Phys Lab Final

If your subject consumed a salty snack with no fluids, which of the following is/are true?

all are true

Which of the following is/are absorbable units for dietary proteins?

amino acids

Which of the following is/are secreted by salivary glands?

amylase, mucin, lysozyme, bicarbonate

In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following stimuli likely initiated these cardiovascular responses?

an increase in pCO2 in the arterial blood

The change in HR observed during the diving reflex is related to:

an increase in parasympatheteic nervous system activity

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise with large muscle mass, like cyling or running, lincludes which of the following responses?

an increase in systolic pressure

Which of the following signals is LEAST likely to be involved in initiating the cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running?

an increased need for oxygen (detected by peripheral chemoreceptors as a decreased arterial O2)

Which hormone/enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system directly causes an increase in blood pressure by increasing vasopressin, increasing thirst and causing vasoconstriction?

angiotensin II

Which of the following does NOT increase VR?

dehydration

Match the following urine analysis findings with the appropriate disorder or disease process.

diabetes - glucose albumin/protein - renal diseases phosphates - osteoporosis bilirubin - liver disease leukocytes - UTI

What disease state may have an increase in ketones in the urine?

diabetes mellitus

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To best estimate the ventricular filling period (like we did in lab) we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

from S2 to S1

Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of sucrose?

fructose, glucose

Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of maltose?

glucose

In which of the following tubes would we expect to observe the least protein digestion?

2 ml pepsinogen, NaOH, egg white

Which of the folliwing is/are NOT true regarding fluid volumes in the body?

ISF is 20% of ECF

The extracellular fluid is typically equivalent to approximately a ____% NaCl solution

0.9

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.

1. SA node depolarizes 2. increase in arterial pressure 3. start of QRS complex 4. S1 5. volume of blood in ventricles stays constant (at end diastolic volume)

if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, and is reabsorbed in the part of the nephron where most water reabsorption occurs

1. afferent arteriole 2. glomerulus 3. Bowman's capsule 4. proximal tubule 5. peritubular capillaries distal tubule - the water molecule would not go here in this example

Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism by which your cardiovascular system adjusts after the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order

1. baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure 2. signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 3. increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 4. increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction 5. increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance 6. increase in blood pressure

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.

1. dicrotic notch 2. end isovolumetric relaxation period 3. atrial contraction causes increase in atrial pressure 4. ventricles begin to contract 5. first heart sound

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles have started filling.

1. ventricles begin to contract 2. start of the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction 3. opening of semilunar valves 4. ventricular ejection period 5. ventricles finish repolarizing

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order:

1. ventricles begin to eject blood 2. ventricles begin to repolarize 3. ventricular pressure falls below aoritic pressure 4. semilunar valves close 5. the AV valves open

Which of the following tubes would have the the most starch left after incubation?

1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml H2O, incubated in 37 C water bath

Which of the following tubes would have the strongest reaction with Benedicts solution?

1.5 ml starch, 1.5 ml saliva, incubated in 37 C water bath

One of our experiments involved having the subject consume a large quantity of plain water and observing changes in urine volume and urine concentration. Put together a sequence of events that likely explains these changes in urine volume and concentration after consuming plain water.

1st decrease body fluid osmolarity 2nd decrease secretion of vasopressin 3rd less water reabsorption in kidneys 4th increased water in urine 5th increased urine volume and decreased urine concentration

In lab we performed modified tilt tests. These are a simple way to test a patient's ability to maintain blood pressure when changing position (orthostasis). Which of the following would suggest that your patient is "tilt positive"?

SBP dropping from 124 mmhg to 102 mmHg

Which of the following statements is NOT true about protein digestion in our experiment?

Tube 4 would have more protein digestion than tube 2 because it has HCl

How were the BP changes similar/different with isometric versus dynamic exercise?

With dynamic exercise, there is more local vasodilation in active muscles

Which of the following is/are NOT true about vasopressin?

a decrease in body fluid osmolarity would stimulate vasopressin secretion

Several local factors inside a systemic tissue can influence nearby vascular smooth muscle and cause constriction or dilation. Which of the following would tend to cause vasodilation?

a decrease in pH

rank the following tubes in order of biggest decrease in pH to least:

most - trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, NaHCO3, eggwhite second most - trypsin, NaHCO3, eggwhite third most - trypsin, HCL eggwhite least - HCl, eggwhite

Pepsin and Trypsin would promote the breakdown of which of the following?

proteins, medium sized peptides

Many patients with pulmonary diseases have elevated circulating CO2. One way to simulate this is by rebreathing. When rebreathing, what causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta increase in sympathetic nervous system activity widespread vasoconstriction increase in total peripheral resistance increase in blood pressure increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity

The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise with a large muscle mass, like cycing or running, is usually associted with a certain changes in pulse pressure and SBP in young, healthy, subjects. Which of the following is most likely related to these changes during this type of exercise?

the increase in stroke volume during this type of exercise

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

the pressure in the ventricle is increasing the AV valves are closed the semilunar valves are closed it begins when the first heart sound occurs the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling?

the semilunar valves are closed the AV valves are open the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing the pressure in the aorta is decreasing if observed, the third heart sound occurs the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle

Many adults experience constipation. This means that they might absent-mindedly perform a Valsalva maneuver in the bathroom. What concerns would you have about this if you were working with a patient with several cardiovascular disease risk factors?

three of these answers

In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular diastole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)

to the peak of the QRS complex from S2

Which of the following is/are secreted by the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

trypsinogen bicarbonate amylase procarboxypeptidase chymotrypsinogen lipase

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

2. signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 3. increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity 4. decrease in heart rate 5. decrease in the heart's oxygen demand decrease in blood pressure (not a part of this response) 1. facial cooling and apnea

In which of the following tubes would we expect to observe the biggest decrease in pH?

2ml pepsinogen, 2ml HCl, egg white

Match the following hormones: ANP Aldosterone Vasopressin BNP Renin

ANP- decreases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys Aldosterone- secreted by the adrenal cortex Vasopressin- increases water reabsorption in the kidneys BNP- released from the ventricles when blood volume increases renin- released from the kidney when ECF NaCl concentration decreases

Which of the following digestive secretions emulsifies dietary triglycerides?

bile salts

Which of the following is/are digestive hormone(s) that promote gall bladder contraction?

cholecystokinin

If you put a red blood cell in a solution that was slightly hypertonic relative to our body fluids, what would happen to the red blood cell?

it would crenate

Which of the following enzymes catalyze the breakdown of substrates into absorbable monosacharides?

lactase, sucrase, maltase

Which of the following conditions would likely result in the best digestion of starches?

starch, saliva, 37C, pH 7

Which of the following conditions would likely result in the least digestion of starches?

starch, water, 37C, pH 7

Digestion requires breaking covalent bonds in dietary nutrients into absorbable units. Which of the following catalyze the breakdown of covalent bonds?

sucrase, lactase, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, maltase, amylase, trypsin, lipase

If you were to collect some saliva and then drop in a little dilute acetic acid or vinegar) and you were to observe a precipitate, what would the presence of this precipitate indicate?

that the saliva sample contained mucin

if you were to collect some saliva and then drop in a little dilute acetic acid or vinegar) and you were to observe a precipitate, what would the presence of this precipitate indicate?

that the saliva sample contained mucin

Which of the following is/are related to the initital phase of the Valsalva maneuver (the part we observed in lab)?

the change in MAP that we observed was due to an increase in thoracic cavity pressure, which presses on the aorta, and transmits this elevated pressure through the arterial tree

Which of the follwing is a benefit of the change in HR during the diving reflex (such as in our face immersion experiment)?

the decrease in heart rate reduces oxygen use by the heart, which preserves our limited oxygen stores during immersion

You are working with a patient in the ER and you see on their ECG that they are in sinus tachycardia. If your hospital was out of power and you needed a low tech mechanism of bringing their heart rate down, which of the following reflexes could you use to try to slow heart rate?

the diving reflex

In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and BP. Which of the following cardiovascular responses would be expected? (assume that the subject lets their nervous system dictate breathing responses.....yes, the response is a little different if the subject voluntarily supresses the normal, involuntary breathing response and voluntarily controlls breathing; how cool is that?)

two of these answers

Which of the follwing is/are a part of the normal response to face immersion (diving reflex)?

two of these answers (HR decreases (diving bradycardia reflex) and MAP increases due to widespread vasoconstriction (which increases TPR)

In our body fluid/renal lab we used dipsticks and a chemical test to determine the presence/absence of some normal/abnormal constituents that may, or may not, be found in urine. Each of these normal/abnormal urine constituents may suggest certain problems in the body. For example, an abundance of phosphates may indicate a bone demineralizing disorder like osteoporosis. Which of the following combinations of conditions and abnormal urine constituents is INCORRECT?

urobilinogen-renal disease

In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and BP. Which of the following cardiovascular responses would be expected? (assume that the subject lets their nervous system dictate breathing responses.....yes, the response is a little different if the subject voluntarily supresses the normal, involuntary breathing response and voluntarily controlls breathing; how cool is that?)

widespread vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles