Physiology 2 final, practice questions
In the presence of ADH, what structures inserted in the luminal membrane of the principal cells of the collecting ducts? A. Aquaporins B. Na+ -K+ cotransporters C. Aldosterone receptors D. Glut 4 transporter proteins
A
In the proximal convoluted tubule, which of the following is actively reabsorbed from the filtrate in the kidney tubule? A. Na + B. HCO 3 − C. Cl − D. H2O
A
In the glomerulus, the negative charge on the glomerular capillary barrier helps prevent the filtration of A. Plasma proteins B. Glucose C. Urea D. Hydrogen ions
A
A 24-year-old male is brought to an emergency room unconscious with a respiration rate of 4 breaths/minute. His medical records reveal a history of opioid abuse and has been treated in the past for an overdose. Based on this presentation, this patient most likely is in a state of A. respiratory acidosis. B. respiratory alkalosis. C. metabolic acidosis. D. metabolic alkalosis.
A
Angiotensin II A. stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone B. increases potassium reabsorption from the filtrate C. increases sodium (Na + ) excretion at the kidneys. D. reduces our thirst
A
At low levels, what substance dilates cerebral, cardiac, splanchnic, and renal arterioles, and simultaneously constricts skeletal muscle and cutaneous arterioles? A. Dopamine B. Angiotensin II C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) D. Norepinephrine
A
Control of the pH of the extracellular fluids is regulated by A. lungs and kidneys B. lungs and heart C. kidneys and bladder D. kidneys and sweat glands
A
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be decreased by: A. increased plasma protein concentration B. increased systemic blood pressure C. decreased oncotic pressure (πGC) in the glomerular capillaries D. decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
A
How are superficial cortical nephrons different from juxtamedullary nephrons? A. Superficial cortical nephrons are located within the renal cortex B. Superficial cortical nephrons have an associated vasa rectum. C. Superficial cortical nephrons have a longer tubule. D. There are fewer superficial cortical nephrons.
A
Regarding the countercurrent mechanism, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. The counter current mechanism requires the presence of ADH B. The counter current mechanism allows for the concentration of urine C. The formation of a NaCl gradient in the medulla requires energy D. The counter current mechanism allows for the reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid
A
Regarding the micturition reflex, the contraction of the bladder walls is controlled by the A. parasympathetic nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. mesenteric nervous system D. collateral ganglion of the spinal cord
A
The amount of Na+ determines the ECF volume, which in turn determines all of the following EXCEPT: A. Urine osmolarity B. Blood pressure C. Blood volume D. plasma volume
A
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A. peritubular B. glomerular C. afferent D. cortical
A
The major cations found in intracellular fluid are A. potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) B. proteins and organic phosphates C. Bicarbonate ions and chloride D. sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
A
The more abundant form of nephrons in the kidney are the A. superficial cortical nephrons B. juxtamedullary nephrons
A
The nephrons largely responsible for developing the osmotic gradients that are needed to concentrate urine are the A. juxtamedullary nephrons B. superficial cortical nephrons
A
The portion of the nephron loop that is passively permeable to both water and small solutes is the A. Descending limb B. Thick ascending limb C. Thin ascending limb D. Proximal convoluted tubule
A
The primary function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is: A. reabsorption of water B. secretion of hydrogen ions C. production of Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) D. regulation of blood pressure
A
The thick ascending limb actively reabsorbs A. sodium, potassium and chloride B. Only sodium and potassium C. sodium, potassium and bicarbonate D. Potassium only
A
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration process? A. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) B. glomerular oncotic pressure (πGC) C. pressure in Bowman's space (PBS) D. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
A
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which one of these pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration process? A. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) B. glomerular oncotic pressure (πGC) C. pressure in Bowman's space (PBS) D. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
A
Which of the following best describes the myogenic mechanism involved in autoregulation of the glomerular capillaries? A. The tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when it is rapidly stretched. B. An increase in systemic blood pressure causes efferent arterioles to constrict C. A decrease in systemic blood pressure causes constriction of afferent arterioles D. When stretched vascular smooth muscle allows for an influx of potassium ion
A
Which of the following clinical lab tests can be used to assess glomerular filtration rate? A. Creatinine clearance B. Complete blood count (CBC) C. Urinalysis D. Renal ultrasound
A
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? A. Excretion of excess albumin B. The regulation of blood volume C. The stabilization of blood pH D. The elimination organic waste products E. The regulation of plasma concentrations of electrolytes
A
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? A. excretes excess albumin molecules B. regulates blood volume C. contributes to stabilizing blood pH D. eliminates nitrogenous waste products
A
Which of the following is an example of extrinsic control of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? A. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system B. Release of ADH from the posterior pituitary C. Increased production of albumin D. Release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
A
Which of the following lab values provides the best information regarding the function of the kidney? A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) B. Creatinine clearance C. Renal plasma flow rate D. Urinalysis
A
Which of the following statements regarding the thin ascending limb of the nephron loop is CORRECT? A. It is impermeable to water B. It possesses receptors for ADH C. actively reabsorbs sodium, potassium and chloride. D. It is known as the "diluting segment"
A
Which portions of the nephron are sensitive to aldosterone? A. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts B. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule C. The nephron loop D. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
A
A patient has a history of chronic liver disease, which leads to decreased albumin levels in this patient's blood. Due to the lower levels of plasma albumin, which of the starling forces in the glomeruli will be most directly affected? A. PGC - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries B. πGC - oncotic pressure in glomerular capillaries C. PBS - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space D. πBS - oncotic pressure in Bowman's space
B
A person who is lost in the desert without adequate drinking water loses both NaCl and water in sweat, but water loss is greater. This would result in A. Iso-osmotic volume contraction B. Hyperosmotic volume contraction C. Hypoosmotic volume contraction
B
A person with diarrhea loses a large volume of fluid from the gastrointestinal tract. The fluid lost is iso-osmotic. Which of the following is correct? a. ICF volume expands b. ECF volume decreases c. ICF and ECF volumes decrease d. ICF volume decreases
B
ANP is secreted by the atria in response to an increase in ECF volume. Which of the following is NOT a response to release of ANP? A. Increased GFR B. Increased Na+ reabsorption in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts C. Vasodilation of afferent arterioles D. Vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
B
Four sections of the vasculature of the kidney tubule are listed below. Which one lists them in correct order of blood flow? A. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries. B. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries. C. peritubular capillaries, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole. D. glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa vasorum
B
In the nephron, most of the reabsorption of nutrients occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The driving force for the reabsorption of nutrients is: A. osmosis B. cotransport and facilitated transport proteins on the luminal side of the nephron wall C. simple diffusion D. endocytosis
B
Plasma osmolarity can be estimated from all of the following EXCEPT: A. Blood Urea Nitrogen B. Albumin C. Glucose D. Sodium ion
B
Regarding the countercurrent mechanism, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The formation of a NaCl gradient in the medulla requires energy B. The counter current mechanism requires the presence of ADH C. The counter current mechanism allows for the reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid D. The counter current mechanism allows for the concentration of urine
B
Regarding the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), which statement is CORRECT? A. The juxtaglomerular cells are chemoreceptors and measure Na+ levels in the blood B. The juxtaglomerular cells are baroreceptors and measure blood pressure. C. The juxtaglomerular cells measure the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate D. If blood pressure falls, the juxtaglomerular cells release angiotensin I
B
Regarding the reabsorption of water in the nephron, which of the following is INCORRECT? A. The majority (~65%) of water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule B. Water reabsorption in the nephron loop occurs in the ascending limb of the loop. C. Water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is dependent on the presence of ADH D. Water reabsorption in the nephron loop is driven by the countercurrent mechanism formed in the medulla of the kidney
B
The atria secretes ANP in response to an increase in ECF volume. Which of the following is NOT a response to release of ANP? A. Increased GFR B. Increased Na+ reabsorption in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts C. Vasodilation of afferent arterioles D. Vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
B
The concentration of NaCl in the medulla.... A. is isotonic B. increases as it descends C. remains constant D. decreases as it descends
B
The concentration of NaCl in the medulla.... A. remains constant B. increases as it descends C. is isotonic D. decreases as it descends
B
The filtrate first passes from the Bowman's capsule to the A. nephron loop B. proximal convoluted tubule. C. distal convoluted tubule. D. collecting duct.
B
The kidneys maintain a relatively constant renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate despite changes in systemic blood pressure. This is in large part due to the: A. countercurrent mechanism B. myogenic mechanism C. influence of aldosterone D. role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
B
The major cations found in intracellular fluid are a. sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) b. potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) c. Bicarbonate ions and chloride d. proteins and organic phosphates
B
The more abundant form of nephrons in the kidney are the A. juxtamedullary nephrons B. superficial cortical nephrons
B
The nephrons largely responsible for developing the osmotic gradients that are needed to concentrate urine are the A. superficial cortical nephrons B. juxtamedullary nephrons
B
Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of urine? A. hydrogen ions. B. urea. C. creatinine. D. glucose
D
The nephrons of the kidney filter the blood and then rapidly reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate. The process of reabsorption takes place in A. the glomerulus B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. Bowman's space D. the efferent arteriole
B
The portion of the nephron loop that is passively permeable to both water and small solutes is the A. Thin ascending limb B. Descending limb C. Proximal convoluted tubule D. Thick ascending limb
B
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A. filtration. B. reabsorption C. secretion of acids and ammonia. D. adjusting the urine volume.
B
The process of secretion occurs at A. the proximal convoluted tubule. B. the distal convoluted tubule. C. the collecting duct. D. the nephron loop
B
The tubular fluid exiting the descending limb of the nephron loop is A. Hypoosmotic B. Hyperosmotic C. Iso-osmotic
B
Under normal conditions, the glomerular filtration rate is primarily regulated by A. glomerular capillary blood flow B. glomerular blood (hydrostatic) pressure C. hydrostatic pressure within Bowman's capsule D. plasma osmotic pressure
B
What is the body's response to a rise in blood plasma osmotic pressure? A. The anterior pituitary releases ADH which makes the renal tubule permeable to water. B. The posterior pituitary releases ADH which makes the renal tubule permeable to water. C. The juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin which promotes urine output D. The glomerular filtration rate increases so more urine is produced.
B
Which of the following hormones will produce a decrease in blood volume? A. Aldosterone B. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. Angiotensin II
B
A person who is lost in the desert without adequate drinking water loses both NaCl and water in sweat, but water loss is greater. This would result in A. Iso-osmotic volume contraction B. Hypoosmotic volume contraction C. Hyperosmotic volume contraction
C
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released into the bloodstream in response to: A. a decrease in blood sodium levels B. increased blood osmolarity C. atrial distension D. the release of ADH
C
Cl- ions are negatively charged and during glomerular filtration they will___________ A. be repelled by negatively charged glycoproteins and not be filtered B. not be filtered because Na+ and K+ will compete with Cl- C. readily be passed because of their small size D. only passed in if there is damage to the capillary membrane of the glomerulus
C
Elimination of penicillin requires secretion by the kidneys. This process would take place A. in the proximal tubule of the nephron B. in the ascending loop of the nephron C. in the distal tubule of the nephron D. in the collecting ducts
C
How does the descending limb of the loop of Henle differ from the ascending limb? A. the descending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium chloride. B. the ascending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium chloride. C. the descending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium chloride. D. the ascending limb is permeable to both water and to sodium chloride
C
In the presence of ADH, what structures inserted in the luminal membrane of the principal cells of the collecting ducts? A. Na+ -K+ cotransporters B. Glut 4 transporter proteins C. Aquaporins D. Aldosterone receptors
C
Regarding the evaluation of kidney function, clearance is best defined as A. the ability of the renal tubules to remove a certain amount of filtrate from the glomerulus B. the ability of ureters to carry certain plasma proteins away from the kidneys C. the ability of the kidney to remove a certain substance from the plasma at a certain rate of speed D. the clearing of urea from the bladder excess urination resulting in plasma protein escape from the blood
C
Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. A. sodium ions B. glucose C. albumin D. amino acids E. urea
C
The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water so water diffuses out of the descending limb into the interstitial fluid. What happens to this water? A. it flows through the renal papillae into the minor calyces to become urine. B. it diffuses into the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle. C. it diffuses into the peritubular capillaries and ascending vasa recta for return to the blood. D. it diffuses into the filtrate for elimination from the body.
C
The filtration membrane of the glomerulus most readily allows the passage of: A. albumin B. large proteins carrying a net negative charge C. small cations D. platelets
C
The filtration membrane of the glomerulus most readily allows the passage of: A. antibodies B. large proteins carrying a net negative charge C. small cations D. red blood cells
C
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A. nephron loop B. proximal convoluted tubule. C. distal convoluted tubule. D. papillary tubule.
C
The process of filtration is driven by A. active transport. B. blood osmotic pressure. C. blood hydrostatic pressure. D. solvent drag.
C
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively reabsorbs A. sodium, potassium and bicarbonate B. Potassium only C. sodium, potassium and chloride D. Only sodium and potassium
C
The tubular fluid exiting the descending limb of the nephron loop is A. Hypoosmotic B. Iso-osmotic C. Hyperosmotic
C
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A. blood vessels. B. lymphatics. C. the ureters. D. the urethra
C
What is the name of the tube that exits the bladder? A. renal tubule B. ureter C. urethra D. collecting duct
C
Which of the following is NOT secreted by the distal tubule of the nephron? A. Potassium ions B. Penicillin C. Hydrogen ion (H+) D. Albumin
D
What part of the renal tubule is NOT able to reabsorb water? A. the descending limb of the loop of Henle B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. the distal convoluted tubule
C
Which area of the nephron is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A. the proximal convoluted tubule. B. the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. C. the collecting duct. D. the nephron loop
C
Which is NOT a response to water deprivation? A. ADH is released from the posterior pituitary B. increase in plasma osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus C. plasma osmolarity decreases D. In the brain, the thirst response is stimulated
C
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of excess Na+ lost from the body? A. Na+ content of ECF decreases B. ECF volume decreases C. There is volume expansion in the body D. Blood volume decreases
C
Which of the following is NOT secreted by the distal tubule of the nephron? A. Potassium ions B. Penicillin C. Glucose D. Hydrogen ion (H+)
C
Which of the following statements is NOT a consequence of excess Na+ lost from the body? A. Blood volume decreases B. Na+ content of ECF decreases C. There is volume expansion in the body D. ECF volume decreases
C
Which of the following substances would be normally NOT be filtered by the glomerular capillaries? A. Sodium ions B. Glucose C. Albumin D. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
C
Which portions of the nephron are sensitive to aldosterone? A. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) B. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule C. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts D. The nephron loop
C
Which statement regarding the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop is TRUE? A. It possesses receptors for ADH B. It is known as the "diluting segment" C. actively reabsorbs sodium, potassium and chloride. D. It is impermeable to water
C
A person with diarrhea loses a large volume of fluid from the gastrointestinal tract. The fluid lost is iso-osmotic. Which of the following is correct? a. ICF volume expands b. ICF and ECF volumes decrease c. ICF volume decreases d. ECF volume decreases
D
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be increased by: A. increased plasma protein concentration B. increased diastolic blood pressure C. increased oncotic pressure (πGC) in the glomerular capillaries D. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
D
In the nephron, if the afferent arteriole dilates and the efferent arteriole constricts, which of the following would be true? A. The glomerular filtration rate would decrease. B. The pressure in the glomerulus will decrease. C. The absorption of sodium and chloride ions form the filtrate would increase. D. The glomerular filtration rate would increase
D
Plasma osmolarity can be estimated from all of the following EXCEPT: A. Glucose B. Blood Urea Nitrogen C. Sodium ion D. Albumin
D
Regarding glomerular filtration, constriction of the afferent arteriole would result in all of the following EXCEPT: A. a decrease in renal plasma flow (RPF) B. a decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC) C. reduced net ultrafiltration pressure. D. an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D
Regarding the glomerular capillaries, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (PGC) remains constant along the entire length of the glomerular capillary. B. Oncotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (πGC) progressively increases as fluid is filtered out of the glomerular capillary C. Filtration equilibrium normally occurs at the end of the glomerular capillary. D. Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space (PBS) is a force that favors filtration
D
Regarding the nephron loop (Loop of Henle), which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The function of the nephron loop relies on the countercurrent mechanism B. The thick ascending limb creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla C. The nephron loop allows for the reabsorption of water D. The descending loop is impermeable to water
D
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A. hydrogen ion B. penicillin. C. potassium ions. D. all of the above
D
The amount of Na+ determines the ECF volume, which in turn determines all of the following EXCEPT: A. Blood volume B. Blood pressure C. plasma volume D. Urine osmolarity
D
The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron is primarily responsible for the process of: A. urine concentration B. filtration C. secretion D. reabsorption
D
The segments of the nephron responsible for the concentration of urine (i.e. formation of a concentrated urine) are the: A. proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule. B. Bowman's capsule and the distal convoluted tubule. C. the peritubular capillaries and the collecting ducts. D. the nephron loop and the collecting ducts
D
The urinary bladder is lined with: A. stratified squamous epithelium B. pseudostratified columnar epithelium C. simple cuboidal epithelium D. transitional epithelium
D
Tubular reabsorption of sodium plays a critical role in renal physiology. Movement of sodium ion from the filtrate allows for the cotransport of vital nutrients back into the blood. Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of tubular reabsorption in the proximal tubule? A. Na+-K+ ATPase channel B. Na+-glucose cotransport membrane protein C. GLUT 1 and GLUT 2 proteins for facilitated diffusion D. ADH sensitive channels for the reabsorption of water
D
What enzyme catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I? A. carbonic anhydrase B. antidiuretic hormone C. erythropoietin D. renin
D
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney tubules? A. It causes Na + to be absorbed from the filtrate into the tubular cells. B. It causes the concentration of urine to decrease. C. It causes the filtrate volume to increase. D. It causes the walls of the collecting duct to become permeable to water.
D
What part of the nephron performs the majority of the reabsorption of materials from the filtrate? A. The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B. The loop of Henle (the nephron loop) C. The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct D. The proximal convoluted tubule
D
When systemic blood pressure increases, how does the kidney respond to maintain glomerular filtration rate? A. The afferent arteriole dilates B. The efferent arteriole constricts C. The efferent arteriole dilates D. The afferent arteriole constricts
D
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases, A. more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine is decreased B. less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine is decreased C. more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine is increased D. less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine is increased
D
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys respond by A. reabsorbing more hydrogen ions. B. excreting more bicarbonate ions. C. excreting more hydrogen ions and excreting more bicarbonate ions D. excreting more hydrogen ions and excreting fewer bicarbonate ions.
D
Which hormone causes increased sodium reabsorption in the kidney? A. angiotensin I B. antidiuretic hormone C. atrial natriuretic peptide ANP D. aldosterone
D
Which is NOT a response to water deprivation? A. ADH is released from the posterior pituitary B. increase in plasma osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus C. In the brain, the thirst response is stimulated D. plasma osmolarity decreases
D
Which of the following changes would tend to REDUCE glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? A. Decreased afferent arteriolar resistance B. Decreased pressure in Bowman's space C. Increased proximal tubular sodium reabsorption D. Decreased efferent arteriolar resistance
D
Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of urine? A. Hydrogen ion B. Creatinine C. Urea D. Glucose
D
Which of the following is a compensatory response to a state of respiratory alkalosis? A. kidneys retain more hydrogen ions. B. respiratory rate decreases. C. respiratory rate increases. D. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
D
Which of the following is filtered most readily by the glomerular capillaries? A. Albumin in plasma B. Red blood cells C. Antibodies D. Glucose
D
Which of the following regarding regulation of the glomerular arterioles is FALSE? A. Constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles is an effect of strong stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) B. Constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles can occur with high levels of angiotensin II. C. Constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles is seen in case of hemorrhage / severe blood loss D. Constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles leads to an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D
Which of the following substances is normally NOT filtered by the glomerular capillaries? A. Sodium ions B. Amino acids C. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) D. Antibodies
D
Which segments of the nephron responsible for the concentration of urine? A. proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule. B. Bowman's capsule and the distal convoluted tubule. C. the peritubular capillaries and the collecting ducts. D. the nephron loop and the collecting ducts
D
The process of filtration occurs at A. the proximal convoluted tubule. B. the distal convoluted tubule. C. the collecting duct. D. the nephron loop E. the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
E
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except A. active transport. B. facilitated diffusion. C. secondary active transport. D. osmosis. E. exocytosis
E
