phsc 7
What would be a concern of a parent in a state that allows non -medical exemptions from childhood immunizations. A. They would not have a concern because other parents should be able to make their own minds about their children. B. They would not have a concern, because this would not increase the risk of measles for their child C. A child without the diphtheria, tetanus or pertussis immunization has an increased likelihood of contracting pertussis D. They would not have a concern, because such exemptions have no relationship with pertussis
C
When considering how to allocation influenza vaccine, or any vaccine during an epidemic, Childress notes that there are at least four criteria or methods used for rationing; they are (1) priority based on risk, either to the individual or to others,(b) first-come, first served, (c) lottery, or (d) priority based on social function. [Short answer:] What are the advantages and disadvantages of the lottery
good: impersonal and random, equal opportunity. bad: lack resources to attend, unfair to those with greatest need
Principles of Medical Ethics Derived from Hippocrates Include the Following EXCEPT A. Malfeasance B. Confidentiality C. Autonomy D. Beneficence
A
Regan contends that which of the following are the correct way to answer moral questions A. None of these B. Survey people and find out what most people think C. How one feels about the question D. Interpret the Bible, The Quran, the Torah, or another holy text E. Personal preferences
A
Screening for sexual risk behaviors combined counseling to reduce the identified risk behaviors to prevent the acquisition of sexually transmitted disease is an example of: A. Primary Prevention B. Targeted Screening C. Secondary Prevention D. Primary Care
A
According to Holland, what is the liberal argument for compulsory immunization? A. Because voluntary non-immunization threatens to harm others, the State is within its rights to coerce people against their will in order to avoid third-party harms B. Because infectious diseases affect the physical and mental integrity of the community and all other goods within that community, the State is justified coercing individuals to become immunized C. An intelligent, well-informed competent individual thinks long and hard about vaccine and arrives at thoughtful and sincere conclusions, justifying the use of power by the State to mandate immunization for absolutely everyone. D. Liberalism embraces freedom for the individual, therefore the decision not to be immunized is an exercise of autonomy and should be respected
A
According to Silverman and Wiley which of the following constitutional guarantees have the courts deemed sufficient to invalidate compulsory vaccination. A. None of these B. Privacy C. Religious Freedom D. Autonomy
A
Among the 4 Theories of Distributive Justice, the phrase Night Watchman is associated with which theory of justice: A. Libertarian B. Communitarian C. Utilitarian D. Egalitarian
A
Arora et al collapsed the eight rungs of the Nuffield Council intervention ladder into which of the following areas, EXCEPT. A. Choice B. Organization C. Incentivization D. Education
A
Before the rapid expansion of NBS programs, states often justified the use of public health powers to mandate screening based on criteria, which requires that: 1) the condition screened for should be an important health problem, (2) the natural history of the disease should be well understood, (3) there should be a suitable test, 4) the test should be acceptable to the population, and (5) there should be an accepted treatment and agreed-upon policy regarding who should receive treatment. These criteria are known as the: A. Wilson-Jungner Criteria B. Jackson-Washington Criteria C. The IOM Criteria D. Alan Melnick Criteria
A
Childress believes that there are good reasons to exempt conscientious objectors whether religious, philosophical, moral, or personal-from military service or from vaccination if the exemption will not compromise the societal defense against external enemies or against disease. Why? A. Because conscientious objection involves not only an appeal to personal autonomy or liberty but also a claim about the role, place, and significance of certain fundamental beliefs and values in a person's life B. Because there is no need to force people to do something they don't want to do C. Because the message that would be communicated to the public should show some consideration for the fact that not everyone can tolerate vaccines, due to hypersensitivity. D. Because we no longer use a mandatory draft to conscript people
A
Childress discussed the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the context of justice and fairness to the victims of adverse vaccine events. He also invoked the European concept of solidarity. Much of Childress discussion of adverse events and mandatory vaccination is similar to Holland's discussion of what idea? A. Reciprocity B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Necessity
A
Childress lists five dimensions of privacy. Which addresses a person's interest in their DNA? A. Propriety privacy B. Informational privacy C. Physical privacy D. Relational/associational privacy
A
Currently there are a limited number of local jurisdictions that have adopted SSB taxes. Which of the following is an explanation for this according to scholars such as Crosbie et al A. The beverage industry has used state preemption to pass laws preempting local SSB tax policies B. Community stakeholders oppose such taxes. C. No other jurisdictions are interested D. It takes such a long time to get a ballot initiative started
A
Despite an elaborate pro and con discussion of mandatory mass immunization programs, in the end Holland expressed skepticism about the State coercing people to get vaccinated. A. True B. False
A
From a consequentialist perspective SSB Taxes are acceptable, why and how? A. The ability to live without the burden or restriction of obesity maximizes happiness B. Disparities in access to healthy food and rates of obesity necessitate a responsibility founded in justice for government action C. SSB taxes are fair D. The ends justify the means
A
In Case I of Chapter 8, several stakeholders were described: the child, the child's family and the public. Which moral claim IS NOT relevant? A. None of these is not relevant B. The parent's expectation of privacy and parent rights C. The child's expectation of freedom of movement and privacy D. The public's expectation that contagious people will protect others
A
In Newborn Screening , the PKU test is easy to perform, requiring a small sample of blood taken most commonly from where on the newborn? A. Heel B. Arm C. Neck D. Leg
A
In a case of the positive HIV result in a 25-year-old Mormon woman screened through an opt-out policy, according to Melnick, the following are analytic considerations for local health officials EXCEPT A. Are the burdens and benefits of the action distributed fairly? B. What are the public health goals? C. What are the ethical conflicts and competing moral claims of stakeholders in the situation? D. Are precedent cases or the historical context relevant? E. What are the public health risks and harms of concern?
A
John Stuart Mill believed that it is okay to exercise power over a member of a civilized society, against her will, for which of the following reasons: A. To prevent harm to others B. For his own moral good C. For all of these reasons D. For her own physical good
A
Navin & Attwell present an analysis of the use analogies to capture justified state coercion. Which analogy do they use to prevent parents from allowing their children to infect others with vaccine preventable diseases? A. Criminalizing the discharge of firearms in populated areas B. Compelling payment of taxes C. Preventing ownership of bombs that have a very low risk of exploding D. Compelling parents to allow blood transfusions for their children
A
Several of the readings invoked the issue of herd immunity, also known as community immunity; just what is herd immunity? A. Sufficient numbers of people in the population are immune from disease to ensure that all members of that population are essentially immune from that disease B. The livestock of a community are free of disease C. A legal standard where health care providers are immune from malpractice lawsuit as a result of vaccinating people with contagious diseases. D. The threshold of immunization that is reached when 51% of the population has been vaccinated against communicable diseases like measles or COVID-19.
A
Silverman and Wiley's health justice model emphasizes the need to inquire into what effects on the design and implementation of public health intervention? A. All of these B. Social bias C. Class D. Race E. Cultural bias
A
Studies have shown that quarantine can reduce transmission of a communicable disease only if the cases can transmit the disease while asymptomatic, and only if the time during which cases are asymptomatic is not very long or very short. A. True B. False
A
The Kantian view of individual duties and obligations could be seen as positive individual responsibilities, similar to W.D. Ross' theory of prima facie duties, but government, from Mill's perspective has what could be seen as having a negative responsibility, i.e., doing nothing to a citizen in the absence of that citizen's harm to others. Which of the following cases captures the Mill approach to government's duties to its citizens and citizen expectation of their government? A. DeShaney v. Winnebago County Depart of Social Services B. City of New York et al v. New Saint Mark's Baths C. Craig v Boren D. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
A
The difference between Opt-In and Opt-Out Parental consent for Newborn Screening (NBS) is: A. In Opt-In Testing, the screening or treatment will not occur unless the parents actively consent B. In Opt-Out Testing, the parents have the best opportunity to exercise their parental autonomy and to be truly informed about the process. C. In Opt-Out Testing, the screening or treatment will not occur unless the parents consent D. In Opt-In Testing, the process is considered administratively simple and less burdensome to the clinical process than Opt-Out Testing
A
The ethical principle of Justice creates an obligation to: A. Treat all people equally, fairly and impartially B. Work only for the benefit of the poor C. Make sure that judges are qualified D. Make surer people have lawyers
A
The most likely explanation for why the majority of states use opt-out programs rather than opt-in? A. They are administratively simpler than Opt-In B. Parental choice is unimportant C. The Best Interests of the child requires it D. All Professional Medical Organizations require Opt-Out
A
There are two types of taxes that we've covered in the sugar debate. Which type of tax is known as a corrective tax, because it corrects for activities that create a negative effect on others? A. Pigouvian Tax B. Sin Tax C. Excise Tax D. Income Tax
A
Under what circumstances can Partner Notification be least effective? A. If the index case does not have a stable sexual partner and engages in random sexual acts with unknown individuals B. If the index case is willing to provide health officials the names and contact information of all of his partners. C. If the index case is civilly isolated D. If the index case is threatened with detention.
A
What are SB 277 and SB 276 A. California legislation that became laws: SB 277 eliminated non-medical exemptions to childhood vaccinations; SB 276 imposed limits on medical exemptions. B. California legislation that became laws: SB 276 eliminated non-medical exemptions to childhood vaccinations; SB 277 further imposed limits of medical exemptions C. California legislation that became laws: SB 277 preserved non-medical exemptions to childhood vaccines. SB 276 permitted physicians to give medical exemptions as their discretion D. California regulation
A
What is Navin and Attwell's view of the Nuffield Council's Intervention Ladder and the principle of the Least Restrictive Alternative (LRA)? A. They are skeptical about the usefulness of the LRA principle and the intervention ladder for evaluating the ethics of vaccine mandates B. They believe that the bidirectional options in the Intervention Ladder offer sufficient value diversity for considering vaccine mandates. C. They believe that the intervention ladder and the LRA promote public health at a minimal cost to liberty and that is sufficient reason to embrace vaccine mandates D. They believe that Nuffield Council's Intervention Ladder and the principle of the Least Restrictive Alternative offer a broad view of the critical values that are relevant to vaccine mandates.
A
What is the Best Interest of the Child Standard? A. An Ethical Concept used when challenging a parent's right to refuse a child's medical care in situations where an intervention might help the child B. A synonym for the Harm Principle C. An Ethical Concept most frequently invoked by parents as the entities best positioned to determine what is proper course of action in lifesaving interventions D. An Ethical Concept that optimizes multiple factors including family welfare, parental rights, religious freedom and community norms
A
Which branch of government formally has the power to create laws A. Legislative B. Executive C. Regulatory D. Judicial
A
Which of the following variants of TB is generally not contagious A. Latent TB B. Multiple Drug Resistant TB C. All of these are contagious D. Active TB
A
Within the Childress & Bernheim Framework, collective interests are often preferred within public health decisions, but when we consider that individual interests also make up the collective interest in American society, we must understand that the healthy relationship between the two is necessary to provide the best public health practices. A. True B. False
A
A definition distinction between privacy and the right to privacy is: Choose all. A. A right to privacy is, an individual's justifiable claim against others that they do not violate his/her privacy. B. Privacy presupposes limited access to a person's information, whether by others' choices, indifference, or respect for personal rights. C. A right to privacy is both legally and ethically absolute, while privacy is subjective D. Privacy is restricted to recorded information, while a right to privacy is not
A, B
In deciding on whether to compel a pregnant woman who is near term and HIV positive to undergo highly active ARV therapy (HAART) and to require her to refrain from breast feeding, Melnick offered which of the following as analytic considerations for local health authorities in Step 1 of his analytic framework? Choose all. A. What are the public health risks and harms of concern? B. What are the ethical conflicts and competing moral claims of stakeholders in the situation? C. Can public health officials offer public justification that citizens could find acceptable? D. Are the burdens and benefits of the action distributed fairly E. Is it necessary to override conflicting ethical claims to achieve the public health goal?
A, B
Social Distancing can REASONABLLY result in which of the following: Choose all. A. Loss of access to discretionary services B. Loss of recreational options C. All of these D. Loss of a college degree
A, B
What moral concerns must a health care provider consider when working with a reluctant patient who is positive for a curable sexually transmitted disease and who is at risk of stigma, abuse, and loss of community support? Furthermore, the patient is uncertain as whether they want to disclose their information to readily identifiable persons. Choose all. A. Respecting the autonomous decisions of their patient B. he moral issue of whether the duty to warn should override the duty to maintain confidentiality C. Respecting the autonomous decisions of their patient's families D. The social issues associated with the situation
A, B
When public health officials are allowed to regulate "high risk, high reward" innovations that have the potential to raise threats of harm to human health or the environment by demanding that measures should be taken, even if the risks are hypothetical, these public health officials are relying upon this ethical principle, known as: Choose all. A. the foresight principle ("Vorsorgeprinzip") B. the precautionary principle C. the principle of authority D. the principle of justice
A, B
Which of the following are principles of the Jacobson decision for determining the legitimacy of any compulsory vaccination law? Choose all. A. The intervention may not be arbitrary or oppressive B. There must be a public health necessity. C. the intervention should be readily available D. The intervention should be inexpensive
A, B
The CHEERS project raised a number of issues for critics of the effort. Among those, were the following: Choose all. A. The quality of the informed consent was questioned B. Parents were not warned of the effects of pesticides on young children C. The study population was predominately low income D. The CDC was not involved
A, B, C
Which of the following is, in effect a law? A. A decision made by a duly appointed judge in a case in controversy concerning a matter of public interest B. A piece of legislation passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the President C. A regulation promulgated by a Federal agency after a period of notice and comment published in the Federal register D. An Executive Order promulgated by the President executed within the scope of Presidential authority* E. Public Health Guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control regarding social distancing, mask wearing, and school attendance
A, B, C
As a result of a review of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, several principles were deduced regarding compulsory vaccination laws. They are: Choose all. A. There must be a public health necessity B. The intervention may not be arbitrary or oppressive C. There must be a reasonable relationship between the intervention and the objective D. The intervention should not pose a health risk to its subjects
A, B, C, D
Several moral considerations play important roles in the analysis and assessment of public health activities, including both ends and means. Childress and Bernheim consider which of the following as "moral considerations in public health." Choose all. A. Building and maintaining trust B. Producing benefits C. Avoiding, preventing, and removing harms D. Respecting autonomous choices E. Having strong laws to reassure people F. Maintaining accurate records
A, B, C, D
In the case of the Inquiring Murderer, TWO moral actions are tested which strain Kant's absolute view of lying. They are: Choose all. A. To save a life by doing what is necessary B. To hope that a murderer won't find the victim C. To tell the truth in all things, regardless of the consequences D. To hope that the intended victim won't bump into the murderer
A, C
Public health surveillance is a series of ongoing systematic activities, including collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practice. As a part of that process data collected are collected either anonymized or personally identified data. Characteristics of anonymized data are: Choose all. A. They do not compromise individual privacy B. They are not useful for public health surveillance C. They don't create risks of stigmatization D. They allow for alerting specific individuals about their risks after being exposed to a person with an infectious disease
A, C
Silverman and Wiley approach the issue of vaccination by observing which of the following. Choose all. A. The rate of vaccination exemptions has increased B. The rate of vaccination exemptions has decreased C. It is the "norm to be vaccinated D. It is not the norm to be vaccinated
A, C
The outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae described in the reading was associated with which of the following questions. Choose all. A. How much surveillance data should be disclosed B. How to make treatments available to critical populations C. To Who and When surveillance data should be disclosed D. Which research laboratories should be closed
A, C
Which of the following are less paternalistic strategies to reduce consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages. Choose all. A. Having the manufacturer reformulate their product B. All of these C. Mandatory Front of Packages Labels D. Increase sales tax of sugar sweetened beverages
A, C
The role and function of public health surveillance is often expressed in which metaphors. Choose all. A. Radar B. Traffic Lights C. Ears D. Eyes
A, D
What are required elements when public health surveillance is classified as public health research. Choose all. A. A formal IRB review B. A project director C. Private funding D. Informed consent for participants
A, D
Alternative vaccination schedules may not be a good idea EXCEPT for: A. Chickenpox because it has never been related to significant mortality B. People with autoimmune diseases, transplant recipients and pregnant women C. The current recommendations that reflect a "one size fits all" approach to vaccination D. Routinely recommended vaccines that only protect against mild diseases.
B
Andrew Wakefield is a famous person who made what contribution to the scientific community regarding vaccines. A. None of these B. Published a paper establishing a link between measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism C. Is well known for his work on tuberculosis D. Studied Epidemics and the importance of getting vaccinated
B
Baby Theresa Suffered from which Condition A. Y Chromosome Abnormalities B. Anencephaly C. Cerebral Palsy D. Cystic Fibrosis
B
Tracy Latimer suffered from cerebral palsy, but was killed by: A. Multiple sclerosis B. A lack of medical attention C. Exhaust fumes from a pickup truck D. An auto accident
C
What is paternalism? A. Fathering a child and paying child support without the requirements of the Court B. None of these C. Interfering with the liberty of action of a person against her will, to protect or promote her welfare D. The process by which a Court determines whether a man is the father of a child
C
"Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only." A. This is John Rawls' Theory of Justice B. This is one formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative C. This is Jeremy Bentham's Principle of Utility D. This is John Stuart Mill's Deontological Declaration
B
"Moral reasons, if they are valid at all, are binding on all people at all times." What is this statement? A. The requirement of understanding B. The requirement of consistency C. The principle of absolute truth D. The principle of expectancy
B
"[T]he strongest of all the arguments against the interference of the public with purely personal conduct is that when it does interfere, the odds are that it interferes wrongly, and in the wrong place." This statement is also known as: A. The harm principle B. The "right to be foolish" C. The libertarian credo D. A variation of the Categorical Imperative
B
A Kantian view of Vaccine refusing people who still benefit from threshold level vaccinations would be what? A. OK, because you shouldn't use people as a means to an end B. Not OK, because it would violate one of the formulation of the categorical imperative being, act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be universal law. C. Not OK, because a rule such as make contributions, and take associated risks, commensurable with one's enjoyment of a public good is one that would be sanctioned and enforced by society to maximize utility D. OK, because you must respect the autonomy of rational beings
B
A Screening test that leads to unnecessary anxiety and unnecessary, yet potentially harmful, follow-up evaluations is most likely: A. A screening test that uses a highly effective method B. A False positive test C. A false negative test D. A widely used and acceptable test for those who administer the test and those who receive the test.
B
According to Childress, there are three basic approaches to formulating the relative weight and strength of conflicting moral norms, they are the following, EXCEPT: A. Presumptivist B. Reductionist C. Absolutist D. Contextualist
B
According to Coughlin, W.D. Ross's theory of prima facie duties includes all of the following expressed obligations EXCEPT: A. Justice B. Autonomy C. Non-maleficence D. Gratitude E. Beneficence
B
According to the text, what is the distinction between law and ethics? A. Laws CANNOT constrain private action, but ethics can B. In relation to public actions, law EXPLICITLY establishes the foundation for the powers and duties of the government in public health C. Ethical perspectives DO NOT provide guidance about how to specify and assign weights to public values that may be at stake on a particular issue D. Ethics do NOT offer a way to identify, understand and deliberate about public values that underlie the varied uses of the law
B
Jeremy Bentham and Saint Thomas Aquinas disagree about the moral status of nonhuman animals for which of the following: A. Saint Thomas Aquinas believed that it was sinful for man to use nonhuman animals in just any way whatever B. Bentham believed that the capacity to suffer was the dispositive factor in the moral status of nonhuman animals, while Saint Thomas believed divine providence granted humans unrestricted use of nonhuman animals C. Bentham believed that nonhuman animals did not have a soul, but Saint Thomas Aquinas did. D. Saint Thomas believed that nonhuman animals could be intelligent and sensitive creatures and Bentham believed that nonhuman animals are rational.
B
Most if not all states require healthcare providers to notify public health officials when they diagnose patients with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, and hepatitis B. However, contact tracing and partner notification can be complicated and a burden. What process relieves the healthcare providers of this disclosure responsibility, when they have a patient reluctant to disclose? A. Having the postal service deliver the notice to the partner B. Having public health officials prove the contact tracing and partner notification C. Having a local sheriff do the contact tracing and partner notification D. Having the index patient notify the partner
B
New York City's Surveillance Program for Inadequately controlled diabetes used what rhetoric to justify the nonconsensual name-based surveillance core to the program? A. Administrative necessity B. Diabetes is an epidemic C. Diagnostic labs are agents of public health surveillance and thus did not need participants consent D. The program had popular support from the medical community
B
Professional codes of ethics, such as the Public Health Code of Ethics, do not help guide public health officials in their decisions related to communicable disease control and prevention: A. True B. False
B
Schwartz and Caplan believe that it is permissible for health care workers in hospitals to refuse mandatory vaccinations against communicable diseases, such as influenza, because most hospital infections are benign. A. True B. False
B
The Ethical Principle of Truth-Telling in Medicine requires the adequate disclosure of information about a patient's condition in the following circumstances EXCEPT A. Timely dialogue about treatment options and prognosis B. Capacity for decision making is not relevant C. Cultural sensitivity D. A language that is understandable
B
The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), developed by the CDC offers a central point of collection of data exclusively on botulism, measles, syphilis, and tuberculosis only. A. True B. False
B
The Tuskegee Study, described in the reading and in class, involved the ethical discourse about which disease? A. An outbreak of measles B. A longitudinal study of syphilis C. An outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae D. A longitudinal study of tuberculosis
B
The following are thought to be vaccine hesitant people, EXCEPT A. Individuals concerned about specific vaccines or the recommended vaccination schedule who prefer a modified approach to vaccination B. Individuals who have already been vaccinated C. Individuals who have no specific objections to vaccines but are concerned because of the emotional, fervent rhetoric that they have encountered in the media and elsewhere D. Individuals with objections to all vaccines without exception, including those with religious or "philosophic" reasons for this position
B
The principle of non-maleficence requires that harmful acts be avoided; this is such an important ethical principle that it precludes balancing potential harms against potential benefits. A. True B. False
B
Under the justificatory condition of effectiveness, why did the critics of the New York City Diabetes program conclude that it did not meet this condition? A. Because the surveillance program's probable benefits did not outweigh the infringed moral norms along with any negative effects of their breach to medical relationships B. Because it involves report and notification without additional resources for prevention and treatment services. C. Because it was not valuable and could not justify the infringement of rights of privacy and confidentiality. D. Because there was no assessment of the effects of the program on poor people and people of color.
B
What amendments to the Constitution address the issue of Due Process A. The 1st and the 4th B. The 5th and the 14th C. The 2nd and the 6th D. The 4th and the 10th
B
What is free-riding as it relates to vaccination? A. A behavior that is supported by Kant's Categorical Imperative B. An unimmunized person who benefits from high rates of immunization in a community without exposing himself/herself to the risks attendant upon attaining those rates C. Taking a bus to the health clinic to get a vaccination and expecting the health department to pay for the bus ride D. Unintended beneficiaries of health insurance that covers immunization who don't have to pay for the vaccination
B
What is one of the limitations of public health campaigns targeted toward reducing the incidence of non-communicable diseases like obesity and the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages A. The design of public health campaigns is complicated B. The information in public health campaigns is not personalized to people's lives C. Public health campaigns are too expensive D. Public Health campaigns violate basic Kantian ethics
B
What is the distinction between Kant's hypothetical imperatives and his categorical imperative? A. Categorical imperatives depend on having particular desires, unlike hypothetical imperatives B. Hypothetical imperatives are derived from a principle that every rational person must accept, unlike categorical imperatives C. Hypothetical imperatives are possible because we have desires and categorical imperatives are possible because we have reason D. Categorical "oughts" are easy to understand, unlike hypothetical "oughts."
C
Despite the importance of partner notification, there are risks and harms from disclosure. What are the potential risk and harms to the wife? Choose all. A. Quarantine B. stigmatization C. Family dissolution D. Increased risk of domestic violence
B, C, D
On what does justifying public health surveillance depend. Choose all. A. Which political party seeks access to the proposed data B. The proposed uses of the data generated C. How ethically defensible are the proposed uses D. How effective are the proposed uses
B, C, D
Reducing a health risk is characterized as a public good, according to Arora et al, which of the following are features of a public good according to Richard Arneson. Choose all. A. It is available on the New York Stock Exchange B. all members of the group must consume the same quantity of it. C. A unit of the good consumed by one person leaves none the less available for others D. if anyone is consuming the good it is unfeasible to prevent anybody else from consuming the good
B, C, D
According to Kant a moral agent is guided by "Universal laws"—moral rules that hold, without exception, in all circumstances. The rule against lying was one such rule. Kant used the following elements of logic, EXCEPT. Choose all. A. We should do only those actions that conform to rules that we could be adopted universally B. This rule should be adopted universally, even though it would be self-defeating C. We should not lie. D. Answer If we were to lie, it would not matter.t is permissible to lie."
B, D
In viewing the various moral claims associated with partner notification in a case of a husband with HIV and syphilis, what are the reasonable moral claims of the public? Choose all. A. That the health department will not ever interfere with the responsibility of the husband with HIV and syphilis to notify his wife B. That people with sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis or HIV will protect others by behaving in an appropriate manner C. That the health department will protect the confidentiality of the husband with HIV and syphilis. D. That the health department will protect the community from sexually transmitted disease
B, D
The 6th rung of the Nuffield Council's Intervention ladder is guiding choices through disincentives, this includes financial disincentives, examples of which are: A. Excise taxes on alcohol B. Fining people for failing to get recommended vaccinations C. All of these D. Answer Increasing taxes on cigarettes to discourage smoking
B, D
The basic characteristics of Public Health Ethics include which of the following. Choose all. A. It focuses on what should be done for the individual patient B. It is a collective good C. Its principles are identical for medical (clinical) practice and biomedical research D. Its promotion often entails government actions
B, D
Vermeij and Dawson promulgated Principles for collective vaccination programs, their principles include which of the following. Choose all. A. Collective vaccination programs should target minor diseases that are a public health problem in order to get public support B. The program's burden-to-benefits ratio should be favorable in comparison with alternative vaccination schemes or preventative options. C. Participation should be compulsory, unless voluntary vaccination is preferred. D. Collective vaccination programs should involve a just distribution of benefits and burdens.
B, D
The slide below shows the SSB Tax revenue allocation across several health goals, based on an estimated $133 million in taxes across 7 cities. Falbe contend that nutrition education funded by SSB tax revenues can serve to enhance understanding about the effects of different beverage options. Does the slide below support Falbe's assertion? A. Yes, because healthy food and beverage access accounts for 30% of the total tax revenue B. No, because health and nutrition knowledge are not important goals C. No, because health & Nutrition knowledge and reduced SSB consumption don't exceed 6 million out of $133 million D. Yes, because it is one of the health goals associated with the programs of SSB taxes
C
The war/military metaphor has continued to flourish in public health because: A. There are no negative consequences for using this metaphor B. It has no relationship to the allocation of funds C. Of its functions in describing and guiding society's responses to contagious diseases that threaten the public health D. It cannot lead to futile and counterproductive actions
C
According to Holland's view of the Harris and Holm's strong general duty thesis, we have a moral obligation to do what? A. Obey laws, regardless of what they are B. Care for other people C. Not to spread contagious diseases D. Take care of ourselves and no one else
C
Allowing a pregnant woman who is HIV positive to forgo HIV treatment during pregnancy and beyond has potential risks and harms for whom: A. Herself B. Her community C. All of these D. Her fetus
C
Did the New York City Diabetes Surveillance Program meet the justificatory condition of proportionality? A. Yes, if a cost-effectiveness analysis supported the use B. No, if a cost-benefit analysis showed costs outweighed benefits C. All of these are correct D. No, if the surveillance program damage patients' trust E. Yes, if the surveillance program's probable benefits outweigh the infringed moral norm
C
M.B. Schwartz is quoted as arguing "....retailers and manufacturers are already influencing consumers in ways that are detrimental to their health, and if it is ethical to use strategies to sell more unhealthy products, it is certainly ethical to use alternative strategies to sell fewer." In what ways can retailers and manufacturers influence consumers? A. Stimulating subconscious desires through influencers B. Providing Advertisement promoting SSBs C. Any of these D. Generate societal pressures through sponsorships of teams and charitable events
C
Monitoring is one public health response to an outbreak of communicable diseases. The two basic forms of monitoring are active and passive monitoring. Compared to Active Monitoring, Passive Monitoring requires the following EXCEPT A. Relies on Exposed Persons to notify health officials if they develop symptoms B. Is less expensive C. Public health staff have to contact exposed individuals by phone or in person D. Relies on Exposed Persons to perform self-assessment
C
Navin & Attwell note that vaccine mandates can have which of the following negative effects: A. Prevent the state from engaging in supervision of collecting data on who refuses vaccines B. Prevent children from receiving an education C. All of the these D. Block parents from entering the workforce
C
Physicians and laboratories report mandated diseases such as meningitis to the health department on their own initiative. What type of surveillance is this? A. Active B. Transparent C. Passive D. Selective
C
Public Health Officials have the following options for quarantining people exposed to certain infectious diseases, EXCEPT A. Working Quarantine B. Quarantine in specific facilities C. All Quarantines must be mandatory D. Home Quarantine.
C
Quarantine as an option affects the individual in what manner A. Quarantine restricts personal freedom B. Quarantine restricts mobility C. All of these D. Quarantine can engender feelings of isolation
C
Schwartz and Caplan invoke principles of tort law when discussing a physician's legal and ethical obligation to continue to provide care to a patient who refuses to get vaccinated. Which of the following is a criterion associated with severing a relationship: A. the patient's dismissal of the physician, B. the services of the physician are no longer needed C. All of these D. the physician properly withdraws from the physician/patient relationship E. that relationship is terminated by the mutual consent of the physician and patient,
C
The "reciprocity thesis" operates on the principle that: A. People infected by a contagious disease have no obligation in society, because they themselves were infected by others in the community who were infected. B. The burdens of infections are shared by all in a community, and recovery is a reciprocal benefit just as infection is a reciprocal harm C. Society should offer protection and compensation as a part of expecting people to meet specific obligations to do the right thing with regard to being sick with a communicable disease. DNone of these
C
The British in American distributed blankets from smallpox patients to Native Americans in order to get more land for colonists. Because infecting Native Americans with smallpox resulted in the deaths of many of the Native Americans, the act of distributing infected blanket by the colonial government could be seen as: A. A rational utilitarian action B. Using the blankets to help the Native Americans C. A violation of Kant's second version of his Categorical Imperative D. None of these
C
The collection and analysis of identifiable health data by a public health authority for the purpose of protecting the health of a particular community where the benefits and risks are primarily designed to accrue to the participating community is a basic description of: A. Biomedical Research B. Biomedical Practice C. Public Health Practice D. Public Health Research
C
The following are true about the Classical Version of Utilitarianism, EXCEPT A. It is a theory proposed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill B. Actions are judged right or wrong solely by their consequence C. It focuses on duty and the rightness or wrongness of actions regardless of the consequences D. Each person's happiness counts the same
C
The most restrictive option available to local public health officials is known as cordon sanitaire, also known as: A. Community wide furlough days B. Cancellation of all public gatherings C. Community wide quarantine D. Reducing mass transportation schedules
C
When surveying the options available to public health authorities, Melnick reminds us that choosing one option usually means that one value, such as public health benefit must override another value, such as individual privacy. When overriding an important value, it is important that an action address the conditions underlying the questions invoked by the Justificatory Conditions of Childress et al. Why would Melnick suggest that public health officials consider the Nuffield Council's Intervention Ladder as a part of their deliberations A. Because it views all values, such as public health benefit as equivalent to other values such as individual privacy, necessitating an action that normalizes the underlying context of all values. B. Because it outlines the 9 Moral Considerations in Public Health advocated by Childress C. Because it highlights the relationship between the degree that a proposed intervention infringes on individual freedoms and the requirement for justification of that intervention. D. Because it addresses the Framework for Analyzing Ethical Issues in Public Health
C
Which of the following authors from the reading proposed a Test to Balance Societal and Individual Interests when addressing the issue of conflicts over healthcare decisions particularly as it applies to immunizations? A. Schwartz and Caplan B. Silverman and Wiley C. Arora, Morris and Jacobs D. Holland
C
With regard to organ transplantation, it is asserted: "If we can benefit someone, without harming anyone else, we ought to do so. Transplanting the organs of someone who will die will benefit others." What is the counterargument? A. It is wrong to use people as means to other people's ends B. It is wrong to kill one person to save another C. All of these D. There are no exceptions to the rule that killing one person to save another is wrong
C
The CHEERS Project offered each participating family a sum of $970 and a camcorder to complete the study which included 6 monitoring events over a 2-year period. Each event would involve 5, 3-hour, visits to the home, for a total of 30 home visits to complete the study. The monetary compensation amounted to $6.47 per hour for about 150 hours of the family's time. At that time, the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour. Ethical questions were raised, because: Choose all. A. It was thought that the financial incentives were too little and exploitative B. No IRB reviewed the protocol C. It was thought that the financial incentives were excessive D. It was thought that the families were being exploited and encouraged to use pesticides
C, D
The federal government's authority to engage in many activities to promote public health and safety is derived from: Choose all. A. The US Constitution specific grant to the federal government plenary public health power B. The US Constitution grant to the federal government the power to tax and spend for the general welfare C. The fact that the US Constitution grants a general power to act to protect public health. D. The US Constitution grant to the federal government the power to regulate commerce among the states and with the tribes
C, D
Why does Childress observe that Javitt and colleagues that the societal self-defense principle of Jacobson does not justify mandating HPV vaccination. Choose all. A. HPV is not an infectious disease B. Children and adolescents don't have sex and thus cannot contract HPV C. There is no "public health necessity" for the vaccine because the conditions caused by HPV are not highly lethal. D. There is no "reasonable relationship" between this vaccination and school attendance, since no child can be infected simply by casual contact
C, D
What was the key finding in the US Supreme Court case, Prince v. Massachusetts? A. None of the above B. Religious freedom is too sacred a right to be restricted or prohibited in any degree C. Parents have the absolute right to determine what health care their children receive and to determine the what, when, and where that health care is provided, including vaccines. D. The right to practice religion freely does not include the right to expose the community or the child to communicable diseases or the child to ill health or death.
D
Which of the following has NOT been claimed under the rubric of public health? A. Natural Disasters B. Population Genetics C. War D. None of these E. Environmental Health F. Crime
D
A "Nanny State" is a phrase that is based on what idea? A. None of these describe a "Nanny State". B. Government attempts to promote positive well being by assisting consumers in need. C. Government funding of child welfare programs that promote day care for working parents D. Government attempts to influence what we eat or drink in an unwarranted government interference in a consumer's choices
D
According to Navin & Attwell if mandatory vaccinations required a legally recognized duty of care rather than a legal obligation, what would be the relationship between the person who refused to get immunized and the person who got sick from that person? A. They more likely to be imprisoned for the crime of refusing to get vaccinated with the victim testifying against them. B. They would be exempt from civil liability as a result of regulatory authority granted to public health authorities. C. They could be denied access to social goods to which they would otherwise have a right, with the victim filing a complaint. D. They may be subject to the threat of civil liability (that is a lawsuit) from the person who claimed that they were infected by the vaccine refuser.
D
Baby Mary's parents wanted her doctors to: A. Give Mary special consideration over her sister Jodie B. Treat their daughters equally C. Give Mary a medical procedure to preserve her life D. Not violate their religious beliefs about the sanctity of life
D
By designating public health officials as the responsible entities for contact tracing and partner notification, what impact does this have on the provider-patient relationship? A. It diminishes the trust relationship between the patient and the provider, because it makes the provider look foolish B. It has no effect on the provider-patient relationship. C. It relieves the patient of the cost of using their cell phone to contact people and thus mitigate any animosity against the provider for wasting the patient's assets D. It allows the issue of provider-patient confidentiality to be maintained
D
Childress analogizes mandatory immunization with which of the following A. Recruitment for the police department B. Recruitment for a sports team C. Recruitment for the fire department D. Military Conscription
D
Elizabeth Anscombe stated: "For men to choose to kill the innocent as a means to their ends is always murder" To what was she referring? A. Britain's entry into World War II B. Pope Paul IV's affirmation of the church's ban on contraception C. Abortion Clinics D. Harry Truman's decision to drop the Atom Bomb
D
In the context of infectious diseases like TB, priority patients for DOT include the following EXCEPT: A. Patients with pulmonary disease with positive sputum B. Children C. Patients with drug resistant TB D. Patients with latent TB
D
In the three cases of Rachels' Chapter 1, which involved the intervention of the Court prior to medical intervention? A. None of these cases B. Baby Theresa C. Tracy Latimer D. Mary and Jodie
D
Many patients are afraid of their personal information being released from public health surveillance systems, but Childress argues that there is no infringement on a person's right to privacy if: A. The disease on which information is gathered is an epidemic. B. The recipients of the information promise to keep the information private C. The release of information is impartial D. Consent is granted by the patient
D
Melnick mentions the basic types of partner notification used in the United States. In which type of referral would healthcare providers or health officials encourage index cases not notify their partners, with an understanding that healthcare providers or health officials will inform exposed partners who have not come in for evaluation or treatment by a given date A. Patient referral B. Police referral C. Community referral D. Contact referral E. Provider referral
D
Proponents of SSB Taxes contend that they have minimal effects on job losses and that this would not be ethically disqualifying for SSB Taxes. Which of the following would balance the minimal effects on job losses. A. Higher consumer awareness B. Higher prices for SSBs C. Fewer venues for SSB sales D. Increased productivity
D
Silverman and Wiley consider the process of countering positive associations with harmful behaviors by associating these behaviors with negative traits as what? A. Normalization B. Stigmatization C. Destigmatization D. Denormalization
D
The Belmont Report A. Focused on the happiness of patients B. Identified the basic ethical principles that should underlie basic routine medical care C. Describes the ethical context of municipal policy in the California city of Belmont D. Developed guidelines that should be followed to assure that research is conducted in accordance with basic ethical principles
D
The Principle of Utility A. Is about being faithful to abstract rules B. Is not about morality C. Is about pleasing God D. Is about the production of happiness
D
The Text lists four theories of distributive justice, that is justice in the distribution of benefits and burdens, costs and risks. Of these, Egalitarian Justice Theory includes the following: A. Emphasizes our duties to respect other's liberties and the state's duty to protect our liberties, conceived as rights, when threatened B. Duties and rights in just health care or just public health presuppose a foundation in net social utility C. Depends on the community's conception of the good of health, in relation to other goods, and the contributions of public health to all those goods. D. Argues that justice requires a society to remove or reduce obstacles that prevent fair equality of opportunity
D
The state intervention approach which is anchored at one end as doing nothing and at the other end as eliminating individual choice altogether was promulgated by: A. Immanuel Kant B. John Stuart Mill C. John Rawls D. The Nuffield Council
D
What is a concern about classifying something as a public health matter in the political arena? A. If a controversial issue is labeled public health, it may receive less scrutiny by critics. B. Public health officials may have too much power on the issue C. Moving something from the political arena to public health may minimize democratic accountability D. All of these
D
What is the essential requirement to justify soft/weak paternalism? A. That the context in question is not too serious B. That the Courts ratify the decision to invoke soft/weak paternalistic practices C. That a majority of people agree to the soft/weak paternalism D. That an individual affected has a cognitive disability, is immature or has a severe mental problem
D
What process in the American political system and law puts limits on the activities of the President, the Congress and the Courts A. The judicial process B. The regulatory process C. The legislative process D. Checks and Balances process
D
Childress believes that there is sufficient evidence of effectiveness of such incentive rewards in increasing adult and children vaccination rates to warrant their recommendation either singly or in combination with other interventions. Which of the following is an example of incentive awards noted by Childress A. Monetary prizes B. Gift Cards C. Food vouchers D. Child care assistance E. Any of these
E
It has been argued that obesity is an epidemic that threatens to spread to the detriment of the general population, using the infectious disease metaphor. If the CDC were to get involved to either impose a tax on SSBs or to require manufacturers to reformulate their product which Court Case that we've studied would assess the CDC's authority and procedures in this case. A. DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept of Social Services. B. Tarasoff v. University of California C. City of New York et al v New Saint Mark's Bath D. Jacobson v. Massachusetts F. New York Statewide Coalition of Hispanic Chamber of Commerce v. New York City Department of Mental Health and Hygiene
F
Assume that there has been a terrorist attack at the Valley Fair Mall, a biologic weapon was exploded, a known rapid acting antidote is available at the Mall, but there is only enough for one person who has a weakened immune system. Fortunately, everyone but two of the 250-people at the Mall affected has a robust immune system and can be saved with appropriate, but urgent, supportive care. Rescue has been delayed by days. The two people with weakened immune systems are a five-year-old boy who was visiting a toy store and a 65-year-old infectious disease physician who had access to her state of the art office that adjoins the Mall. They are the only two candidates for the antidote. Without the antidote, death is certain. Without appropriate supportive care, however, up to 25% of the other 248 people could die. To whom would you give the antidote? Justify your choice using principles of ethics. Short Answer.
cost- effective analysis (QALYs) but discriminates against elderly, cost-benefit but reduces to monetary value. use narrow social utility to save physician bc she can mobilize resources
How can a sugar sweetened beverage tax be both regressive and progressive? Short Answer
regressive bc disproportionately impacts people. Progressive because may lower health problems, also savings in the present because fewer taxes bc fewer beverages being purchased
