Phil exam 1

A contingent entity is A. an entity that exists in every possible world B. an entity that exists in at least one but not all possible worlds C. an entity that exists in no possible worlds D. an entity exists in exactly one possible world

B. an entity that exists in at least one but not all possible worlds

Organisms are intricate and well-suited to the tasks of survival and reproduction. therefore, organisms were created by an intelligent designer the is best interpreted as A. a non deductive argument B. a deductive argument C. a deductive argument that is in fact valid D. a version of Aquinas's 4th way

A. a non-deductive argument

object A has characteristic C. Object A and object T are similar to degree n therefore, object T has characteristic C this A. all answers are correct B. is not an instance of denying the consequent C. is an analogical argument D.is the form the following argument: rats develop endocrine disorders when exposed to the test substance Humans are like rats to degree n therefore, humans develop endocrine disorder when exposed to the test subjects

A. all answers are correct

an irreducible complex system is one that A. all are correct B. has a function C. is made of many parts D. is such that if any of the parts were removed, the system would be unable to fulfill its function

A. all are correct

theistic evolutionism A. all answers are correct B. says that god set evolutionary processes in motion C. says that mindless evolutionary processes, once started, suffice to explain that complex adaptions we observe organisms to have D. none

A. all are correct

a true theory, according to chapter 6 A. all are correct B. must make true predictions C. must not make false predictions D. must make predictions that we would NOT expect to come out true if the theory were false

A. all aree correct

if lee lives in harrisonburg, then lee lives in the capitol of virginia. lee lives in harrisonburg. hence, lee lives in the capitol of virginia. this argument is A. all the answers are correct unsound because the first premise is false B. an argument of the form if, P, then Q, P. So, Q. C. valid

A. all the answers are correct

which of the following is/are true? A. all of the answers are true B. according to chapter 3, if a theory makes a failed prediction, then the theory is false C.Both of the following are inductive arguments. -Most of the students in PHIL 101 who read chapter 5 know that William Daley defended the design argument for the existence of god -most December days its below 30 degrees in Chicago today os a December day therefore, its below 30 degrees today in Chicago

A. all the answers are correct

most of the supernatural entities we have experienced are morally good. therefore, most supernatural entities are morally good A. an inductive argument B. a deductive argument C. reductio ad absurdum D. an instance Aquinas'sarguemnt from gradation

A. an inductive argument

researchers tested more than 250 bottles of water, from nine countries, sold under 11 different brands. these included Nestle Pure Life, Aquafina, Dasani, Evian, San Pellegrino, and Gerolsteiner. Tiny plastic bits turned up in more than 90% of them. Therefore, most bottled water bottles contain tiny plastic bits this is A. an inductive argument B. a valid argument C. a deductive argument D. an abductive argument

A. an inductive argument

Researches wanted to determine whether or not the results published in prestigious social science journals can be replicated--that is, whether, if the experiments described were repeated, the results would be the same as the published results. they tested 20 recent findings. Argument: more than half of the findings in the sample of findings published in prestigious social science journals could not be replicated. therefore, more than half of all of the recent findings published in prestigious social science journals can't be replicated. this argument is A. an inductive argument from a sample B. valid, because conclusion is probably true if the premise is C. valid D.abductive

A. an inductive argument from a sample

Which of the following claims is NOT part of Thomas Aquinas's second way? A. any empty time (time at which nothing exists) would have to be in the past B. every event in the natural world has a cause C. all of these are a part of the second way D. there are no infinite causal chains in the natural world E. no event in the natural world causes itself

A. any empty time (time at which nothing exists) would have to be in the past

what kind of design argument focuses on a general feature of the whole universe and explains that it is the product of intelligent design? A. global design argument B. local design argument C. goal directed design argument D. reductio ad absurdum design argument E. none

A. global design argument

According to chapter 6, the idea that all present-day living things are genealogically related A. is not at all controversial in modern science B. is little bit controversial in modern science C. actually, chapter 6 doesn't discuss this

A. id not at all controversial in modern science

most supernatural entities are morally good the seventeen entities that designed the universe are supernatural entities therefore, the seventeen entities that designed the universe are morally good the argument is A. inductive B. deductive C. analogical D. valid

A. inductive

Evolutionary theory A. is neutral on the question whether there is a god B. holds that god does not exist C. is consistent with creationism

A. is neutral on the question whether there is a god

a deductive argument is an argument that A. is supposed to guarantee its conclusion B. is supposed to make its conclusion probable C. is supposed to put forward a possible explanation D. is valid

A. is supposed to guarantee its conclusion

in what way does Aquinas's formulation of the argument form design commit the birthday fallacy A. it assumes that if each mindless object that acts for an end has a designer, there must a single designer of all mindless objects that act for an end B. it assumes that for all objects that act for an end, some have minds while others do not C. It assumes that an object that acts for an end, but does not have a mind, must've been designed by something that's a mind D. it assumes that an object that acts for an end, and does have a mind, must've been designed by something that also has a mind

A. it assumes that if each mindless object that acts for an end has a designer, there must a single designer of all mindless objects that act for an end

_________ propositions are true in every possible world, according to chapter 4 A. necessary B. contigent C. dependent D. abductive

A. necessary

suppose that every natural; object was designed by an intelligent being. A. none of these are correct B. it can be validly inferred that there is one intelligent being who designed each natural object C. it can be validly inferred that the designing being exists now D. there is a simple, uncontroversial, reasonable premise that can be added and will make the argument valid E. all answers are correct

A. none are correct

Suppose that every event in the natural world has a cause, that no event in the natural world causes itself, and that there are no infinite cause/effect chains in the natural world. which of the following follows validity from those claims? A. none of these answers are correct B. there is or was exactly on supernatural entity which caused the first natural world event C. there now exists exactly one supernatural entity which caused the first natural world event D. at least one supernatural entity now exists and caused the first natural world event

A. none of these are correct

1. all natural objects give the appearance of having been designed so as to be well-suited to achieving their goals. 2. everything that gives the appearance of having been designed so as to be well-suited to achieving its goals is created by an intelligent being so, 3. all natural objects are created by an intelligent being. this is A. reasonably objected to on the grounds that if you didnt already have an opinion about the truth of the conclusion, the argument, given its second premise, wouldn't and shouldn't, convince you. so the argument is circular B. a reductio ad absurdum C. cogent D. part of Clarke'scosmological argument E. an analogical argument

A. reasonably objected to on the grounds that if you didnt already have an opinion about the truth of the conclusion, the argument, given its second premise, wouldn't and shouldn't, convince you. so the argument is circular

if a theory makes a false prediction, then A. that is conclusive proof that the theory implying the prediction is false B. that slightly weakens the theory C. that has no bearing on thedruth of the theory

A. that is conclusive proof that the theory implying the prediction is false

1. if my religious text states something incompatible with our very best science, then our very best science is wrong 2. my religious text states something incompatible with our very best science therefore, 3. our very best science is wrong A. this argument is valid. it has the form if P, then Q. P. so, Q so if the conclusion of the argument is false, then at least one of it premises must be false. B. this argument is invalid, because people disagree about the premises C. this argument is invalid D. this argument has the valid form If P, then Q. Q. Thus, P.

A. this argument is valid. it has the form if P, then Q. P. so, Q so, if the conclusion of the argument is false, then at least one of it premises must be false

According to chapter 4, God is not the only necessary being A. true B. false

A. true

the concept of a possible world plays a key role in the Third Way. Which of the following is a possible world? A. a possible world isa planet B. any total way the world might have been C. a necessary entity is a possible world D. an entity that never existed, does not exist, and never will

B. any total way the world might have been

according to our text, if a theory makes a prediction that turns out to be false, that is conclusive proof that the theory implying the prediction is false. an example of this would be the following: 1. if astrology is true, then it would be predicted that any two people born at exactly the same time will have identical personalities and fates. 2. its not true that any two people born exactly the same time have identical personalities and fates 3. therefore, astrology isn't true. A. true B. false

A. true

according to our text, if you want to know whether an argument is invalid, you should first, ignore the arguments subject matter and isolate the logical form of the argument. second, see if you can invent an argument that has this logical form, in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false. A. true B. false

A. true

some of the versions of creationism discussed in chapter 6 are testable, and some of them are not testable A. true B. false

A. true

your revered professor asserted that philosophical questions have two traits: (i) they are abstract, and (ii) they concern matters taken for granted in everyday life and in other fields of study. A. true B. false

A. true

when presented with an argument that you want to evaluate, the Forsyths question you should ask is A. what kind of an argument(deductive, inductive, abductive) is it? that is, are the premises intended to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, to make the conclusion probably true, or to offer a possible explanation of an observed fact? B. is it valid? C. is it strong? D. is it cogent

A. what kind of an argument(deductive, inductive, abductive) is it? that is, are the premises intended to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, to make the conclusion probably true, or to offer a possible explanation of an observed fact?

chapter 5 discusses deductive, inductive, and abductive versions of the design argument for the existence of God A. true B. false

A.true

in class, your revered professor denied an inductive argument as any argument that goes from the particular to the general A. true B. false

B. false

a deductive argument is an argument that A. has true conclusion B. is supposed to GUARANTEE its conclusion C. has all true premises D. is valid

B. is supposed to GUARANTEE its conclusion

if 2+2=4, then an all-PKG being exists 2+2=4 therefore, an all-PKG being exists A. this argument is unsound, because the first premise is false B. all answers are correct C. this argument is valid D. this argument has the form If P, then Q. P. therefore, Q

B. all answers are correct

1. if my religious text states something incompatible with our very best science, then our very best science is wrong 2. it's not the case that our very best science is wrong 3. its not the case that my religious text states something incompatible with our very best science Which of the following is true A. the argument has the form denying the consequent B. all the answers are correct C. the argument is valid D. the argument has the form if P, then Q. Not Q. So not P

B. all thee answers are correct

1. if my religious text state something incompatible with our very best science, then our very best science is wrong 2. its not the case that our veery best science is wrong therefore, 3. its not the case that my religious text Staes something incompatible with our very best science which of the following is true? A. the argument has the form If P, then Q. not P. so, not Q. B. the argument has the form If P, then Q. not Q. so, not P C. the argument is best understood as inductive D. the argument is invalid

B. the argument has the form If P, then Q. not Q. so, not P

in "the first rule of reason," C.S Peirce says that the "one unpardonable offense in reasoning" is A. affirming the consequent B. to set up a philosophy which barricades the road of further advance toward the truth. (That is, to block the way of inquiry.) C. to be unwilling to recognize strength in arguments whose conclusion you reject and unwilling to recognize weakness arguments whose conclusion you accept D. treating every argument as if it were deductive

B. to set up a philosophy which barricades the road of further advance toward the truth. (that is, to block the way of inquiry.)

if you come across an argument that is invalid, but seems intended to be deductive, you should A. declare it to be invalid and do a victory dance B. try to repair it by adding a reasonable premise that would make it valid

B. try to repair it by adding a reasonable premise that would make it valid

an argument for a key premise in Aquinas's Second way goes like this: every event we've experienced in the natural world has a cause. therefore, every event in the natural world has a cause. this is A. an argument from a small and biased sample to a population B. an argument froma sample to a population C. all answers are correct D. an inductive argument E. a weak inductive argument

C. all answers are correct

the claim that no contingent entity exists at all times A. is a premise in Aquinas's 3rd way B. is key premise in the 3rd way C. all answers are correct D. is disputed in our text

C. all answers are correct

which of the following is an instance of the invalid argument form that our text refers thin chapter 4 as the birthday fallacy? A. every event has a cause. Therefore, there's something that's every event's cause. B. every alpha has a beta. therefore, there is beta which is every alphas beta C. all the answers are correct D. every contingent entity fails to exists some time. therefore, there's a time at which every contingent entity fails to exist E. every city has a mayor. therefore, there is someone who's the mayor of every city

C. all the answers are correct

an argument that puts forward its conclusion that is possibly true is A. inductive B. deductive C. an abductive argument D. valid

C. an abductive argument

an argument that is supposed to make its conclusion probably is A. none of the other answers B. a deductive argument C. an inductive argument D. an abductive argument E. inductively strong

C. an inductive argument

if its raining, then the street is wet. its not raining, therefore, the street is not wet. this argument A. has the valid form If P, the Q. Not P. therefore, not Q. B. has the invalid form If P, then Q. Not Q. therefore, not P C. has the invalid form If P, then Q. Not P. therefore, not Q D. has a conclusion that is the converse of the first premise

C. has the invalid form If P, then Q. Not P. therefore, not Q.

according to our text A. none of these answers B. every invalid argument can be repaired by adding a true premise C. often the price of making an argument valid by adding a premise is that you have to supply a premise you think is false. in making this addition, you are trading one defect (invalidity) for another defect (false premises)

C. often by making an argument valid by adding a premise is that you have to supply a premise that you think is false. in making this addition, you are trading one defect (invalidity) for another defect (false premises)

Aquinas thinks that no cause/effect chain extends infinitely into the past. it was argued in class that A. actually, Aquinas thinks that there are causal chains that extend infinitely into the past B. follows validity from the claim that every event in the natural world traces back to an event that occurs outside nature C. the claim does not follow validly from the premise that if a causal chain lacked a first member, then all subsequent events in the chain could not occur D. this claim follows validly from the universal causation premise

C. the claim does not follow validly form the premise that if a causal chain lacked a first member, then all subsequent events in the chain could not occur

Aquinas's 4th way A. is not valid, as it stands B. commits thee birthday fallacy C. is deductive D. all the answers are correct

D. all the Answers are correct

a sound argument is defined as A. an argument with all true premises B. an argument that is inductively strong C. any argument with all true premises and true conclusion D. an argument that is (i) valid and (ii) has all true premises

D. an argument that is (i) valid and (ii) has all true premises

a valid argument is defined as A. an argument with true premises, whether ornate the conclusion is true B. an argument with true conclusion, whether or not the conclusion is true C. an argument with true premises and a true conclusion D. an argument with this trait: IF its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true

D. an argument with this trait: IF its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true.

at least one entity outside of the natural world exists. therefore, an all-PKG entity (God) exists. A. this argument is valid, but Aquinas thought it is invalid B. this argument is inductively strong, as it stands C. this argument is invalid, but Aquinas thought it is valid D. This argument is invalid, as Aquinas himself realized

D. this argument is invalid, as Aquinas himself realized

1. if astrology is a reliable source of knowledge, then any two humans born on at exactly the same time would have identical personalities. 2. its false that any two humans born on at exactly the same time have identical personalities-- in fact, its absurd 3. therefore, astrology isn't a reliable source of knowledge A. this argument has the invalid form If P, then Q. Not P. so, not Q. B. this is nest interpreted as an abductive argument C. this id an invalid argument D. this is a reductio ad absurdum argument, and reductio ad absurdum is a valid argument form

D. this is a reductio ad absurdum argument, and reductio ad absurdum is a valid argument form

Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, has a vast underground ocean of salty water. If there is life on Ganymede, then there would be water on Ganymede. So, maybe there's life Ganymede. A. this argument is valid B. this argument is best treated as inductive C. this is an instance of denying the consequent D. this is invalid if treated as a deductive argument, but its fine if treated as an abductive argument

D. this is invalid if treated as a deductive argument, but its fine if treated as an abductive argument

if you come across a deductive argument that is invalid A. you know that it is best treated as an inductive argument B. you know that the conclusion is false C. you know that, because it is unsound as it stands, It cannot be repaired D. you should try to repair it by adding a true premise

D. you should try to repair it with a true premise