) 2) Concentration of dissolved particles is known as ___.

1) water, dissolved 2) Osmolality

Sizes of macrodrip?

10, 15, 20 drops per mL

Large volume solution: - How much does one bag of solution usually contains? (mL)

100 to 2000mL

IM route - While administering in the deltoid muscle, do not exceed ___mL in volume.

1mL

Intercellular compartment makes up _/_ of the total body water. Intravascular and interstitial has ___ water.

2/3 LESS!

Size of microdrip?

60 drops per mL

Define air tubing or embolus? (why is it dangerous?)

A mass, such as an air bubble, detached blood clot, or foreign body, that travels in the bloodstream. - clogs the circulation

What factors to consider when giving IM injections? (2) - Administer __ degree?

Age & muscle mass - 90 degree

Sciatic nerve could also be found between ____ ___ & ___ ___ muscle, aside from the buttocks.

Between greater trochanter and rectus femoris muscle

Differ pulmonary edema and pulmonary embolism?

Edema- abnormal collection of fluid Embolism- clot of blood which clogs the circulatory system.

Nurses must be familiar with ___ protocols recommended for these devices.

FLUSHING~

Advantage of "Midline access catheters "? - where is it inserted? (two choices of vein) at ___fossa - Where is it placed? - Lower rates of ___ -Less ___than central venous catheters.

Flexible - cephalic or basilic vein at the antecubital fossa. - Distal subclavian vein - Phlebitis - expensive

Ampules

Glass containers containing a single dose

Mix o vials upper and lower (differentiate, what do they contain?)

Glass containers with one dose Upper chamber containing solvent A lower chamber containing drug.

Define IV therapy?

Injection into the vein.

Intracellular compartment (define)

Inside the cell

How does a hubber needle look like?

Like an "L" rotated

Type of catheters used?

Midline access catheters

Enoxaparin (treatment for?) -examples?

Prevent blood clot in patients who are bed rested. - surgery - rehabilitation or restoration of injured parts of the body.

IV theraphy requires a written order from the __

Primary care provider /physician

Differ infection and septicemia?

Septicemia is infection inside the blood (Sepsis shock) -systemic infection! An infection only could be generalized in one area.

Syringes and needles must be___

Sterile

Define speed shock?

a sudden adverse physiologic reaction to IV medications or drugs that are administered too quickly.

Landmark for deltoid include the ___ and ___. "practice on ur forearm!"

acromion process and axilla .

Gauge refers to the ____ (define)?

diameter of the hole inside the needle.

Vials

glass containers containing one or more doses

Needle gauge & length depends on the ___.

route of administration.

IV solution is given to replace body loss of ___ and ___/

water and electrolytes