Physiology Exam 3
cornea, muscle
sclera is the white part of the eye that contains the ____ and ____
focal point
the point at which rays parallel to the optical axis reflect and meet
accommodation
the process of maintaining focus on an object as it approaches the eye
primary visual cortex
the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
primary auditory cortex
the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement
two-point threshold
the smallest distance between two points that can be sensed as separate stimuli, instead of a single point
dorsal root
afferent neurons enter the spinal cord through what structure
sour
an influx of hydrogen ions into the taste receptors will signal to the brain that you are consuming what type of food
primary somatosensory cortex
area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are registered
closed, open
at -70mV the Na activation gate is ___ and the inactivation gate is __
tract
axons that travel in bundles in the CNS are called
nerve
axons that travel in bundles in the PNS are called
ionotropic receptors (fast)
channel linked receptor that channel and receptor are same protein
Cataracts
clouding of the lens
nucleus (nuclei)
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called
ganglion (ganglia)
clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are called
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
difficulty seating nearby objects; lens of eye is too weak and requires a convex corrective lens
Myopia (nearsightedness)
difficulty seeing far away objects; lens of eye is too strong and requires a concave corrective lens
cis-retinal stays cis-retinal and remains with opsin
during dark phototransduction what happens to cis-retinal
cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal and leaves opsin
during light phototransduction what happens to cis-retinal
open
during repolarization the majority of the V.G. K channels are
presbyopia (caused my aging)
the number of fibers in lens increases, lens becomes more dense, harder to get nutrients, flexibility of lens decreases
Conductance
the number of open channels
limbic association cortex
emotions, learning, and memory
oval window
entrance of ear
round window
exit of ear
near the helicotrema
frequencies associated with lower pitches terminate where on the basilar membrane
prefrontal association area
idea and plan for voluntary movement, thoughts, personality
cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina
in what order is the pathway of light
voluntary movement
what is the function of the frontal lobe
vision
what is the function of the occipital lobe
somesthetic sensation
what is the function of the parietal lobe
hearing
what is the function of the temporal lobe
retina
what is the innermost layer of the eye
glutamate
what is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
-55mV
what is the membrane potential at threshold
choroid
what is the middle layer of the eye
sclera
what is the outer layer of the eye
a body map of the sensory cortex
what is the sensory homunculus
muscle spindle
what is the sensory receptor for the knee jerk reflex
fovea centralis
what is the specialized region of the visual field that has the highest concentration of cones and a corresponding highest visual acuity
receptive field
what is the specific region of sensory space in which an appropriate stimulus can drive an electrical response in a sensory neuron
helicotrema
what is the tip of the cochlea; where SV (scala vestibuli) and ST (scala tympani) fluids mix
occipital
what lobe processes signals from the photoreceptors
Vestibulocohlear nerve
what nerve does not transmit signals from taste buds to the gustatory coretx
vestibulobocochlear nerve
what nerve does not transmit signals from taste buds to the gustatory cortex
pupil (black dot)
what part of the choroid allows light to enter the eye
Iris (colored part)
what part of the choroid controls the size of the pupil and consists of circular and radial muscles
lens
what part of the eye refracts light
Hypothamalus
what part of the limbic system relays regulates homeostasis
cell bodies and dendrites
what part(s) of the neuron do you find in gray matter
axons (its white because axons contain fat called myelin)
what part(s) of the neuron do you find in white matter
graded potential
what potential is directly caused by opening/closing ligand-gated channels
action
what potentials are all or none
chemoreceptor
what receptor responds to chemical stimuli
osmoreceptor
what receptor responds to concentration of solutes in blood
Nociceptors
what receptor responds to pain
mechanoreceptor
what receptor responds to physical stimuli
thermoreceptor
what receptor responds to temperature
absolute
what refractory period are you not able to generate another A.P.
hyperpolarization
what stage of an action potential are K channels closing
repolarization
what stage of an action potential are K channels open and Na channels clsoied
depolarization
what stage of an action potential are Na channels open
thalamus
what structure in the brain is involved in all sensory pathways except olfaction
axon hillock
what structure of a neuron generates action potentials
sweet
what tastes are sensed when fructose, sucrose, glucose, saccharine, and some amino acids bind to a G protein-linked receptor
sour
what tastes are sensed when hydrogen ions block potassium ion channels
salty
what tastes are sensed with sodium ions flow into the cell through sodium channels
stretch in internal organs, pain in internal organs, proprioception
what three types of sensory info. are transduced with interorceptors
neurons and glial cells
what two cells make up the nervous tissue in the CNS and PNS
unipolar
what type of neuron has one process emerging from the cell
multipolar
what type of neuron has three processes emerging from the cell
bipolar
what type of neuron has two processes emerging from the cell
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
what type of postsynaptic potential increases the likelihood of generating an action potential
action potential
what type of potential can travel either through saltatory or continuous conduction
exteroreceptors
what type of receptor detects sensory information outside the body
Interorceptors
what type of receptor detects sensory information within the body
ligand-gated channels
what type of receptor does the NT bind to on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
conditioned
what type of reflexes are learned (not born with them)
transduction
what's the term for how mechanical stimulus, light or chemical changed cell M.P.
dendrites, cell body
when the NT binds to the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron, what part(s) of the neuron are capable of generating graded potentials
olfactory epithelium
where do you typically find bipolar neurons
everywhere
where do you typically find multipolar neurons
invertebrate animals; called pseudounipolar in humans
where do you typically find unipolar neurons
dendrites and cell body
where on the neuron are graded potentials generated
vagus nerve (X; motor and sensory)
which cranial nerve controls the heart and digestive tract
olfactory nerve (I; sensory)
which cranial nerve gathers scent info. from nose and send to brain
optic nerve (II; sensory)
which cranial nerve gathers visual info. from eyes and sends to brain
somatic nervous system
which nervous system controls kicking a ball
emmetropia
normal vision
Pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression
cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
false
T/F- in the dark, retinal and opsin dissociate
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
true
T/F- the dorsal column crosses over (descussation) in the medulla
metabotropic receptors (slow)
G-protein linked receptor that channel and receptor are different proteins
sensory association areas
Monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
true
T/F- G.P can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
Brainstem
The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions
premotor cortex
The region controlling learned motor skills.
Schwann cells
Type of glia in the PNS, that wraps a single axon segment in a myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes
Type of glial cell in the CNS that wraps multiple axon segments in a myelin sheath
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII; sensory)
Which cranial nerve transmits hearing and equilibrium information to the brain?
Conductive
____ deafness is when the result of a problem is in the external or middle ear
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
scotopic sensitivity syndrome
a visual defect "related to difficulties with light source, glare, luminance, wave length, and black/white contrast
cochlea
inner ear; hair cells transduce sound waves into electrical signals
visual association area
interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex
EPSP
is an IPSP or EPSP created during light phototransduction
basal nuclei
islands of gray matter buried within the white matter
sensorineural hearing loss
loss of hearing due to defects in the nervous transmission of the auditory signals
current
measure of ions flowing through an open channel
Ear ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
middle ear; amplify sound waves, physical vibrations
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
middle ear; curves sound waves to physical vibrations
external auditory meatus (ear canal)
moves sound waves towards middle ear
spatial summation
multiple impulses sent to postsynaptic neuron by different presynaptic neurons
temporal summation
multiple impulses sent to postsynaptic neuron by the same presynaptic neuron
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Pinna (auricle)
outer ear, collects sound waves
cingulate gyrus
plays role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict
phototransduction
process of converting light waves into an electrical signal. occurs in the neural layer of the retina
eustachian tube
regulates pressure is middle ear
Glaucoma
result of increased humor pressure; constricts blood vessels and limits nutrients to retina (leads to blindness)
astigmatism
scatter light rays; don't converge on single point on retina
3, out, 2, in
sodium-potassium pumps moves ___ Na ions ____ of cell and ___ K ions __ the cell for every ATP used
auditory association area
stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds
olfactory cortex
temporal lobe
thalamus
the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
focal length
the distance from the center of a lens to the focal point
vestibulocochlear nerve
transmits sound to brain
corneal ulcers
trauma to the outer covering of the eye; resulting in abrasion (scrape/scratch)
tryptophan
what amino acid is serotonin derived from
GABA and Glycine
what are the main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain
sight, smell, balance, hearing, taste, touch
what are the six types of sensory info. transduced with exteroreceptors
proprioceptors
what are the specialized mechanoreceptors found in the muscles and connective tissues that give the brain info. on the position of the body in 3-D
depolarizing and hyperpolarizing
what are the types of graded potentials
dorsal column
what ascending pathways does the body use when transmitting a signal from the receptors that detect proprioception
Schwann cells
what cell type make up the myelin sheaths of the PNS
lateral corticospinal
what descending pathway does the body use when transmitting to muscles of the arms and legs
absorb light rays
what do photoreceptors do in the retina
ability to be polarized or depolarized
what does it mean to say neurons are excitable
K channels open
what happens when the stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium
ventral horn
what horn does information leave the spinal cord if the signal was going to a skeletal muscle