Philosophy
Explain how Carol Gilligan's repeating of Lawrence Kohlberg's famous psychological experiment was be used to support her feminist critique of male-centered moral philosophy, despite having produced the same empirical results as her predecessor.
Carol Gilligan's results showed that women have a stronger emphasis on caring for moral decision making than men. In Kohlberg's experiment, it was found that justice in the moral sense leaves no room for caring. That is supposedly why women do not ever reach the higher stages of moral reasoning. This supports Gilligan's feminist critique or male-centered moral philosophy because her work shows that women base their decisions on how they will affect other people. They developed morality in stages while men do not.
According to Locke, Primary qualities CANNOT be "correctly" known.
False
According to Locke, Secondary qualities CAN be "correctly" known.
False
Analytic sentences have truth values that can be determined by observable facts about reality.
False
B.F. Skinner is an eliminative materialist.
False
George Berkeley is an ontological Dualist.
False
Kant's moral philosophy is a form of empiricism.
False
Renee Descartes is an ontological Monist.
False
Synthetic sentences have truth values that can be determined by the logical structure of the sentence.
False
Thomas Hobbes is a moral rationalist who believed that governments ought to be politically organized around natural understandings of "rights."
False
True or False: George Berkeley's empiricism distinguishes between two types of language: analytic and conventional
False
True or False: Western Epistemology is traditionally composed of three camps
False
True or false: "Philosophy," is derived from the Latin term, "Philosophia," meaning Philos - "Love," and Sophia - "Passion
False
True or false: A sound argument can have false premises
False
True or false: According to Descartes, once melted, a candle-stick cannot be proven to be identical with itself since its physical dimensions are altered.
False
True or false: Descartes concludes Mathematics is unreliable because the existence of an evil genius demon cannot ultimately be disproven.
False
True or false: Descartes' argument from "illusion" suggests that empiricism may be a reliable foundation for epistemology.
False
True or false: Epistemology is the study of the nature of existence.
False
True or false: George Berkeley argued that Locke's conceptions of secondary qualities were actually nothing more than primary qualities (everything is primary quality)
False
Locke's empiricism distinguishes between primary and secondary qualities of objects. Describe Primary qualities in a few short sentences
Primary qualities inhere in the objects themselves. Primary qualities are the mathematical and physical dimensions of objects. Primaery qualities produce simple ideas about objects.
Locke's empiricism distinguishes between primary and secondary qualities of objects. Describe Secondary qualities in a few short sentences
Secondary qualities do not inhere in physical objects themselves. Secondary qualities are caused by primary qualities in objects. Secondary qualities cannot be "correctly" known.
Explain the feminist position that the rationalistic epistemic traditions of Western moral thought are sexist. In particular, explain the ways in which it is claimed that Western masculine tendencies towards abstract thought allows theory to be too distanced from practical/human life.
The feminists claim that the experiences of women are vital to the full understanding of morality. The rationalistic epistemic traditions of Western moral thought are sexist because they state that the women are not to the correct level of understanding the "good". Western masculine tendencies towards abstract thought allow the theory to be too distanced from practical/human life because it makes it so that certain people in the world are not allowed to pretty much have their own mind or opinions.
(Hard) Behaviorists believe that "minds" are not ontologically real.
True
According to "Cultural Relativism," Moral products are the products of individual cultures (which may or may not include, but are not limited to some universal law of rationality).
True
According to Hume, moral claims are not derivable from facts.
True
David Hume objected to moral rationalism. He believed there were no rational "facts" about morality.
True
Descartes' "evil genius" argument suggests that the a priori may not be a reliable foundation for epistemology.
True
J.J.C. Smart is a Mind-Brain Identity theorist.
True
John Locke argued that securing the liberty of rights concerning one's body and the accumulation of property and capital was amongst the chief concerns of a civilized nation.
True
John Locke's philosophy has had a major impact on the traditional political philosophies of America.
True
Logical Positivists argue that moral languages are constructions conveying emotional approval.
True
Socratic moral philosophy is a form of rationalism.
True
True or False: According to Berkeley, conventional languages are groupings of localized language patterns constituting knowledge for particular subsets of people
True
True or False: According to Berkeley, natural languages are groupings of language patterns constituting knowledge for nearly all groups of people
True
True or False: Hume's empiricism argues that patterns in nature exist, but only as causal predictions made by humans and not due to epistemic knowledge of nature itself
True
True or false: "Logos" also means "word" in Greek
True
True or false: A valid argument can have false premises
True
True or false: According to Plato's "simile of the line" images are ontologically inferior to sensible objects
True
True or false: According to Plato's "simile of the line" rationality is required to know the formal world of goods, and the Good itself
True
True or false: Analytic Philosophy is primarily concerned with the analysis of concepts and terms as they are used and applied in sciences and everyday discourses
True
True or false: Continental Philosophy is generally concerned with larger, over-arching systems of thought/analysis especially as it relates to social, political, and historical experiences
True
True or false: Descartes is an epistemological rationalist.
True
True or false: Descartes is an ontological dualist.
True
True or false: Plato's "simile of the line" divides the ontological world into two parts: the metaphysical and the physical
True
True or false: according to Descartes, there are two causes for our ideas of material objects: 1) the physically sensed dimensions of objects, and 2) the mathematically sensed dimensions of objects.
True
Utilitarian moral philosophy is a form of empiricism.
True
According to Socrates' analogy of the ideal city, what is the virtue of the Military Guardian class? a. Courage b. Moderation c. Generosity d. Wisdom
a. Courage
Which best describes the role and function of government according to Locke? a. Governments are contracted by free citizens in a state of nature to enforce and guarantee "natural" human rights. b. Governments are contracted by free citizens in a state of nature to enforce and guarantee the "conventional" rights agreed upon. c. Governments are contracted by free citizens in a state of nature to enforce and guarantee the orders of a freely elected 'Leviathan.' d. Governments are contracted by free citizens in a state of nature to enforce and guarantee the opportunities for only some of us.
a. Governments are contracted by free citizens in a state of nature to enforce and guarantee "natural" human rights.
Theoretical entities are best explained as a. Immaterial aspects of reality only perceivable to the mind b. Material aspects of reality only perceivable to the senses c. Objects d. Nonsense
a. Immaterial aspects of reality only perceivable to the mind
Which of the following bests represents David Hume's moral position? a. Moral claims are nonsense. b. Moral claims are synthetic sentences. c. Moral claims are analytic sentences. d. Moral claims are empirical sentences.
a. Moral claims are nonsense.
Under which condition is revolution justified according to Hobbes' political theory?When the Leviathan ceases to function as the Leviathan by failing to enforce the social contract. a. When the Leviathan ceases to function as the Leviathan by failing to enforce the social contract. b. When the popular opinion can be determined to be against the will of the Leviathan. c. When natural law demands. d. Never.
a. When the Leviathan ceases to function as the Leviathan by failing to enforce the social contract.
According to Socrates' analogy of the ideal city, what is the virtue of the Ruler class? a. Wisdom b. Courage c. Generosity d. Moderation
a. Wisdom
Which of the following was not mentioned as an ideal class of citizen according to Plato's political philosophy? a. the Slave class b. the Artisan Class c. The Philosopher/King class d. the Military class
a. the Slave class
Which of the following is NOT a criterion of Socrates' epistemology a. Truth - "X must be true" b. Agreement - "Others agree X is true" c. Justification - "P can give a logos for X" d. Belief - "P must believe X" e. None of the above
b. Agreement - "Others agree X is true"
David Hume famously coined "the Naturalistic Fallacy," which states that an "Is" does not necessarily imply an "ought." Which of the following best captures the meaning of this statement? a. Causation does NOT equal correlation. b. Correlation does NOT equal causation. c. All causes MUST have an effect. d. All effects MUST have a cause.
b. Correlation does NOT equal causation.
The Epistemological camp that argues the primary source of knowledge is the application of observations of the senses, is called a. Monism b. Empiricism c. Emotivism d. Rationalism
b. Empiricism
The area of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge is known as a. Axiology b. Epistemology c. Ethics d. Ontology e. None of the above
b. Epistemology
According to Socrates, there are 3 types of "Good." Which is NOT a good for Socrates? a. Good for its consequence b. Good for the majority c. Good in itself d. State of Goodness
b. Good for the majority
Which item is best described as a closed concept a. Space b. Hexagons c. Human d. None of the above
b. Hexagons
A logical argument is valid when a. If its conclusion is true and its premises are true b. If no other possible conclusion can be deduced from the given premises c. All of the above d. None of the above
b. If no other possible conclusion can be deduced from the given premises
According to Socrates' analogy of the ideal city, what is the virtue of the Artisan class? a. Wisdom b. Moderation c. Courage d. Generosity
b. Moderation
Agnes Heller argues that sexism leads to women having different moral experiences from men. Which of the following is NOT a contributing reason for this, according to Heller. a. Historical confinement to the home. b. Personal insights from having different chromosomal patterns from men. c. Exclusion from broad public, social, and commercial life. d. Personal insights in to the horrors of society.
b. Personal insights from having different chromosomal patterns from men.
A logical argument is entails valid deductions between a. Facts/opinions b. Premises/conclusions c. Truth/experience d. All of the above
b. Premises/conclusions
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 Principles of Logic a. Principle of Non-contradiction b. Principle of the Categorical Imperative c. Principle of Identity d. Principle of the Excluded Middle
b. Principle of the Categorical Imperative
David Hume's empiricism argued that there are only two types of meaningful sentences: analytic and synthetic. Synthetic sentences are best described as a. Sentences whose truth values are determined by the logical structure of the sentence b. Sentences whose truth values are determined by the empirical facts of reality c. Sentences whose truth values are determined by natural language d. Sentences whose truth values are determined by conventional language
b. Sentences whose truth values are determined by the empirical facts of reality
Under which condition is revolution justified under Locke's liberal society? a. When the Leviathan fails to enforce the social conttact. b. When the representative government fails to enforce, or itself violates, the natural/civil rights of the citizens. c. When the majority of people agree that the government is not working in their interest d. Never.
b. When the representative government fails to enforce, or itself violates, the natural/civil rights of the citizens.
Eliminative Materialism is best defined as: a. A material monism that suggests that knowledge of the mind is nothing more that knowledge of languages about behavior. b. A material monism that suggests a modern understanding of the human mind as nothing more than neurological brain states. c. A material monism that suggests a post-modern understanding of the human mind as nothing more than neurological brain states. d. A material monism that suggests the mind is nothing more than observable patterns of behavior.
c. A material monism that suggests a post-modern understanding of the human mind as nothing more than neurological brain states.
Aristotle's conception of virtue can best be described as: a. A principle that supports bringing the most pleasure to the most people. b. A principle that only supports actions dictated by universally rational maxims. c. A principle that supports only actions that are moderate, and neither excessive nor defecient. d. None of the above
c. A principle that supports only actions that are moderate, and neither excessive nor defecient.
Mind-Brain identity theorists believe: a. Mental terms designate real neurological events. b. Sensations of mind are nothing over and above brain states. c. All of the above d. None of the above
c. All of the above
Which best describes the role of the 'Leviathon' in a Hobbseian society? a. A moral yogi who can discern the higher truths of universal moral law. b. An all powerful leader leader that can do whatever they want with ABSOLUTELY no limits. c. An all powerful leader that can do whatever is necessary to enforce the social contract. d. An all powerful leader that is not limited by the rules of society.
c. An all powerful leader that can do whatever is necessary to enforce the social contract.
The area of philosophy concerned with understanding "goodness," and being a "good" person is known as a. Axiology b. Epistemology c. Ethics d. Ontology e. None of the above
c. Ethics
Thales of Miletos is cited by Western civilization as the first Philosopher. He is famous for his theory that: a. Everything is fire b. Everything is air c. Everything is water d. Everything is earth
c. Everything is water
Which is not a traditional camp in Western Ontology? a. Monism b. Dualism c. Existentialism d. Pluralism
c. Existentialism
G.E. Moore introduced the concept of "Natural Qualities." According to Moore, the moral phenomenon of "Good" ... a. Is a "natural quality," and therefore, is an ontological fact that humans can relate to in an analytical way. b. Is a "natural quality," and therefore, can be defined in terms of natural categories, i.e., pleasure, happiness, etc. c. Is not a, "natural quality," and therefore cannot be defined in terms of natural categories, i.e., pleasure, happiness, etc. d. NONE of the above.
c. Is not a, "natural quality," and therefore cannot be defined in terms of natural categories, i.e., pleasure, happiness, etc.
Kant's categorical imperative is best described as: a. Only act according top maxims that promote the most rational pleasure. b. Only act according to maxims that are purely virtuous. c. Only act according to maxims that are purely rational. d. None of the above.
c. Only act according to maxims that are purely rational.
John Locke's empiricist epistemology is a form of representative realism. According to Locke a. Reality is knowable but unable to be represented by the mind b. Reality is knowable and able to be completely represented by the mind c. Reality is knowable but only able to be partially represented by the mind d. None of the above
c. Reality is knowable but only able to be partially represented by the mind
According to Aristotle's virtue ethics, human moral behavior is motivated by a singular human function, which is: a. Pleasure b. Freedom c. Reason d. None of the Above
c. Reason
Descartes' rationalism challenges Plato's claim that there is a nearly infinite amount of a priori concepts/forms. He reduces them to three. They are: a. Identity, soul, God b. Substance, thought, self c. Self, identity, substance d. Color, taste, smell
c. Self, identity, substance
What is the appropriate epistemological mode for knowing objects a. Pure Reason b. Formula (Understanding) c. Senses (Belief) d. Imagination (imaging)
c. Senses (Belief)
David Hume's empiricism argued that there are only two types of meaningful sentences: analytic and synthetic. Analytic sentences are best described as a. Sentences whose truth values are determined by the empirical facts of reality b. Sentences whose truth values are determined by natural language c. Sentences whose truth values are determined by the logical structure of the sentence d. Sentences whose truth values are determined by conventional language
c. Sentences whose truth values are determined by the logical structure of the sentence
Mythos is best explained as: a. The philosophic/scientific way of thought b. The order of the natural and social world c. The way of thought that traces the origins of things to supernatural time d. Rationality
c. The way of thought that traces the origins of things to supernatural time
Which of the following is not a claim of "Cultural Relativism?" a. There are no universally held moral values. b. No singular set of values can be recommended for all peoples. c. There is only one moral law, but people have the right to be immoral. d. There are no moral laws.
c. There is only one moral law, but people have the right to be immoral.
Which of the following best describes the meaning of "A Priori" truth a. Truths based on Observation b. Truths based on Egoism c. Truths based on Pure Reason d. Truths based on Emotion
c. Truths based on Pure Reason
Socrates argued, in the "Allegory of the Cave," that certain subjects/questions "summon" the "soul," and some do not. Those subjects/questions that summon the soul are considered "philosophical." Which question best summons the philosophical a. What time is it ? b. 1029347 x 573927 = ? c. What is time ? d. None of the above
c. What is time ?
According to Descartes, there is only one indubitable truth upon which all human knowledge, including A Priori truths, depends. Which is it? a. "Everything is to be doubted" b. "I am; therefore, I think" c. "The self is the mind" d. "I think; therefore, I am"
d. "I think; therefore, I am"
Which of the following best describes Locke's conception of human beings in a state of nature? a. Humans are divinely endowed with a priori rational capacities to understand universal moral laws. b. Human beings have a natural sense of property rights. c. Humans are more or less cooperative in a natural world of relative abundance d. All of the Above
d. All of the Above
According to Thomas Hobbes, human beings in a state of nature are: a. Governed by a natural instinct to preserve their own lives. b. Naturally selfish and disinclined to work with each other. c. Naturally competitive over a limited amount of natural resources. d. All of the Above.
d. All of the Above.
Functionalists believe: a. The "Mind" is not a (Cartesian) "thing," but a "system" that performs "functions." b. The "Mind" is a rooted in the "Brain," but is a phenomenon not identical to the brain. c. The "Mind" is real (materialism) because it is rooted in the "brain," and produces real affects in the world. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Ontological Pluralists believe: a. Dualism is false. b. There may be hundreds of ways for potentially carving up reality. c. Only the categories of language can sufficiently encapsulate the dynamism of reality. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
The area of philosophy concerned with the nature of being/existence is known as a. Axiology b. Epistemology c. Ethics d. Ontology e. None of the above
d. Ontology
The Epistemological camp that argues the primary source of knowledge is the application of a priori ideas of the mind is called a. Monism b. Empiricism c. Emotivism d. Rationalism
d. Rationalism
Logos is best explained as a. The order of the natural and social world b. The way of thought that traces the origins of things to supernatural time c. "Strong time" d. The philosophic/scientific way of thought
d. The philosophic/scientific way of thought
