PHIL 101- Test 1

When is an argument invalid?

If the argument has true premises and a false conclusion.

Define categorical syllogism.

A categorical syllogism is a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words "all," "no," or "some."

If an argument is cogent what does that mean? And what type of argument does it apply to?

A cogent argument is an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises.

Define deductive argument.

A deductive argument is an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

What is a hypothetical syllogism?

A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism having a conditional ("if...then") statement for one or both of its premises.

Define inductive argument.

A inductive argument is an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true.

What are inductive argument forms?

A prediction- an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future. A argument from analogy- the argument depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity between two things. A generalization- an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group. An argument from authority- is an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness said so. (Because I said so). Based on signs- an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign or claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes. A casual inference- is an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or, conversely, from knowledge of an effect to claim about a cause (effect to cause- chicken is dry- overcooked).

What makes an argument sound?

A sound argument is a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.

An argument which proceed from our knowledge of the past is to claim about the future is what type of argument?

An inductive argument.

What is an uncogent argument?

An uncogent argument is an inductive argument that is weak, and has one or more false premises.

What is an unsound argument?

An unsound argument is a deductive argument that is invalid and has one or more false premises.

In the claim "If religion is to dictate what counts as science, then the future of education is doomed." The statement "If religion is to dictate what counts as science is called the________.

Antecedent

When is an argument weak?

When the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

When evaluating __________ arguments two questions must be answered. (1) Do the premises support the conclusions? and (2) Are the premises true?

Both inductive and deductive arguments

What is the equation for a cogent argument?

Cogent argument = strong argument + all true premises

A valid argument is an argument in which _________.

If the conclusion is false, then at least one of the premises must also be false

What is a invalid deductive argument?

Is a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

What is a valid deductive argument?

Is an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

When is an argument cogent?

When the premises are true and the conclusion is probably true.

An unsound argument can be valid only if ______________.

Not all its premises are true.

If a deductive argument has false premises and false conclusions, then we know what?

Nothing as such about the arguments validity

If an inductive argument has all true premises and the conclusion is probably true, then what do we know?

Nothing as such as about the argument's strength.

What is the equation for a sound argument?

Sound argument = valid argument + all true premises

What is the difference between a sound and an unsound argument?

Sound- valid, all true premises Unsound- invalid, one or more false premises

A cogent argument is an argument __________.

That is inductive, has all true premises, and is strong.

Define conclusion.

The conclusion is the statement that the evidence is claiming to support or imply.

Define premises.

The premises are the statements that set forth the reasons or evidence.

When is an argument sound?

When both the premises and the argument is true.

What is the difference between a valid and invalid argument?

Whether or not the conclusion is true. Valid- conclusion is true. Invalid- conclusion is false.

A disjunctive syllogism is a(n)

deductive argument that contains at least one "either/or" proposition as a premise

A deductive argument is best defined as an argument in which___________.

it is claimed (or implied) by the argument that if the premises are true than the conclusion cannot be false.