Phil100 Chp. 1-3 Test 1 Study Stack

When the young patriot Nathan Hale was about to be hanged by the British, he said: a. "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country." b. "I live for my country." c. "Give me liberty or give me death." d. "I will not die for America."

"I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country."

Which of the following questions captures a philosophical question? a. "Do you think that it is going to rain?" b. "Is there anything worth dying for?" c. "Why don't you go outside and play?" d. "What is for breakfast this morning?"

"Is there anything worth dying for?"

Which of the following characterizes Kant's proof for God's existence? a. A moral proof from rational faith b. Argument from design c. A cosmological argument d. An ontological argument

A moral proof from rational faith

Which of the following topics are typically addressed by philosophical inquiry? Check all that apply. What ought a person do? What ought a person believe? What can a person know? What is the meaning of life?

All apply

What did Crito try to do while Socrates was in prison? a. Arrange for Socrates to escape. b. Try to take over Socrates' position as a noted philosopher. c. Try to complete Socrates' writings. d. Urge the Athenians to give Socrates the death penalty.

Arrange for Socrates to escape.

What pessimistic philosopher wrote that the frustrations of life can be managed by detachment? a. Friedrich Nietzsche b. William James c. Albert Camus d. Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer

Which of the following statements best describes the distinction between atheists and agnostics? a. Atheists deny the existence of God, while agnostics insist there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not God exists. b. Atheists claim we can absolutely prove God doesn't exist, whereas agnostics agree God doesn't exist but deny we can prove this with absolute certainty. c. Agnostics deny the existence of God, while atheists insist there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not God exists. d. Agnostics claim we can absolutely prove God doesn't exist, whereas atheists agree God doesn't exist but deny we can prove this with absolute certainty.

Atheists deny the existence of God, while agnostics insist there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not God exists.

How are pantheists and atheists different? a. Both believe in the existence of the universe, but pantheists have a religious attitude regarding the universe as divine. b. Neither believes in the existence of the universe, pantheists believe God is everywhere. c. Pantheists do not believe in the existence of the universe, but atheists do. d. Atheists do not believe in the existence of the universe, but pantheists do.

Both believe in the existence of the universe, but pantheists have a religious attitude regarding the universe as divine.

A monotheistic conception of God is least likely to be held by a follower of which religion? a. Buddhism b. Judaism c. Islam d. Christianity

Buddhism

Which of these thinkers is best characterized as a nihilist? a. Kierkegaard b. Schopenhauer c. Pascal d. Camus

Camus

Which of the following philosophers argued that God is constantly self-creating? a. Martin Luther b. Charles Hartshorne c. Baruch Spinoza d. Thomas Jefferson

Charles Hartshorne

What does the hero Tantalus symbolize? a. Friendship because he befriends the god Hera. b. Gluttony because he overindulges on grapes. c. Lust because he is seduced by the god Hera, who is disguised as a beautiful woman. d. Desire because he is tied just out of reach of a bunch of grapes he craves.

Desire because he is tied just out of reach of a bunch of grapes he craves.

In Symposium, which thinker suggests that adults have children in order to experience a version of immortality? a. Diotima b. Homer c. Socrates d. Plato

Diotima

Which philosopher saw life as a comedy and wrote in praise of human foolishness? a. Tantalus b. Socrates c. Erasmus d. Plato

Erasmus

Pascal's "wager" is best summarized by which of the following statements? a. Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be a believer in God than an atheist. b. Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be an agnostic than to be either a believer in God or an atheist. c. God does not play dice with the universe. d. Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be an atheist than a believer in God.

Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be a believer in God than an atheist.

The problem of evil is most accurately characterized as the difficulty of reconciling the: a. Existence of theism with the existence of atheism. b. Existence of moral evil with the existence of natural evil. c. Free will defense with the natural order defense. d. Existence of suffering with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, good God.

Existence of suffering with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, good God.

True or False: All careful thinkers agree on what the phrase "the meaning of life" means.

False

True or False: Philosophical awareness always begins in disappointment or tragedy.

False

In most sects of Christianity, the Trinity includes: a. Poseidon, Neptune, Aegir. b. Father, Son, Holy Spirit. c. Jesus, Mary, Joseph. d. Zeus, Jupiter, Oden.

Father, Son, Holy Spirit.

What German philosopher compared life to an art-like structure and suggested we develop shape and style? a. Friedrich Nietzsche b. Tantalus c. Sigmund Freud d. Friedrich von Schelling

Friedrich Nietzsche

What philosopher wrote "The Gay Science" and said the greatest weight would be living your very same live over and over again? a. Albert Camus b. Immanuel Kant c. Friedrich Nietzsche d. Friedrich von Schelling

Friedrich Nietzsche

All of the following statements describe Voltaire's concept of God except: a. God has personal and human attributes. b. God is neither just nor unjust. c. God has no interest in what happens to us. d. God create the world.

God has personal and human attributes.

What does it mean to say God is transcendent? a. God is present within each of us. b. God intervenes in human affairs. c. God is beyond the world of human experience. d. God is ever present in the world he created.

God is beyond the world of human experience.

What does Hegel mean by "Spirit"? a. God is everything. b. God is nothing. c. God is a relative commandment. d. God is bigger than any of us, but not distinct from us

God is bigger than any of us, but not distinct from us

What does Voltaire, a deist, believe? a. God can be intimately known through mystical experiences. b. There is no way to know for sure whether or not God exists. c. God set the world in motion but is no longer actively involved in human life. d. God is an all-powerful creator who controls and manipulates the lives of humans.

God set the world in motion but is no longer actively involved in human life

Friedrich von Schelling saw the whole of life as: a. a Greek tragedy. b. a heavenly mission. c. a life-threatening disease. d. God's work of art.

God's work of art.

What is the main concept emphasized by the idea of a "happiness box"? a. If people choose to leave the happiness box, it suggests there might be something more valuable to life than guaranteed happiness. b. Such a box would prove Descartes's theory of dualism. c. People will never be satisfied when they think of happiness as a "box," or space outside of themselves. d. Philosophers are divided on whether we can and should build such a machine.

If people choose to leave the happiness box, it suggests there might be something more valuable to life than guaranteed happiness.

The moral issues of abortion and just war test which personal moral question? a. Can another person decide for me how to live my life? b. Is it ever wrong to take a life? c. What is the definition of "person"? d. Can the government ever force me to do something I do not want to do?

Is it ever wrong to take a life?

On what basis does Kant object to the ontological argument? a. It assumes a conception of God that many would not accept. b. It is self-contradictory. c. It illegitimately treats existence as a property on a par with features such as perfection and benevolence. d. It assumes a conception of God that is illegitimate since it cannot be traced back to any sense impression.

It illegitimately treats existence as a property on a par with features such as perfection and benevolence.

A tsunami kills thousands of people. Which of the following solutions cannot answer the question of why God would allow this evil to occur? a. It's a nonmoral evil. b. It's the least-of-all-evils. c. It's part of a theodicy. d. It's a result of free will.

It's a result of free will.

What biblical character did Kierkegaard use to show that absurdity can lead to true faith in God? a. Adam b. Moses c. Abraham d. Job

Job

What philosopher said, "It is one thing to prove God's existence while standing on one leg and something quite different to thank Him on one's knees?" a. Spinoza b. Rahner c. Kierkegaard d. Voltaire

Kierkegaard

Which philosopher is recognized as the father of existentialism? a. Sartre b. Kierkegaard c. Voltaire d. Hegel

Kierkegaard

One of the most prominent cases of syncretism involves the appearance of: a. the angel Moroni b. the angel Gabriel c. Santa Muerte d. La Virgen de Guadalupe

La Virgen de Guadalupe

What is the first noble truth of Buddhism? a. Desire can be eliminated. b. Suffering arises from desire. c. One can eliminate desire by following the right way. d. Life is marked by suffering.

Life is marked by suffering.

What is most likely meant by the expression, "Life is a game"? a. Life is a competition. b. Life should not be taken seriously. c. Life is a gift from God. d. Life does not matter.

Life should not be taken seriously.

Who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and led the Protestant Reformation? a. Thomas Aquinas b. Voltaire c. Martin Luther d. Søren Kierkegaard

Martin Luther

According to a 1992 Los Angeles Times Service article, sophisticated computer calculates show what biblical event could have happened as the Bible describes it? a. Joshua's sun standing still b. Noah's flood c. Jesus' resurrection d. Moses' parting of the Red Sea

Moses' parting of the Red Sea

Who argues that "earning" God's grace through good works is most important for believers in Christianity? a. Thomas Aquinas b. Saint Augustine c. Socrates d. Pelagius

Pelagius

Who wrote Symposium among other dialogues? a. Copernicus b. Plato c. Homer d. Augustine

Plato

Which of the following is not a kind of mystical knowledge, according to Meister Eckhardt? a. Intellectual b. Sensual, seeing things at a distance c. Agency of the soul d. Practical

Practical

In Homer's Iliad, which of the following was not included as a meaningful example of living one's life with honor? a. Living up to the expectations of the community. b. Pursuing wisdom above all else. c. Proving oneself in battle. d. Not disgracing oneself in any way.

Pursuing wisdom above all else.

Which of the claims below most accurately characterizes Karl Marx's view of religion? a. Religion is an irrational belief. b. Religion is the opium of the people. c. God is rationally necessary for human existence. d. God is dead.

Religion is the opium of the people.

Which philosopher attempted to demonstrate the difference between what is real and what might be a dream? a. Socrates b. René Descartes c. Immanuel Kant d. Karl Marx

René Descartes

What Christian philosopher introduced proofs of God called "Five Ways"? a. Saint Anselm b. Saint Thomas Acquinas c. Blaise Pascal d. William Paley

Saint Thomas Acquinas

Who believed that most of our ideas and desires are in fact the product of the unconscious? a. Friedrich von Schilling b. Albert Camus c. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Who said that the "goal of all life is death"? a. Sigmund Freud b. Friedrich von Schelling c. Friedrich Nietzsche d. Tantalus

Sigmund Freud

What does the argument from design conclude? a. Some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end. b. Our idea of "perfect" must have an origin in a perfect source c. The existence of human morality requires a divine explanation. d. Contingent beings require a first cause.

Some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end.

What did Albert Camus write to answer questions about the meaning of life? a. Dr. Faustus b. The Iliad c. The Death of Socrates d. The Myth of Sisyphus

The Myth of Sisyphus

Copernicus's theory argued for which of the following ideas? a. It is the greatest honor to die for one's country. b. The earth is at the center of the universe. c. There is no such thing as "free will." d. The earth revolves around the sun.

The earth revolves around the sun.

What is philosophy? a. The study of knowledge. b. The science of reasoning. c. The study of the ultimate constituents of reality. d. The process of responding to the difficult questions in life, including ethics, logic, knowledge, and reality.

The process of responding to the difficult questions in life, including ethics, logic, knowledge, and reality.

Which of the statements below would characterize Hinduism? a. Rationality is not required to have objective, rational evidence for our basic beliefs and stance toward life. b. There is a conception of ultimate reality, which is impersonal, with no special concern for human beings. c. Belief in God must be supported by objective, rational arguments. d. There is a warranted grounding for religious belief beyond rational argument.

There is a conception of ultimate reality, which is impersonal, with no special concern for human beings.

Doing philosophy involves which of the following? a. Thinking further about dramatic, often personal, questions. b. Attending college courses in philosophy. c. Focusing on personal beliefs and ignoring evidence that might contradict those beliefs. d. Suffering, hallucinating, dreaming, and thinking about death.

Thinking further about dramatic, often personal, questions.

Why does Agamemnon sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia? a. To follow Greek law. b. To assure victory in the Trojan War. c. To please God. d. To protest social injustice.

To assure victory in the Trojan War.

Who invoked the philosophical thought of life-as-a-game when he said, "Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing."? a. Vince Lombardi b. Eric Berne c. Humphrey Bogart d. Tiger Woods

Vince Lombardi

The writer of the book of Ecclesiastes argues that everything in life is vanity. What is the writer's conclusion? a. We ought to fear God. b. We ought to eat, drink, and be merry. c. We ought to pursue wisdom. d. We ought to seek as much wealth as possible.

We ought to fear God.

What is the ultimate question in philosophy? a. Is knowledge possible? b. Are we free? c. What ought I to do? d. What is the meaning of life?

What is the meaning of life?

For virtually all those who believe in God, among the most important questions one can address is: a. What moral characteristics does God have? b. Is God immanent? c. Am I divine? d. Is God nothing?

What moral characteristics does God have?

Most philosophers would argue that the Rwandan genocide is: a. a nonmoral evil. b. not subject to their definition of evil. c. a moral evil. d. a leap of faith.

a moral evil.

The English comedian John Foster Hall's quote, "We are put on this earth to help others, but what the others are here for I cannot say," is a humorous take on the idea of life as: a. honor. b. altruism. c. investments. d. relationships.

altruism

Karl Rahner, a proponent of pantheism, believes God is: a. both transcendent and immanent. b. immanent only. c. transcendent only. d. neither transcendent nor immanent.

both transcendent and immanent.

Often philosophers with gloomy dispositions willfully formulate optimistic philosophies to: a. deceive others. b. change themselves. c. deceive themselves. d. change others.

change themselves.

General agreement about the meaning of certain symbols (such as "1" and "2") are called: a. abstractions. b. philosophical questions. c. paradoxes. d. conventions.

conventions.

Which argument for believing in God holds that there must have been a "first cause" or a "prime mover"? a. teleological b. straw man c. ontological d. cosmological

cosmological

In Marlowe's Dr. Faustus, what did Faust equate with life? a. tranquility b. desire c. altruism d. suffering

desire

When contemplating the question, "What is the meaning of life?" many people reference something beyond them, but these references: a. only make sense if there is an afterlife. b. ultimately are meaningless c. ultimately lead to despair. d. do not fully answer the question; they only postpone it.

do not fully answer the question; they only postpone it.

If God is constantly creating himself, which ideological fight becomes false? a. materialism vs. immaterialism b. theism vs. atheism c. evolutionism vs. creationism d. monism vs. dualism

evolutionism vs. creationism

Since the third century CE, one of the ongoing debates in Christianity is whether the most important aspect of religious belief is: a. reason. b. natural design. c. revelation. d. faith.

faith.

Philosophical questions aim at: a. getting you to articulate reasons about beliefs that you hold. b. encouraging believers to be passionate about their beliefs. c. helping you identify what you prioritize by asking, "What is worth dying for?" d. leading you to be skeptical that we can know things about the world.

getting you to articulate reasons about beliefs that you hold.

What does Socrates say we should value above anything else? a. our children b. goodness c. God d. our life

goodness

Socrates went willingly to his death because he believed that: a. he was obliged to respect the laws of his city, even though those laws led to his death. b. God would save him before the moment of death. c. death was preferable to life, since life was only a dream. d. he had been shamed and dishonored by his peers.

he was obliged to respect the laws of his city, even though those laws led to his death.

We associate stoicism with the idea of life as: a. desire. b. honor. c. learning. d. disease.

honor

Kierkegaard believed faith was: a. irrational. b. objective. c. a game. d. rational.

irrational.

One of the difficulties facing our moral belief that virtuous actions should be rewarded and that evil actions should be punished is that: a. everybody has their own opinion about what counts as a "virtuous act". b. some cultures actually praise evil-doers. c. some governments, like the Ancient Greeks, do not believe in moral praise or blame. d. it's never true that these actions are always praised or blamed, either by governments or by God.

it's never true that these actions are always praised or blamed, either by governments or by God.

What is a theodicy? a. a leap of faith b. justification for God's permission of evil in the world c. an argument against God's existence in an evil world d. a religious pilgrimage

justification for God's permission of evil in the world

A person who believes that our free choices actually are free is called a: a. conservatist. b. libertarian. c. compatibilist. d. determinist.

libertarian.

When people say the meaning of life is their children, they project into the future and want their children and children's children to: a. understand that we have been created by God for a special purpose. b. live in a utopia. c. find life's struggles rewarding. d. carry the family name into eternity.

live in a utopia.

Hegel argues that we are all connected in one all-embracing Spirit and that the meaning of life is: a. constructed through a commitment to detachment. b. love. c. a result of distance. d. the result of loneliness.

love.

According to Spinoza's conception of God, God has an infinite number of attributes, of which we as humans know only two. What are they? a. transcendence and immanence b. mind and body c. everything and nothing d. Being and Spirit

mind and body

Both Hegel and Goethe embraced the idea of life as a: a. comedy. b. tragedy. c. mission. d. learning experience.

mission.

Religious ideas, according to Sigmund Freud, are illusions which fulfill the a. most urgent wishes of mankind. b. will of God. c. power impulses of religious leaders. d. Oedipal drives of the weak.

most urgent wishes of mankind.

According to your text, philosophy begins with

nagging personal questions

People who see life as an adventure are different from people who see life as art or literature because they: a. enjoy the appeal to onlookers. b. appreciate the shape one creates for oneself. c. appreciate the timing of events. d. never plan a proper ending.

never plan a proper ending.

Contemplation, as the goal of philosophical activity, is similar to what Buddhist ideal? a. learning b. suffering c. altruism d. nirvana

nirvana

Our belief that other people have minds is difficult to justify because: a. observation gives us truth that other people have bodies, but access to the mental is directly known only to each person. b. science can make proper conclusions about the physical, and not the mental. c. the techniques of physics, chemistry, and biology have not yet uncovered most of the truth about the brain. d. when we assume that bodily movements express someone's mental events, we make a logical mistake.

observation gives us truth that other people have bodies, but access to the mental is directly known only to each person.

American Rabbi Harold Kushner solves the problem of evil by giving up divine: a. omnipotence. b. goodness. c. omniscience. d. omnipresence.

omnipotence.

Believing that God is all-powerful means God is: a. omnisource. b. omnipresent. c. omnipotent. d. omniscient.

omnipotent.

St. Anselm is famous for what kind of theological argument? a. ontological b. teleological c. cosmological d. contingent

ontological

The Greek conception of God was both: a. polytheistic and transcendental. b. deistic and anthropomorphic. c. monotheistic and agnostic. d. polytheistic and anthropomorphic.

polytheistic and anthropomorphic.

It has been suggested that human life is meaningful because humans, unlike animals, are: a. spiritual. b. reflective. c. creative. d. independent.

reflective.

If God is imminent, the problem of our knowledge of God: a. leads to the extreme position that God is identical to the cosmos. b. separates us from the divinity within us. c. is strengthened, since God cannot be known. d. resolves itself because we can simply look inside ourselves to find God.

resolves itself because we can simply look inside ourselves to find God.

What two things are important to one's religion, but do not prove a threat to religious tolerance? a. doctrine and belief b. ritual and tradition c. tradition and belief d. ritual and doctrine

ritual and tradition

What is the one thing all religions have in common? a. doctrine b. ritual c. spirituality d. tradition

spirituality

What did Kierkegaard believe was most important? a. Christian theology b. knowing that God exists and everything about Him c. the passion with which we believe in God d. our conception of God

the passion with which we believe in God

Scientists and philosophers agree that: a. the senses should be doubted as a source of truth about the world. b. we cannot be sure that obvious truths about the world are real. c. the senses can be wrong when they tell us obvious things about the world. d. whatever the senses tell us obviously and evidently is illusory.

the senses can be wrong when they tell us obvious things about the world.

According to the view of life as story, you can damage the meaning you find in life by choosing: a. the wrong role. b. glamorous events. c. dangerous hobbies. d. to be the hero.

the wrong role.

In arguing for the existence of God, the British philosopher William Paley employs an analogy in which he compares the universe to a: a. stone blocking the road. b. horseless carriage. c. compass left in a ship. d. watch found in a field.

watch found in a field.

The meaning of the meaning of life could refer to each of the following except: a. the larger community, to the nation, or to humanity as a whole. b. whatever causes us to suffer. c. God. d. those family, friends, and associates in our lives.

whatever causes us to suffer.

The excerpt from Plato's Crito is used to demonstrate why we would be: a. willing to die for honor. b. willing to have children. c. willing to be happy. d. willing to believe in God.

willing to die for honor.

Those who view life as learning believe learning will lead to: a. honor. b. investment. c. wisdom. d. relationships.

wisdom.