Physiology Chapter 22 Test

Fill in the Blank: A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by how many weeks________.

28 weeks

Inspiratory capacity is ________. A. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration B. the total amount of exchangeable air C. functional residual capacity D. air inspired after a tidal inhalation

A. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Fill in the blank: The main site of gas exchange is the

Alveoli

Fill in the blank: The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by what gas law ________.

Boyle's Law

Fill in the blank: Tidal volume is air ________.

Exchanged during normal breathing

Fill in the Blank: The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Fill in the blank: Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

Too little oxygen in the atmosphere

T/F: Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

True

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________. a. Haldane effect b. Bohr effect c. Dalton's law d. Henry's law

a. Haldane effect

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs? a. The capillary constricts. b. The capillary dilates. c. The partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases. d. The bronchioles dilate.

a. The capillary constricts.

When do fetal breathing movements begin? a. around week 20 b. around week 37 c. around week 16 d. after birth

a. around week 20

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________. a. hyperventilation b. hyperpnea c. acclimatization d. apnea

a. hyperventilation

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift? a. Chloride is removed from the erythrocyte. b. Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate. c. Bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte d. Bicarbonate is removed from the blood

b. Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide? a. It diffuses into the blood. b. It diffuses into the alveoli. c. The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse. d. It decomposes into carbon and oxygen

b. It diffuses into the alveoli.

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following? a. hemoglobin and carbon dioxide b. carbonic anhydrase and carbon dioxide c. hemoglobin and oxygen d. carbonic anhydrase and o

c. hemoglobin and oxygen

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. a. decrease in b. equalization of c. increase in d. zero

c. increase in

T/F: Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

False

T/F: The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

False

Fill in the Blank: The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

Concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes

Fill in the blank: The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases what gas law ________.

Dalton's Law

T/F: As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).

False

T/F: During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

False

Fill in the blank: Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Fill in the blank: The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Inspiratory reserve

T/F: Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

True

T/F: Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

True

Which of the following are structural features of the trachea? a. C-shaped cartilage b. smooth muscle fibers c. cilia d. all of the above

a. C-shaped cartilage

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________. a. bronchopulmonary segment b. pulmonary lobule c. interpulmonary segment d. respiratory segment

a. bronchopulmonay segment

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________. a. early childhood, around 8 years of age b. birth c. 37 weeks d. 16 weeks

a. early childhood, around 8 years of age

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity? a. increase surface area b. exchange gases c. maintain surface tension d. maintain air pressure

a. increase surface area

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? a. difficulty expressing fluid b. difficulty inflating the lungs c. difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow d. no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing

b. difficulty inflating the lungs

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? a. mediastinum b. fissure c. root d. pleura

b. fissure

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth? a. It reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. b. It is expelled shortly after birth. c. It is absorbed shortly after birth. d. It lubricates the pleurae

c. It is absorbed shortly after birth.

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? a. pharynx b. nasal cavity c. alveoli d. bronchi

c. alveoli

The olfactory pits form from which of the following? a. mesoderm b. cartilage c. ectoderm d. endoderm

c. ectoderm

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________. a. external respiration b. interpulmonary respiration c. internal respiration d. pulmonary ventilati

c. internal respiration

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. a. pulmonary b. interlobular c. respiratory d. bronchial

c. respiratory

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? a. alveoli b. bronchi c. terminal bronchioles d. respiratory bronchiole

c. terminal bronchioles

What is the role of alveolar macrophages? a. to secrete pulmonary surfactant b. to secrete antimicrobial proteins c. to remove pathogens and debris d. to facilitate gas exchange

c. to remove pathogens and debris

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? a. The diaphragm moves downward. b. The rib cage is compressed. c. The thoracic cavity volume decreases. d. The ribs and sternum move upward.

d. The ribs and sternum move upward.

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? a. temperature b. pH c. BPG d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? a. AMS b. high blood levels of carbon dioxide c. low atmospheric pressure d. erythropoietin

d. erythropoietin

Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure. a. low; high b. low; low c. high; high d. high; low

d. high; low

Fill in the blank: Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Medulla and pons

T/F: The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

True

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension

a. pulmonary ventilation

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________. a. atmospheric pressure b. pulmonary pressure c. negative pressure d. transpulmonary pressure

d. transpulmonary pressure

Fill in the blank: Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Fill in the blank: Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

T/F: Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

True

T/F: Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

True

T/F: Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

True

T/F: Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

True

T/F: The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

True

T/F: Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

True

Fill in the blank: The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

Vital capacity

T/F: The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

True

T/F: The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

True

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? a. residual volume b. tidal volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. inspiratory reserve volume

a. residual volume

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases. a. resistance b. pressure c. airway diameter d. friction

a. resistance

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. a. visceral and parietal pleurae. b. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. c. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. d. none of the above

a. visceral and parietal pleurae.

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? a. nasopharynx b. laryngopharynx c. nasal cavity d. oral cavi

d. oral cavity

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following? a. low partial pressure of oxygen b. low atmospheric pressure c. abnormal neural signals d. small venous reserve of oxygen

d. small venous reserve of oxygen