Physics and Math
What is the conversion factor from Kg/m³ to g/cm³? What is the equation for the weight of a volume of given substance with known density?
1000 Kg/m³= 1 g/cm³ F_g= ρVg
What is an angstrom and an electron volt equal to? ______ are numbers that have magnitude and direction while _______ are numbers that have magnitude only and no direction.
10⁻¹⁰m; 1.6x10⁻¹⁹ J Vectors; Scalars
What are the units of newton? What are the units for joule? What are the units for watt?
Kg∙m/s² Kg∙m²/s² Kg∙m²/s³
What is the equation for the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron? Define each term. what is the definition of work function of an electron? what is the equation for work function?
Kmax=hf-W --> because excess energy is converted into kinetic energy. W= work function h= planck's constant f= frequency of light minimum energy required to eject an electron W= hf_T f_T= threshold frequency
What is the definition of mechanical advantage? Why do sloping inclines such as hillsides and ramps make it easier to lift objects?
a measure of the increase in force accomplished by using a tool because they distribute the required work over a large distance, decreasing the required force
What events in the nucleus lead to the emission of a beta negative particle? what events in the nucleus lead to the emission of a beta positive particle?
a neutron decays into a proton, A beta particle and an antineutrino A proton is converted into a neutron and a beta + particle
What is an equipotential line? what is the potential difference between any two points on an equipotential line?
A line on which the potential at every point is the same zero
What is grounding? How much charge does a proton and an electron have?
A means of returning charge to the earth e= -1.6x10^-19 C P= +1.6x10^-19
Describe the structure of the metallic bond what does electrolytic conductivity depend on?
A sea of electrons flowing over and past a rigid lattice of metal cations The strength of a solution
What is the definition of energy? Is kinetic energy related to speed or velocity?
A system's ability to do work speed. An object has the same kinetic energy no matter the direction of its velocity vector.
What is the tangent of 90? describe the photoelectric effect
Undefined When light of a sufficiently high frequency (usually blue to violet) is incident on a metal in a vacuum, the metal atoms emit electrons
What events in the nucleus lead to electron capture?
Unstable radionuclides capture an inner electron that combines with a proton to form a neutron while releasing a neutrino
For a source of EMF with internal resistance, how do you calculate the actual voltage? Define each term. if the source is not driving any current what is the internal resistance and the voltage?
V= E_cell-ir_int V= voltage provided by the cell E_cell= emf of the cell i= current through the cell r_int= Internal resistance The internal resistance is zero and the voltage of the cell is equal to its emf
Which temperature scale has no negative temperatures?
Kelvin
what value of W_ab represents a decrease in electric potential? What are the units for electric potential and electric potential energy?
negative electric potential= voltz electric potential energy= Joules
For each symbol, tell what it measures and what it means if the value is positive or negative for lenses: o i r f m
o = object distance. Positive means it's on the same side of the lens as the light source, negative means it's on the opposite side of lens as the light source i = image distance. Positive means it's on the opposite side of the lens from the light source (real), negative means it's on the same side of the lens as the light source (virtual). r = radius of curvature. Positive means lens is converging (convex), negative means lens is diverging (concave) f = focal length. Positive means lens is converging (convex), negative means lens is diverging (concave m = magnification. Positive means images upright, negative means images inverted
For each symbol, tell what it measures and what it means if the value is positive or negative for concave and convex mirrors: o i r f m
o = object distance. Positive means object is in front of the mirror, negative means object is behind the mirror i = image distance. Positive means images in front of the mirror (real), negative means images behind the mirror (virtual) r = radius of curvature. Positive means mirror is concave, negative means mirror is convex f = focal length. Positive means mirror is concave, negative means Mirror is convex m = magnification. Positive means images upright, negative means images inverted
Where is the center of curvature and the radius of curvature located for concave and convex mirrors? for all spherical mirrors what does the focal length equal to?
concave = in front of the mirror convex = behind the mirror r/2
What are the two types of spherical mirrors? Define each term: •Center of curvature • converging mirror • diverging mirror •focal length
concave and convex Point on the optical axis located at a distance equal to the radius of curvature Concave mirror convex mirror distance between the focal point and the mirror
Which phases of matter are fluids? Which phases of matter can withstand shear (tangential) forces?
liquids and gasses. solids
What is the equation for the index of refraction (n)? What is the equation for Snell's law? define each term.
n= c/v n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂ n= index of refraction c= speed of light in a vacuum v= speed of light in a medium n₁ and theta₁= medium from which a light is coming. n₂ and theta₂= medium into which light is entering.
What is the term for the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed? How does the speed of light in any medium compare to the speed of light through a vacuum?
refraction The speed of light in any medium is always less than the speed of light through a vacuum
what is the difference between speed and velocity and which is a scalar and vector quantity? The instantaneous speed of an object will always be equal to what?
speed (scalar) is the rate of distance traveled in a given unit of time while velocity (vector) is the rate of change of displacement over a given time. the magnitude of the object's instantaneous velocity
What is the definition of specific heat and what is the specific heat of water? What is the equation for the heat transfer, given in specific heat? define each term.
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1°C or 1K. c of water= 4.184J q=mc∆T m= mass (kg) c= specific heat ∆T= change in temperature
Point charges may undergo uniform circular motion in a uniform magnetic field wherein the magnetic force acting on the point charge is equal to what? what is the definition of current?
the centripetal force: mv²/r The flow of positive charge
What is the difference between the nodes and antinodes in standing waves and traveling waves? How is sound produced and transmitted?
traveling waves have nodes and antinodes that move with propagation whereas standing waves have nodes and antinodes that don't move with propagation. Sound is produced by mechanical vibrations. Sound is propagated as longitudinal waves in matter.
what is the equation for angular frequency? What are the units?
w=2πf= 2π/T radians per second
Consider a block suspended by two ropes. What is the tension in the two ropes equal to? For a two-pulley system, what is the definition of the load distance and effort distance?
the total tension = mg so the tension in each rope is equal to 1/2mg load distance= distance object is lifted effort distance= length rope is pulled through
How does flow in the vena cava compare to flow in the main pulmonary artery and explain why. What is the conversion between atm, torr, mmHg and Pa?
Flow in the vena cava is slightly less than in the pulmonary trunk because some of the blood entering the right side of the heart is actually from the cardiac circulation not systemic circulation 1atm= 760 mmHg= 760 torr= 1.013X10⁵ Pa
In a closed system are flow rate and linear speed constant? What is the equation for flow rate in terms of Linear speed?
Flow rate is constant but linear speed changes Q= V₁A₁= V₂A₂ V= linear speed at points one and two A= cross-sectional area at points one and two
What are incompressible fluids? For fluids that are incompressible what will be the effect of a change in pressure?
Fluids whose volumes cannot be reduced by any significant degree through application of pressure It will be transmitted and diminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container vessel
What is binding energy and strong nuclear forces? which element does the binding energy per nucleon peak at? What does this imply?
* binding energy = the energy that the mass defect is converted into * strong nuclear force = provides the adhesive force between the nucleons in the nucleus Iron. This implies that iron contains the most stable nucleus
In the Doppler effect, how does the movement of the sound and the detector affect the perceived frequency? what is The Doppler effect equation? Define each term.
*If the source and detector are moving toward each other, the perceived frequency is greater than the actual frequency * if the source and detector are moving away from each other, the perceived frequency is less than the actual frequency f'= f (V +- V_d)/(V -+ V_s) v= Speed of the sound in the medium V_d= speed of the detector V_s= speed of the source
Describe what happens when you introduce a dielectric material into an isolated charge capacitor and a charge capacitor within a circuit.
*Isolated charged capacitor: the dielectric material shields the opposite charges from each other-> The voltage across the capacitor decreases-> The capacitance of the capacitor increases * charged capacitor within a circuit: the amount of stored charge on the capacitor increases -> capacitance of the capacitor increases
Define the two categories of conductivity. define conductance and what are its units?
*Metallic conductivity: as seen in solid metals and the molten forms of some salts * electrolytic conductivity: as seen in solutions conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. SI unit = Siemens (S)
what is the difference between the electric fields of unpolarized light waves and polarized light waves? What is circular polarization?
*Polarized : electric fields of all waves are oriented in the same direction *Unpolarized light waves have electric fields that exist in all three dimensions The light has a given amplitude and has a continuously rotating electric field direction which causes helical orientation
how does the diffraction pattern for a single slit differ from a slit with a thin lens? How does double slit diffraction and interference differ from single slit diffraction?
*Single slit= light spreads out but does not create characteristic fringes when projected onto the screen * slit-lens system = constructive and destructive interference results in fringes The image formed during double slit diffraction contains fringes because light constructively and destructively interfere. A single slit forms an image of a wide band of the light, spread out from its original beam
What is the definition of power and the units of power? What is the equation for power? Define each term.
*The rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done *watt aka Kgxm²/s³ P= W/t = ΔE/t ΔE= change in energy t= time
In the Doppler equation when is the upper sign used and when is the lower sign used? In the Doppler effect how do the sound waves in front of a moving object look compared to the sound waves behind the object?
*Upper = when the detector or source is moving toward the other object * lower = when the detector or source is moving away from the other object The sound waves in front of a moving object are compressed while the sound waves behind the moving object are stretched out
Define fusion, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, deposition, evaporation and vaporization. What is an adiabatic process?
*fusion=melting= solid → liquid *freezing= liquid → solid *boiling= vaporization= evaporation= liquid → gas *condensation= gas → liquid *sublimation= solid → gas *deposition= gas → solid Process in which there is no heat or mass transfer
Which type of mirror image converges at the position of the image and which appears to be coming from the position of the image but does not converge there? which type can be projected onto a screen?
*real = the light converges at the position of the image * virtual = the light appears to be coming from the position of the image but does not converge there real
What is the difference between state and path functions? Which of the following are state functions and which are path functions: heat pressure density temperature volume enthalpy internal energy Gibbs free energy entropy work
*state function= a variable whose value only depends on the state of the system. path function= a variable whose value depends on the path taken Work and heat are path functions. all others are state functions.
For spherical mirrors, what is the equation for magnification? draw the ray diagrams for concave mirrors for an object that is placed between C and F, at F, and between F and the mirror. Tell what type of image is produced for each.
-i/o check page 268
What is the equation for static friction and kinetic friction? define each term.
0≤f_s≤μ_sN f_s= static friction μ_s= coefficient of static friction N= magnitude of the normal force f_k= μ_kN μ_k= coefficient of kinetic friction N= normal force
By definition what is the dielectric constant of a vacuum? what is the equation for the capacitance due to a dielectric material?
1 C'= kC
What is the index of refraction for a vacuum and air? Which way does light bend if it enters a medium with a higher index of refraction and a medium with a lower index of refraction?
1 higher= toward the normal lower= away from the normal
What is the density of water and at what temperature and pressure does this value hold true? what is the equation for specific gravity?
1 g/cm³ @ 1atm and 4°C SG= ρ/ 1 g/cm³
What is the intensity of sound at the threshold of pain? what is the intensity of sound that causes perforation of the eardrum?
10 W/m² 10⁴ W/m²
What does the first law of thermodynamics simplify to for an isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and Isovolumetric process? What is the definition of entropy?
1. isothermal (constant temp; ∆U=0) -> Q=W 2. adiabatic (Q=0) -> ∆U= -W 3. Isobaric (constant pressure) → multiple possibilities 4. Isovolumetric (constant volume; W=0) → ∆U=Q the measure of spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature
What is the approximate value of the square root of 2 and the square root of 3? what is euler's number (e) approx equal to?
1.4 and 1.7 respectively 2.7
What is the optics equation that relates focal length, object distance, image distance and radius of curvature? plane mirrors can be thought of as spherical mirrors with what?
1/f = 1/o + 1/I = 2/r infinitely large focal distances
What is the conversion factor between Calorie, calorie and Joule? what is the difference between conduction, convection and radiation?
1Cal= 10³cal= 4184 J *conduction= heat exchange by molecular collisions *convection= heat exchange by fluid motion *radiation= heat exchange by electromagnetic radiation
How many farads is 1 picofarad? what is the equation for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, in terms of the three physical properties that contribute to capacitance? Define each term.
1E-12 farads C=ε₀(A/d) ε₀= permittivity of free space A= area of overlap of the two plates d= separation of the two plates
What is the frequency detection range for humans? What is the definition of timbre?
20Hz-20,000Hz the quality of sound
What is the speed of sound in air at 20°C? in the equation for the speed of sound, what happens to B as you go from gas to liquid?
343 m/s it increases
What effect does plane polarization have on light? does it affect the wavelength or frequency?
Affects the amount of light passing through a medium and light intensity it does not affect the wavelength or frequency
Which digits in a number are significant? when is the last digit not considered significant?
All the numbers between the first nonzero digit on the left and the last nonzero digit on the right (including 0). If there are zeroes to the right of the last nonzero digit and there is a decimal point in the number, then those zeroes are sigfig. If there is no decimal point, they are not signif in measurements
What is the SI unit of current? compare the direction of current and the direction of actual electron flow. Why is this so?
Ampere charge is transmitted by a flow of electrons in a conductor, and because electrons are negatively charged they move from lower electric potential to higher electric potential. Since current is the direction in which positive charge would flow, the direction of current is opposite to the direction of actual electron flow
What does gravitational potential energy depend on? what is the equation for gravitational potential energy? Define each term and give units.
An object's position with respect to some level identified as the datum U=mgh m= mass (Kg) g= Gravity (m/s^2) h= height (m)
We can define electric potential energy for a charge at a point in space in an electric field as the amount of work necessary to do what? for opposite charges, what happens to the value of electric potential energy as the charges are brought closer together? What happens to the stability?
Bring the charge from infinitely far away to that point the value will become increasingly negative aka the electric potential energy decreases. Stability increases.
How do electric fields make their presence known? what does the force exerted through an electric field depend on?
By exerting forces on other charges that move into the space of the field whether the test charge (charge placed in electric field) and the source charge (creates electric field) are opposite (attractive) or like (repulsive) charges.
What is the equation for the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of a circular loop of current-carrying wire? define each term. what is Lorentz force?
B= µ₀I/2r B= magnitude of magnetic field Uo= permeability of free space I= current r= Radius the sum of electrostatic and magnetic forces acting on an object
For an infinitely long and straight current carrying wire, what is the equation for magnetic field? define each term. how do you determine the direction of magnetic field vectors in straight current carrying wires?
B= µ₀I/2πr B= magnitude of magnetic field at a distance from the wire μ₀= permeability of free space I= current r= Distance from the wire right hand rule: thumb in direction of current then wrap your fingers around the wire. Fingers mimic circular field lines, curling around the wire.
What is the equation for change in sound level? Define each term. why are real world measurements of sound lower than those expected from calculations?
B_f= B_i + 10log (I_f/I_i) B_f and B_i = Final sound level and initial sound level I_f and I_i= Final intensity and initial intensity because of damping or attenuation from non-conservative forces such as friction, air resistance, viscous drag
Why is the electrical potential at points along the perpendicular bisector of a dipole zero? what happens to an electric dipole when exposed to a uniform external electric field?
Because the angle between this plane and the dipole access is 90° and the cosine of 90° is zero. Each of the equal and opposite charges experience a force exerted on it by the field, resulting in a net torque.
What happens when you expose paramagnetic materials to a magnetic field? what happens upon removal of the field?
Become weakly magnetized, aligning the magnetic dipoles of the material with the external field. the thermal energy of the individual atoms will cause the individual magnetic dipoles to reorient randomly
Which is more penetrating, alpha radiation or beta radiation? what does emission of gamma rays do to the energy of the parent nucleus?
Beta radiation lowers the energy
What is the equation for the speed of electromagnetic waves? what is the order of colors in the visible light spectrum?
C=fλ roy g bv
Draw the ray diagram for convex mirrors. what type of images produced?
Check virtual, upright, reduced
Draw the 30-60-90 triangle and the 45-45-90 triangle and give the values of the sides and the sine, cosine and tangent. simplify the equations: X⁰= X²∙X³= X⁵/X³= (X²)³= (X/Y)³= X⁻⁴= X^A/B= log₄(1)= log₃(3)= log A x log B= log (A/B)= log 4³= log (1/A)= log (n x 10^m)=
Check page 346 sin(0)= 0 sin (30)= 1/2 sin(45)= √2/2 sin (60)= √3/2 sin (90)= 1 sin (180)= 0 cos(0)= 1 cos (30)= √3/2 cos(45)= √2/2 cos(60)= 1/2 cos(90)= 0 cos(180) = -1 Tan(0)= 0 Tan (30)= √3/3 Tan(45)= 1 Tan(60)= √3 Tan(90)= undefined Tan(180)= 0
What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? What type of meniscus would form if the adhesive Forces are greater than the cohesive forces? What type would form if the cohesive forces are greater than adhesive forces?
Cohesion = attractive forces that a molecule feels toward other molecules of the same liquid Adhesion = attractive forces that a molecule of liquid feels toward the molecule of some other substance Normal meniscus = adhesive forces are created in cohesive forces Backwards meniscus = cohesive forces are greater than adhesive forces
If the change in energy around any round-trip path is zero, or if the change in energy is equal despite taking any path between two points, the force is _________. Nonconservative forces such as friction and air resistance dissipate mechanical energy as ______ or ______
Conservative Thermal or chemical energy
In the absence of non conservative forces, such as frictional forces, U+K will be ____________. What are conservative forces?
Constant Those that are path independent and don't dissipate energy
What is the SI unit for charge ? how is an insulator different from a conductor in their ability to hold and transfer charges?
Coulomb an insulator will not easily distribute a charge over its surface and will not transfer that charge to another neutral object very well
What does an ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter measure? where is each placed? what is the ideal resistance of each? which two can be placed in the same circuit?
Current, voltage and resistance respectively ammeter: in series with point of interest voltmeter: parallel with circuit element of interest ohmmeter: two points in series with circuit element of interest zero, infinite and zero respectively Voltmeter and ohmmeter because they are designed to have minimum impact on the circuit.
What is the equation for the magnitude of the electric field?define each term. what is the direction of the electric field vector for positive and negative charges?
E= F_e/q E= kQ/r² Q= source charge magnitude positive: radiate outward from the charge negative: radiate inward toward the charge
What is the difference between dynamic and static pressure? During exhalation how does the total resistance of the encountered airways change as air leaves the alveoli to escape the nose and mouth?
Dynamic pressure is the pressure associated with movement of a fluid while static pressure is pressure associated with the position The total resistance increases as air exits the body despite the increase in diameter of the airways because there are fewer airways in parallel with each other
What is the difference between direct and alternating current? What is kirchhoff's Junction rule and Kirchoff's loop rule?
DC: charge flows in one direction only AC: flow changes direction periodically 1) I_into a junction= I_leaving junction I= current 2) V_source= V_drops V= voltage
What elements of a wave does damping affect? What elements of a wave does it not affect?
Damping affects amplitude, intensity, and sound level (loudness). it does not affect the frequency and therefore the pitch does not change
What is the equation for dynamic pressure and static pressure? Bernoulli's equation states that the sum of the _____ pressure and ______ pressure will be constant within a closed container for a fluid not experiencing _____
Dynamic pressure equals 1/2ρv² Static pressure equals P + ρgh Static; dynamic; viscous drag
In a parallel plate capacitor the separation of charges sets up a uniform electric field between the plates with parallel field factors, the magnitude of which can be calculated as what? define each term. what is the equation for the potential energy stored in a capacitor? define each term
E= V/d V= voltage d= distance between the plates U= 1/2CV² C= capacitance V= voltage
What equation can you use to determine The energy of the mass defect? Define each term. what are the four fundamental forces of nature?
E=mc² m= mass c= speed of light (3x10⁸) electrostatic forces, gravitational forces, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force
The Doppler effect can be used by animals through the process of what? in this process what serves as the source and the detector?
Echolocation The animal emitting the sound
What is the equation for the efficiency of a two-pulley system? In a 6-pulley system, effort required is what fraction of the total load? what distance must it be pulled through?
Efficiency= W_out/W_in = (load)(load distance)/(effort)(effort distance) 1/6th the effort. Pulled through a distance of 6 times the original
When placed one meter apart, which will experience a greater acceleration: 1 coulomb of electrons or 1 coulomb of protons? Why? what is Coulomb's law?define each term
Electrons because it has the lesser mass F_e (magnitude of the electric force between two charges)= kq₁q₂/r² k= coulomb's constant q₁ and q₂= magnitudes of the two forces r= distance between the charges
For bar magnets with a north and South Pole, where do field lines exit and enter? why is it impossible to have a monopole magnet?
Exit the North Pole and enter the South Pole. Magnetic field lines are circular
What is the equation for pascals principle? We have a closed container that is filled with an incompressible liquid. On the left side of the lift, there is a piston of cross-sectional area A1. When this piston is pushed down the column, it exerts a force with a magnitude equal to F1 and generates a pressure equal to P1. The piston displaces the volume of liquid equal to ______. Because the liquid inside is incompressible, what does that mean about the volume of fluid displaced on the right side?
F1/A1= F2/A2 A1d1 (The cross-sectional area times the distance)( The same volume of fluid is displaced on the right side of the lift.
What is the equation for force? What are Newton's 3 laws of motion? which law does not require physical contact?
F=ma 1. An object at rest or in motion stays that way unless a net force acts upon it. 2. an object will accelerate if the vector sum of net forces is nonzero 3. For every force there is an equal and opposite force. The third
What is the equation for the magnetic force experienced by a straight current carrying wire placed in a magnetic field? define each term. how do you determine the direction of the magnetic force vector?
F_B= ILBsinθ I= current L= length of wire in the field B= magnitude of the magnetic field θ= angle between L and B second right hand rule: thumb in direction of current and fingers in direction of magnetic field lines. Palm is in the direction of force vector
What is the equation for the magnetic force exerted on a charge moving through a magnetic field? define each term. how do you determine the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge?
F_B= qvBsinθ q= charge v= velocity B= magnitude of the magnetic field θ= smallest angle between velocity vector and magnetic field vector second right hand rule: thumb in direction of velocity vector and fingers in direction of magnetic field lines. Palm is in the direction of force vector for a positive charge and back of hand is in direction of force vector for negative charge
What is the equation for centripetal force and centripetal acceleration? Define each term. ________ motion occurs when forces cause an object to move without any rotation.
F_c= mv²/r a_c= v²/r m=mass v=velocity r= radius of circulation translational
True or false: dielectric material is different from insulation when a dielectric material is placed between the plates of a capacitor what happens?
False. It's the same it increases the capacitance by a factor called the dielectric constant
What is the SI unit for capacitance? what physical qualities contribute to the capacitance of a capacitor?
Farad (F) surface area, distance and dielectric constant
What is Hyperopia and Myopia? is the cornea a converging or diverging lens?
Farsightedness and nearsightedness respectively converging
What is the difference between nuclear fusion and fission? write the equation for Alpha decay, beta positive decay, beta negative decay, electron capture and gamma decay
Fusion = 2 small nuclei combine to form a large nucleus fission = a large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei Check pg. 316-318
Order the types of electromagnetic radiation from highest energy to lowest energy. What other property of light follows the same trend and what property is the opposite?
Gamma>XR>UV>visible>infrared>microwave> radio frequency follows the same trend and wavelength is opposite
If a standing wave is set up such that there is only one anti-node between the two nodes at the ends, The length of the string corresponds to how many wavelengths? The distance from one node to the next node is equal to how many wavelengths?
Half a wavelength Half a wavelength
Describe the electron structure and dipoles of ferromagnetic materials. what happens when they become exposed to a magnetic field?
Have unpaired electrons and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles that are normally oriented randomly so that the magnetic material has no net magnetic dipole. they become strongly magnetic
What is the equation for intensity? Define each term describe the relationship between intensity and amplitude of a sound wave
I= P/A P= power A= area intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude. Doubling the amplitude produces a sound wave that has four times the intensity
How can the Doppler effect produce a shockwave? how do we perceive the intensity of a sound?
If an object that is producing sound is traveling at or above the speed of sound -> it will allow wave fronts to build upon one another at the front of the object, creating a much larger amplitude at that point -> this creates a large pressure differential -> causes physical disturbances as it passes through other objects. by the loudness or volume
When is a system said to be resonating? Where is the amplitude of oscillation at this point?
If the frequency of the periodic force is equal to a natural (resonant) frequency of the system; at a maximum
What are field lines? what is the strength of the electric field near a source charge compared to away from the source charge?
Imaginary lines that represent how a positive charge would move in the presence of the source charge The strength of the electric field is greater near to the source charge.
When do all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed? what is the speed of light?
In a vacuum 3x10⁸ m/s
Describe the relationship between intensity and distance from the source. The softest sound that the average human ear can hear has an intensity equal to what?
Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. Sound ways that have traveled two meters from their source has spread their energy out over a surface that is four times larger than that for identical sound waves that have traveled 1 m from their source 1x10⁻¹² W/m^2
What size nuclei are generally more stable? in the isotopic notation of an element, which number is up top in which number is on bottom?
Intermediate sized nuclei mass number on top atomic number on the bottom
Are electrostatic forces repulsive or attractive? Materials that are normally electrically neutral can acquire a net charge as a result of what?
It depends on the signs of the charges that are interacting Friction
If the frequency of an incident Photon is above the threshold frequency of the metal, the Photon will have more than enough energy to eject a single electron. What will happen to the excess energy? what does the threshold frequency depend on?
It will be converted into kinetic energy in the Ejected electron The chemical composition of the metal
Which two units can heat be measured in? What is the difference between Calorie and calorie and how are they related?
Joule and calorie (cal) Calorie is the nutritional one and it is the amount of heat required to raise 1kg of water by 1°C. calorie is the amount of heat required to raise 1g of water by 1°C. Calorie= 1000 calories (aka 1 kcal)
How do you convert to °F and Kelvin from °C How do rising and falling temperature influence a solid's length?
K= °C + 273 F= 9/5°C + 32 rising temperatures increases its length and falling temperatures decreases its length.
How do low frequency and high frequency sounds differ in pitch? what are soundwaves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz called?
Lower frequency = lower pitch Higher frequency = higher pitch ultrasonic waves
What is the SI unit and symbol for each quantity? Length, Mass, Time, current, Amount of Substance, Temperature, Luminous Intensity
Meter m Kilogram Kg Second s Ampere A Mole mol Kelvin K Candela cd
How and why does temperature affect resistance? True or false: electrical resistance results in an energy loss
Most conductors have great resistance at higher temperatures due to increased thermal isolation of atoms in the conductive material, which produces a greater resistance to electron flow true
What are three ways magnetic fields can be set up in? what is the SI unit for magnetic field strength? What is another unit the magnetic magnetic fields can be measured? Convert from one unit to the next.
Movement of individual charges such as an electron moving through space, mass movement of charge in the form of a current through a contact of material, permanent magnets Tesla (T); gauss; 1T=10⁴ gauss
What is the exponential decay equation? what is the equation for lambda in the exponential decay equation? define each term.
N=n₀e^(λt) λ= decay constant t= time λ= .693/T_1/2
According to the continuity equation, fluids have higher speeds through _______ tubes. What is Bernoulli's equation for the flow of a fluid? Define each term.
Narrow P₁ + 1/2(ρv₁²) + ρgh₁ = P₂ + 1/2(ρv₁²) + ρgh₂ P= absolute pressure ρ= density of the fluid v= linear velocity g= acceleration due to gravity h= height of the fluid above some datum
What is the term for our perception of the frequency of sound? What are soundwaves with frequencies below 20 Hz called?
Pitch infrasonic waves
Is work done when moving a test charge from one point on an equipotential line to another? What causes an electric dipole?
No two equal and opposite charges being separated a small distance D from each other
If a charge is moving parallel or anti parallel to a magnetic field vector, will it experience a magnetic force? Why?
No because sin(0)= 0
What two conditions would result in the total mechanical energy being constant? What is the equation for the change for the total mechanical energy when nonconservative forces are present?
No nonconservative forces acting on a system ORRRR the work done by nonconservative forces is zero ΔE= ΔU + ΔK
In projectile motion, do the velocities and accelerations in the two directions (horizontal and vertical) depend on each other? Which direction do objects in projectile motion experience acceleration and in which direction is velocity constant?
No they are independent. acceleration in y direction and constant velocity in x direction
Will the concentration of energy spontaneously happen in a closed system? If not, what must be done?
No. Work must be done.
In laminar flow, do the layers have the same linear speed? How is the laminar flow rate related to the pressure gradient, radius of the tube, the length of the pipe, and viscosity?
Not necessarily The Laminar flow rate increases as the pressure gradient and radius of the tube increases and decreases as the length of the pipe and Discussing increases
When a fluid exceeds the critical speed where does laminar flow occur? What is the flow speed immediately at the wall?
Only in the thin layer of fluid adjacent to the wall called the boundary layer Zero
What is the difference between an open pipe and a closed pipe? for an open pipe with only one node between the two anti-nodes, how many wavelengths is the length of the pipe equal to?
Pipes that are open at both ends are called open pipes, while pipes that are closed at one end (and open at the other) are called closed pipes 1/2 the wavelength
Are diamagnetic materials made of paired or unpaired electrons? do they have a net magnetic Dipole moment? Do they have a net magnetic field? How do they behave in the presence of another magnet? do paramagnetic materials have paired or unpaired electrons? Do they have a net magnetic dipole? Do they have a net magnetic field and why?
Only paired electrons; no net magnetic dipole moment; no net magnetic field; they are slightly repelled by a magnet unpaired electrons, have net magnetic dipole, no net magnetic field because atoms in the materials are usually randomly oriented
what is the equation for power of a lens? What are the units? Is P positive or negative for converging lens and that diverging lens?
P= 1/f units= diopters it is positive for converging (convex) lens and negative for diverging (concave) lens
What is the equation for power? what is the equation for power of a resistor?
P= W/t= ∆E/t P= IV= I²R= V²/R
What is the SI unit of viscosity? What is the difference between laminar and turbulent flow?
Pa•s (N•s/m²) Laminar flow is smooth and orderly while turbulent flow is a rough and disorderly
For inclined planes, what are the two directions of gravity? What is the equation for the components of gravity on an inclined plane? define EACH TERM
Perpendicular to the plane and parallel to the plane F_g(parallel)= mgsinθ F_g(perpendicular)= mgcosθ m= mass g= gravity θ= angle of incline
How can you measure conductivity in an electrolyte solution? what is the definition of current? What is the equation? define each term.
Place the solution as a resistor in a circuit and measure the changes in voltage across the solution The amount of charge passing through the conductor per unit time: Q/∆t Q= amount of charge t= time
What direction will the force be if the test charge within a field is positive or negative? what is the equation for electric potential energy? define each term.
Positive: force is in the same direction of the electric field vector Negative: force is in the opposite direction of the electric field vector U=kQq/r k= electrostatic constant Q= source charge q= test charge r= distance between the charges
In a system of gasses we approach work as a combination of what? when a gas expands, it pushes up against the piston, exerting a fore that causes the piston to move _______ and the volume of the system to ____. When the gas is compressed, the piston pushes down on the gas, exerting a force that ______ the volume of the system.
Pressure and volume changes up;increase;decrease
What is an isovolumetric process and what is another name for it? What is an isobaric process?
Process where the pressure changes but volume remains the same; Isochoric process a process that takes place at a constant pressure
When n identical resistors are wired in parallel, the total resistance is given by what equation? capacitors are characterized by their ability to do what with charge?
R/n hold charge at a particular voltage
What is the equation for resistance? What are the units? Define each term. what are the units for resistivity?
R=pL/A p= resistivity L= length A= cross-sectional area units= ohms ohm-meter (Ω∙m)
How and why does length affect resistance? how and why does cross-sectional area affect resistance?
Resistance and length are directly proportional. A longer resistor means that electrons will have to travel a greater distance through a resistant material increasing the cross-sectional area increases the number of pathways through the resistor (conduction pathways)
________ motion occurs when forces are applied against an object in such a way as to cause the object to rotate around a fixed pivot point. what is that fixed pivot point known as?
Rotational motion fulcrum
What are the six simple machines? What is the equation for mechanical advantage? Define each term.
Screw, lever, axle, pulley, wheel and wedge Mechanical advantage= F_out/F_in F_out= force exerted on an object by a simple machine F_in= force applied on the simple machine
What happens to the total capacitance for capacitors arranged in series and parallel? what are the equations for the resultant capacitance and voltage For capacitors in series and in parallel
Series = capacitance decreases parallel = capacitance increases series= 1/C_s= 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + ... V_T= V₁ + V₂ +... parallel = C_p= C₁ + C₂ +... V_p= V₁= V₂ =...
In electrical circuits, energy is supplied by the cell that houses what type of reaction? What type of energy do the electrons in the cell have and what is it converted to as they move around the circuit?
Spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction they have electrical potential energy, which is converted into kinetic energy as they move around the circuit
When light travels through a homogeneous medium, which direction does it travel in? what is the term for the rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium?
Straight line reflection
What is the equation for torque? define each term. Is there torque when the force applied is parallel to the lever arm?
T= rFsinθ r= length of the lever arm F= force θ= angle between applied force and lever arm no because sin(0)= 0
An object in free fall will experience a growing drag force as the magnitude of its velocity increases. Eventually, this drag force will be equal in magnitude to the weight of the object, and the object will fall with constant velocity. This velocity is called ______________. What are the four sets of equations that can be used to define the velocity and displacement of linear motion?
Terminal velocity v=v₀ + at v²=v₀² + 2ax x=vt x= v₀t + at²/2
What is the definition of intensity? what are the SI units for intensity?
The average rate of energy transfer per area across the surface that is perpendicular to the wave; power per unit area. W/m^2
For a closed pipe, which end corresponds to a node and which end corresponds to an anti-node? for a closed pipe what does the first harmonic consist of? How many wavelengths is it?
The closed end corresponds to a node and the open and corresponds to an anti-node The node at the closed end and the anti-node at the open end. It is 1/4 of a wavelength.
How are the values of the coefficient of linear expansion and the coefficient of volumetric expansion similar? what is the difference between an isolated, closed and open system?
The coefficient of volumetric expansion is three times the value of the coefficient or linear expansion. β=3α *isolated= does not exchange matter of energy with surrounding environment. *closed= does not exchange matter but exchanges energy with surrounding environment. *open= exchanges matter and energy with surrounding environment.
What is the pitch (frequency) at which the air column within the instrument vibrates determined by? how is the pitch of the human voice controlled?
The length of the air column By varying the tension of the cords
What is the definition of gauge pressure? What is the equation for gauge pressure? Define each term
The difference between the absolute pressure inside and the atmospheric pressure outside P_gauge= P-P_atm Po + ρgz - Patm
How does the photoelectric effect lead to the production of a current? does light intensity affect the photoelectric effect? If so how?
The electrons liberated from the Metal by the photoelectric effect produce and net charge flow per unit time, or current yes. Increased intensity -> greater number of photons per unit time that fall on the electrode -> greater number of electrons per unit time liberated from the metal
What determines the absorption spectrum of a single atom ? what causes florescence?
The energy difference between the ground state electrons and higher level electron orbits stepwise photon emission in which an excited electron returns to its ground state through one or more intermediate steps. Each energy transmission emits a photon of light with smaller energy transitions than the initial energy absorbed
What is the definition of first overtone and second overtone? what forms the harmonic series of a string?
The frequency of the standing wave given by n=2 and The frequency of the standing wave given by n=3 all the possible frequencies that the string can support
What is the definition of the critical angle? What is the equation for the critical angle?
The incident angle for which the refracted angle θ₂ equals 90 degrees. θ₁= sin⁻¹ (n₂/n₁)
Nonconservative forces are path dependent and the longer the distance traveled ________. what is work?
The larger the amount of energy dissipated transfer of energy
What dictates the wavelengths of traveling waves that can establish standing waves? objects that support standing waves have boundaries at both ends. Do closed and open boundaries correspond to nodes or antinodes? Which do not allow maximum oscillation and which do?
The length of the medium Closed boundaries = do not allow oscillation and correspond to nodes Open boundaries = allow maximal oscillation and correspond to antinodes
Capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of what? what is the equation for capacitance?
The magnitude of the charge stored on one plate to the potential difference across the capacitor C=Q/V
What is the definition of amplitude? What would the displacement between the crest and the trough be equal to?
The maximum magnitude of displacement in a wave. twice the amplitude.
In the photoelectric effect, what is threshold frequency? what is the equation for the energy of a photon?define each term.
The minimum frequency of light that causes ejection of electrons E= hf h= planck's constant 6.626x10^-34 f= frequency of light
What is timbre determined by? What is the difference in vibrations for objects that produce a pure tone, a richer more full tone, and a non-musical tone?
The natural (resonant) frequency or frequencies of an object. *pure tone= vibrate at a single frequency *richer more full tone= vibrate at multiple natural (resonant) frequencies that are related to one another by whole number ratios. *non-musical tone= vibrate at multiple frequencies that have no relation to one another
What is the harmonic of A closed pipe equal to? True or false: for a closed pipe there can be even and odd harmonics
The number of quarter wavelengths present false. there can only be odd harmonics
If an object is placed in a volume of fluid how can you determine how much of the floating object lies below the surface? If an object is floating, what does the Buoyant force equal?
The object's specific gravity is the percent of it's volume submerged The object's weight
What is voltage? what is another name for it?
The potential difference between two points that are different distances from a source charge. potential difference
What is EMF? What four physical quantities determine the resistance of a resistor?
The potential difference of the voltage source for a circuit Resistivity, length, cross-sectional area and temperature
Hydraulic machines generate output force by magnifying the input force by a factor equal to what? According to Archimedes principle, A body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid will be Bouyed upwards by a force equal to what?
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the larger piston to that of the smaller piston The weight of the fluid that displaces
What is the definition of total mechanical energy? what is the equation for total mechanical energy?
The some of an object's potential and kinetic energies E= U+K
In turbulent flow, what is critical speed? Does flow rate depend on cross-sectional area for the closed system?
The speed above which turbulence can arise No
What does the spring constant measure? Does total mechanic energy have to remain the same? Why?
The stiffness of the spring No because if frictional forces are present, some mechanical energy will be transformed into thermal energy and will be dissipated from the system. That is not accounted for in the total mechanical energy equation.
What is the time it takes for an object to fall back down to starting height equal to? (assuming no air resistance) The value of air resistance _________ as the speed of the object increases
The time it took to get to its maximum height increases
What is the definition of absolute (hydrostatic) pressure? What is the equation for absolute pressure? Define each term
The total pressure exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid P= P₀ + ρgz P₀= ambient/incident pressure (pressure at the surface) ρ= density of the fluid g= acceleration due to gravity z= depth of the object
for like charges, what happens to the value of electric potential energy as the charges are brought closer together? What happens to the stability? what is the equation for electric potential? What are its units?
The value gets more positive and the stability decreases V= U/q V=kQ/r Volts
When can we say work has been done on a gas system contained in a cylinder with a moveable piston? For P-V graphs which axis is pressure and which is volume?
The volume of the system has changed due to an applied pressure X=volume and Y=pressure
as light enters a medium with a different index of refraction, what happens to the wavelength and frequency? What is dispersion and aberration of lenses and mirrors?
The wavelength changes but the frequency remains the same. *Dispersion = different wavelengths of light experience different degrees of refraction in a medium, leading to the separation of light *aberration = periphery of image is blurred due to an imperfection in the optical system
If the standing wave of a string has two anti-nodes between the ends what does the length of the string correspond to? what is the equation for the wavelength of a standing wave for a string or open pipe? Define each term.
The wavelength of the standing wave λ= 2L/n L= length of string n= # of half wavelengths (harmonic)
What is the structure of the surfaces of plane mirrors? Do they create real or virtual images?
They have flat reflective surfaces virtual images
Application of force at some distance from the fulcrum generates what? What is the distance between the applied force and the fulcrum called?
Torque (moment force) lever arm
What is the equation for the net torque on a dipole? Define each term For a dipole at some angle in an external electric field, will there be translational or rotational equilibrium? why?
Torque= pEsinθ p= dipole moment E= magnitude of external electric field θ= the angle the dipole moment makes with the electric field Translational equilibrium because the forces are in opposite directions but no rotational equilibrium because the torques are in the same direction
What are two types of sinusoidal waves? What is the difference between the two types?
Transverse: direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation (movement) of the wave. Longitudinal: direction of particle oscillation is parallel to the direction of propagation.
Ultrasounds calculate distance based upon what? what does the difference of zero between the perceived and the emitted frequencies imply?
Travel time of the reflected sound The source of the sound is not moving relative to the detector
What is the equation for the speed of sound? Define each term. why does sound travel fastest through a solid and slowest through a gas?
V= √(B/ρ) *B= bulk modulus= Measure of mediums resistance to compression ρ= Density of the medium Because the bulk modulus increases disproportionately more than the density as one goes from gas to liquid to solid
What is the equation for electric potential for a point P near a dipole? define each term. what is the equation for dipole moment? What are its units?
V=(kqd/r²)cosθ p=qd= dipole moment r= distance from the point charge to the dipole q= charge d= distance between the two source charges units= C•m
what is the equation for voltage drop between any two points in a circuit? Define each term. As the voltage drops by some amount in each resistor, what happens to the current? Why?
V=IR V=voltage drop I= current R= resistance *Series: it remains constant and flows through each resistor *parallel: the sum of currents remains constant Because no charge is gained or lost
What is the equation for resultant voltage and resultant resistance for parallel circuits? for parallel circuits, the current will be largest through which pathway?
V_p= V_1=V_2=...=V_n 1/R_p=1/R_1+ 1/R_2 +...+ 1/R_n pathway of lowest resistance
What is the equation for total voltage drop and total resistance for resistors in series? resistors connected in which type of way allow for the resistors to have a common high potential terminal and a common low potential terminal?
V_s= V_1 + V_2+...+V_n R_s= R_1 + R_2+...+R_n parallel
Is vector addition, multiplication and subtraction cummutative? what is the equation for dot product and cross product, when is each used and how do you determine the direction of the cross product resultant vector?
Vector multiplication and addition is commutative but vector subtraction is not. *dot product (used to generate scalar quantity)= A∙B= lAllBlxcosθ *cross product (to generate a vector quantity)= AxB= lAllBlxsinθ Direction determined by putting thumb in direction of vector A, fingers in direction vector B, palm faces direction of vector C.
What is the range of wavelengths in the visible light spectrum? what is a black body?
Violet (400nm)-red (700nm) An ideal absorber of all wavelengths of light
What is the definition of viscosity and viscous drag and how are they related? What is the term used to describe a fluid with no viscosity?
Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow Viscous drug is a non-conservative force that is analogous to Air resistance Inviscid
What is the equation for work done on or by a system with a constant pressure? What is the equation for work done on or by a system in which both the volume and pressure are changed?
W=PΔV 1/2ΔPΔV+ P₂ΔV
According to the work-energy theorem, What is the equation for the net work done by forces acting on an object? What are three methods for calculating the work done on or by a system.
W_net= ΔK=K_f-K_i W=FdCosθ W=PΔV W=ΔK
When monochromatic light is refracted as it passes from air to glass, which of the following does not remain the same? (wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and period) what happens to the central maximum of a slit-lens system as the slit becomes wider?
Wavelength Central maximum becomes wider
What is the first condition of equilibrium?
When and object is in translational equilibrium because the vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object is zero
When does a spring have elastic potential energy? what is the equation for elastic potential energy? Define each term and give units.
When it is stretched or compressed from its equilibrium length U=1/2kx² k is the spring constant x is the magnitude of displacement from equilibrium
When is energy transferred through the process of work? what is the equation for work? Define each term.
When something exerts forces on or against something W=Fdcosθ F= force (N) d= Magnitude of displacement through which the force is applied (m) θ= angle between the applied force vector and the displacement vector
What is the second condition of equilibrium? Torques that generate _______ rotation are considered negative whereas torques that generate _________ rotation are considered positive
When there is rotational equilibrium due to the sum of all vector torques acting on an object equalling clockwise; counterclockwise
What is the principle of superposition for waves? what is the difference between constructive interference, destructive interference, partially constructive interference and partially destructive interference?
When waves interact, the displacement of the resultant wave at any point is the sum of the displacements of the two interacting waves. constructive= waves are perfectly in phase and the amplitude of the resultant is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the two waves. destructive= waves are perfectly out of phase and the amplitude of the resultant is zero. partially const= not perfectly in phase partially deconst= not perfectly out of phase
Describe why beat frequency occurs. what is the equation for beat frequency? define each term.
When you overlap two waves with the different frequencies it causes The waves to go from constructive to deconstructive interference |f₁-f₂| f₁ and f₂ are two frequencies that are close in pitch.
What are two forms of energy transfer? only forces ________ or ________ to the displacement vector do work
Work and heat parallel or antiparallel
Can electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum? for electromagnetic waves, what oscillates and what is the direction?
Yes electric field oscillates up and down while magnetic field oscillates into and out of the page.
What is a traveling wave? When a traveling wave reaches a fixed boundary, what is the result?
a wave that is moving two waves: one moving down towards the fixed end and another that is reflected away from the fixed end
In a slit lens system, what is the equation for the location of the dark fringes? Define each term. In a double-slit setup, what is the equation for the location of the dark fringes? Define each term.
asinθ= nλ *a= Width of the slit *θ= Angle between the line drawn from the center of the lens to the dark fringe and axis of the lens *n= an integer indicating the number of the fringe *λ= wavelength of the incident wave dsinθ= (n + 1/2)λ *d= Distance between the slits *θ= Angle between the line drawn from the center of the lines to the dark fringe and axis of the lens *n= an integer indicating the number of the fringe *λ= wavelength of the incident wave
How can the natural frequency of most objects be changed? What is forced oscillation?
by changing some aspect of the object itself. If a periodically varying force is applied to a system, the system will be driven at a frequency equal to the frequency of the force.
draw the ray diagrams for converging and diverging lenses. which type of lenses are used for far-sighted people and which type is used for near-sighted people?
check converging (convex) for farsighted diverging (concave) for near-sighted
Falling objects exhibit linear motion with _______ acceleration and would not reach ______ velocity. Are mass and weight vector quantities or scalar quantities?
constant; terminal mass is a scalar while weight is a vector.
What is damping or attenuation of a wave? What is the definition of wave speed and period?
decreased in amplitude of a wave caused by an applied or nonconservative force. *wave speed: the rate at which a wave transmits the energy or matter it is carrying. *period: The time it takes to complete a wave cycle
Acceleration due to gravity, g, _________ with height above the earth and _______________ the closer one gets to the earth's center of mass. What is the value (and units) of the universal gravitational constant and what is the equation for gravitational force? define each term.
decreases;increases F_g= Gm₁m₂/r² G= gravitational fore= 6.67x10⁻¹¹N*m^2/Kg^2
What is the definition of kinetic energy? what is the equation and units? Define each term and give units.
energy of motion K=1/2mv² (J) m= mass (kg) v= velocity (m/s)
What is the definition of potential energy? What is the name of the energy we absorb from food we eat when we digest and metabolize it?
energy of position; stored energy Chemical potential energy
Waves oscillate about a central point called the _______. What does the displacement of a wave describe? Is it a vector or scalar?
equilibrium position how far a particular point on the wave is from the equilibrium position; vector
when work is done BY a system, the gas _______ and the work is said to be ________. When work is done ON a system, the gas ______ and the work is said to be ________. How can the work done on or by a system undergoing a thermodynamic process be determined if given a P-V graph?
expands;positive;compresses;negative By finding the area enclosed by the corresponding pressure-volume curve
What is the equation for the frequency of a standing wave for a string or an open pipe? define each term. What is the definition of fundamental frequency?
f= nv/2L n= harmonic v= wave speed L= Length of string The lowest frequency (longest wavelength) of a standing wave that can be supported in a given length of string.
what are the types of potential energy that are dissipated as movement? What is the function of springs and other elastic systems?
gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy Store energy
In the phase change of water from solid to liquid, why does the average kinetic energy remain constant? What is the equation for the heat energy added or removed to a system that is experiencing a phase change?
in gaining additional directions and forms of motion, the amount of up-and-down or side-to-side motion must decrease. q=mL m= mass L= heat of transformation or latent heat
____ is a measure of a body's inertia. On a graph of velocity vs. time, the tangent to the graph at any time , which corresponds to the _______ of the graph at that time, indicates the __________.
mass slope; instantaneous accelaration
in a slit lens system, which fringe does the Maxima and minima refer to?
maxima = bright fringe Minima = dark Fringe
For standing waves, points in the wave that remain at rest are called what? Points midway between this that fluctuate with maximum amplitude are called what? What is another name for the natural frequency of an object?
nodes; antinodes resonant frequency
When analyzing waves that are passing through the same space, we can describe how "in step" or "out of step" the waves are by calculating the ____________. What is the difference between in phase and out of phase waves?
phase difference. in phase= two waves with the same f, λ and amplitude that pass through the same space at the same time. out of phase= two waves respective crests and troughs don't line up with each other.
What are nucleons? what is mass defect?
protons and neutrons The apparent loss of mass when nucleons come together because matter has been converted to energy.
Every change in velocity is motivated by a _________ _________ is an attractive force that is felt by all forms of matter.
push or pull; force Gravity
Which form of heat transfer can transfer energy through a vacuum? Which form of heat transfer can only liquids and gases do?
radiation convection
What is the definition of pressure? What is the equation of pressure and what are its units? Define each term.
ratio of the force per unit area. P= F/A F= force A= area units= Pascal (1N/m²)
The sum or difference of two or more vectors is called the ______________ of the vectors When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, its ______ will change.
resultant magnitude
multiplying two vectors using the dot product results in a __________ quantity. multiplying two vectors using the cross product results in a __________ quantity.
scalar vector
Give an example of a longitudinal wave. The longitudinal wave created by a person moving a piston back and forth causes air molecules to oscillate through cycles of _________ and _______.
sound waves compression and rarefaction (decompression)
Does a rolling tire experience static or kinetic friction? Why will the coefficient of static friction always be larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction?
static It always requires more force to get an object to start sliding than it takes to keep an object sliding.
What are the two types of friction? _____ friction exists between a stationary object and the surface upon which it rests _____ friction exists between a sliding object and the surface over which the object slides.
static friction and kinetic friction Static Kinetic
If both ends of a string are fixed and traveling waves are excited in the string, certain frequencies will cause interference between the traveling wave and its reflected wave such that they form a waveform that appears to be what? What is the only apparent movement seen by the string? What are these waves known as?
stationary. fluctuation of amplitude at fixed points along the length of the strength. standing waves
In uniform circular motion, the instantaneous velocity vector is always __________ to the circular path. What prevents an object moving in the circular path from breaking out of its circular path?
tangent The acceleration generated by the centripetal force points radially inward
Describe what happens to the temperature during a phase change. Are phase changes related to changes in potential energy or changes in kinetic energy?
temperature remains constant until all substance has been converted from one phase to another. changes in potential energy
what is the definition of wavelength? What is the definition of frequency? what are the units?
the distance from one crest (maximum) to another the number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second; Hertz (Hz) or cps (cycles per second)
What is the definition of heat? What is the freezing point of water in °C, °F and K?
transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a colder object. 0°C, 273K and 32°F
In a two-pulley system, to lift an object a certain height in the air, one must pull through a length of rope equal to what? the idealized pulley is ____ and _____. Under these idealized conditions, which two values will be equal?
twice the displacement massless and frictionless; the work put into a system (by exerting a force through a distance of rope) and the work that comes out of the system (displacement of the mass to some height)
What is the equation for the propagation speed of a wave? define each term. What is the equation for Period of a wave?
v=fλ f=frequency λ= wavelength T=1/f
Any solid object, when hit, struck, rubbed, or disturbed in any way will begin to do what? When will the sound be audible?
vibrate If the natural (resonant) frequency is within the frequency detection range of the human ear.
Give three examples of transverse waves. Which sinusoidal wave type is described by oscillating particles perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer?
visible light, microwaves and x-rays. transverse waves.
What is the definition of total internal reflection? At what value does total internal reflection happen?
when all light incident on a boundary is reflected back to the original material. Angles greater that the critical angle.
When waves are perfectly in phase, what is the phase difference? If two waves travel in such way that the crests of one wave coincide with the troughs of the other, what is the phase difference in degrees? what is the equation for the phase difference?
zero 180 degrees. λ/2
In uniform circular motion, the tangential force is _______ because there is no change in speed of the object. At what angle of launch is a projectile going to have the greatest horizontal displacement and the greatest vertical distance?
zero 45° because the product of sine and cosine is maximized at this angle; object has the greatest vertical distance when launched vertically
What is the zeroth, first, second and third law of thermodynamics? What is the definition of temperature?
zeroth-> If a=B and B=c then a=c First -> Energy cannot be created or destroyed (∆U= Q-W) Second -> energy transfer in the form of heat will occur between objects that aren't in thermal equilibrium. third -> entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero the average kinetic energy of particles
What is the equation for sound level? Define each term. what are the units for sound level?
β= 10log(I/I₀) I= intensity of sound wave I₀= threshold of hearing (10⁻¹²) Decibels (dB)
What is the equation for the law of reflection? Define each term. in optics, the normal is a line drawn ____ to the boundary of a medium.
θ₁ (incident angle)= θ₂ (reflected angle) perpendicular
For a closed pipe, what is the equation for wavelength of the standing wave and frequency of the standing wave? in an ultrasound what functions as the sender and the receiver?
λ= 4L/n f= nv/4L The transmitter
What is the equation for density? what is the SI unit for density?
ρ= m/v m= mass v= volume Kg/m³
What is the equation for buoyant force? When an object is placed in a fluid, it will sink into the fluid only to the point at which what?
ρ_fluid x V_fluid displaced x g= ρ_fluid x V_submerged x g. The volume of the displaced fluid exerts a force that is equal to the weight of the object
What is the equation for thermal expansion? define each term. What is the equation for volumetric expansion? define each term.
∆L= αL∆T ∆L= change in length α= coefficient of linear expansion L= original legnth ∆T= change in temperature ∆V=βV∆T ∆V= change in volume β= coefficient of volumetric expansion V= original volume ∆T= change in temperature
What is the equation for the change in entropy? what are the units of entropy?
∆S= Qrev/T Qrev= heat gained or lost in a reversible process T= temperature in Kelvin J/mol∙K
What is the equation for the change in the internal energy of a system? What do positive and negative values of U, Q and W indicate?
∆U= Q-W Q= the energy transferred into the system in the form of heat W= the work done by the system positive: U= temperature increases Q= heat flows into the system W= work is done by the system negative: U= temperature decreases Q= heat flows out of the system W= work is done on the system
what is the equation for voltage? Define each term. Charges will spontaneously move in whatever direction results in a decrease in electric potential energy. For a positive test charge, this means moving from a position of ____ electric potential to a position of _____ electric potential. What is the answer for a negative test charge?
∆V= V_b-V_a= W_ab/q W_ab= work needed to move a test charge q through an electric field from Point a to point b. Higher; lower lower; higher