Philosophy Exam 2

What are is eudaimonism focused on

Happiness is the final end

What is the Euthyphro Problem/Dilemma? What are the two horns of the dilemma and why do people try to avoid them?

Is something good because god cammanded it or does he command it because it is good, divine creation problem(independent of God), divine asseity problem, arbitrary whim problem (can make anything good), divine goodness problem (meaningless to say god is good)

What is the first formulation of the categorical imperative

Maxims become universal law

What is the core thesis of divine command theory (DCT)

Rightness and wrongness of actions are dependant on the commands of god

How does Ross qualify the intrinsic value of pleasure

There's some things that prevent pleasure from being good, vicious acts. Child abuse

What method does Ross use to discover these other in trinsic goods

Thought experiments

What does it mean for Kant to act on the basis of inclination

act on a nonrational motive

In regards to our duties, what is more cent ral for Ross: our motives or our actions

action

What is theoretical reason

concerned with rational beliefs

What is a hypothetical imperative

conditinally valid imperitave, take out the trash, make your bed, do x to get y

What is a prima facie duty according to W.D Ross

conditional duty

What is an imperfect duty

has exceptions, dont always have to do it

What is an example of an imperfect duty for Ka

helping others, developing new talents

What are some examples virtuous"means"Aristotle talks about , and what are their respective vices

knowledge and virtue

One problem with Kant's categorical imperative is that it gives 'false negatives'; what does this objection amount to

somethings arent universalizable but theyre not wrong

What is the difference between subjective and objective versions of happiness,and which of these coincides with happiness (eudaimonia)for Aristotle

subjective: like pleasure, not a feeling Objective: reality determines it

What is the Doctrine of the Mean according to Aristotle, and how do vices stray from the mean

virtue is the mean, vices are either too much or too little

According to W.D. Ross, what in addition to pleasure is intrinsically valuable

virtuous disposition and action

One problem with Kant's categorical imperative is that it gives 'false positives'; what does this objection amount to

.makes too many things morally right, somethings are universalizable but not right

What exactly are the two primary characteristics of a final end (i.e., completeness and self-sufficiency) and why does Aristotle think happiness (eudaimonia)has these characteristics

.virtue and fortune, happiness requires complete virtue and complete life

What about other goods that are not captured by Ross' analysis (e.g., aesthetic enjoyment or mutual love)? How does he account for them

Combination of two or more of the four

What is William Alton's solution to the Euthyphro Dilemma

Restricted divine command theory, right wrong and optional depends on god's commands, good and bad depend on god's nature

What are some reasons that thinkers of posited DCT as an ethical theory

The existence of god is necessary for the existence of morality, DCT follows from divine creation, ex/ child sacrifice in the bible

What is the theory of value (i.e., what makes something good, bad, or neutral) for unrestricted DCT?

Unrestricted DCT

What is a proper duty according to Ross

actual duty

Which actions of ours have maxims

all of them except for accidental bodily movements

For whom does the categorical imperative hold? To whom does it apply?

all rational beings

What is a 'law of nature' for Kant a ccording to Fred Feldman

an act is morally right if the maxim is universal

What is the reformulated version of the categorical imperative in Feldman

an action is right if it is universaliable, wrong if it is not, right if it passes the categorical imperitave test

What does Ross say about the reality of the moral order

apart of the fundamental nature of the universe, just as much as math

According to Kant, what is the 'supreme principle of morality'?

categorical imperitive, supreme principle of morality

What are the two types of rational consistency for Kan

conceptual(goal is impossible) and volitional(goal is achievable but willing contrary things at the same time)

What is an example of a perfect duty for Kant

dont ever tell a lie, dont ever commit suicide

What is an example of a duty for Ross?

duties of fidelity, reparation, self improvment

What a telos is according to Aristotle?

end

Why does Aristotle think there is a final end and thus a highest good (i.e., the argument for highest good)

final end is complete and self-sufficient, only happiness is complete and self-sufficient, final end must be happiness

virtue

fixed trait, think,feel,and act, central in the positive evaluation of the moral worth of persons

what is the three part test which Kant uses to determine whether an action is morally right or morally wrong?

formulated maxim, universalize it, look for a contradiction

What is a maxim and what are its two parts

general statement about how things have to be

What is the theory of value for restricted DCT?

good and bad tied into commands, something is good if it conforms to gods nature

What is the only thing that can be regarded as 'good without qualification' for Immanuel Kan

good will

What is the problem of relevant description for Kant's categorical imperative

hyperspecify a maxim even though it's still wrong

How does DCT understand the theory of right conduct? What makes something right, wrong, or optional

if God commanded it, its right, if he forbid it, it's wrong

What is the notion of universalizability in Kantian ethics

imagine a world where everybody follows that maxim

4 features of virtue

intellectual component,2.affective component,3.motivational component,4.behavioral component

According to Ross, how to we come to know our duties? Is it by means of some formal reasoning process like the categorical imperative or by some other means

intuition

What is the relationship between morality and rationality for Kan

maxim is a subjective principle of action, circumstances and action

What are the two types of Aristotelian virtue?

moral virtue and intellectual virtue

For Kant, which sort of imperative expresses genuine moral requirements

morality is just a part of rationality

Acting from what motive gives an act moral worth for Kant

motive of duty

What is a perfect duty

no exceptions, always have to do it

Do aims, ends, or success impart moral worth to an action for Kant

no, he is a nonconsequentialist

Is Kant a consequentialist? If not, what is he

no, he is a nonconsequentialist

What type of normative ethical theory is eudaimonism and how it differs from virtue ethics

nonconsequentalist, teleological theory

What is practical reason?

part of reason that deals with rational action

How do perfect and imperfect duties relate to the two levels of rational consistency?

perfect duties relate to conceptual contradictions, imperfect duties relate to volitional contradictions

Which part of reason (i.e., practical or theoretical) issues hypothetical and categorical imperative

practical, categorical

What is a thing's function according to Aristotle, and how do we go about discovering it (i.e., the Function Argument)

rational activity, takes means in accordance to virtue

How does virtue ethics understand the relationship between right and good

right comes first

What are is virtue ethics focused on

right conduct and intrinsic value

What does Ross' take on the moral order mean for the fact/value and is/ought dichotomie

theyre not there, values are facts

What does it mean for Kant to act out of duty alone?

to act out of respect for the law

What is a categorical imperative

unconditioanlly valid imperitave, not relative to your goals, do x

What characteristics does Aristotle think happiness (eudaimonia)has

virtue and fortune, doing and living well

How does virtue relate to the human function for Aristotle

virtue and reason go together

What does Ross mean by saying that our prima facie duties are 'self-evident'

when you reflect on it and see it you dont need any other proof

Why does Kant think virtues, gifts of fortune, and moderate emotions cannot be good without qualification?

you can misuse them