Physiology Lab Quizzes

In this isolated heart experiment, a test tube of epinephrine has a concentration of 1 x 10-4 M (MW = 183.204 g/mol). If it is administered with a perfusion fluid at a rate of 10 microliters/min, what is the final concentration that reaches the heart? 0.1832 micrograms/min 18.32 micrograms/min 183.2 micrograms/min 0.01832 micrograms/min 1.832 micrograms/min

0.1832 micrograms/min

osmol/L of blood?

0.3

How to find osmol/L with solution %

0.9% = 9 g Divide grams by molecular weight Multiply by dissociation constant for NaCl 0.9% = 9g 9/58=0.15M 0.15x2=0.3osmol/L

Pounds in kilograms

1 pound = 0.45 kg

Image needed for this question... Use your quiz 11 picture. Choose letter from the image above that corresponds with the respiratory "term Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)." E B C A D

A

What is the blood type of a person whose blood agglutinates in the Anti-A serum, does not agglutinate in the Anti-B serum, and does not agglutinate in the Anti-D (Rh) serum? B positive B negative O positive A positive A negative

A negative

A hemorrhaging patient arrives at the emergency department that has AB- blood. You are all out of AB- blood. Which other type could you transfuse into them? O+ B+ Any blood type, it is the universal recipient. AB+ A-

A-

Which of the following statements is true of cross-matching blood types? All of the above statements are true of crossmatching. It is a test carried out prior to a blood transfusion to avoid a hemolytic reaction. It is done to avoid leaking hemoglobin, which may lead to renal failure. Clumping of the red blood cells during the test indicate incompatibility.

All of the above statements are true of crossmatching.

Which of the following conditions would not directly contribute to a low hematocrit? Hemolysis An individual with a restrictive lung disease and impaired oxygen delivery Hemorrhage Iron deficiency

An individual with a restrictive lung disease and impaired oxygen delivery

Choose letter from the image above that corresponds with the respiratory term "Tidal Volume, (Vt)" E A B D C

B

A drug is administered to an isolated motor unit. You determine that an action potential is occurring on the motor neuron and an action potential is occurring on the muscle, but the muscle is not generating tension. What is the drug doing? Blocking calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (smooth ER) Blocking acetylcholine receptors on the muscle. Blocking acetylcholine release from the neuron. Blocking calcium reuptake from the sarcoplasm.

Blocking calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (smooth ER)

If an individual has type O blood, which antibodies (agglutinins) do they possess? Anti-B antibodies Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies No antibodies Anti-A antibodies Anti-O antibodies

Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is FALSE? Cardiac muscle is not striated Cardiac muscle has sarcomeres Myocardial cells have gap junctions Cardiac muscle has the Troponin-Tropomyosin system

Cardiac muscle is not striated

Verapamil blocks voltage-gated calcium channels. Why did the administration of Verapamil in the lab effect the strength of heart contraction? Verapamil stops the signals from the motor nerves via pre-synaptic calcium blockade Verapamil stops the action potential from travelling through the heart Correct! Verapamil affects the level of calcium binding to troponin in the muscle fiber Strength of contraction depends on potassium leakage

Correct! Verapamil affects the level of calcium binding to troponin in the muscle fiber

Choose letter from the image above that corresponds with the respiratory term "Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)" D C A E B

D

Fatigue that occurs in a marathon runner (low intensity and long duration) is most likely caused by________________ . Depletion of glycogen stores Build-up of lactic acid and H+ ions Lack of motor units Depletion of CP and ATP only

Depletion of glycogen stores

Choose letter from the image above that corresponds with the respiratory term "Vital Capacity (VC)" D A C B E

E

When acetylcholine and epinephrine were administered in the lab in equal amounts, which one had the stronger effect? Both had the same strength There was no effect with either Epinephrine Acetylcholine

Epinephrine

In the heart muscle experiment, epinephrine was administered in conjunction with phentolamine (an alpha blocker) or propranolol (a beta blocker). The resulting heart rate and strength of contraction were measured. The epinephrine + phentolamine results in an isolated heart were the same as epinephrine alone. The epinephrine + propranolol results are lower than epinephrine alone. What can we infer from these results? Phentolamine is a competitive inhibitor of beta receptors. Propanolol inhibits the effect of phentolamine Epinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors Epinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors

Epinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors

Which of the following couples could have a fetus at risk of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Father AB- Mother B+ Father: B+ Mother: O- Father O- Mother AB- Father: A+ Mother: B+

Father: B+ Mother: O-

Which of the following cannot be a possible parental genotype of a person with O+? None of these genotypes are possibilities. I^A I^ B All of these genotypes are possibilities. I^B i I ^A i

I^A I^ B

The force of a skeletal muscle contraction is affected by all of the following except... the relative size of the muscle fibers length-tension relationship the frequency of stimulation If all of these affect force of contraction, choose this response. the number of muscle cells stimulated (recruitment)

If all of these affect force of contraction, choose this response.

The heart muscle in the experiment was prepared using the Langerdorff heart preparation. What was the purpose of the Krebs perfusion solution? To keep the heart tissue alive If all of these answers are correct, choose this response. To supply the heart with glucose To keep the heart from drying out and to perfuse drugs

If all of these answers are correct, choose this response.

Which couple could potentially give birth to a child that is a universal recipient? Mother: B- Father: A+ Mother: A+ Father: O+ Mother: AB- Father: O+ Mother: A- Father: B- Mother: O- Father: O-

Mother: B- Father: A+

What result(s) does parasympathetic nervous system activation have on the heart? Only the strength of contraction increases The heart rate and strength of contraction decrease Only heart rate increases Only heart rate decreases The heart rate and strength of contraction increase

Only heart rate decreases

Osmotic pressure equation

Osmotic pressure = 19300 x (osmol/L - osmoles/L)

Which of the following bands or zones of a sarcomere change their size during a muscle contraction? A band H zone The I band and the A band The A band and the H zone I band The I band and the H zone

The I band and the H zone

Complete this sentence to make it a true statement. The heart is under neural control via. . . The afferent branch of the peripheral nervous system The enteric nervous system The somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system The autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system

Implied by the results of the heart muscle experiment, what effect does sympathetic nervous system activation and increase release of epinephrine have on the heart muscle? The heart rate and strength of contraction increases Only the strength of contraction increases The heart rate and strength of contraction decreases Only the heart rate decreases Only the heart rate increases

The heart rate and strength of contraction increases

A drug called digoxin hinders the calcium secondary pumps only on the sarcolemma but has no effect on the Ca++ ATPase pumps in sarcoplasmic reticulum that pump Ca++ ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) between contractions. Digoxin decreases the amount of calcium that is returned to the extracellular fluid. What will result from this drug application? The strength of contraction will decrease The action potentials in the contractile cardiac myocytes will summate leading to a tetanic contraction. The heart will not be affected The strength of contraction will increase

The strength of contraction will increase

Calculate John's MAP (mean arterial blood pressure) from data below. Heart rate -155 beats/minSystolic Pressure- 165 mmHgDiastolic Pressure- 100 mm HgAtmospheric Pressure- 724 mmHg a. 122mmHg b. 265mmHg c. 190mmHg d. 113mmHg e. 65mmHg

a. 122 mmHg

If the average time between heart beats (from QRS-QRS), or beat period, is 0.92 seconds/beat, what is the heart rate (BPM)? a. 65 beats/min b. 60 beats/min c. 76 beats/min d.55 beats/min e. 58 beats/min

a. 65 beats/min

John just completed his exercise routine. You found these values (in the table below) immediately after John stopped running. Calculate John's pulse Pressure. Heart rate- 155 beats/minSystolic Pressure- 165 mmHgDiastolic Pressure-= 100 mm HgAtmospheric Pressure- 724 mmHg a. 65 mmHg b. 190 mmHg c. 95 mmHg d. 265 mmHg

a. 65 mmHg

A person weighs 225 lbs. You need to administer 75 mg/kg of a medication. What is the dose of the drug to be given in micrograms? a. 7.67 x 10^6 micrograms b. 3.71 x 10^4 micrograms c. 7.67 x 10^3 micrograms d. 3.71 x 10^-4 micrograms e. 7.67 x 10^-6 micrograms

a. 7.67 x 10^6 micrograms

Calculate the osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane which has 4% glucose on one side and 2% NaCl on the other side, then choose the correct response. a. 9071 mmHg b. 772 mmHg c. 250.9 mmHg d. 907.1 mmHg e. 2509 mmHg

a. 9071 mmHg

Which of the following statements is false? a. A buffer requires a strong acid and its base to function. b. pH is used to describe the concentration of H+ in a solution c. H+ ions combine with bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid d. Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that facilitates the bicarbonate buffer system.

a. A buffer requires a strong acid and its base to function.

Which of the following is false when arranging a graph for the presentation of data after an experiment? a. Data from the dependent variable is normally represented on the X axis. b. Data on both axes should be represented by regular intervals. c. Graphs should include a legend when more than one data series is present. d. Data from the independent variable is normally represented on the X axis.

a. Data from the dependent variable is normally represented on the X axis.

Which of the following would stop an enzyme from catalyzing is intended reaction? a. If all of these would stop an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction, choose this response. b. Adding too much acid to the solution. c. Adding too much base to the solution. d. Freezing an enzyme. e. Heating the enzyme close to boiling.

a. If all of these would stop an enzyme from catalyizing a reaction, choose this response.

Increasing the concentration of enzyme in a solution will cause a reaction rate to do what? a. Increase the amount of product produced b. Decrease the temperature of the solution c. Decrease the reaction rate d. Increase the energy required for the reaction to occur

a. Increase the amount of product produced

Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE: a. It requires active transport b. It requires a difference in solvent concentration on either side of a membrane. c. It involves diffusion d. It involves a selectively permeable membrane

a. It requires active transport

A container has 75 milliliters of catalase solution. 25 mL of 1% H2O2 is added to this container, and bubbles are seen for about 20 seconds. Why did the bubbles stop forming? a. None of the above b. The product was completely consumed to formed substrate c. The activation energy was too high for product to form d. The enzyme was completely consumed and formed product

a. None of the above

The period during and immediately following an action potential in which a second action potential cannot be generated in response to stimulus, regardless of the strength of that stimulus, is called a/an ________________ refractory period. a. absolute b. partial c. relative d. unconditional

a. absolute

Osmotic pressure is defined as the amount of pressure that must be applied to prevent net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a __________________ solute concentration to a _______ solute concentration a. lower.......higher b. higher ........ lower

a. lower.....higher

The receptor which initiates the stretch reflex, demonstrated in the lab, is a ____________________________ . a. muscle spindle fibers b. monosynaptic receptor c. Golgi tendon organ d. joint receptors

a. muscle spindle fibers

A falling pH and rise in PaCO2 due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates _____________? a. respiratory acidosis b. metabolic acidosis. c. respiratory alkalosis d. metabolic alkalosis

a. respiratory acidosis

Enzyme______________ describes a condition where all enzymes present are bound by substrate and are working at maximum rate. a. saturation b. degradation c. denaturing d. activation

a. saturation

Log (1 x 10¹⁷ =? a. -17 b. 17 c. 170 d. 1.7

b. 17

Express the following in proper scientific notation: 0.0000073 a. 73 x 10^5 b. 7.3 x 10^-6 c. 7.3 x 10^6 d. 73 x 10^-5

b. 7.3 x 10^-6

Using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, determine the blood pH of an individual using the following information: [HCO3-] = 37 mM and PaCO2 = 53 mmHg. a. 6.67 b. 7.47 b. 7.04 d. 7.22

b. 7.47

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmission to the central nervous system? a. Second order neuron is dedicated to a certain stimulus intensity. One transmits a signal for a strong stimulus and another would transmit a signal for a weak stimulus. b. By the frequency of action potentials transmitted to the CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus. c. Which neurotransmitter released from the afferent neuron is different based on stimulus intensity. d. By the amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus.

b. By the frequency of action potentials transmitted to the CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus

Relaxation of the diaphragm __________________ (increases/decreases) the volume of the thoracic cavity. This causes a(an) (increase/decrease) in the intra-alveolar pressure and causes air to flow (into/out of) the lungs. a. Increases, decrease, into b. Decreases, increase, out of c. Decreases, decrease, out of d. Increases, decrease, out of e. Decreases, increase, into

b. Decrease, increase, out of

TRUE or FALSE: The food coloring used in the experiment is NOT a polar molecule! a. True b. False

b. False

During which portion of the ECG does the second heart sound occur? a. Immediately prior to start of the QRS complex b. Just after the start of the T wave c. Immediately prior to start of the T wave d. Just after the start of the QRS complex

b. Just after the start of the T wave

A patient comes in with a pH of 7.25 and tests show that they have low HCO3- levels and low PaCO2 levels. Which description (diagnosis) describes these circumstances? a. Respiratory acidosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Metabolic alkalosis

b. Metabolic acidosis

Nicotine mimics the effects of acetylcholine cholinergic receptors, especially nicotinic receptors. What effect would injecting nicotine near a cholinergic axon terminal have on the spontaneous action potentials? a. Nicotine tends to decrease spontaneous action potential generation b. Nicotine tends to increase spontaneous action potential generation c. Nicotine will usually have no effect on spontaneous action potential generation

b. Nicotine tends to increase spontaneous action potential generation

Which portion of the ECG image corresponds with the depolarization of the ventricles? a. PR interval b. QRS complex c. QT interval d. T wave e. P Wave

b. QRS complex

Which of the following is a formula that calculates Vital capacity? a. ERV+RV b. TV+IRV+ERV c. TV+IRV+ERV+RV d. TV+IRV

b. TV+IRV+ERV

If 1 drop of 0.1% NaCl is mixed with a drop of blood, what would happen to the red blood cells after a few minutes? a. The cells would crenate b. The cells would lyse c. The cells would appear unchanged.

b. The cells would lyse.

Which gated channels are primarily responsible for depolarization phase of an action potential in a neuron? a. Ligand or chemical-gated sodium channels b. Voltage-gated sodium channels c. Voltage-gated potassium channels d. Voltage-gated calcium channels

b. Voltage-gated sodium channels

The membrane potential of a neuron at rest is a result of ion imbalances across the plasma membrane. Which of the follow statements is true about a resting membrane potential? a. a higher concentration of Na+ ions on the inside of the cell when compared to the outside b. a higher concentration of K+ ions on the inside of the cell when compared to the outside c. a higher concentration of K+ ions on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside d. a higher concentration of anions on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside

b. a higher concentration of K+ ions on the inside of the cell when compared to the outside

Ouabain is a poison that blocks the activity of Na+/ K+ ATPase pumps. If the Na+/ K+ ATPase pumps are blocked, then the concentration of Na+ inside the cell will _____________________. a. decrease b. increase c. remain unchanged

b. increase

When a person hyperventilates, the blood pH __________, when they hold their breath the pH ___________. a. increases, increases. b. increases, decreases. c. decreases, decreases. d. decreases, increases

b. increases, decreases

A _______________ whose _ ____ is color-blind is more likely to also be color-blind. a. male ------- father b. male ------ mother c. female ------ mother d. female ----- father

b. male----female

An optometrist examining a patient, finds that the light entering her eye is coming to a focal point in front of the retina. What is your diagnosis and what shape of lens would you prescribe? a. Presbyopia ----- concave b. myopia ------- concave c. Emmetropia ----- convex d. Hyperopia ------ covex

b. myopia----concave

Complete the following sentence to make it a true statement! The blind spot of the eye is caused by . . . . a. having more rods than cones within the retina b. the absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye c. an absence of cones in the fovea d. the number of bipolar cells functionally connected to each photoreceptor in the retina

b. the absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

If a person's blood glucose level is at 180 mg/dL, what is their blood glucose level in g/L? a. 180 g/L b. 0.18 g/L c. 1.8 g/L d. 18 g/L e. 0.018 g/L

c. 1.8 g/L

What is the average human body temperature measured in degrees Celsius? a. 32.0 b. 98.6 c. 37.0 d. 22.2

c. 37.0

If the H+ concentration is 1 x 10^-9 moles/L, what is the pH? a. 2 b. 3 c. 9 d. 10

c. 9

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true? a. Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction. b. Enzymes are proteins. c. All of the answers are true. d. Enzymes function as biological catalysts. e. None of the answers are true except this one!

c. All of the answers are true.

What kind of stimulus causes the basilar membrane close to the base or oval window of the cochlea to vibrate? a. Low pitch with varying amplitude b. High amplitude with varying pitch c. High pitch with varying amplitude d. Low amplitude with varying pitch

c. High pitch with varying amplitude

The term used to describe the type of solution in which cells will gain water from their environment is ______________________ . a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. Hypotonic d. catatonic

c. Hypotonic

Which of the following statements about taking a person's blood pressure is FALSE? a. A cuff is placed on the arm and inflated until the cuff's pressure exceeds the pressure in the brachial artery b. The first sound heard as the cuff pressure in decreased marks the systolic pressure. c. If all of the answers are true, choose this response. d. Air is slowly let out of the cuff until the cuff pressure is sufficiently low; this allows the brachial artery to begin opening during ventricular systole

c. If all of the answers are true, choose this response.

Which portion of the ECG image corresponds with the repolarization of the ventricles? a. P Wave b. PR interval c. T wave d. QRS complex e. QT interval

c. T wave

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding an electrocardiogram? a. All of the above statements are true. b. At least 2 electrodes are necessary for an ECG recording. c. The appearance of an ECG will not vary based on the location of recording electrodes. d. A 12 lead ECG is a comprehensive picture of the heart's electrical activity.

c. The appearance of an ECG will not vary based on the location of recording electrodes.

Using the bicarbonate buffer formula: (CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- ), when CO2 is added, what will be the result? a. The increased CO2 will increase the pH b. The formula will shift to the left to produce more CO2. c. The formula will shift to the right to produce more H+ and HCO3- d. The CO2 will disappear because of the buffer and nothing else will change.

c. The formula will shift to the right to produce more H+ and HCO3-

Which of the following statements is FALSE: a. Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer b. Polar substances will not dissolve in a solvent such as oil or gas c. The more easily a substance dissolves in water, the lower its solubility d. The solvent in the human body is water e. A solute is the molecule being dissolved

c. The more easily a substance dissolves in water, the lower its solubility

In the two-point threshold experiment, you should have seen that there are differing distances between receptors in certain body areas. This would lead you to infer that... a. There is no difference in the area of the sensory cortex of the brain associated with different body regions. b. There is more area in the sensory cortex of the brain associated with the area with the largest distance between receptors. c. There is more area in the sensory cortex of the brain associated with the area with the smallest distance between receptors. d. There is no dedicated area in the brain for each specific body region.

c. There is more area in the sensory cortex of the brain associated with the area with the smallest distance between receptors.

Which gated channels are primarily responsible for repolarization of an action potential and resting membrane potential? a. Ligand-gated sodium channels b. Voltage-gated sodium channels c. Voltage-gated potassium channels d. Ligand-gated potassium channels

c. Voltage-gated potassium channels

What portion of a motor neuron is responsible for the start of an action potential? a. axon terminal b. node of Ranvier c. axon hillock d. dendrites

c. axon hillock

Increasing the stimulus_________________ causes temporal summation. a. duration b. voltage c. frequency d. current

c. frequency

The substrate in lab 3 was__________ and the enzyme was ______ . a. hydrogen peroxide ...... oxygen b. water ...... catalase c. hydrogen peroxide ...... catalase d. oxygen ........ water

c. hydrogen peroxide ......catalase

The unequal distribution of positively and negatively charged particles around the cell membrane creates the ______________ . At rest, it is normally about_________________________ . a. membrane potential ------ +30mV b. equilibrium potential ---- -30mV c. membrane potential ----- -70mV d. equilibrium potential ----- +70mV

c. membrane potential---- -70mv

To increase muscle strength (as occurs with a strength training regime), the __ component changes over months or years, and the _ component changes within days or weeks. a. muscular, ------- motor b. neural ------ muscular c. muscular ---- neural d. actin ------ myosin

c. muscular ---- neural

A person who weighed 185 lbs wanted to lose 23 lbs. What is their desired weight loss in grams? a. 9.57 x 10^1 g b. 5.06 x 10^1 g c. 7.36 x 10^4 g d. 1.04 x 10^4 g e. 9.57 x 10^-5 g

d. 1.04 x 10^4 g

Calculate the osmolarity of a 1 liter solution containing 1.2M glucose and 0.2M NaCl, then select the correct response. a. 1.2 osmoles/liter b. 3.2 osmoles/liter c. 0.4 osmoles/liter d. 1.6 osmoles/liter e. 2 osmoles/liter

d. 1.6 osmoles/liter

Solve the following: 4 x 10^-15/ 16 x 10^3 a. 4 x 10^-18 b. 4 x 10^-11 c. 2.5 x 10^-11 d. 2.5 x 10^-19

d. 2.5 x 10^-19

Solve the following: (3 x 10^-9) X (9 x 10^16) a. 2.7 x 10^-9 b. 2.7 x 10^-8 c. 2.7 x 10^9 d. 2.7 x 10^8

d. 2.7 x 10^8

Which of the following is arranged in proper scientific notation? a. 52 x 10^3 b. 5200 c. .05 x 10^3 d. 5.2 x 10^-3 e. all answers are in scientific notation

d. 5.2 x 10^-3

Using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, calculate the blood pH of an individual using the following information: [HCO3-]= 42 mM and [H2O3]=2.8 mM. a. 7.63 b. 7.86 c. 6.44 d. 7.28

d. 7.28

Which of the following statements is false? a. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more water at a pH 7 than pH 4. b. All of these statements are true. c. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at pH 7 than at pH 10. d. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at room temperature than at 37°C.

d. A peroxisome in the liver would produce more oxygen at room temperature than at 37°C.

If a mother has AB blood and the father also has AB blood, which is/are the possible blood type(s) of their offspring? a. A, B b. A, B, AB, O c. AB d. A, B, AB e. A

d. A, B, AB

Complete the follow statement to make it a true statement! If someone hyperventilated before holding their breath the result would be. . . a. The need to breath sooner than usual b. The ability to hold one's breath longer c. An increase in cerebrospinal fluid pH d. Both choices B and C are correct e. Both choices A and C are correct

d. Both choices B and C are correct

Blood pressure is dependent on which of the following variables? a. Heart rate only b. Vascular resistance only c. Cardiac output only d. Cardiac output and vascular resistance e. If none of the other variables mentioned here affect blood pressure, choose this response.

d. Cardiac output and vascular resistance

Depolarization of a neuron to threshold directly stimulates __________. a. the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels b. the delayed (slower opening of voltage-gated potassium channels c. the opening of voltage-gated leak channels channels. d. If more that one of these answers would result from a neuron's membrane potential reaching threshold, choose this response.

d. If more than one of these answers would result from a neuron't membrane potential reaching threshold, choose this response.

You have two experiments. Experiment A has a rate of 3.72 mm/sec and Experiment B has a rate of 5.14 mm/sec. What might you have done in experiment B to cause the reaction rate to be faster than experiment A? a. Increased the amount of substrate in experiment A. b. Decreased the temperature in experiment B. c. You increased the amount of enzyme in experiment A. d. Increased the amount of substrate in experiment B.

d. Increased the amount of substrate in experiment B.

Which of the following statements about diffusion is FALSE: a. If all of these statements are TRUE, choose this response. b. Above zero Kelvin (absolute zero), all atoms, molecules, and ions are in constant motion d. Molecules have higher kinetic energy at higher temperatures and therefore diffuse more rapidly d. Larger molecules diffuse at the same rate as smaller particles e. Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from one location to another spontaneously down their concentration gradients.

d. Larger molecules diffuse at the same rate as smaller particles

_____ is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors, and can be helpful in locating somatosensory stimuli. a. Adaptation b. Referred sensation c. Stimulus coding d. Lateral inhibition

d. Lateral inhibition

Complete the following sentence to make it a true statement. A motor unit is defined as . . . . a. Multiple somatic motor neurons synapsing onto a groups of muscle fibers in a single muscle. b. All of the somatic motor neurons synapsing onto a single muscle. c. Multiple somatic motor units synapsing onto multiple muscles. d. One somatic motor neuron synapsing onto a group of muscle fibers in a single muscle.

d. One somatic motor neuron synapsing onto a group of muscle fibers in a single muscle.

A solution containing an enzyme is mildly heated but do not to boil. Then, quickly substrate was added to the enzyme solution. What would most likely happen to the reaction rate? a. The rate should stay the same because the enzyme is denatured. b. The rate should decrease because the enzyme is more efficient. c. The rate should decrease because of the increased amount of enzyme. d. The rate should increase because of the increased temperature.

d. The rate should increase because of increased temperature

A person having a heart attack generally complains of pain in the left chest, shoulder and arm. What causes this sensation? a. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation b. None of these answers are correct. bove c. Lateral inhibition d. Visceral pain perceived in superficial regions

d. Visceral pain perceived in superficial regions.

Which of the following statements is true? a. When HCl is added to 0.1M NaHCO3 the pH changes dramatically. b. When add HCl is added to 0.1M NaCl the pH does not change dramatically. c. When you add HCl to either 0.1M NaCl or 0.1M NaHCO3 there will be no change in pH because both are buffers. d. When HCl is added to 0.1M NaCl the pH changes dramatically.

d. When HCl is added to 0.1M NaCl the pH changes dramatically.

When a violinist plays a _____________ note on the violin, the wavelength of the sound is shorter and the frequency greater than when a ____________ note is played. a. softer ------- louder b. louder ------- softer c. lower ------- higher d. higher -------- lower

d. higher-----lower

Complete the following sentence to make it a true statement. In experiment 3 of the computer simulation, the nerve was given two shocks with decreasing time intervals between them. When the voltage-gated sodium channels are already open or in their locked (inactivation) position . . . a. the second action potential will be stronger than the first action potential. b. the second action potential will be smaller than the first. c. a second action potential will be observed if the voltage is above threshold. d. only one action potential will be seen.

d. only one action potential will be seen

During maximum effort of 10-15 seconds, fatigue is due to _________________ . depletion of ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen If none of these answers are correct, choose this response. accumulation of H+ ions from lactic acid depletion of ATP and creatine phosphate

depletion of ATP and creatine phosphate

What is the osmolarity of a 4.0M solution of ethyl alcohol (C2H6O) in water? (the dissociation constant is 1) a. 2 osmoles/liter b. 0.5 osmoles/liter c. 1 osmoles/liter d. 9 osmoles/liter e. 4 osmoles/liter

e. 4 osmoles/liter

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the FEV1/FVC ratio? a. It is used as an important diagnostic tool. b. It is the ratio of the amount of air you can force out in 1 second to the total amount you can force out. c. If all of the other statements are true, choose this response. d. A decrease in its value to less than 70% is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease. e. A decrease in its value is to less than 60% indicative of a restrictive lung disease.

e. A decrease in its value is to less than 60% indictive of a restrictive lung disease.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding a pneumothorax? a. A pneumothorax can occur spontaneously! b. Results in a partially or completely collapsed lung. c. A pnuemothorax can result from physical injury to the parietal or visceral pleura. d. Results in the intrapleural pressure becoming equal to and in some cases greater than the atmospheric pressure. e. All of the other statements are TRUE, choose this response.

e. All of the other statements are TRUE, choose this response.

Which of the following may NOT act as a buffer? a. Phosphates b. Proteins c. Bicarbonate (HCO^3-) d. None of these act as buffers. e. All of these may act as buffers.

e. All of these may act as buffers.

The body uses catalase to degrade hydrogen peroxide. In doing so, which of the following is produced? a. HCl b. 2 H2O2 c. All of the above are produced by the degradation of hydrogen peroxide. d. HCO3- e. H2O

e. H2O

Which of the following would decrease or slow the rate of a chemical reaction? a. Adding a catalyst b. Moderately increasing the temperature of the solution c. Increasing the concentration of reactants. d. Removing any enzyme inhibitors. e. Increasing the energy of activation.

e. Increasing the energy of activation

Which of the following is NOT a parameter that affects the respiratory center of the brain to regulate breathing? a. H+ concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid b. If All of the other answers affect respiratory centers of the brain c. Dissolved CO2 concentration in the blood (PaCO2) d. Blood H+ concentration e. Positive intrapleural pressure

e. Positive intrapleural pressure

Which portion of the ECG image represents the repolarization of the atria? a. QRS complex b. P wave c. T wave d. QT interval e. PR interval f. If none of these represent the repolarization of the atria, choose this response.

f. If none of these represent the repolarization of the atria, choose this response.

(Choose the most accurate answer.) When a single electric stimulus is administered to your forearm, at 20 mV you feel tingling but no movement, at 50 mV your hand contracts, at 80 mV your hand contracts and you lift your forearm, this demonstrates . . . increasing the intensity of the stimuli causes motor unit recruitment. increasing the frequency increases the intensity of the stimuli. increasing the intensity of the stimuli causes tetanus. increasing the frequency causes motor unit recruitment.

increasing the intensity of the stimuli causes motor unit recruitment.

Complete the following statement to make it a true statement. The hematocrit reading is important because. . . it shows the body's ability to defend against foreign cells. b. it can show an increased number of leukocytes. it indicates the oxygen carrying capacity of the individual. it indicates clotting problems.

it indicates the oxygen carrying capacity of the individual.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in excitation- contraction coupling? motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, sliding of myofilaments , Ca2+ release from SR, ADP-driven power stroke muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, Ca2+ release from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ADP-driven power stroke motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, Ca2+ release from SR, ADP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, ADP-driven power stroke, Ca2+ release from SR, sliding of myofilaments

motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, Ca2+ release from SR, ADP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments

Henderson hasselbalch with pCO₂

pH = 6.1 + log (base/(0.03xpCO₂)

Henderson hasselbalch with acid and base concentration

pH=6.1 + log (base/acid)