Photosynthesis
What are C₄ plants?
plants that are evolved in hot, dry climates and fix carbon through the C4 pathway. They have stomata partially closed during the hottest part of the day.
Electron Transport Chain:
series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
Hydrolysis: Splitting of water: H₂O --> 2H⁺ + ½O₂ + 2e⁻
splitting of water inside the thylakoid releases electrons, which replace the electrons that leave photosystem II
Be able to write a hypothesis and design an experiment to test/measure the rate of photosynthesis.
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How many ATP are required to produce 1 glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) molecule?
18
How many CO2 are required to produce 1 glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) molecule?
6
How many NADPH are required to produce 1 glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) molecule?
6
Why do almost all organisms depend on photosynthesis?
Because that is how they get their fuel, "food." and animals and humans need it for oxygen.
Summarize the main events of the light reaction.
Divided into two stages. Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions (aka Calvin Cycle); > Light reactions- light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporally stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH. > Calvin Cycle- organic compounds are formed using CO2 and the chemical energy provided by ATP and NADPH. Carbon fixation occurs with the help of rubisco (enzyme) that facilitates the regeneration of RuBP (5 carbon compound).
How is ATP formed in the light reaction
During chemiosmosis, the movement of protons through ATP synthase into the stoma releases energy, which is used to produce ATP.
Summarize the main events of the Calvin Cycle
I) CO₂ binds with RuBP and is broken into 2 3C compounds (3-PGA). II) Next two ATP and one NADPH are used to phosphorylate 3PGA and convert it to G3P. III) Lastly one of the G3P compounds and 1 ATP form RuBP.
Summarize how the light reactions and the Calvin cycle work together to create the continuous cycle of photosynthesis
Light reactions increase the rate of photosynthesis because the higher the intensity, the more electrons there are that excite photosynthesis. Calvin cycle helps by helping plants go through carbon fixation.
Explains how environmental factors influence photosynthesis.
Temperature- increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases to a maximum and then decreases with further rises in temperature. Carbon Dioxide levels- as they increase, photosynthesis rate increases.
Describe what happens to the compounds that are made in the Calvin cycle.
The ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions drive the second stage of photosynthesis.
What is the role of chlorophyll and other pigments in photosynthesis
To capture light energy, and excite electrons. [Located inside Photosystems I and II. Along thylakoid membrane.]
Thylakoid
a membrane system found within chloroplast that contains the components for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
ATP
an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes
What is Heterotrophic?
an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic material
What is Autotrophic?
an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or form the environment instead os consuming other organisms
Calvin Cycle
biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
What are CAM plants?
evolved in hot, dry climates and fix carbon through CAM pathway. Carry out carbon fixation at night and the Calvin cycle during the day to minimize water loss.
RuBP
five-carbon molecule, involved in first and last steps of light-independent cycle (Calvin Cycle) G3P is converted back into RuBP (binds to CO₂)
Chemiosmosis
in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of portons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP
Stroma
in plants, the solution that surround te thylakoid i na chloroplast
Photosynthesis II
is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions. where electrons are excited and site of light pigments
Factors that affect photosynthesis
light intensity, climate, light frequency, percipitation, air particles, temperature, weather
ATP Synthase
located in thylakoid, energy is harnessed there
Grana
multiple stacks of granum which is a a stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts
NADPH
the reduced form of NAD⁺; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration
Photosynthesis I
the second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions. light absorbed by I.
What are C₃ plants?
where carbon is fixed into 3 carbon compounds