Physiological psychology final set 6
Which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate?
earning potential
After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____.
eat less
Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____.
hypovolemic thirst
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating ____.
normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently
Which is true of androgens and estrogens?
Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.
What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?
OVLT and subfornical organ
Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females?
androgens
Two major classes of sex hormones are ____.
androgens and estrogens
Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone?
angiotensin II
Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure.
angiotensin II
Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the ____.
arcuate nucleus
Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the "master area" for control of appetite. That area is the ____.
arcuate nucleus
One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects ____.
are shorter-term
When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it ____.
produces extreme overeating
The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is ____.
progesterone
What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?
small intestine
A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found ____.
a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives
A sensitive period is ____.
an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect
Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in ____.
an increase in food seeking behaviors
Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the ____.
anterior pituitary
The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak ____.
around the time of ovulation
The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains which hormone(s)?
both estrogen and progesterone
Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is ____.
bound to alpha-fetoprotein
Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?
care for newborns during the first few days
After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area, a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by ____.
drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine
At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are NOT on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?
during the periovulatory period
In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place ____.
earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects
What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?
exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
What would cause a genetic female to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?
exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period
Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.
extracellular fluid
Müllerian ducts are found in ____.
female and male fetuses early in development
Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____.
if you are very thirsty
Sildenafil (Viagra) works by ____.
increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis
One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____.
increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area
The estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it ____.
is prevented from entering the developing cells
The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is ____.
larger in males than in females
Which of the following best illustrates the organizing effects of sex hormones?
masculinization of the brain
Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates ____.
orgasm
Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size.
paraventricular nucleus
If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her ____.
pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones
If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will ____.
still develop into a male
The vagus nerve is to ____ as the splanchnic nerves are to ____.
stomach fullness; nutrient contents of the stomach
In the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a(n) ____.
sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.
surge of prolactin and oxytocin
A means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing ____.
testosterone levels
What measurable differences are apparently related to homosexual versus heterosexual orientation in adult men?
the size of certain parts of their hypothalamus
Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones?
whether an organism develops as male or female
Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?
70%
The large intestine ____.
absorbs water and minerals
By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach?
activity of the splanchnic nerves
The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.
activity of the vagus nerve
In sham-feeding, animals are ____.
allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach
Leptin is produced by ____.
body fat
Hypovolemic thirst ____.
can be satisfied better by salt water than by pure water
One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____.
causes the stomach to fill more quickly
Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by ____.
causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat
The hormone aldosterone results in the ____.
conservation of sodium
Vasopressin raises blood pressure by ____.
constricting blood vessels
What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?
constriction of blood vessels
Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____
convert glycogen to glucose
The small intestine ____.
digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?
dopamine
The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control ____.
drinking
Steroid hormones produce their effects by ____.
entering cells and affecting gene expression
Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?
estrogens
Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy ____.
female
Wolffian ducts are found in ____.
female and male fetuses early in development
Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with ____.
ghrelin
High levels of leptin are associated with ____.
increased activity and decreased eating
Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote ____.
increased blood pressure
Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?
insulin
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by ____.
interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the ____.
lateral hypothalamus
What causes hypovolemic thirst?
low blood volume
The esophagus brings food from the ____.
mouth and stomach
Which group would most likely benefit from taking leptin?
obese people who fail to produce leptin
What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?
osmotic
The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed ____.
osmotic pressure
A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle.
ovaries
What hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm?
oxytocin
An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?
paraventricular
Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids.
phenylalanine
During the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland?
pituitary
For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would ____.
produce little effect
A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.
salty
The increasing prevalence of obesity obviously relates to the increased availability of our diet and ____.
sedentary lifestyle
Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.
stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus
Decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity.
testosterone
The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____.
the liver
Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of ____.
vasopressin
Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?
vasopressin
An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the ____.
ventromedial hypothalamus
Which mate-selection preference is stronger for men than for women?
youthfulness
What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?
Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas
What conclusion can be drawn from the unusual gender identity cases from the Dominican Republic?
Early child-rearing experiences are not the sole determinant of gender identity.
How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?
Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.
Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development?
Müllerian inhibiting hormone
Of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, which is the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality?
Prenatal testosterone levels were low during some sensitive period
What were the findings of a study of CAH girls in adolescence?
They read more sports magazines than the average for other teenage girls.
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?
a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
