Physiology of the Kidney CH.17

Renin is not released in response to which of the following? A. Detection of low plasma electrolyte levels by macula densa cells B. Detection of low blood pressure by baroreceptor cells C. Detection of low glomerular filtrate electrolyte levels by macula densa cells D. Innervation by sympathetic nerve cells

A. Detection of low plasma electrolyte levels by macula densa cells

Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is always much lower than its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? A. Glucose B. Potassium C. Urea D. Sodium

A. Glucose

Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of Henle) of a healthy adult nephron? A. Large molecular weight protein B. Amino acids C. Glucose D. Electrolytes

A. Large Molecular weight protein

Active transport of sodium; impermeable to water

Ascending limb loop

Which of the following accurately describes a function of angiotensin 2? A. Acts on the pituitary to increase secretion of aldosterone B. Acts on smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels, decreasing resistance to blood flow C. Acts on nephrons to increase water retention in the blood D. Acts on the adrenal glands to increase secretion of ADH

C. Acts on nephrons to increase water retention in the blood

The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following? A. Blood pH B. Blood pressure C. Blood solute concentrations D.Blood temperature

Blood temperature

Passively permeable to water and urea

Medullary Collecting Duct

As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why? A. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water B. The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water and ions C. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water and ions D. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not to ions

A. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water

Juxta glomerular cells are part of which structure in the nephron? A. Efferent arterioles B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Afferent arterioles D. Glomerulus

C. Afferent arterioles

Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is almost always identical to its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy adult? A. Sodium B. Glucose C. Creatinine D. Chloride

C. Creatinine

Which of the following is least likely to trigger the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? A. Increase in angiotensin 2 plasma concentration B. Decrease in blood pressure C. High blood volume D. Decrease in sodium concentration in glomerular filtrate

C. High blood volume

Which of these factors oppose(s) filtration from the glomerulus? a. plasma oncotic pressure b. hydrostatic pressure in glomerular (Bowman's) capsule c. plasma hydrostatic pressure d. both a and b e. both b and c

d. both a and b

Presence of which of the following in the urine, even in small amounts, is indicative of a possible problem in the renal system of a patient? A.Sodium B. Glucose C. Creatinine D. Urea

B. Glucose

Active transport of sodium; water follows passively

Proximal Tubule

Reabsorption of water through the tubules occurs by a. osmosis. b. active transport. c. facilitated diffusion. d. all of these.

a. osmosis

About 65% of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed in a. the proximal tubule. b. the distal tubule. c. the loop of Henle. d. the collecting duct.

a. the proximal tubule.

Scientists currently believe that the main barrier to the filtration of proteins into the glomerular capsule is the a. capillary fenestrae. b. basement membrane. c. slit diaphragm. d. macula densa.

c. slit diaphragm.

Passively permeable to water only

Descending limb of loop

A drug that blocks the action of the organic anion transporters would a. increase the secretion of xenobiotics into the filtrate. b. keep antibiotics in the blood for a longer time. c. prevent glucose from being reabsorbed. d. cause proteinuria to occur.

b. keep antibiotics in the blood for a longer time.

The countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta a. removes Na1 from the extracellular fluid. b. maintains high concentrations of NaCl in the extracellular fluid. c. raises the concentration of Na1 in the blood leaving the kidneys. d. causes large quantities of Na1 to enter the filtrate. e. does all of these.

b. maintains high concentrations of NaCl in the extracellular fluid.

How many nephrons does the average adult human kidney contain (a nephron is the main functional unit of the kidney)? A. Roughly 1,000,000 B. Roughly 1,000 C. Roughly 100,000 D. Exactly 1

1,000,000

The kidneys help to maintain acid-base balance by a. the secretion of H1 in the distal regions of the nephron. b. the action of carbonic anhydrase within the apical cell membranes. c. the action of carbonic anhydrase within the cytoplasm of the tubule cells. d. the buffering action of phosphates and ammonia in the urine. e. all of these means.

e. all of these means.

Diuretic drugs that act in the loop of Henle a. inhibit active sodium transport. b. cause an increased flow of filtrate to the distal convoluted tubule. c. cause an increased secretion of potassium into the tubule. d. promote the excretion of salt and water. e. do all of these.

e. do all of these.

Which of the following choices correctly traces the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron? A. Bowman's capsule, distal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, proximal tubule B. proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule C. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule D. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, distal tubule

C. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

Which of the following cell types release renin? A. Extraglomerular mesangial cells B. Macula densa cells C. Alpha intercalated cells D. Juxta glomerular cells

D. Juxta glomerular cells

Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle? A. Connecting tubule B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Collecting duct D. Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron? A. Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration B. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion C. Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration D. Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

B. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure: how? A. Inhibit renin, which disrupts the production angiotensin 2 from angiotensinogen B. Inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, which disrupts the production angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1 C. Inhibit renin, which disrupts the production of angiotensin 1 from angiotensinogen D. Inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, which disrupts the production of angiotensin 1 from angiotensin 2

B. Inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, which disrupts the production angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1

Which of these statements about the renal pyramids is false? a. They are located in the medulla. b. They contain glomeruli. c. They contain collecting ducts. d. They empty urine into the calyces.

B. They contain glomeruli

Macula densa cells are in what part of the nephron? A. Bowman's capsule B. Glomerulus C. Proximal convoluted tubule D. Distal convoluted tubule

D. Distal convoluted tubule

Macula densa cells sense concentrations of which of the following? A. ADH B. Atrial natriuretic peptide C. Human growth hormone D. Sodium ion

D. Sodium ion

Substance X has a clearance greater than zero but less than that of inulin. What can you conclude about substance X? a. It is not filtered. b. It is filtered, but neither reabsorbed nor secreted. c. It is filtered and partially reabsorbed. d. It is filtered and secreted.

c. It is filtered and partially reabsorbed.

12. The appearance of glucose in the urine a. occurs normally. b. indicates the presence of kidney disease. c. occurs only when the transport carriers for glucose become saturated. d. is a result of hypoglycemia.

c. occurs only when the transport carriers for glucose become saturated.

Substance Y has a clearance greater than that of inulin. What can you conclude about substance Y? a. It is not filtered. b. It is filtered, but neither reabsorbed nor secreted. c. It is filtered and partially reabsorbed. d. It is filtered and secreted.

d. It is filtered and secreted.

Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in a. the proximal convoluted tubule. b. the descending limb of the loop. c. the ascending limb of the loop. d. the cortical collecting duct.

d. the cortical collecting duct.

Antidiuretic hormone promotes the retention of water by stimulating a. the active transport of water. b. the active transport of chloride. c. the active transport of sodium. d. the permeability of the collecting duct to water.

d. the permeability of the collecting duct to water.