Physical Science Chapter Eight: Solutions, Acids, and Bases study guide

List the Properties of Acids and Bases. Which of the properties would you use to safely test whether an unknown substance was an acid or a base?

Acids: below a 7, sour taste, turns litmus paper red Bases: above a 7, bitter taste, turns litmus paper blue The safe way to tell is with litmus paper.

Name and Describe the three types of solutions.

Dispersion- just spreading out Ionization- process where neutral molecules gain or lose electrons Dissociation- when the solute and the solvent particles attract each other.

What happens when a solution of nitric acid(HNO3) is added to a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH)? What are the products?

HNO3+KOH-- H20+KNO2

Explain how a solution can be both dilute and saturated.

If a solvent had a very low solubility, then it could be both dilute and saturated at the same time.

Identify each of the following compounds as an acid, base, or salt: LiOH, H2CO3, Ba(OH)2, and KCl

LiOH- Base H2CO3-Acid Ba(OH)2- Base KCl- Salt

Compare what happens when NaCl and HCl are added to water.

NaCl- when a base is added to water, it produces OH atoms. HCl- H30+ atoms would be produced

Which of the following compounds can react with H2SO4 to form a salt? NaCl Ca(OH)2 HF AlCl3 H2O Mg(OH)2

Salt Salt No Salt No Salt No Salt Salt

A solution is an acid or a base, and it does not react with metal. Is its pH more likely to be a 4 or a 9?

Since it does not react with a metal, it is more likely to be a base. so 9

If you add hydrochloric acid (HCl) to magnesium metal (Mg), what will you observe? What products form in this reaction?

The acid would likely donate protons to the magnesium. HCl+Mg--HClMg

How does increasing the temperature of a solvent affect the solubility of a gas?

The warmer the solvent, the more solute can be dissolved. Solubility will be higher.

Describe how you might increase the solubility of a solid in a liquid.

To increase the solubility, you could increase the temperature of the solvent.

Sugar dissolves in water through:

dispersion

Ionic compounds produce ions in solution by:

dissociation

In a solution the solute is the substance that:

dissolves in the solvent

Substances that form ions when dissolved in water are:

electrolytes

The boiling point of a liquid solution is:

higher than the boiling point of the solvent

The process by which some molecular compounds dissolve in water to form ions is:

ionization

The reaction between an acid and a base is called:

neutralization

The parts of a solution are the:

solute and solvent

A solution of sodium hydroxide in water is most likely to have a pH close to: *14 *7 *5 *3

14

How many grams of sodium nitrate would you need to make 100 ml of a saturated solution at 25 C?

85 grams

What kind of solution would you have if it contained 50 grams of sodium chloride in 100 ml of water at 30C?

A super-saturated solution

Define and give an example of an acid and of a base

An acid is below a 7 on a pH scale-citric acid A base is above a 7-sodium hydroxide

Explain why crushing a solute increases the rate of solution.

Crushing the solute would make it dissolve faster, and in turn, cause the whole solution to get fully mixed faster.

Explain why oil does not dissolve in water.

Oil is not polar and water is polar. When one thing is polar and the other is not polar, more often then not, they will not dissolve each other.

Describe three different ways in which the concentration of a solution can be reported.

Percent by volume, percent by mass, and Molarity

What compound is the most soluble at 75 C?

Potassium Nitrate

What determines the strength of an acid?

When the formations of ions in a solution goes almost to completion.

Explain why the temperature of water might increase when a solution forms.

When the solution is formed, energy is used to break and create bonds. When the reactions is over, this energy is released raising the water´s temperature.

You have equal amounts of three colorless liquids, X, Y, and Z. An indicator is yellow in a pH of 8 or less and blue in a pH of 8 or more. The indicator turns blue in X and yellow in Y and Z. When you add liquid Z to X, the indicator turns yellow. When you add Z to Y, the solution remains yellow. What liquid could be water?

Y is water. We know this because water had a pH less than 8, so it will turn yellow. It can be Z because it changed a base. So by process of elimination, Y is water.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an acid? *tastes sour *reacts with metals *turns litmus paper blue *produces H30+ ions in solution

turns litmus paper blue