PHYL 141 Ch1 Review Questions

Which examples exhibit the basic life process of growth? 1. muscle contraction 2. digestion of proteins 3. lifting weights and gaining muscle mass 4. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen

3, 4

Which cavity(ies) is/are lined with serous membranes. Select all that apply.

3,5,6

Identify the number of the cavity where you would find the urinary bladder.

6

According to the diagram, an appendectomy would be performed in the region numbered

7

Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems.

A positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition

Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body's internal environment.

An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions containing the dissolved substances needed to sustain life. The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid (ICF) and the fluid found outside of cells is extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF consists of interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous. The ECF called interstitial fluid, which is the fluid found in the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, is also known as the body's internal environment. This is due to the fact that the proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them.

Describe the anatomical position.

Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.

Describe a feedback system and list its general components.

In order to maintain a stable internal environment, or homeostasis, the body uses negative and positive feedback. There are three components including receptors: receiving signals from the nerves, control center: brain receives message/signals the effector, and effector: receives signal from control center -causes the change.

What is the number of the plane that allows you to view the heart and lungs from a posterior view?

Number 1

Which cavity contains the main control centers in feedback cycles?

Number 1

A patient has a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). In which abdominopelvic region would this procedure be performed?

Number 2

What is the number of the plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions?

Number 4

Why is skin considered an organ?

Organs are combinations of tissues.

How are reproduction, differentiation and growth related?

Reproduction occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell to form a zygote, followed by repeated cell divisions and the differentiation of these cells. Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.

Name the structural levels of the body and briefly describe each level.

The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules. The cellular level consists of cells which are the smallest form of life. The tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function. The organ level consists of organs, constructed from different types of tissue that can provide several different specific functions. The organ systems consist of one or more organs that are interlinked in general functions. The organism is made up of all the organ systems, which work to provide homeostasis.

What physically separates the cavities numbered 3 and 5 (it is number 4).

The diaphragm

List and briefly describe the six basic life processes.

The six basic life processes include: 1) Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body. 2) Responsiveness is the body's ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli. 3) Movement includes motions that range from movements within individual cells to movement of the entire body. 4) Growth means an increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells. 5) Differentiation is the process that converts a cell from unspecialized to specialized. 6) Reproduction refers to formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual.

Name the cavities of the trunk and the serous membranes that line them.

The two main cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity can be divided into three smaller cavities called the pericardial cavity, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities. The pericardial cavity is lined by the pericardium. The pleural cavity is lined by the pleura. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities, both of which are lined by the peritoneum.

What process(es) occur(s) when amino acids are built into new proteins? Select any that apply. a) metabolism b) anabolism c) catabolism d) responsiveness e) differentiation

a,b

Which organs are in the abdominal cavity? Select all that apply. a) liver b) stomach c) lung d) heart e) transverse colon

a,b,e

What are common characteristic of a negative feedback system? Select all that apply a. regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods b. a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. c. important in maintaining homeostasis d. involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems e. stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus f. rate of a process increases as the concentration of the product increases

a,c,d,e

Blood is often drawn from the front of the elbow or the __?__ .

antecubital region

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is __?__ to the heart.

anterior

If a doctor listens to a gurgling noise within the gastrointestinal tract, they are performing __?__.

auscultation

Cardiomyopathy worsens as the heart weakens. Swelling in the legs occurs and is classified as a... (Select all that apply) a) symptom. b) disorder. c) disturbance. d) disease. e) sign.

b,c,e

Which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?

brain

The calcaneal area indicated is __?__ to the popliteal region indicated.

contralateral

Which body process is controlled using a positive feedback loop? Select all that apply a) decreasing blood calcium in response to elevated blood calcium b) decreasing body temperature in response to elevated body temperature c) decreasing blood glucose in response to elevated blood glucose d) increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch e) decreasing heart rate in response to elevated blood pressure f) depolarization causes sodium channels to open and the opening of sodium channels causes the membrane to depolarize

d,f

Your fingers are considered to be __?__ to the shoulder?

distal

Hormonal or electrical signals are sent from the control center to the __?__.

effectors

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the effects of hormones control of reproduction?

endocrinology

Which tissue will form the top layer of the skin?

epithelial tissue

Which noninvasive diagnostic techniques is an example of inspection?

examining the surface of patient's skin for presence of a rash

The section shown at number 2 is through the ______ plane.

frontal

Bunions are awful, painful, pressure-sensitive areas that lead to displacement of the big toe. What term refers to the big toe?

hallux

An antigen is anything that can cause an immune response. Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of these responses?

immunology

Use the diagram. The femoral area is __?__ to the cervical area.

inferior

Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues?

interstitial fluid

Examine the figure, determine the relationship between the ascending colon and the gallbladder. They are considered to be __?__ to each other.

ipsilateral

The ribs are __?__ to the sternum.

lateral

When holding your arms out to the side at shoulder level, your fingers are ___?___ to your midline.

lateral

Shown is a diagnostic procedure that utilizes __?__.

low-dose radiography

Measuring the movements of protons in a magnetic field is the mechanism behind __?__.

magnetic resonance imaging

The pericardial cavity is located inside the __?__.

mediastinum

Cutting open the chest along a line centered over the sternum would represent a(n) __?__

midsagittal plane

If blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain level, Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited and stop secreting TRH. This is an example of __?__.

negative feedback

The two organ systems that predominantly regulate and maintain homeostasis are the __?__.

nervous and endocrine systems

Which subspecialty of physiology addresses the pharmacology, chemistry and physiology of nervous tissue?

neurophysiology

Place the following levels of organization from the most complex to the simplest level of organization.

organism, organ, tissue, cell, chemical

Swimmers ear is an infection in the outer ear canal. What anatomical term refers to the area infected?

otic

Which structure or region could one clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position?

palm of the hand

Amputation of the arm at the shoulder would be in the __?__ plane.

parasagittal

Which cavity contains the heart?

pericardial cavity

Which describes the study of the functions of body structures?

physiology

A component of a feedback system that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in blood would be the __?__.

receptor

The function of the serous secretions of the pleura, is to...

reduce friction

What cavity contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas and the duodenum?

retroperitoneal

If someone receives CPR, compressions will be performed on the __?__ area.

sternal

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is __?__ to the liver.

superior

The stomach is __?__ to the urinary bladder.

superior

During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and anxiety. These changes in your body functions are considered __?__.

symptoms

Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis are muscles that help move what anatomical marking?

the thumb

A group of cells that work together to perform a particular function is a(n) __?__.

tissue

Cutting the body in half at the diaphragm, would create the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. What plane would create these halves?

transverse

Section number 3 results from cutting the brain in the _____ plane.

transverse

During a cadaver lab, the professor requests the students to cut the head in the coronal plane. Describe the results. The students will have a skull divided into __?__.

unequal front and back portions

Put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the urinary bladder is located.

ventral, abdominopelvic, pelvic, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal

Put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the lungs are located.

ventral, thoracic, parietal pleura, visceral pleura