PHIL 2306 final review
_____ _________ (novelist that wrote The Anthem, Atlas Shrugged, The Fountainhead, etc.) developed an egoist moral theory, she labeled objectivism. ■"The Objectivist ethics holds that the actor must always be the beneficiary of his action." - The Virtue of Selfishness. ■Rand holds that selfishness is a _________ and altruism is a ______.
Ayn Rand virtue, vice
There are various systems of deontological ethics. 1.___________•"Thou shalt not steal" does not have an addendum of "unless your family is starving". "Thou shalt not kill" was never amended to included "unless you're in a room with Hitler, Baghdadi, or Bin Laden." 2.Intuitionist theories•Intuitionism holds that we can discover morality by considering our deepest intuition. These theories often break into:•___-based•____-based 3.Reason-based systems•_________ _____
DCT act, rule natural law
•What is the modern phrasing of the euthyphro dilemma that emerges from the dialog?
Does God Love Goodness because it is Good? OrIs it Good because God Loves it?
Formula for moral judgements
Formula: Moral Claim/Principle + Descriptive claim(s) →Moral Judgment
•_________ ___________ argues that religion creates a contradiction in our own autonomy___________ ________ said, "Kneeling down or groveling on the ground, even to express reverence for heavenly things, is contrary to human dignity." Rachels constructs the following proof. 1.If any being is God, he must be a fitting object of _______ 2.No being could possibly be a fitting object of worship, since worship requires the abandonment of one's role as an ____________ moral agent. 3.Therefore, there ___________ be any being that is God.
James Rachels immanuel kant worship autonomous cannot
-Utilitarianism will be formalized in the 18th and 19th centuries by English philosophers _____________ ___________ and ___ _____ _____.Both of which were working on _____ and _______ reform of the English system
Jeremy Bentham, john stuart mill legal, moral
1._____________ believes that JC morality is a perversion of the "Good and _____" and "Good and ________" dichotomies. •"Good" historically referred to nobility, powerful, life-asserting. "Bad" historically referred to weak, impoverished life styles. •Nietzsche believes that the Jews (disenfranchised historically), out of ressentiment reverted the meanings in the "Good/Evil" dichotomy. "____________" evolved out of the slaves to flip the moral esteem of the disenfranchised. 2.Nietzsche develops a theory of master/_________ morality as a dialectic that reverts over throughout history, and that humanity has become stagnant in accepting a slave morality (a bad morality) as the dominant position.
Nietzsche evil, bad, good/evil slave
What is Nietzsche's ultimate concern?
Nietzsche is chiefly concerned with the threat of Nihilism overtaking humanity.
________________ employs Jean __________ model of moral development to argue that religion hinders moral development because it prevents individuals from adapting to situations that do not fit their rules or schemas of behavior. He said that some religious people ______________ rules of morals which leaves us morally ____________
PH Nowell-Smith, Piaget, overemphasize, stunted
why do humans leave the state of nature?
This goes against our self-interest. We want rich, happy, long lives
____________ is a prime rule intuitionist.
WD ross
What is the ideal government structure to preserve society/prevent a return to the state of nature?
absolute sovereign government with a king
what type of utilitarianism is specific actions or circumstances?
act
bishop joseph butler
act deontology
An act is right if and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative
act utilitarianism
In Deontological Ethics, the morality of an action is dependent on the nature of the _______ itself
action
The practice of disinterested or selfless behaviors for the well-being of others. i.e. selflessness
altruism
virtue theory = __________ ethics= ____________ ethics
aretaic, eudiamonia
±Natural Law has roots in ________ and the Stoics.±Most fully theorized by ____________________________
aristsotle st thomas aquinas
morality is independent of God
autonomy thesis
•What are the two theories that emerge out of euthyphro dilemma?
autonomy thesis dependency thesis
_____________ believed that moral actions/decisions could be mathematized based on whether or not the action's result will affect the system in terms of ____________ or ______
bentham pleasure or pain
"If any plain honest man, before he engages in any course of action, ask himself, 'Is this I am going about right, or is it wrong?' . . . I do not in the least doubt but that this question would be answered agreeably to truth and virtue, by almost any fair man in almost any circumstance."
bishop joseph butler
•What did Jesus do to the moral system of the Romans ("Good vs Bad") and how?
changed it to good vs evil; switched the idea that bad, weak people are now good and the good, rich people were now bad
Butler believed that we could consider our___________, and if we are being honest with ourselves, we ought to be able to discern the proper moral action in any circumstance.
conscinece
The variety of different customs across time and space is the phenomenon of __________ ___________. It is a _____________ thesis - Different societies have different practices.
cultural relativism descriptive
________ - Greek for "Duty" or "Obligation"
deon
Focused on duties, fairness, equality, and the act itself.
deontological
morality depends on God either in whole or in part
dependency thesis
which of thesis does Divine Command Theory falls under?
dependency thesis
ethical relativism has 2 subthesis: •The ___________ thesis - Restates cultural relativism: Different societies have different moral practices. •The _____________ Thesis - Individual acts are right/wrong based on the society in which they occur. Morality does not exist in a vacuum. Acts need to be judged within context.
diversity dependency
The _______________________________ is the special process which, in Natural Law, allows individuals to resolve moral dilemmas within the framework of Natural Law.°When foundational moral values within Natural Law are in conflict with each other or themselves in any particular scenario, DDE allows the actor to decipher what is __________ required of them.
doctrine of double effect morally
The belief that pursuing one own's self-interest ought to be the foundation of morality. i.e. selfishness
egosim
__________ ___________says there are no moral truths (e.g. "It is wrong to murder") at all. Morality is a myth or reducible to a power struggle.
ethical nihilsm
what says the morality is an allusion?
ethical nihilsm
_________ _____________ (Absolutism), is the opposing thesis that there are indeed at least some moral laws in the universe that ought to govern all people.
ethical objectivism
what says the morality is a universal law?
ethical objectivism/absolutism/ universalism
__________ ____________ is the normative thesis that there are no universal objective moral principles. Ethics are relative to the culture/society at hand.
ethical relativism
what says the morality is created by society?
ethical relativism
what says morality is created by individuals?
ethical subjectivism
________ _______________ is the normative thesis that there are no universal, objective moral principles. Ethics are relative to each individual person's beliefs.
ethical subjectvism
__________ is the systemic and reasoned study of moral right and wrong, good and bad, including the principles and claims that employ those concepts.
ethics
Politeness: "You should say thank you."
etiquette
Values that adhere to and entail normative claims to behaving in a way deemed acceptable and proper by society.
etiquette
What happens as a result of humans in the state of nature?
everyone living poor, nasty, brutish, short lives.
__________ allows the ability to act against the moral law. Example: Killing in self-defense, lying to a murderer, breaking a promise with a terrorist, etc.
forfeiture
jeremy bentham
hedonic calculus
Whose theory James Rachels use to make this criticism?
immanuel kant
when can you intentionally kill another human being under natural law?
in forfeiture
Pleasure is calculated by
intensity, duration, certainity
Rule Deontology comes in two forms: •Rule ____________ - derived from intuition •Rule __________ - derived from reason
intuitionism rationalism
Whose theory Nowell-smith use to make this criticism?
jean piaget
"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"-Who said it
john stuart mill
consequences of subjective ethical relativism •No ____________ of any kind possible. •If you see John torture small children, you ___________ condemn him. •Adolf Hitler, Ted Bundy, Eric Harris are as _______ as Gandhi.
judgment cant moral
"Right" and "Wrong" refer to _____________- on actions.-Gyges' actions were wrong.
judgments
Values that adhere to and entail normative claims to following the law.
law
Natural Law has several foundational moral values that it endeavors to protect:
life, health, procreation, knowledge, use of reason, social interaction
problems with categorical imperative 1. The first formulation prevents ______ ´Consider the case where a murderer comes to your door looking for your friend. What do you do? ´2. The second formulation prevents you from ______ people as a means to an end. ´Is hiring employees ethical? ´What about sex? ´3. The third one differentiates from "Perfect duty" and "Imperfect duty". ´Imperfect duty (charity) is not clear. How much should you help people?´Saving a drowning person.´Who is better? Mother Teresa giving to charity or Scrooge giving to charity?
lying using
the rule in accordance with which an agent intends to act.
maxim
Principle of Bentham
maximize pleasure, minimize pain
what does God is dead mean in the madman?
means that we don't need Him anymore
DDE's conditions
moral principle cond means-end cond right intention cond proportionality cond
Honesty: "You should tell the truth."
moral value
Values that adhere to and entail normative claims to behaving morally right and avoid behaving morally wrong.
moral values
Which is the most important kind of value?
moral values
kinds of values
moral, etiquette, prudence, and law
_________ __________ is premised on the belief that all things have a natural function and purpose, and __________ should promote those functions and disincline actions that threaten those functions.
natural law
Values entail a _____________ claim. Things are judged as good or bad in relation to our expectation or standard.
normative
Moral claims must have the following components:
normative, truth, universalizable, and overriding
•Ethical ____________ is the belief that there are universal moral truths that govern all people at all time, regardless of culture, regardless of epoch.•Just as 2+2=4, A²+B²=C², and All bachelors are unmarried men are universal truths. murder is wrong, Stealing is wrong, and keeping promises is right are __________ _________ _____
objectivism universal moral truths
´The Categorical Imperative is the universal "_________" applied to all rational beings in accordance to reason and duty. Comes in several formulations: 1. Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law of _______´Ex: If you need to borrow money, but cannot pay it back, can you falsely promise to pay it back?´ 2. Act to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end without, never as a ________ only.´Ex: Slavery´ 3. Act as if you were though your maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ____´This extends the first two. The first two _________ absurd states of nature. The third one prevents undesirable states of nature (Ex: Charity).
ought nature means ends prevent
Morality _____________ all other concerns. Moral claims are the most important, beyond etiquette, beyond prudence, beyond legal claims.
overrides
•W.D. Ross elaborates on two kinds of rules/duties •______ _________ - "At first glance" or "on the face of it" 1.Promise Keeping 2.Fidelity (faithful) 3.Gratitude (thankful) 4.Beneficence (help others) 5.Justice (what is fair) 6.Self-Improvement 7.Nonmaleficence (do not harm others) •__________ duties •Duties that take precedence when the 7 above are in __________
prima facie actual conflict
By deliberately attacking or threatening an innocent, an actor forfeits their own moral claims.
principle of forfeiture
Health: "You should brush your teeth daily."
prudence
Values that adhere to and entail normative claims to acing in a way such as to further your self interest and personal well-being.
prudence
john stuart mill's emphasis on utilitarianism was more on the __________
quality
Three Biggest adaptions that Mill makes on Bentham: 1.__________ over _____________ 2.Basic prohibitions against murder, theft, rape, torture, etc. However, utilitarianism is optimal for solving dilemmas. 3.Promote___________ (selflessness)—push to increase the factor of number of people possibly affected in the equation. •(E.G.) Should a rich, ivory tower type purchase a rare book/recording of a higher pleasure over donating the money to the poor to give them food? 4. Should endeavor to promote _________ and secure _______ _______, even if it were to diminish happiness overall.
quality over quantity altruism equality human rights
Immanuel Kant
rational rule deontology
Kant believes the grounding of morality can be discovered in ____________´ Kant wants morality to be grounded in necessary, absolute, universal _____´ Morality should not be contingent on human nature, feelings, or desires, which the empiricists (who will influence Utilitarianism) argued it should be.´ If we reason about how our behavior ought to be shaped, we discover the ______ _____
rationality truth good will
•What are we supposed to do about the fact God is dead?•Nietzsche wants to preempt this potential catastrophe by calling on each and every person to ___________ everything. _________ what everything tells you is good and what everything tells you is bad. •Develop your own system of valuation and you will avoid nihilism when God's death is apparent and the limitations of science cognized.
reevaluate overthrow
what type of utilitarianism is more general and average?
rule
______ ____________ focuses on discerning moral behavior from a set of rules or principles. -Never lie, cheat, steal, break a promise, kill an innocent person, etc. are rules that allow us to justify our moral behavior -These rules make no account on the consequences from following the rules.
rule deontology
An act is right if and only if it is required by a rule that is itself a member of a set of rules whose acceptance would lead to greater utility for society than any available alternative.
rule utilitarianism
how do humans leave the state of nature? We must collectively __________ our rights to pursue our own interest in order to achieve our own interest - We sign the ________ _________. We create morality and social order so that we do not end up in the state of ___________
sacrifice social contract anarchy
•Moral intuitions are: 1._____ ________ without any further justification - i.e. axiomatic 2.Constitute a ________ set. There is not an overarching principle behind them that could be further deduced. 3.They are not absolute in themselves. They may be ___________ by other intuitions.
self-evident plural overriden
a moral and social condition of people for which no government, societal norms, laws, moral rules, justice, etc exist
state of nature
hobbes
state of nature, social contract
Focused on resulting happiness, pain, probability and consequences of actions
teleological
What kind of theory is utilitarianism?
teleological, consequentialist principle
What are Euthyphro and Socrates talking about. Why
they are discussing about what piety is
Conventional Ethical Relativists suggest that by adopting Relativism, we promote _____________ which prevents a false sense of superiority/egocentrism.
tolerance
That principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish happiness.
utility principle
"Good" and "Bad" refer to __________, and may pertain to various sets of values.
values
___________ are what we deem as important. Things can be good or bad in terms of promoting or harming our values or pursuit of values
values
what is the result of the state of nature?
war of all against all
"The moral convictions of thoughtful and well-educated people are the data of ethics, just as sense-perceptions are the data of a natural science."
wd ross
Kant's moral system does not concern itself with the consequences of action, but the ____ behind the action, and whether or not it conforms to the good will. The good will is universal and accords every rational being a ______ _____´ From the good will, Kant deduces that there is a __________ ________ that guides moral behaviors.
will moral duty categorical imperative
•How did we kill god?
with the birth of science and more information coming about that we dont need to rely on God anymore
Nietzsche foretells of an _____________ coming to topple this system of values. It will transcend and overcome all of humanity's great blunders to actualize/instantiate a new epoch of morality and values.
übermensch
