Physiology Exam 1 Review Questions

Note the green dashed lines in this diagram. For example, the upper one indicates K+ moves from the intracellular region to the extracellular region. How is this happening? The pump is bidirectional, moving 2K+ in/3Na+ out OR 2K+ out / 3Na+in Ion channels or facilitated diffusion transporters. Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer. Osmosis

Ion channels or facilitated diffusion transporters.

When plasma and filtrate are isotonic, reabsorption can only occur through__ Facilitated diffusion osmosis Active transport

active transport

Which layer of skin corresponds to the epithelial layer? Basodermis Epidermis Hypodermis Melanodermis

epidermis

Which skin layer corresponds to the epithelial layer? The whole organ known as 'skin' is an epithelial layer. Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

epidermis

Which of the following lists contains only non polar molecules? fatty acids, oil, lipid water, lipids, phospholipids

fatty acids, oil, lipid

Vm in different cells varies from -65mV to -85mV. Which of these extremes would have cells with more Na/K pumps, assuming every other feature of the cells were the same? -65mV -85mV.

-85mV

Which of the following describes the action of the sodium/potassium Na/K ATPase? 3 K+ bind extracellular sites on the transporter, ATP hydrolysis brings these into the cell, the binding sites now can accept 3 Na+ from the intracellular fluid, and using another ATP, move them out of the cell. 2 Na+ and 1 ATP bind three binding regions of the protein facing the extracellular fluid, and 3 K+ bind sites on the intracellular side, transport and ATP hydrolysis occurs 3 Na+ bind intracellular sites on the transporter, ATP hydrolysis occurs, Na+ is transported across the cell membrane, K+ can then fill 2 binding sites, and ATP fills the 3rd site, hydrolysis occurs, and the K+ are transported into the cell. 3 Na+ bind intracellular sites on the transporter, ATP hydrolysis occurs, Na+ is transported across the cell membrane, K+ can then fill 2 binding sites, and are transported into the cell.

3 Na+ bind intracellular sites on the transporter, ATP hydrolysis occurs, Na+ is transported across the cell membrane, K+ can then fill 2 binding sites, and are transported into the cell.

Approximately what percentage of body fluid is in the intracellular compartment? 66% 33% 75% 20%

66%

Which list includes only functions of the kidney: a. Regulation of blood plasma volume b. Removal of waste products from plasma c. pH regulation d. regulation and production of white blood cells a,b,c a,b,c,d b,d a,b

A, B, C

Homeostasis is challenged by hyperkalemia, as well as acidosis. Both need to be prevented, but doing so simultaneously seems difficult. For example, experiments show that ALD is released by acidosis and ALD increases activity of the apical K/H antiporter pump. What is ALD doing to H+ and K+ homeostasis? ALD may increase acid secretion, but may cause hyperkalemia unless it stimulates the Na/K pumps even more. ALD increase in response to acidosis will cause hypokalemia unless the Na/K pumps are stimulated to an even greater extent. ALD increases both the K/H pump, but inhibits the Na/K pump so overall, ALD can reduce acidosis and reduce hyperkalemia at the same time.

ALD may increase acid secretion, but may cause hyperkalemia unless it stimulates the Na/K pumps even more.

In the digestive tract, the uptake of proteins and amino acids differs. Which of the following will work for amino acids but will not work for proteins, and why? Because most amino acids and proteins are non-polar, both can use simple diffusion to pass through plasma membranes. Amino acids are usually in high concentration in the GI tract, so are able to use channels, proteins are rare, they are often digested. Amino acids are often small enough to use carrier mediated transport, but proteins are too large for this. Amino acids, depending on their charge, can use channels. Proteins are often uncharged and are not efficiently able to use channels.

Amino acids are often small enough to use carrier mediated transport, but proteins are too large for this.

Where does angiotensin II come from? It is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin I binding receptors. It is produced by the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and released into the filtrate of the stimulated nephron. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in endothelium of blood vessels converts angiotensin I in blood to angiotensin II.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in endothelium of blood vessels converts angiotensin I in blood to angiotensin II.

What characteristics of a ligand would require facilitated diffusion instead of simple diffusion through a membrane? Hydrophobic Charged or polar Large size No concentration gradient C & D B & C A & B A & D

B C

Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist. What is one way that caffeine promotes wakefulness? Blocks adenosine inhibitory effects on cholinergic and adrenergic neurons in the ARAS. Increases orexin's effect on the VLPO Reduces inhibition on GABAergic neurons from the VLPO

Blocks adenosine inhibitory effects on cholinergic and adrenergic neurons in the ARAS.

You may have heard that urine is sterile. This is not true, there are some bacteria in it, but generally very little. Which of the following explains why urine has so few bacteria? Urine is usually very alkaline which destroys most bacteria very quickly. The bladder is lined with mucin which prevents bacteria from entering urine. Blood is usually free of bacteria, and bacteria cannot pass through the glomerular filter.

Blood is usually free of bacteria, and bacteria cannot pass through the glomerular filter.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood. Exocrine glands secrete oil, fluid to the external environment. What type of epithelial tissue forms these glands, and why? Exocrine glands are stratified epithelia because they secrete to the external environment. Endocrine glands are simple because they secrete to blood. Both are simple epithelia; molecules have to easily cross the membranes. Both are stratified epithelia; molecules or secretions are leaving the body, and blood is external to the body.

Both are simple epithelia; molecules have to easily cross the membranes.

The movement of calcium ions through calcium channels often results in calcium entering cells. For this to occur__ The concentration of calcium inside the cell has to be high, and, the channel has to use ATP hydrolysis to move the calcium. Calcium has to fit perfectly or nearly so into a binding site, induce a conformational change in the channel protein, and then transport by the channel can occur. Calcium is moving up it's concentration gradient as it enters the cell. Calcium has to be moving down it's gradient from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid.

Calcium has to be moving down it's gradient from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid.

How does angiotensin II increase blood pressure? Causes systemic vasoconstriction. Activates insertion and production of aquaporins, leading to an increase in blood volume. Causes vasodilation of the efferent arteriole. Simulates ACE release from the lungs.

Causes systemic vasoconstriction.

Which would be the functional unit of connective tissue? Cells because all connective tissues are composed of cells although the exact type varies. Extracellular matrix because although it varies, the composition of the matrix defines tissue function Collagen because all connective tissue contains collagen protein. A & B A, B & C

Extracellular matrix because although it varies, the composition of the matrix defines tissue function

Exocytosis used by certain epithelial structures results in the movement of sebum to the epidermal surface. In which layer of skin is this exocytosis occurring? Sebum is a lipid found in the hypodermis, so that is where exocytosis occurs. Glands are in the dermal layer. Gland open onto the epidermis. The basolateral region of the epithelial layer.

Glands are in the dermal layer.

Why is tubuloglomerular feedback a useful mechanism for regulating GFR? If BP in the afferent arteriole is high, stretch receptors will trigger a reflexive contraction in the arteriole. If NaCl levels are low, the increased adenosine from the glomerulus will automatically trigger vasodilation. High GFR brings more NaCl past macula densa cells which respond by releasing adenosine. High BP in the afferent arteriole leads to increased sodium in filtrate which stimulates the release of adenosine from the macula densa cells.

High GFR brings more NaCl past macula densa cells which respond by releasing adenosine.

Most general anesthetics are lipid soluble molecules that alter postsynaptic ion channels and receptors. A common inhalant, isoflurane, is a GABA agonist. How does it work? It binds GABA-R, leading to an IPSP. It blocks or inhibits the release of GABA from presynaptic vesicles. It will depolarize the postsynaptic cell, which amplifies the postsynaptic effect of GABA.

It binds GABA-R, leading to an IPSP.

How does cholesterol affect the water permeability of a typical phospholipid bilayer? It will decrease osmosis by creating more tight junctions in a cell's membrane It will decrease osmosis by blocking gaps between phospholipids. It will increase osmosis by creating gaps between phospholipids. Cholesterol has no effect on cell permeability to water.

It will decrease osmosis by blocking gaps between phospholipids.

One of Angela's goals is to lose weight with a high fat / high protein diet. To measure her success, she tries to get herself into a state of ketosis. This is measured by urine test strips which in her case, shows a pH of 7.0. Urine includes waste, material you are trying to remove from the bloodstream. How is the ketosis affecting her blood pH? A blood pH of 7.0 is normal, so she is not experiencing ketoacidosis. Ketosis is a form of acidosis, but her blood pH is probably normal or only slightly acidotic due to homeostatic responses and blood buffers. If urine strips show ketosis, her blood pH is probably alkaline, with a pH of 7.6 or lower. Ketosis is a form of acidosis so her blood pH would register as above 7.4.

Ketosis is a form of acidosis, but her blood pH is probably normal or only slightly acidotic due to homeostatic responses and blood buffers

How will an increase in atrial stretch receptors lead to a decrease in blood volume? Increased K+ secretion, decreased Na+ and water reabsorption, increased systemic blood pressure. Greater water and sodium reabsorption, increased systemic and afferent arteriole vasoconstriction. Greater water and sodium reabsorption, increased systemic vasoconstriction, increased afferent arteriole vasodilation. Less water reabsorption, less sodium reabsorption, less vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole.

Less water reabsorption, less sodium reabsorption, less vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole.

The macula densa cells have an autoregulatory function based on NaCl in filtrate. They also have the ability to activate a systemic response to ___ blood pressure by ___. Low - releasing prostaglandins that stimulates renin release from granular or Juxtaglomerular cells. High - stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system, which causes vasodilation. Low - releasing aldosterone which causes the release of renin from the macula densa cells. High - releasing Angiotensin converting enzyme into blood.

Low - releasing prostaglandins that stimulates renin release from granular or Juxtaglomerular cells.

What makes negative feedback responses a process that promotes homeostasis? Negative feedback stimulates a response that will increase the state of a system. Negative feedback lowers the state of a system. Negative feedback counteracts change.

Negative feedback counteracts change.

Urinary buffers are important for keeping the pH of urine from dropping low enough to cause damage to membranes, including bladder. What are these buffers, and where do they come from? Phosphate ions in filtrate, ammonium and bicarbonate from PT and DT cells. Phosphate ions in filtrate, ammonium from PT and DT cells, bicarbonate from DT cells DT production and secretion of bicarbonate, ammonium ions, and carbonic acid. Carbonic acid, carbonic anhydrase produced by the PT.

Phosphate ions in filtrate, ammonium from PT and DT cells, bicarbonate from DT cells

At the top of the collecting duct, and at the end of the vasa recta, filtrate and blood are close to isosmotic with each other and with normal ISF (300 mOsm). What is the purpose of all the exchange in the loop of henle? Recapture additional water and ions and create an environment for osmosis at collecting duct. Provide autoregulatory adjustments in urine volume to minimize chances of overfilling bladder This is a futile cycle, with no net change in ion or water content, but a net loss in ATP, this 'burns off' energy which would otherwise contribute to obesity.

Recapture additional water and ions and create an environment for osmosis at collecting duct.

Antihistamines often promote sleep and drowsiness. How might an antihistamine work? Blocks GABAergic stimulation from the VLPO to the ARAS Stimulates the thalamus, leading to inhibition of the ARAS. Reduces one inhibitory influence of the ARAS on the VLPO.

Reduces one inhibitory influence of the ARAS on the VLPO.

What is the enzyme that converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I? ACE from the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. ACE from the endothelial cells lining blood vessels in the lung. Renin from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Renin from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which of the following is a probable mechanism for the reabsorption of amino acids from the basolateral side of the proximal tubule cell? Secondary active transport with basolateral Na/K pumps and apical Na/amino acid symporters. Secondary active transport with apical Na/K pumps and basolateral Na/amino acid antiporters. Secondary active transport with apical Na/K pumps and basolateral Na/amino acid symporters. Secondary active transport with basolateral Na/K pumps and basolateral Na/amino acid antiporters.

Secondary active transport with basolateral Na/K pumps and basolateral Na/amino acid antiporters.

Albumin is the most common protein found in plasma. A patient takes a urine test and it shows albumin in urine. The doctor seems unconcerned because ___. Filtrate should contain albumin protein at levels that are isosmotic with plasma. Filtrate should contain a high concentration of albumin if the filtration barrier is working properly. She is a lousy doctor, there should virtually no albumin in urine.

She is a lousy doctor, there should virtually no albumin in urine.

A depolarized segment of an excitable cell (neuron, muscle, sensory) returns to resting due to K+ efflux. What returns a hyperpolarized segment to resting? The actions of the sodium potassium pump. Sodium influx due to the newly strengthened electrical gradient. Potassium efflux will increase due to the higher concentration gradient. Nothing, a hyperpolarized cell is no longer functional.

Sodium influx due to the newly strengthened electrical gradient.

A depolarization of a neuron is due to the opening of ion channels. Which ion? (it will help to think about equilibrium potentials) Sodium, which will enter cells when sodium channels open. Potassium, which will enter cells when potassium channels open. Sodium, which will leave cells when sodium channels open. Potassium, which will leave cells when potassium channels open.

Sodium, which will enter cells when sodium channels open.

The juxtaglomerular or granular cells respond to a drop in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole with the release of renin. Is this an autoregulatory response or a systemic response? Autoregulatory because renin stimulates a parasympathetic reflex. Systemic because it results in responses throughout the body, not just a local organ response. Systemic because it results in altering an organ system, specifically, the renal system. Autoregulatory because renin travels a short distance to the afferent arteriole to cause vasoconstriction.

Systemic because it results in responses throughout the body, not just a local organ response.

The SGLT is a symporter that binds both Na+ and Glucose to bring Glucose into a cell. What other membrane protein is required for the SGLE to function in secondary active transport? The Na/K pump. A GLUT, a glucose channel. A Na+/Glu pump that binds with ATP to fuel the pump

The Na/K pump.

Typically, the voiding reflex can be controlled by the time a child is 3 years old so that micturition or voiding only occurs when and where it is appropriate. What has changed to allow this control? The pons has matured to the point that it can regulate the autonomic nervous system affecting the internal sphincter and bladder. The parasympathetic nervous system has developed to the point that innervation of the detrusor and both sphincters is possible. The ability of the prefrontal cortex to override the micturition center in the pons.

The ability of the prefrontal cortex to override the micturition center in the pons.

What feature of a stronger stimulus allows more action potentials per unit time? The graded potential from the stimulus will take a long time to dissipate so nearby areas will be above threshold for a longer time A stronger stimulus will stimulate more Na+VGCs, leading to a taller and wider AP which triggers more action potentials The graded potential will spread farther, stimulating more Na+VGCs, each patch of Na+VGCs will initiate an action potential.

The graded potential from the stimulus will take a long time to dissipate so nearby areas will be above threshold for a longer time

What organ produces angiotensinogen, and where is angiotensinogen found? The adrenal gland produces it and it is found in the kidney. The liver produces this and releases it to blood. It is a plasma protein. The lungs produce it, and it is found lining the blood vessels of the lungs. The kidney produces this and it is found in the lumen of the nephron.

The liver produces this and releases it to blood. It is a plasma protein.

The macula densa monitors NaCl in filtrate. It has an autoregulatory function, but also responds to NaCl in a way that controls the RAAS. Which of the following best describes the systemic effect of stimulating the macula densa cells with more NaCl? The macula densa will release more renin, resulting in an increase in ACE and ANG-II, leading to greater vasoconstriction throughout the body. The macula densa will decrease chemical stimulation of the Granular Cells, leading to lower aldosterone and lower NaCl reabsorption in the distal tubule. The macula densa will decrease its production and release of ADH, resulting in fewer aquaporins in the distal tubule, and less water reabsorption.

The macula densa will decrease chemical stimulation of the Granular Cells, leading to lower aldosterone and lower NaCl reabsorption in the distal tubule.

Acidosis is defined as a plasma pH < 7.35. Your text says that under these conditions, urine pH may be below 5. What activities in the proximal tubule are contributing to the low urinary pH? PT cell production of ammonia or ammonium ions which enter filtrate. Reabsorption of HCO3- from filtrate at PT. Carbonic anhydrase on the apical membrane forming carbonic acid from H+ and HCO3- in filtrate. There must be a proton pump (H+ pump) on this cell.

There must be a proton pump (H+ pump) on this cell.

What is the relationship between blood plasma and extracellular fluid (ECF)? Total body water is 1/3 plasma and 2/3 ECF, and plasma is usually hypotonic to ECF. They are isotonic to each other and plasma is about 7-8% of the ECF. They are isotonic to each other, and plasma is about 30% of the ECF. Total body water is 1/3 plasma and 2/3 ECF, and plasma is usually hypertonic to ECF.

They are isotonic to each other, and plasma is about 30% of the ECF.

A solution of D5W is composed of 5% dextrose and water and is isosmotic to body fluids. Dextrose is not normally found in the intracellular fluid. If the cell membrane is permeable to dextrose, what will be the effect of D5W on red blood cells? They will burst because D5W is hypotonic. They will burst because the diffusion of D5W will make the ICF hypertonic Nothing will happen because the extracellular D5W is isosmotic and isotonic. Red cells will shrink because D5W is hypertonic.

They will burst because the diffusion of D5W will make the ICF hypertonic

The juxtaglomerular apparatus has an important role in regulating renal blood pressure in an autoregulatory manner. What is the autoregulatory response? (may require review of Monday's lecture) Tubuloglomerular feedback in which the macula densa cells release adenosine to cause vasoconstriction in response to high Na+ in filtrate. When the juxtaglomerular apparatus is stimulated by the pons, ADH is released leading to increased water reabsorption. When blood pressure increases, the juxtaglomerular apparatus constricts to reduce blood flow in the efferent and afferent arterioles. This is the renal myogenic response.

Tubuloglomerular feedback in which the macula densa cells release adenosine to cause vasoconstriction in response to high Na+ in filtrate.

What is the osmotic pressure of fresh water relative to your extracellular fluid? Water and extracellular fluid have the same osmotic pressure. Water will have a lower osmotic pressure. Water will have a higher osmotic pressure. Water will have a higher osmotic pressure.

Water will have a lower osmotic pressure. Water will have a higher osmotic pressure.

Muscles are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Which of the following is intrinsic? When you step on a sharp stone, you reflexively contract muscles to avoid pain. The energy for muscle contraction is creatine phosphate stored in muscles. When a skeletal muscle is required to contract and relax to allow a movement such as walking, the signal for initiating contraction originates in the central nervous system. When oxygen demand increases, the blood vessels in the muscle will widen, bringing in more blood and oxygen.

When oxygen demand increases, the blood vessels in the muscle will widen, bringing in more blood and oxygen.

Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials generated by ion flux in the postsynaptic dendrite. At a single synapse, some may be IPSPs and some may be EPSPs, all arriving at once. What determines the response in the postsynaptic cell? Whether or not the axon hillock of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized enough to reach threshold for an AP. Whether or not an AP was responsible for neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic cell. The number of inhibitory channels and excitatory channels in the postsynaptic membrane

Whether or not the axon hillock of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized enough to reach threshold for an AP.

AP conduction is faster in myelinated axons and in wider axons because_. This is not true, AP conduction is slower in wider axons. Width and myelination reduces K+ efflux so the internal depolarizing wave travels farther before stimulating an AP. Both of these increase the surface area of an axon allowing more room for Na+ VGC, a higher density of Na+ VGC

Width and myelination reduces K+ efflux so the internal depolarizing wave travels farther before stimulating an AP.

In the process of FACILITATED diffusion, solutes will move from__ A region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration The intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid A region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration The extracellular fluid to plasma or interstitial fluid

a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration

In the process of simple diffusion, solutes will move from __ The intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid The extracellular fluid to plasma or interstitial fluid A region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration A region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration

a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration

Which defines positive feedback? A response that amplifies the stimulus A response that counteracts the stimulus Any response to a stimulus

a response that amplifies the stimuls

Which of the following is required for water to be reabsorbed back into the vascular system from the nephron? A freely permeable membrane Molecular water pumps A solute concentration gradient Transport proteins for water

a solute concentration gradient

A general process of movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using the energy provided by the hydrolysis of ATP is__ Facilitated diffusion Paracellular transport Hydrolysis Active transport

active transport

What is the name of the blood vessel entering the glomerulus? Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Vasa recta Renal vein

afferent arteriole

The ____has a thick and thin segment. These are regions that differ in the mechanism used for sodium reabsorption. collecting duct ascending limb of the loop of Henle proximal tubule descending limb of the loop of Henle

ascending limb of the loop of henle

Which of the following sections of the nephron is always impermeable to water? Descending limb of the loop of Henle Proximal convoluted tubule Ascending limb of the loop of Henle Collecting duct

ascending limb of the loop of henle

The vasa recta flows next to the LOH, in a counter current direction. What happens to the content of the blood in the VR as it descends into the medulla? Although ions and water are exchanged, there is no net reabsorption. Blood gains both water and ions Blood gains ions and loses water Blood gains water and loses ions

blood gains ions and loses water

Predict the effect of Nicotine in the peripheral nervous system. It has no effect on the periphery because there are no adrenergic receptors in the PNS. Blood pressure will increase. Feelings of reward and satisfaction will increase. It will inhibit neuromuscular junctions causing relaxation in many skeletal muscles.

blood pressure will increase

If a cell becomes very permeable to Na+, and only Na+, the EqNa+ is +66mV. This is because _. The concentration gradient for Na+ to enter the ICF is very strong relative to the electrical gradient that repels it. The electrical gradient for Na+ to enter the ICF is very strong relative to the opposing chemical gradient for Na+. Both the concentration gradient and electrical gradient favor Na+ entry into the ICF. Both the concentration gradient and electrical gradient favor Na+ moving into the ECF.

both the concentration gradient and electrical gradient favor Na+ entry into the ICF

You may have heard of 'gray matter' and white matter' in reference to the brain. What is gray matter? Axons leaving cell bodies that carry electrical impulses. Connective tissue and neurons. Cell bodies, dendrites, and a number of neuroglia.

cell bodies, dendrites, and a number of neuroglia

Which of the following is another term for plasma membrane? Phospholipid Epidermis Epithelium Cell membrane

cell membrane

You are really hungry, the drive to eat right now is very strong. However, you are sitting in class and it would be really rude of you to go get food at the moment. Which type of neural circuit is causing you to stay seated? Temporal summation Convergence and spatial summation.

convergence and spatial summation

What is the name of the blood vessel entering the vasa recta and peritubular capillaries? Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Vasa recta Renal vein

efferent arteriole

The fluid entering the glomerular capsule is called the because it passes through three layers that serve as selective filters. Filtrate Urine Plasma Collooid osmotic fluid

filtrate

The ___ rate is the volume of filtrate produced by BOTH kidneys per minute. Glomerular filtration Blood flow Myogenic Reabsorption

glomerular filtration

The term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is: Physiology Homeostasis Hemostasis In vivo consistency

homeostasis

Select the term that is an alternative to the term 'endocrine'. Hormone Neuron Negative feedback Control

hormone

Creatinine is produced as muscles use creatine phosphate and ATP. Creatinine clearance is often used as a measure of GFR but it is not ideal because creatinine can be secreted by organic cation transporters (OCTs) which are facilitated diffusion proteins. Cimetidine (Tagamet, used to treat heartburn) blocks OCTs. Will Cimetidine increase or decrease the usefulness of creatinine as an indicator of GFR? Increase Decrease

increase

ADH, antidiuretic hormone regulates the number of aquaporins in the apical and basolateral membranes of cells of the collecting duct. What does the presence of aquaporins do? Increases the production of dilute urine. Increases permeability of the collecting duct to water. Decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water.

increases permeability of the collecting duct to water

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain. It increases at night and is regulated by the SCN acting on the pineal gland. You can take melatonin to help you sleep, suggesting melatonin affects the SCN. How might melatonin work? Inhibit destruction of PER and CRY. Stimulate CLOCK and BMAL1 production. Block transcription and translation of all genes in the SCN. Increase the rate of transcription and translation of all genes in the SCN.

inhibit destruction of PER and CRY

The movement of Na+ in the proximal tubule is driven by the Na/K pump. What is the effect of the pump on intracellular Na+? Intracellular Na+ increases to allow Cl- and Na+ diffusion out the basolateral side. Intracellular Na+ increases to allow Cl- and Na+ diffusion out the apical side. The pump ensures that intracellular Na+ is in equilibrium with Na+ in filtrate. Intracellular Na+ is lower than Na+ in the interstitial space.

intracellular Na+ is lower than Na+ in the interstitial space

Dilation of a blood vessel by substances produced by cells within the blood vessel, is an example of __ regulation. Intrinsic Nervous Extrinsic

intrinsic

What will happen to a cell if it is placed in an isotonic solution? Likely, there will be no net osmosis so nothing will happen to the cell The cell will lose water by osmosis and will burst The cell will lose water by osmosis, and will shrink The cell will gain water by osmosis, and burst

likely, there will be no net osmosis so nothing will happen to the cell

The RAAS can be stimulated due to low blood pressure, and also when NaCl levels in filtrate are very low. How is this NaCl level related to blood pressure? Keep in mind the kinds of cells that respond to the NaCl. Low NaCl in filtrate likely means GFR is low, thus blood pressure is low. When NaCl in filtrate is low, plasma osmolarity is low. This will be due to high water content, thus blood pressure is high. Low NaCl in filtrate indicates blood pressure is high enough to prevent reabsorption, so it is an indicator of high systemic blood pressure.

low NaCl in filtrate likely means GFR is low, thus blood pressure is low

A __ is a structure that can form when phospholipids interact with water. Protein Glycerol molecule Fatty acid Micelle

micelle

What is interstitial fluid? Fluid in the body Most extracellular fluid is interstitial, fluid between cells. This is another term for blood plasma This is another term for blood plasma

most extracellular fluid is interstitial, fluid between cells

Which list correctly orders structures of the kidney from where urine is formed to where it is transported out of the body? Nephron - collecting duct - renal pelvis - ureter -urinary bladder - urethra Collecting duct - renal pelvis - nephron - ureter -urinary bladder - urethra Renal pelvis- collecting duct -- nephron - urethra -urinary bladder - ureter Renal pelvis- nephron - collecting duct- urethra -urinary bladder - ureter

nephron- collecting duct- renal pelvis - ureter- urinary bladder - urethra

Which list contains only the names of the 4 primary tissues? Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective Neuroglia, myocytes, skeletal, smooth Apical, cell, basal, bone Cells, organs, organ systems, epithelial

nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

The minimum volume of urine needed to excrete metabolic waste is called the __ and is approximately 400 ml/day. Obligatory water loss Glomerular filtration rate Renal clearance Clearance ratio

obligatory water loss

An __ is identified as two or more tissues that work together for a common purpose. Organ Organ system Tissue system

organ

Membranes exhibit__ because only some molecules are allowed to pass through the membrane. Selective permeability Active transport Homeostasis Osmolality

osmolality

In the proximal tubule, sodium ions are moved by active transport. Here and in many other regions of the nephron, what is the mechanism for Cl- transport? Active as well Simple diffusion through the membrane Passive, through channels

passive, through channels

Which of the following is a polar lipid molecule? Triacylglycerol Phospholipid Micelle Protein

phospholipid

Where in the nephron, does most reabsorption occur? Renal artery Proximal convoluted tubule Juxtaglomerular apparatus Afferent arteriole

proximal convoluted tubule

__ occurs when filtered molecules are returned to the blood from the filtrate in the nephron. Secretion Acidosis Reabsorption Filtration

reabsorption

Where does renal filtration occur? Renal corpuscle Peritubular capillaries Macula densa Juxtaglomerular apparatus

renal corpuscle

Juxtaglomerular cells, also known as granular cells, release __. Prostaglandins Angiotensinogen Renin Aldosterone

renin

What does RAAS stand for? Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Renal-autoregulatory-activation stimulus. Renal-and-adrenal system. Regulation of adrenal activation of systemic blood pressure.

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

In a negative feedback loop, an effector __. Is the event or substance that is monitored Returns the system to a set point. Increases the difference between a set point and the current state of the system

returns the system to a set point

Myocytes form part of a tissue type that attaches to bone and move the body. This describes __ Skeletal muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Smooth, cardiac or skeletal muscle tissue.

skeletal muscle tissue

The descending limb of the loop of Henle does not passively or actively transport _. sodium ions water oxygen urea

sodium ions

Facilitated diffusion and active transport are examples of carrier mediated transport. What does this mean? Substances bind to membrane proteins and the substance is then transferred across the cell membrane. Substances using carrier mediated transport are not soluble in polar solvents so must bind to carriers for transport in blood. All of these apply to facilitated diffusion and active transport. Carrier transport mechanisms require energy, usually in the form of ATP.

substances bind to membrane proteins and the substance is then transferred across the cell membrane

Which of the following is NOT a function of the vasa recta? Reabsorbs water leaving the lumen of the collecting duct. Helps to maintain the osmotic gradient in renal medulla. Absorbs water leaving the lumen descending loop of Henle due to osmosis Supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration

supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration

TBI, traumatic brain injury, can be localized to certain brain regions. Damage to the ___ would be characterized by symptoms of TBI include an inability to interpret sounds including a loss of musical ability, recognition of written and spoken words, and increased risk taking. Frontal lobe of the cerebrum Parietal lobes of the neocortex Temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex Occipital lobe of the cerebrum

temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

Remembering that the ECF is reference or 0 for a voltmeter, what happens when you first add more cations to the ECF? Assume no diffusion can occur. The ICF becomes relatively more positive The ICF becomes relatively more negative

the ICF becomes relatively more negative

What prevents the involuntary emptying of the bladder? The guarding reflex Inhibition of the striated muscle in the external urethral sphincter. Stimulation of the detrusor muscle The voiding reflex

the guarding reflex

The osmolarity of the filtrate in Bowman's capsule is___the blood plasma osmolarity. Less than The same as Greater than

the same as

Why is a blood pH of 7.2 considered to be a sign of acidosis? The set point for blood pH is 7.4, so 7.2 is relatively acidotic. A pH of 7 is neutral, 7.2 is greater and is an indicator of increased acids. It is not, a blood pH of 7.2 is considered to be alkalotic.

the set point for blood pH is 7.4, so 7.2 is relatively acidotic.

The rate of diffusion through a membrane is dependent upon a number of features of the system. Which of the following DOES NOT affect the rate of diffusion? The shape of the solute The permeability of the membrane The surface area of the membrane The temperature of the solution The steepness of the concentration gradient

the shape of the solute

What is the function of the urethra? To drain the urinary bladder To drain the renal pelvis To produce and filter the urine To concentrate the urine

to drain the urinary bladder

What is the function of reabsorption in the nephron? To remove waste from the blood and body. To recapture important molecules and ions that would be lost in urine. To maintain blood flow in the efferent arteriole. To provide water to remove nitrogenous waste.

to recapture important molecules and ions that would be lost in urine

What is the function of the urinary bladder? To store urine prior to excretion To filter the blood and produce urine To concentrate urine and reabsorb water Reabsorption of salts and hormones before excretion

to store urine prior to exretion

Which of the following are ways in which water can move from the digestive tract into the interstitial fluid near blood capillaries? Water is polar so is unable to pass through cell membranes. Paracellular pathways only Transcellular and paracellular pathways. Mostly transcellular pathways

transcellular and paracellular pathways

The term for movement of substances directly through (i.e. into or out of) the cytoplasm of epithelial cells is __ Paracellular transport Bulk transport Transcellular transport Osmosis

transcellular transport

The lipid known as __ is the main form of lipid in adipocytes. Disaccharide Fatty anions Triglyceride Cations

triglyceride

What is happening during the process of cotransport? Two or more different molecules or atoms are being moved across a cell membrane. Molecules are passing between cells, not across cell membranes A molecule is binding to a protein and causing the protein to undergo transport ATP is being used to force water and other molecules to cross between cells

two or more different molecules or atoms are being moved across a cell membrane

The primary component of intra- and extracellular fluid is _ Proteins Electrolytes Water

water

During the process of ___ large proteins are moved from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. Endocytosis Exocytosis Carrier mediated transport

wrong

Glucose is a __ while glycogen is a __ formed from many glucose molecules. Monosaccharide - polysaccharide Phospholipid -- triglyceride Monosaccharide - phospholipid

wrong

The __ of a protein is/are its three-dimensional structure. Amino acids Tertiary Primary Solubility

wrong

Which of the following characteristics are shared by all lipids? Usually polar and insoluble in water Nonpolar and insoluble in water Have twice as many hydrogen atoms as they do carbon or oxygen Nonpolar and highly soluble in water

wrong