Philosophy-1301
Meditation 2: In Meditation 2, Descartes renews his effort to find out what he can know with certainty and finds his first item of certain knowledge. What is the first item of certain knowledge? "God exists." "The operations of mathematics are beyond doubt." "I am, I exist is necessarily true when I conceive it in my mind." "Nothing can be known with certainty."
"God exists."
Meditation 6: Descartes claims that his self or mind is present in his body as a sailor is present in a ship. True False
False
Part Five: Even though the plague has begun to disappear from the town, Jean Tarrou falls ill with the plague. After suffering through the symptoms such that Dr. Rieux is convinced he will die, Tarrou actually recovers. True False
False
Meditation 1: Because he cannot examine each and every opinion individually in order to prove it false, Descartes says that he will employ which of the following principles: "I must examine the inventory of ideas in my mind" "I must consent only to those opinions that are verified by scientific experiment and the rigorous use of scientific method." "But if I hold off from making a judgment when I do not perceive what is true with sufficient clarity and distinctness, it is clear that I am acting properly and not committing an error." "I should withhold my assent no less carefully from opinions that are not completely certain and indubitable than I would from those that are patently false"
"I should withhold my assent no less carefully from opinions that are not completely certain and indubitable than I would from those that are patently false"
Meditation 1: After Descartes extrapolates the (simple) parts—or attributes—that are real and universally true of all corporeal objects, he proceeds to identify which disciplines/subjects focus on the "simplest and most general" attributes of things while remaining "indifferent" as to whether they exist or not. Which disciplines fit this description according to Descartes? Select all the answers that apply. Geometry Arithmetic Medicine Physics
Geometry & Arithmetic
Part Two: Father Paneloux, the town priest, gives an important sermon in response to the plague. Which of the following is true of what he says in that sermon? God does not exist. He is a product of imagination and the need to justify human suffering. The plague is not God's fault and is not under His control. It is something that humanity must deal with on its own. God suffers along with the citizens of the town, but God will not intervene in what is a natural calamity, even though they don't deserve it. God is allowing the plague to befall the citizens of the town because they deserve it for taking God's compassion and forgiveness for granted.
God is allowing the plague to befall the citizens of the town because they deserve it for taking God's compassion and forgiveness for granted.
Part Five: Once the plague mortality begins to decrease and the town rejoices and celebrates, Tarrou falls ill with the plague. What does Dr. Rieux do? He allows Tarrou to stay at Rieux's home, with Rieux and his mother watching over Tarrou while he suffers. He sends Tarrou to the hospital, where he cares for Tarrou day and night until he recovers. He goes to the church, where he prays for Tarrou to be healed. He brings Tarrou to the isolation camp on the outskirts of town, and has a difficult time leaving him there.
He allows Tarrou to stay at Rieux's home, with Rieux and his mother watching over Tarrou while he suffers.
Meditation 6: Descartes considers whether the power/faculty of imagination can provide evidence of the existence of material/corporeal things—namely, his body. What does he conclude regarding the evidence of the imagination? He can trust on faith that his body exists. He can only make a probable conjecture that his body exists. He can necessarily conclude that his body exists.
He can only make a probable conjecture that his body exists.
Part Four: The evening in which Raymond Rambert is all set to escape the town, aided by Marcel and Louis, arrives. What ends up happening with Rambert that evening? He decides to stay in the town and continue to aid in the sanitation effort. Marcel and Louis run into problems and tell Rambert that his plan must be delayed yet again. He gets into a scuffle with the police and is detained overnight, thereby missing his opportunity to escape. He waits quietly with the aged mother of Marcel and Louis until midnight, when he meets the brothers at the gate and slips out of the town.
He decides to stay in the town and continue to aid in the sanitation effort.
Meditation 2: Descartes offers his famous wax example as a demonstration that what I can know about bodies (corporeal/physical objects) is not perceived through the senses. How does he alter/change the initial sensible properties of the wax? He melts it by bringing it close to the fire He puts it into his mouth and chews on it He puts it in a tub of ice water He puts it in an atomic destabilizer
He melts it by bringing it close to the fire
Meditation 3: Descartes examines his ideas to find whether any of them contain objective reality so great that he himself could not be the cause of it. What are the ideas he examines? Select all that apply. Other humans Spirits God Corporeal things
NOT ALL OF THEM
Meditation 4: According to Descartes, can error be found in the intellect considered solely in terms of its function? Yes No
No
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes the "plight of parted lovers" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes the "plight of parted lovers" in Oran at this time? Everyone loses their intensity of love for their beloved and instead directs all of that passion toward God. Lovers begin to write intense love letters to one another in order to sustain their love. No one is capable of strong emotion or passion anymore, capable only of monotonous and trite feelings The citizens experience a renewed intensity of passion and emotion for those they love.
No one is capable of strong emotion or passion anymore, capable only of monotonous and trite feelings
Part Four: Joseph Grand falls ill with the plague. After suffering through the symptoms such that Dr. Rieux is convinced he will die, Grand recovers. True False
True
Meditation 3: What is the content of Descartes's idea of God? A certain substance that is infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful, and created me along with everything else that exists. A powerful and supremely infinite and independent Ultimate Principle of all things that is at the heart of all things. A being that loves all of creation and that seeks to bring all creatures to itself. A being of infinite power and intelligence that created everything in the universe and governs all natural laws in a detached and impersonal way.
A certain substance that is infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful, and created me along with everything else that exists.
In Meditation 3, Descartes classifies his thoughts (the contents of his mind) into different categories/classes. Which of the following is not one of the examples he gives of an idea? The sky A chimera A number A man
A number
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes several of what he calls "the excesses of the living" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes one of those "excesses of the living"? Armed men begin to attack gates of the town until the sentries are reinforced. A large armed militia is formed with which to take over the city government and put an end to the public health measures forced upon the townspeople. Desperate men begin to blame God for what is happening and carry out isolated acts of vandalism and attacks on the churches in town. Groups of bandits move throughout town and begin robbing solitary citizens in broad daylight.
Armed men begin to attack gates of the town until the sentries are reinforced.
Part Four: Joseph Grand falls ill with the plague. At the height of his suffering, what does he command Dr. Rieux to do? Send his wife a letter that details how he has lived and the manner of his death. Heal him or leave. Burn the manuscript he's been working on for years. Donate all of his possessions to the Church.
Burn the manuscript he's been working on for years.
Part One: Dr. Rieux treats a patient whose condition worsens, briefly seems to get better, and then dies, the first human victim of the plague. What is the first human plague victim's name? M. Othon Raymond Rambert M. Michel Jean Tarrou
Correct: M. Michel
Part One: Dr. Rieux is called out to a suicide attempt. What is the name of the man who tried to commit suicide, but was stopped by his neighbor? Cottard Jean Tarrou M. Othon Joseph Grand
Cottard
Part One: According to the narrator of The Plague, the best way to become acquainted with a town is by ascertaining how the people in it _____. Select all of the answers that apply. Die Work Live Love
Die & Work & Love
Part One: According to the narrator of The Plague, the people of Oran ___. Die surrounded by supportive loved ones and community members. Die in governmental and psychiatric institutions for invalids (sick and dying). Die in discomfort caused by a lack of attention to the invalids (sick and dying). Die in deep suffering and agony
Die in discomfort caused by a lack of attention to the invalids (sick and dying).
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes the "burials of the dead" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes the situation of "burials of the dead" in Oran at this time? Coffins are left stacked on top of one another above ground in makeshift mausoleums as the cemetery runs out of burial plots. After holding a funeral, the wrapped corpses are brought outside the city and dumped into the sea. The bodies of the deceased plague victims eventually need to be stored in the local church as they run out of room at the cemetery. Eventually coffin shortages lead to the recycling of coffins for burial as the corpse is dumped into a pit before using the coffin again for another body.
Eventually coffin shortages lead to the recycling of coffins for burial as the corpse is dumped into a pit before using the coffin again for another body.
Part Two: The narrator describes how the experience of the citizens of Oran once the plague separates them from loved ones and the world outside Oran's walls as a feeling of _____. Exile Love Death Amnesia
Exile
Meditation 3: Descartes examines the class of ideas and sorts them according to their origin (or source, where they are derived from). Which of the following is not one of those origins of his ideas? Adventitious Faith Innate Produced by him/fabricated
Faith
In Meditation 4, Descartes argues that God can deceive him. True False
False
Part Four: Father Paneloux falls ill with the plague. What happens to him? He is cared for by other priests, who pray over him, and as he lays on his deathbed, he has a vision of God and declares, "I believe!" seconds before he dies. He prays to be healed, recovers from the plague, and he declares it a miracle. He refuses to see a doctor, succumbs to the plague, and dies. He accepts Dr. Rieux's help, and miraculously recovers from the plague.
He refuses to see a doctor, succumbs to the plague, and dies.
Part Four: Jean Tarrou tells his story to Dr. Rieux. Which of the following best describes the event that led to Tarrou leaving his family and becoming disenchanted with his father? He witnesses his father going into a hotel with a mistress. His father prosecutes a criminal and argues for the death penalty. He finds out that his father has been embezzling funds from his church. His father is arrested and prosecuted for homicide during a botched burglary attempt.
His father prosecutes a criminal and argues for the death penalty.
Meditation 4: Descartes asks how he can avoid committing errors of judgment in the future. What is his answer? Rely more on his senses and the testimony about the physical world that they provide. Hold off from making a judgment when he doesn't perceive what is true with sufficient clarity and distinctness. Ask God to reveal the truth of things to him directly in faith. Hold off from forming an opinion about a person until he has observed their habits and behavior in everyday life.
Hold off from making a judgment when he doesn't perceive what is true with sufficient clarity and distinctness.
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes several of what he calls "the excesses of the living" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes one of those "excesses of the living"? Husbands and wives turn on each other in their grief and the divorce rate climbs beyond any previous levels. Armed bandits roam the streets at will and break into businesses and banks in order to steal valuables and money. The municipal governor of the town is attacked by a small group of men. Houses that were burnt or closed by sanitation control were looted.
Houses that were burnt or closed by sanitation control were looted.
Meditation 3: Descartes offers an argument for the existence of God from Descartes's own existence. Which of the following claims is not part of Descartes's argument for the existence of God? My existence has to be caused by myself or by something independent (outside) of me. I am the sort of being that is causally dependent upon something else as the cause of my existence (i.e., I am a finite and contingent being). I am the sort of being that can be the cause of itself and that is not causally dependent upon anything else for its existence. There must be some independent and infinite being that causes the existence of dependent and finite beings.
I am the sort of being that can be the cause of itself and that is not causally dependent upon anything else for its existence.
Meditation 6: Descartes argues that corporeal/material things do exist. Which of the following does not belong to his argument? God cannot be the cause of my ideas of sensible/corporeal things since they are frequently deceptive, and God is not a deceiver. I could be the cause of these ideas of sensible/corporeal things because I can choose to produce them. I possess ideas of sensible/corporeal things that come to me whether I will them to or not. I cannot be the cause of these ideas of sensible/corporeal things since they are produced in me whether I or not I will them.
I could be the cause of these ideas of sensible/corporeal things because I can choose to produce them.
Part Two: In an important conversation, Tarrou asks Dr. Rieux about whether he believes in God and why he is devoted to combating the plague, inevitable and insurmountable as it might seem. Which of the following best captures Rieux's response? I don't believe in God, but I know that there are sick and suffering people who need help, and so I do my best to help them. I believe in a higher good such that suffering makes us better and is ultimately for the betterment of all humanity. My belief in God is the basis of my compassion
I don't believe in God, but I know that there are sick and suffering people who need help, and so I do my best to help them.
Meditation 3: Descartes examines the nature of ideas according to the degree of reality that his different ideas represent—what he calls the "objective reality" of an idea. Which of the following best represents the conclusion of his examination? "All these points demonstrate sufficiently up to this point it was not a well-founded judgment but only a blind impulse that formed the basis of my belief that things existing outside me send ideas or images of themselves to me through the sense organs or by some other means." "But if I hold off from making a judgment when I do not perceive what is true with sufficient clarity and distinctness, it is clear that I am acting properly and not committing an error." "If the objective reality of any of my ideas is found to be so great that I am certain that the same reality was not in me, either formally or eminently, and that therefore I myself cannot be the cause of the idea, then it necessary follows that I am not alone in this world, . . . but that something else, which is the cause of this idea, also exists." "Now it is evident by the light of nature that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as there is in the effect of that same cause."
INCORRECT: "Now it is evident by the light of nature that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as there is in the effect of that same cause."
Part Two: After the disease has been identified as plague and many more deaths have been reported, the Prefect orders more strict measures put into place. Which of the following is not one of those measures? No one may leave the city. All restaurants must be shut down. Letters cannot be mailed due to fear of spreading the contagion. Gasoline is restricted and the sale of food is restricted.
INCORRECT: Gasoline is restricted and the sale of food is restricted.
Meditation 6: Descartes argues that there is a real distinction between his body and mind. Which of the following does not belong to his argument? I have a clear and distinct idea of myself as a thinking thing distinct from my body. Anything that I clearly and distinctly understand can be made by God in the way that I understand it. I have a clear and distinct idea of myself as a body, an extended thing, that can exist apart from the mind. If I can clearly and distinctly understand one thing without the other, then I can be certain that the one thing is different from the other.
INCORRECT: If I can clearly and distinctly understand one thing without the other, then I can be certain that the one thing is different from the other.
In Meditation 3, Descartes gives his criterion or rule for what counts as true. What is this rule? Nothing counts as true, for the Evil Genius/Deceiver is all powerful and is capable of deceiving me about everything. Religious beliefs can be considered true for they are given by God. Sense perception gives reliable data concerning the nature of things existing in the world. Everything I very clearly and distinctly perceive is true.
INCORRECT: Nothing counts as true, for the Evil Genius/Deceiver is all powerful and is capable of deceiving me about everything.
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes several of what he calls "the excesses of the living" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes one of those "excesses of the living"? Several individuals go into the parts of town where the plague is prevalent and begin to burn plague victims' houses down in order to protect their families from those who had the plague. A large group of citizens raid the hospitals and try to free their loved ones from medical quarantine. Several of those who return home from quarantine after having the plague begin to burn their own houses down for fear that the plague is still there. A group of citizens begin to blame the doctors for their lack of freedom and mount an attack on the hospital.
INCORRECT: Several individuals go into the parts of town where the plague is prevalent and begin to burn plague victims' houses down in order to protect their families from those who had the plague.
Part Four: After the horrible death of M. Othon's little boy, Father Paneloux preaches his second sermon. Which of the following best expresses the central claim he makes during that sermon? The suffering and death of a child is no more terrible than the death of any living thing in creation, and we should accept it. The suffering and death of an innocent child only appears horrible to human eyes and hearts, but it is a beautiful part of God's plan and creation, and thus we should love it. The suffering and death of an innocent child is humiliating and horrible, but genuine faith in God demands not only that we accept it as God's will, but that we will it. The suffering and death of a child cannot be reconciled with a belief in a good God, and so we must reject belief in God.
INCORRECT: The suffering and death of an innocent child only appears horrible to human eyes and hearts, but it is a beautiful part of God's plan and creation, and thus we should love it.
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes several of what he calls "the excesses of the living" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes one of those "excesses of the living"? The town officials decide to segregate and cordon off sections of the city in which the plague is most prevalent. The town officials decide to quarantine and close off the entire city, entrapping the townspeople and unfortunate visitors within its borders. The town officials decide to institute a mask and stay at home order for all the townspeople. The town officials decide to close down the hospitals and to force victims of the plague to stay in their houses
INCORRECT: The town officials decide to quarantine and close off the entire city, entrapping the townspeople and unfortunate visitors within its borders.
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes the "plight of parted lovers" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes the "plight of parted lovers" in Oran at this time? They lose all feeling of love for their parted lover as fear overtakes them. They begin to lose their ability to picture and imagine what their loved one might be doing. Their love becomes more intense and focused than ever before. They begin to strengthen their imagination by fantasizing about their loved one.
INCORRECT: They lose all feeling of love for their parted lover as fear overtakes them.
Meditation 3: Descartes examines the class of ideas and sorts them according to their origin (or source, where they are derived from). Which of the following is an example that he gives of an idea that seems to proceed from outside of him? Heat from the fire Waxiness of the candle Smell of the fresh bread Cold from the winter wind
INCORRECT: Waxiness of the candle
In Meditation 1, Descartes decides that if he desires to "establish anything firm and lasting in the sciences," then he must first ____. Become a scientist Raze everything to the ground and begin again from the original foundations Work out the intricacies of mathematics and geometry Learn to rely more on the testimony of the senses and the obvious truths of sense perception
INCORRECT: Work out the intricacies of mathematics and geometry
Meditation 4: According to Descartes, which of the following enables him to perceive ideas from which he can form a judgment? God Intellect Imagination Senses
Intellect
Part One: What is the name of the concierge at Dr. Rieux's surgery office building? M. Othon M. Michel Raymond Rambert Jean Tarrou
M. Michel
In Meditation 1, Descartes is concerned that ______. Most people believed in truth but accepted lies Religious beliefs are considered true by the faithful, but have been shown false by science Many of his opinions have been proven false that he once thought were true Scientific truth was not accepted by the common folk
Many of his opinions have been proven false that he once thought were true
Part Four: Jean Tarrou tells his story to Dr. Rieux. What was Tarrou's father's occupation? Pastor Prosecuting attorney Army officer Judge
Prosecuting attorney
Part Four: Raymond Rambert continues to pour himself into the sanitation efforts with Tarrou, but also continues to meet with Marcel and Louis, the two young sentries, to find an opportune time to escape the town. Plans start to come together, and a date and time are chosen. What do the brothers and Rambert decide is best for realizing their plan? Rambert will await a letter from the brothers detailing the escape route. Rambert must purchase a gun just in case he must protect himself from other sentries. Rambert will stay in the home of Marcel and Louis and their mother temporarily until the night of his escape. Rambert must continue to pay them large installments of cash for the risk they are taking.
Rambert will stay in the home of Marcel and Louis and their mother temporarily until the night of his escape.
Meditation 2: What are some of the operations of thinking that Descartes lists (i.e., characteristics of a thing that thinks)? Select all that apply. Sensing Praying Loving Imagining
Sensing & Imagining
Meditation 3: Descartes examines his reasons for thinking that certain ideas are "derived [or originate] from things existing outside of me." Identify one of the reasons he gives for doubting that these ideas are based on a "well-founded judgment"? The conflict between the idea of the sun produced in sense experience—it is quite small—and the idea of the sun known through "astronomical reasoning" by which it is understood to be "several times larger than the earth." The contrast between ideas based on imagination and the forms of things known through abstract reasoning. The fact that images of things are "copies of sensible things," and "sensible things" are better known through an entirely "intellectual process" of "mathematical thinking." Just because I can use my "faculty of imagination" to produce an idea of a "hippogriff," it does not follow that a "hippogriff" exists in reality.
The conflict between the idea of the sun produced in sense experience—it is quite small—and the idea of the sun known through "astronomical reasoning" by which it is understood to be "several times larger than the earth."
Meditation 4: Descartes says that one of his faculties is limited and small in scope. Which is it? The will The senses The intellect The imagination
The intellect
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes the "burials of the dead" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes the situation of "burials of the dead" in Oran at this time? Families are allowed to hold vigils with the body and attend the funeral of their loved one at the graveside. The pomp and circumstance surrounding burials is made ever more elaborate as the bereaved families have no other recourse for honoring their loved ones. The speed with which burials are carried out is greatly increased as all elaborate ceremony is suppressed and vigils banned. Burials begin to take longer and longer as there is a dearth of funeral directors, priests, and cemetery workers to accomplish a proper burial.
The speed with which burials are carried out is greatly increased as all elaborate ceremony is suppressed and vigils banned.
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes the "plight of parted lovers" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes the "plight of parted lovers" in Oran at this time? Their memory of their loved one eventually fails them. They find other lovers in which to indulge their passions. Their memories of the loved one become sharper and more reliable. They recommend their loved one to God.
Their memory of their loved one eventually fails them.
Meditation 1: Toward the end of the first Meditation, Descartes formulates a hypothesis or thought experiment as a means of directing his will against his habit of belief in long-standing opinions. What is this hypothesis? -Reality is hierarchical, consisting in the less real but visible and sensible dimension, and another higher and more real, intelligible dimension. -There exists a vast digital Matrix in which we are all merely bits of code manipulated by evil and sentient computer programs. -There exists an Evil Genius who is supremely powerful and clever, and who is directing all of his effort at deceiving me. -We are brains in a vat being experimented upon by an Evil Genius scientist.
There exists an Evil Genius who is supremely powerful and clever, and who is directing all of his effort at deceiving me.
Meditation 1: Descartes says that we can break down our experience of unreal dream images into (simple) parts—or attributes—that are real and universally true of all corporeal objects. What are these general parts or attributes that he thinks must be true of all corporeal objects? Select all the answers that apply. They are immaterial and non-spatial They are large in size They have a quantity They are extended (take up a certain amount of space)
They have a quantity & They are extended (take up a certain amount of space)
Meditation 3: Descartes examines the nature of ideas according to the degree of reality that his different ideas represent—what he calls the "objective reality" of an idea. Which of the following is one of the principles he uses to sort his ideas according to degree of "objective reality"? I commit the common error of judging that "the ideas which are in me are similar to or in conformity with certain things outside me" and that these have "objective reality." "I should withhold my assent no less carefully from opinions that are not completely certain and indubitable than I would from those that are patently false." Those "ideas that display substance to me are something more and, if I may say so, contain within themselves more objective reality than those which represent merely modes or accidents." . "I must consent only to those opinions that are verified by scientific experiment and the rigorous use of scientific method."
Those "ideas that display substance to me are something more and, if I may say so, contain within themselves more objective reality than those which represent merely modes or accidents."
Part One: In his notebooks, Jean Tarrou describes a dapper little old man who, every day at lunch, stepped out on his balcony, tore paper into scraps and then let them fall onto the street. What did the old man do then, according to Tarrou? Danced excitedly on the balcony Mocked and screamed at the people who would stop out of curiosity and look at him. Took aim and spit at the cats that would investigate the fluttering white papers. Took aim and shot his pistol at the cats that would investigate the fluttering white papers.
Took aim and spit at the cats that would investigate the fluttering white papers.
Meditation 1: According to Descartes, he will reject any opinion in which he finds some reason for doubt. True False
True
Part Three: The narrator of The Plague describes the "burials of the dead" under the increasingly horrific and deadly suffering of the townspeople of Oran under the plague. Which of the following best describes the situation of "burials of the dead" in Oran at this time? Due to the excess of bodies as the plague claims more and more victims, the town officials declare that the city parks must now be converted to burial grounds. When the plague body count swiftly begins to exceed the capacity of the town cemetery, they begin to burn the corpses in the crematorium. Once the plague claims too many victims to fit in the cemetery, the bodies are thrown outside the city gates. When the plague begins to take more and more victims, eventually the bodies are left lying in the streets.
When the plague body count swiftly begins to exceed the capacity of the town cemetery, they begin to burn the corpses in the crematorium.
In Meditation 4, Descartes says that when he reflects on the cause of his errors, he notices not only a real and positive idea of God, but also a certain negative idea of ______. a demon despair/angst sadness/grief nothingness/non-being
nothingness/non-being