Pharmacology Chapter 1,2,19
The noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug that occurs at dosages used in humans is referred to as
Adverse drug reaction
It currently takes an average of ____ to ____ years to develop and bring a new drug to market.
8 to 15
The pain assessment used for patients 3 years of age and older, which is particularly useful for adults who have language barriers or do not read, is the
Wrong-Baker FACES scale
The drug name that allows the chemist to understand the exact chemical constitution of the drug as well as its atoms or molecular groupings is the
chemical name
Generic name
common name
Which name of the drug should the nurse use when teaching a patient about a new prescription?
Generic and trade
A patient is being started on a new drug that has been used safely for many people for years. The patient has no known allergies, and the nurse administers the drug correctly. Suddenly the patient experiences cardiac arrest. What is this type of reaction called?
Idosyncratic
What is a common but serious adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Increased upper GI bleeding
Which route of administration has the fastest rate of distribution
Intravenous
Which classification does not describe a property of salicylates?
Sedative
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their actions in living organisms
Brand name
The trademarked name of the drug that appears on the package label.
What is the best way for the nurse to evaluate the effectiveness of the patient's opiate agonist?
Verbal report of 2 on a 1 to 10 scale
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
a federal agency charged with enforcing regulations against selling and distributing adulterated, misbranded, or hazardous food and drug products
Which common adverse effect may be seen with use of opiate agonists?
Orthostatic hypotension
Prescription drugs
Require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescribe drugs, such as a physician, a nurse practitioner, a physician assistant, a pharmacist, or a dentist
Which drug schedule indicates drugs with the highest risk for abuse?
Schedule I
The study of the mathematic relationships among the ADME features of individual medications over time is called
pharmacokinetics
The process whereby a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids of the body is called
absorption
Controlled Drug and Substances Act
established the requirements for the import, production, export, distribution, and possession of substances classified as narcotics and substances of abuse in Canada
The method of drug administration that is considered percutaneous is
inhalation
schedules
the basic structure of the controlled substances act consists for 5 classifications
orphan drugs
the medicines that are developed for rare health conditions
Therapeutic methods
the various approaches to therapy
Biologic therapies
transformed treatment of patients with disorders that attack the body's own organs, tissues, and cells (autoimmune disorders), blood (hematologic disorders), and cancers
What type of pain is described as originating from the abdominal and thoracic organs?
visceral
A medication that is labeled as having a black box warning indicates the drug
was withdrawn from the market because of serious or fatal complications
enternal
when using this route, drug is administered directly into the gastrointestinal tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric
black box warning
Issued by the FDA when a drug is found to have serous or life threatening side effects, even if such side effects are rare
All drugs are processed in the body through pharmacokinetics. What is the correct order that drugs pass through the body?
Liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Which pain assessment is useful for individuals who has chronic pain and provides descriptive words and phrases that may be used to help the patient communicate the subjective pain experience?
McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire
Which medication would the nurse administer to a patient who is rating the pain at 8 on a 0 to 10 scale?
Morphine (Roxanol)
After receiving a dose of morphine for postoperative pain, a patient becomes unresponsive, with a respiratory rate of 10/min, with shallow breathing. The nurse should anticipate administering which medication?
Naloxone
biosimilar
a biologic products that is dose in structure and function to an existing approved biologic product known as a referance product
The nurse is educating a postoperative patient about the use of a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?
"I'm afraid I'll give myself too much medicine and become addicted to it."
In Canada, a schedule II category drug includes
restricted-access nonprescription drugs
Nonprescription drugs (over-the-counter drugs)
sold without a prescription in a pharmacy or in the health section of department or grocery stores
receptors
specific sites where the drug forms chemical bonds
In 1983, Congress passed the Orphan Drug Act to
stimulate the development and market availabilty of products that are used for the treatment of rare diseases
Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response are called
Antagonists
The nurse has applied a fentanyl (Duragesic) trans-dermal patch on a patient for chronic pain. The patient asks how soon it will begin to relieve the pain. The nurse understands that it takes approximately ________ hours for the initial patch of medication to reach a steady blood level.
12-24
When the nurse administers a 50-mg dose of a drug with a half-life of 6 hours, how many milligrams will remain in the body at 24 hours?
3.13 mg
How long after the administration of a parenteral pain medication will the nurse complete the next pain assessment to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication?
30 minutes
A patient receives 200 mg of a medication that has a half-life of 12 hours. How many mg of the drug would remain in the patient's body after 24 hours?
50 mg
How many years on average does it take for a drug to be brought to market from the time of its conception?
8-15 years
Which statements about liberation of drugs is/are true?
A. A drug must be dissolved in body fluids before it can be absorbed into body tissues. B. A solid drug taken orally must disintegrate and dissolve in GI fluids to allow for absorption into the bloodstream for transport to the site of action C. The process of converting the drug into a soluble form can be controlled to a certain degree by the dosage form. D. Converting the drug to a soluble form can be influenced by administering the drug with or without food in the patients stomach
What are routes of drug excretion?
A. GI tract; feces B. Genitourinary (GU) tract; urine E. Respiratory system; exhalation
Which route(s) enable(s) drug absorption more rapidly than the subcut route?
A. IV route B. IM route C. Inhalation/sublingual
Which statements about variables that influence drug action is/are true?
B. Body weight can affect the therapeutic response of a medication. C. Chronic smokers may metabolize drugs more rapidly than nonsmokers. D. A patient's attitude and expectations affect the response to medication.
Which conditions may be managed by salicylates
B. Swollen joints C. Fever D. Muscle aches E. Myocardial infarction
A patient reports postoperative pain, and the nurse administers morphine (a narcotic analgesic) intravenously to ease the pain. Fifteen minutes later, the nurse notes that the patient is very drowsy, respirations are slow and shallow, and oxygen saturation is low. The nurse administers another drug that decreases the action of the morphine. What is this effect called?
Antagonistic
Which factors affect drug actions?
B. Age C. Body weight D. Metabolic rate E. Illness
When performing a baseline neurologic assessment prior to the administration of an NSAID medication, the nurse will assess which patient characteristics?
B. Orientation to date, time, and place C. Mental alertness
Drugs
Chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms
Pain which has a slow onset and lasts longer for 3 months beyond the healing process is called
Chronic pain
Which action will the nurse take when a patient receiving morphine sulfate via percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA) has a shallow, irregular respiratory rate of 6 breaths/min?
D. Notify the health care provider and prepare to administer naloxone (Narcan).
Legislation that divided medications into prescription and nonprescription was the
Durham Humphrey Admendment
What source of information is best for the nurse to obtain drug information?
Electronic databases
The elimination of drug metabolites from the body is caleld
Excretion
Until the early- to mid-twentieth centry, _________ were the most abundant source of medicines.
dried plants
antagonists
drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response
agonists
drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response
partial agonists
drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses
The measure of the time required for elimination of a drug is called
half-life
The opiate receptors that are responsible for analgesia at the levels of the spinal cord and brain are called
kappa receptors
Chemical name
most meaningful to the chemist; chemist understannds the exact chemical constitution of the drug and the exact placement of its atoms or molecular grouping
Physiotherapy is a therapeutic method which includes treatment with
natural physical forces
Pain that results from injury to the peripheral or central nervous system and is described as stabbing and burning
neuropathic pain
The first step to leading to the sensation of pain is the stimulation of receptors known as
nociceptors
The _____ drug administration route bypasses the GI tract with the use of subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection
parenteral
An individual's awareness of the feeling or sensation of pain is called pain
perception
The study of the interactions between the drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response is called
pharmacodynamics
Which additional nursing interventions would be effective with pain management in the pediatric population?
A. Provide diversional activities such as coloring, puzzles, and games B. Allow uninterrupted sleep and rest C. Perform hygiene measures D. Encourage parental participation with care-giving to diminish the child's anxiety
When teaching a patient who is starting therapy with NSAIDs, the nurse must be sure to mention drug interactions with which drugs?
A. Warfin (Coumadin) B. Lithium (Eskalith) E. Diuretics
A severe life-threatening reaction that causes respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse is known as
Anaphylactic reaction
The nurse recognizes which factors would contribute to digoxin toxicity in a 92-year-old patient?
B. Prolonged half-life of the drug digoxin C. Impaired renal function
A group of naturally occurring semi-synthetic and synthetic substances that have the capability to relieve severe pain without the loss of consciousness are called
Opiate agonists
How do nursing journals furnish a source of drug information for health care providers?
Provide drug updates and articles that discuss nursing considerations related to drug therapy and drugs
Authority to reschedule a drug, to bring an unscheduled drug under control, or to remove controls on scheduled drugs falls under thhe
US Attorney General
Which entity is responsible for monitoring drug safety in the United States?
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
