Physiology Exam 1 part 2

What 2 types of cells make myelin? which are regenerative?

Schwann (regenerative) & Oligodendrocytes (not regenerative)

The parasympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs.

acetylcholine, muscarinic receptors

Speaking requires multiple parts of the brain. Which of the following are true regarding speaking and language. a. only two of these are true b. Broca's area develops a programmed sound pattern c. all of these d. Wernicke's area chooses the sequence of words to be spoken e. the sound pattern from Broca's area is sent to the primary motor cortex f. info from Wernicke's area is sent to Broca's area

c

The __________________________ is the part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature, thirst, urine output, and food intake.

hypothalamus

If a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length EXCEPT: a. the A band b. the distance between Z-lines c. the H zone d. the I band e. two of the answers

A

The following are parts of the cerebral cortex involved in movement. Which is matched with the wrong description? a. none of these are mismatched b. Somatosensory cortex - proprioception (awareness of body position) c. Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity d. Premotor cortex - coordination of complex movements e. Supplementary motor cortex - programming of complex movements

C - primary motor cortex does the motion but DOES not initiate or plan it

At the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. Which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity? A. resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise B. resting muscle ATP concentrations are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production C. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise D. aerobic metabolism is able to increase its activity to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise E. A & C F. B & C

F

_________________________ refers to a single presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters rapidly and repeatedly, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached.

Temporal summation

Our nervous system's ability to determine the exact nature of a stimulus (the intensity, location, and type of sensation) is truly incredible. _______________________ explains how the Central Nervous System is able to perceive the type of stimulus; no matter how the receptor is stimulated, the perceived sensation will always be what the receptor was meant for.

The Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest capillary density? a. I b. IIA c. IIC d. IIX e. IIAX

a

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the A band? a. All of these answers ARE true b. it is approximately 1.6 μm ; the length of the thick filament c. In humans, the triads are near the ends of the A band where they meet the I band d. the M line is in the middle zone of the A band e. the thick and thin filaments overlap for a portion of the A band

a

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere? a. This is where we would find alpha-actinin b. It would be in part of the A band c. There would be six thin filaments around each thick filament d. There would be three thick filaments around each thin filament e. Two of these answers

a

___________________________ are spinal cord tracts involved in voluntary control of movement that go from the cortex down the spinal cord to stimulate motor neurons. a. Corticospinal tracts b. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system c. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts d. efferent nervous system e.vestibulospinal tracts

a

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest frequency required to achieve tetanus? a. I b. IIA c. IIC d. IIX e. IIAX

a. I

Some sensory receptors may stop having receptor potentials even though the stimulus is still present. This means the subject will not perceive the stimulus even though it is present. This is the principle of __________________________, which happens in receptors that are classified as _______________________. a. adaptation, phasic receptors b. projection, mechanoreceptors c. threshold, exteroreceptors d. adaptation, tonic receptors

adaptation, phasic receptors

The autonomic nervous system is an important regulator of many homeostatic functions in the body. The responses of our organs and tissues to autonomic stimulation are determined by the specific neurotransmitter released and the specific neurotransmitter receptors that are found in those locations. Which of the following is/are NOT true about autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. a. muscarinic receptors bind with acetylcholine from parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers b. alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine c. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine d. Beta-1-adrenergic receptors have equal affinity for epinephrine and norepinephrine

b

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating skilled movements? a. vestibulocerebellum b. spinocerebellum c. supplementary motor area d. none of these e. cerebrocerebellum

b

Which of the following is/are true about fusiform muscles? a. This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area b. Two of these c. This fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocities d. This fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion e. This fiber arrangement is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum

b (which 2?)

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and breaks down a lot of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP consumption in active skeletal muscle? a. SERCAs are a major consumer of ATP during muscular exercise, and may consume over a quarter of all of the ATP use in muscle during exercise. b. None of these are true c. After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria d. Two of these are not true e. Roughly 70% of the ATP breakdown during muscular exercise is by myosin ATPase

c

Which of the following fiber types would be the easiest to fatigue? a. I b. IIC c. IIX d. IIA e IIAX

c. IIX

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction. a. Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid b. SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Dihydropyridine receptors release calcium d. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e. IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d

Muscle architecture influences muscle performance. Which of the following is/are NOT true about how the arrangement of muscle fibers influences force production? a. pennate arrangements tend to increase physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) b. fusiform arrangements are associated with long fibers, this arrangement is beneficial for velocity & range of motion c. a muscle with greater physiological cross-sectional area would be stronger than a muscle with smaller PCSA d. a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers e. three of the above

d

Which of the following is/are NOT an event that takes place during muscle development? a. Myoblasts fuse and form a myotube b. As a myotube myonuclei are centrally located c. Myoblasts proliferate d. All of the above ARE events during muscle development e. Myonuclei migrate to just below the sarcolemma as the myotube turns to a muscle fiber

d

Which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension? a. It is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle b. It contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP c. Elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension d. All of the above ARE true e. A & C

d

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest mitochondrial volume? a. I b. IIA c. IIC d. IIX e. IIAX

d IIX

Proprioceptive information is brought up the spinal cord via ascending spinal cord tracts called the ____________________________

dorsal columns/lemniscal system

Which of the following is NOT a property of neural communication? a. is faster than endocrine communication b. neural signalling tends to not last as long as endocrine signalling c. the nervous system can communicate over long distances in the body d. specificity is based on location; signals are only sent to cells that the neuron synapses with e. electrical signals are typically passed from one neuron to another through a channel

e

A number of events must occur at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to allow the nervous system to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle. Please put the following events in order. a. formation of an end plate potential b. acetylcholine released from the terminal button by exocytosis c. opening of voltage gated calcium channels d. acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors e. action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma f. action potential propagation down the axon via saltatory conduction g. acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine

f, c, b, d, a, e, g

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause problems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject accidentally consumed the botulinum toxin, they would likely experience ______________

flaccid paralysis

The sympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs.

norepinephrine, alpha or beta adrenergic