Physiology

Sleepwalking is most likely to be associated with ________ sleep. a. NREM-1 b. NREM-2 c. NREM-3 d.REM

NREM-3

Which of the following is NOT a psychological influence on drug use? a. lacking a sense of purpose b. experiencing significant stress c. depression d. peer pressure

peer pressure

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates a.higher-order conditioning. b.spontaneous recovery. c.operant behavior. d.associative learning.

associative learning.

Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's a. olfaction. b. audition. c. sense of smell. d. vestibular sense.

audition.

When the cochlea's membrane-covered opening vibrates, moving the fluid inside of the cochlea, the ________ is also moved. a. basilar membrane b. middle ear c. inner ear d. eardrum

basilar membrane

Light energy triggers a chemical reaction that sparks neural signals in a. ganglion cells. b. bipolar cells. c. the optic nerve. d. rods.

bipolar cells

Light energy triggers a chemical reaction that sparks neural signals in ________, which then activate ________. a. ganglion cells; bipolar cells b. bipolar cells; ganglion cells c. the optic nerve; rods d. rods; cones

bipolar cells; ganglion cells

The ____________ can be particularly biased or misleading when there are a few ____________ scores.

mean; extreme

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of a. REM sleep. b. a near-death experience. c. tolerance. d. hallucinations.

tolerance.

What is the median of the following set of numbers? 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 9

3

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of how Pavlov's principles can influence human health and well-being?a. Former drug users often feel a craving when they are again in the drug-using context. b. Children can learn health-related behaviors by observing their parents. c. The association between consuming sugary substances and an enjoyable sensation makes dieting difficult. d. When a taste accompanies a drug that influences immune responses, the taste by itself can come to also influence immune responses.

Children can learn health-related behaviors by observing their parents.

When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense. Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's assertion.

Common sense and intuition are NOT reliable. It causes overestimation, overconfidence, and hindsight bias, and preceiving patterns in random events.

Your friend is studying for an exam in her introductory psychology course. She is trying to understand the difference between descriptive research methods and other types of research methods. Which of the following statements might BEST clarify this issue for her?

Descriptive research methods can expand knowledge about behaviors and help generate hypotheses, but they are not good for explaining behaviors and why they occur.

You are reading the latest issue of the Journal of Neuropsychology, and the article on a new neurocognitive test for Alzheimer's disease catches your attention. You are excited because it states that the new test is quite successful and has statistical significance. The article further states that the new test should be given to all Alzheimer's patients. You look back at the beginning of the article and find that the new test was given to 35 research participants. What do you conclude?

Generalizations based on a small number of cases are unreliable.

________ line(s) the surface of the basilar membrane. a. Hair cells b. The stirrup c. The cochlea d. The auditory nerve

Hair cells

Design an experiment to test whether playing violent video games influences childhood aggression. Be sure to specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and control conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research.

Hypothesis-playing violent video games cause childhood aggression. independent variable- violent video games dependent variable- aggression, how it impacts control group- regular video games experiment group-violent video games pick a large random sample of kids and a informed consent

The table below lists the scores of eight students on a test to measure anxiety, as well as the typical number of cigarettes each person smokes daily. Scores on the anxiety test can range anywhere from a low of 0 (indicating very low anxiety) to a high of 30 (indicating very high anxiety). Construct a scatterplot to represent the correlation between smoking and anxiety. Describe the direction of the correlation and give two possible explanations for it.

It is positive correlation. People that are anxious smoke more or people that smoke are more anxious, but it does NOT cause it

The experience of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by a. LSD. b. heroin. c. Nembutal. d. amphetamines.

LSD

Professor Ramirez recorded men's and women's scores on a laboratory test of aggression, and found agender difference. He is not likely to report his findings significant unless the odds of the results occurring by chance are:

Less than 5 percent.

Dr. Schmidt would like to investigate the effectiveness of a newly invented drug to treat clinical depression. Specifically, he would like to determine if it is more effective than current medications for this disorder. With this in mind, design an experiment using the double-blind procedure and explain how the placebo effect could impact the results of this study. Be sure to identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as any confounding variables. Also, specify your experimental and control conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research.

People that are struggling with depression, give informed consent, NOT telling them which group they are in. independent variable- x and y drugs dependent variable- syptoms of depression confounding variable- life triggers

A recurring sleep stage during which most vivid dreams commonly occur is known as ________ sleep. a. NREM-1 b. NREM-2 c. NREM-3 d. REM

REM

You are a school psychologist who administers the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) to all sixth graders before they enter into junior high. You notice that the intelligence scores have a smaller standard deviation than when you administer the WISC to children in your consulting practice. Why?

The community in your consulting practice is more diverse than the school.

After the events of 9/11, your friend suggested that the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood ofthis form of terrorism. According to her, all the clues were there. This perception most clearly illustrates:

The hindsight Bias

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a a. UR b. US. c. CR. d. CS.

UR

This variable is the outcome factor that may change in response to manipulations of the experiment altreatment.

a dependent

Alpha waves are associated with a. NREM-2 sleep. b. NREM-3 sleep. c. REM sleep. d. a relaxed but awake state.

a relaxed but awake state.

The survey method is different from the case study method in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

a survey is a descriptive method of study.

Francine is thinking about placing a bet in a fantasy football league that her brothers have formed. Given what you know about averages and variability, which of the following would be the surest team for her to bet on given the information provided?

a team that scored between 14 and 17 in its first 10 games of the season

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response, ________ has occurred. a. extinction b. generalization c. acquisition d. spontaneous recovery

acquisition

The idea that dreams are the brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity in the brain matches the ________ of dreaming. a. information-processing perspective b. activation-synthesis theory c. cognitive development perspective d. latent content

activation-synthesis theory

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic of a. perceptual adaptation. b. retinal disparity. c. accommodation. d. afterimages.

afterimages.

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the a. temporal lobes. b. cerebellum. c. olfactory cortex. d. frontal lobes.

cerebellum.

Bree is 3 years old and was born with a hearing impairment. She never learned to talk until her doctors recommended the use of an electronic device. Once she received the device it was like she was "awakened." Since then, she has developed speech and has made friends. What was the electronic device? a. cochlear implant b. decibel inducer c. hearing aid d. oval window

cochlear implant

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Which specialty area does her research best represent? a. biological psychology b. developmental psychology c. personality psychology d. cognitive psychology

cognitive psychology

Explain how research in psychological science is used to create, test, and verify or disprove various theories.

complete research using scientific method to apply this we select a area to focus on and learn more about. Develop hypothesis, test the hypothesis, make conclusions based on data, and make results assessable and available to others.

Receptor cells in the human eye that are the most sensitive to fine detail are called a. feature detectors. b. supercell clusters. c. cones. d. rods.

cones

Some neuroscientists believe that synchronized activity across different regions of the brain is a sign of a. the cocktail party effect. b. conscious awareness. c. change blindness. d. selective inattention.

conscious awareness.

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by a. cultural experience. b. retinal disparity. c. accommodation. d. relative luminance.

cultural experience.

An experienced tennis player's brain and body respond with skilled accuracy to an oncoming serve before the person becomes consciously aware of the ball's trajectory. This best illustrates the value of a. popout. b. inattentional blindness. c. choice blindness. d. dual processing

dual processing

Nicotine triggers a(n) ________ in anxiety and a(n) ________ in mental alertness a. increase; decrease b. increase; increase c. decrease; decrease d. decrease; increase

decrease; increase

The pineal gland will ________ production of melatonin in the morning and ________ production of melatonin in the evening. a. decrease; increase b. decrease; decrease c. increase; increase d. increase; decrease

decrease; increase

When it first emerged as a field of study, psychology was defined as the

description and explanation of states of consciousness.

Researchers use _____ to organize their data.

descriptive statistics

Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of a. absolute thresholds. b. difference thresholds. c. sensory adaptation. d. subliminal persuasion.

difference thresholds

Holding a heavy rather than a light clipboard leads people to perceive job candidates as more important. This best illustrates a. the volley principle. b. psychokinesis. c. embodied cognition. d. the McGurk effect.

embodied cognition.

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth. Each morning, Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch. When the door to the porch opens, a bell rings. So, each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings. Now, Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example? a. food b. salivation c. the door d. the bell on the door

food

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates a. an unconditioned response. b. operant conditioning c. discrimination. d. generalization.

generalization

Robyn is considering leaving college to pursue a career in software development. She is impressed by an article which shows that some of the most successful entrepreneurs in this field did not complete college. Robyn is:

generalizing from a biased sample.

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone a. melatonin. b. ghrelin. c. leptin. d. serotonin.

ghrelin

The wavelength of light determines its a. retinal disparity. b. brightness. c. amplitude. d. hue.

hue.

Dissociation has been used as an explanation for a. the McGurk effect. b. synesthesia. c. hypnotic pain relief. d. stereophonic hearing.

hypnotic pain relief.

. In one experiment, many of the research participants who were keeping track of basketball tosses between players failed to notice a gorilla-suited research assistant thumping his chest as he moved among the players. This best illustrated as? a. blindsight. b. popout. c. inattentional blindness. d. the cocktail party effect.

inattentional blindness.

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate is called:

informed consent

Professor Stetson is conducting a study on memory with a sample of college students. Before they agree to participate, Professor Stetson tells them about the study and what they will do if they choose to participate. This is an example of:

informed consent

To investigate the impact of alcohol consumption on sexual arousal, researchers plan to give experimental participants either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic drink just prior to their watching a sexually arousing movie. Describe the appropriate ethical guidelines that the researchers would need to meet in order to conduct this study.

informed consent discuss risk, approval from institutional review board (IRB), minimal deception, debrief prior to study.

The brightness of a light wave is influenced by its a. wavelength. b. hue. c. frequency. d. intensity.

intensity.

If the results of a study are deemed significant, this means that the observed difference:

is probably not due to chance variation between the samples.

Differences between two samples are MOST likely to be statistically significant if the samples are:

large and the standard deviations of the samples are small.

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually a. large when it is near the horizon. b. large when it is high in the sky. c. bright when it is near the horizon. d. bright when it is high in the sky.

large when it is near the horizon.

The latest incomes have just been released for people living in your community. The average annual income is listed as $75,000 per person; however, you find this strange because the majority of people in the community work at the local factory making under $50,000 a year. Upon further research at the town hall, you discover that the average annual income is actually $39,000, by using what measure of central tendency?

median

The ________ is a measure of ________.

median; central tendency

The difference threshold is the a. minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. b. minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time. c. principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage for their difference to be perceived. d. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses.

minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.

Five students received the following test scores: 7, 11, 5, 6, and 11. Calculate the mode, median, mean, and range of this distribution of scores. Which measure of central tendency would change the most if an additional test score of 2 was included in the distribution?

mode-11 median-7 mean-8 range-6 mode-11 median-6.5 mean-7 range-9 Mean would change the most

Correlational studies are most likely to indicate that reckless behavior and self-control are:

negatively correlated.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of a. observable behavior. b. cognitive processes. c. genetic predispositions. d. all of these factors

observable behavior

Students in Dr. Hunt's introductory psychology class come with their own preconceived notions of psychology as well as of different majors. Many are taking the course as part of their social science requirement; however, 10 of them are psychology majors, and all believe they will become psychologists. It will be interesting to follow-up with these 10 students a year from now to see how many of them have changed their majors. This tendency to make predictions about one's life so self-assuredly is called:

overconfidence

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for a. perceptual adaptation. b. parallel processing. c. feature detection. d. accommodation.

parallel processing.

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates a. interposition. b. closure. c. perceptual constancy. d. linear perspective.

perceptual constancy.

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of a. clairvoyance. b. interposition. c. precognition. d. telepathy

precognition.

Which of the following is a feature of the correlational research method?

prediction

One thinking error that is made by many people is to assume that a strong correlation ______________.However, this is not true, regardless of how strong a relationship there is between two variables.

proves causation

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of a. closure. b. proximity. c. interposition. d. perceptual constancy.

proximity.

Laboratory experiments in psychology let psychologists:

re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.

Compared with the entire range of visible light waves, those that are highest in frequency are most likely to be experienced as a. blue. b. yellow. c. red. d. green

red

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum, she responded with fear. The fear response is most clearly an example of a. spontaneous recovery. b. operant behavior. c. associative learning. d. respondent behavior.

respondent behavior

Multiple ________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell. a. rods; cone b. cones; rod c. feature detectors; supercell cluster d. supercell clusters; feature detector

rods; cone

The distinction between manifest content and latent content is central to an explanation of dreams that emphasizes a. neural pathway development. b. filing memories for permanent storage. c. satisfaction of one's own wishes. d. one's current cognitive development

satisfaction of one's own wishes.

When trying to interpret a bar graph, do not be fooled. Make sure to check the _____________ and notetheir _____________.

scale labels; range

A teenager focused on texting while crossing the street is not likely to notice a car rounding the corner and about to cross her path. This best illustrates the unfortunate consequences of a. choice blindness. b. selective attention. c. dual processing. d. popout.

selective attention.

Normal vision accompanied by prosopagnosia best illustrates the distinction between a. absolute thresholds and difference thresholds. b. subliminal sensation and subliminal persuasion. c. sensory adaptation and perceptual set. d. sensation and perception.

sensation and perception.

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates a. a perceptual set. b. priming. c. sensory adaptation. d. Weber's law.

sensory adaptation.

Which of the following sleep disorders is most strongly associated with obesity? a. narcolepsy b. insomnia c. night terrors d. sleep apnea

sleep apnea

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates a. discrimination. b. spontaneous recovery c. observational learning. d. an unconditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

One way to not be misled by "off-the-top-of-the-head" estimates is to make sure to use basic_____________ in everyday reasoning.

statistical principles

Dr. James found a correlation of +0.81 between obesity and the consumption of fast foods. This would beconsidered a __________ correlation.

strong positive

One strength of the case study method is that it:

suggests hypotheses for future study.

Felix can't remember the conversation he had with his girlfriend yesterday when he was intoxicated with alcohol. His memory failure is most likely a result of the way alcohol a. increases self-consciousness. b. reduces sensitivity to pain. c. suppresses REM sleep. d. increases sympathetic nervous system activity.

suppresses REM sleep.

You are trying to decide between two schools for your 8-year-old daughter to attend. The Einstein School brags that the average IQ of its students is 125, with a standard deviation of 5.3. The Marie Curie School reports that the average IQ of its students is 125, with a standard deviation of 15.6. If you are most interested in finding a school that has children with diverse abilities, which school would you choose for your daughter?

the Marie Curie School

Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on a. narcolepsy. b. sleep apnea. c. the circadian rhythm. d. night terrors.

the circadian rhythm.

In science, the clearest way to isolate cause and effect is to conduct a(n):

the experiment

Which of the following research methods is best at explaining behavior (as opposed to simply describingit)?

the experiment

Research has demonstrated that sleep helps consolidate memory. This is congruent with a. the information-processing perspective. b. the activation-synthesis theory. c. cognitive development. d. Freud's view of dreams.

the information-processing perspective.

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates a. negative reinforcement. b. the law of effect. c. respondent behavior. d. spontaneous recovery.

the law of effect.

To prevent or reduce marijuana use, young people should be educated about a. the tendency for teens to underestimate marijuana usage among their peers. b. the increased self-consciousness caused by marijuana use. c. the need for increasingly larger doses of marijuana to produce the desired high. d. the long-term costs of regular marijuana use

the long-term costs of regular marijuana use

Freud's wish-fulfillment theory of dreams emphasized a. memory consolidation. b. providing the sleeping brain with stimulation. c. the manifest and latent content of dreams. d. brain maturation and cognitive development.

the manifest and latent content of dreams.

When Jake is with his girlfriend, he feels so in love, happy, and content. Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day, Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend. Now, when he hears the ring tone, be feels happy and content. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example? a. Jake's girlfriend b. feeling in love, happy, and content c. Jake's phone d. the ring tone

the ring tone

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of a. an absolute threshold. b. signal detection. c. transduction. d. sensory adaptation.

transduction.

The simultaneous processing of information on many parallel tracks is most closely associated with a. sequential processing. b. the cocktail party effect. c. popout. d. unconscious mental activity

unconscious mental activity

A color's hue is determined by its a. height. b. wavelength. c. brightness. d. intensity.

wavelength