Physocology
If your data produces a p-value of 0.12, which of the following would be true concerning your study?
There is a 12% probability that your results occurred by chance.
Bill will be testing to see if a new type of therapy will be helpful, but due to ethical reasons, he will have to enter all of his subjects into one therapeutic group. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is a non-experimental design?
There is a lack of experimental and control groups. Watch Correct Answer Read Answer Explanation
What is the difference between the third and fourth stages of sleep?
There is an increased amount of delta waves in the fourth stage of sleep.
You suffer from alcohol addiction. Which of the following is NOT a psychodynamic interpretation of your condition?
You have a genetic predisposition toward alcohol addiction.
Which of the following factors is the most important indicator of positive outcomes in late adulthood?
Continued social and emotional involvement
Psychologists who believe in the power of nature are most likely to also believe in:
Continuity
Each participant in Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority tested their willingness to:
Disobey their personal conscience
Sandy wants to compare her height and weight to the national average for women in her age bracket. What type of measurement should she be using?
Norm-referenced test
How do Bruner and Piaget's views differ?
Only Bruner believed that development is a continuous process, not a series of stages.
Which of the following is an example of a continuity?
Our ability to daydream
What is the motivating factor according to Instinct Theory?
Our biological hard-wiring.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the psychodynamic model?
Our subconscious mind plays a large role in our psychological problems.
Peter is a 6th grader motivated more by mastery goals, rather than performance goals. Which situation would he be most likely to perceive positively?
Overcoming challenges to learn a topic in depth
_____ are examples of primary reinforcers.
Oxygen and food
Janet is conducting a cross-sectional study. Because of this, she cannot randomly assign participants into groups. How should Janet label her research?
Quasi-experimental
When formulating a research question, one must be careful to choose a question that is _____ and not too _____.
Testable, vague
Why are many in the field of psychology critical of Gardner's theory?
The critics believe Gardner confuses intelligence with aptitude
How does the prefrontal lobe affect a child's development?
The prefrontal lobe is the part of the brain responsible for planning and problem solving, so these capacities improve.
While deciding on how to approach a battle, an army unit that is exhibiting groupthink might _____.
endanger themselves with a risky but agreed-upon plan
As you fall asleep, an electroencephalogram would show your brainwaves changing from
rapid beta waves to slower alpha waves to even slower theta waves
A professional football player who plays better when his games are nationally televised is exhibiting _____.
social facilitation
What is a self concept?
A set of abilities and opinions by which we describe and categorize ourselves.
Which of the following people is likely to have the best memory?
A 24-year-old man
The term 'Munchausen syndrome' is named after:
A German nobleman known for exaggeration
Why would a doctor be especially concerned about closely monitoring drug levels for patients taking lithium?
A toxic dose of lithium is slightly more than the active dose.
According to Erikson, at which stage does a child first develop a sense of independence?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
What psychosocial crisis results in either a feeling of confidence or inadequacy?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Which of the following is a histogram also known by?
Bar graph
The book of mental illnesses used to help psychologists diagnose patients is called the:
DSM
Which of the following is the correct order of the germ layers from the outside to the inside?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Environment has little to no known affect on intelligence.
'If the presence of excess feelings of happiness is present in people diagnosed with depression, then the current definition of depression is erroneous and should be changed' violates which element:
Falsifiability
Which of the following illustrates a person becoming conditioned to fear something specific?
Gigi's computer plug was defective. Every time she plugged it in, she got shocked. She is now afraid of plugging in electronics.
How do boys and girls compare with regards to physical development?
Girls develop before boys do.
According to the self-esteem movement, which behavior would be something that parents and teachers should do?
Giving the child lots of praise.
According to Freud, how might parents being overly demanding during toilet training affect a person's development?
He might become obsessed with control and order
Which of the following does NOT demonstrate a way in which the misinformation effect might play a role when a man tells a story about something that happened to him?
He might tell the story using action verbs and descriptive adjectives.
Zach just suffered the loss of his job, and he is now struggling with depression. What would the cognitive model say is causing Zach's depression?
His thoughts of failure and inadequacy
All of the following are examples of environmental influences on gender differences, EXCEPT:
Hormones
Which of the following is an example of a homologous structure or trait? I. Arm bones of a human and wings of a bird II. Wing of a penguin and wing of a mosquito III. Beak of a penguin and beak of a duck
I and III
In self-understanding, the _____ is tied to a person's deep down feelings and motivations and how he wants to react to them, while the _____ is the part of a person that is about understanding and obeying the rules of society.
I; me
During which of Erikson's stages do children begin to identify their strengths and take pleasure in their accomplishments?
Industry vs. inferiority
What is a prenatal problem that could cause mental illness in adulthood?
Infection
How does meditation relieve stress?
It helps you organize your brain
What makes the behavioral model better than other approaches to treating psychological disorders?
It's more scientific than other approaches. It was founded on the idea that psychology is a science and its theories should be proven with scientific research.
Jasmine decided to visit her doctor to discuss her depression. While waiting for the doctor, she filled out a questionnaire about her lifestyle habits, which include excessive partying, drinking, and indulging in her favorite deli sandwiches from the local diner. Based upon the information Jasmine provided in her questionnaire, which of the following medications is Jasmine's doctor most likely NOT going to prescribe for her?
MAOIs
Using magnets to get an image of the brain is a(n):
MRI
Which of the following factors does not influence a person's lifespan?
Marital status.
What is the most common form of biological treatment for psychological issues?
Medication
Penelope finds that she feels less stressed after she meditates. What is most likely the reason for this?
Meditation has caused an increase in her alpha and theta brainwaves.
Which of the following pitfalls is often responsible for poor decisions based off of models?
Misinterpreting or believing models are facts.
Which of the following is another name for factitious disorder?
Munchausen Syndrome
Looking for common patterns in people's personalities is called the _____ approach.
Nomothetic
Christopher measures the happiness of his subjects by watching their reaction to a set of videos. Which type of measure is Christopher using?
Observation
A researcher asks two groups of people to look at either food or crayons and then rate their level of hunger. The difference between the average hunger ratings is not significant. The researcher can conclude that:
People who look at food may or may not get more hungry than people who look at crayons.
Which group of people is the humanistic-existential model most likely to help?
People without a serious mental illness
Genesis is four years old. At the age of two, she was diagnosed with hypoacusia, a health condition that impairs hearing. Now, she uses a hearing device and receives therapy in order to learn how to speak and hear. What kind of developmental abnormality is this?
Physical
What is another term for fantasy play?
Pretend play
Which of the following refers to coping with stress by changing the situation?
Problem-focused strategy
Which of these is NOT a step in the shaping process?
Punishing behavior that deviates from the terminal behavior.
Which of these is NOT a way to relieve stress?
Pursuing high-stress situations
_____ is the degree to which an infant reacts to stimuli.
Reactivity
Which of the following is an example of intrinsic reinforcement?
Running every morning to feel energized.
According to Maslow's hierearchy of needs, when all of the physiological needs are met, people tend to become concerned with which of the following?
Safety needs
The highest point of Maslow's hierarchy and the goal of Rogerian therapy is:
Self-actualization
As part of the Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s, employees were split into two groups. For one group the lighting in their work area was substantially improved for a day, while the lighting in the work area for the other group remained unchanged. Which step in the scientific method does this address?
Test the hypothesis and collect data
Judy takes a math test on Tuesday and gets an A. On Thursday, she takes the same math test and gets an F. Which of the following types of reliability is being violated in Judy's case?
Test-retest reliability
What happens when someone has a stroke?
The blood doesn't reach part of their brain.
Which of the following is evidence that the biological view is true?
The effectiveness of medication that changes biology
Twin and adopted studies help psychologists measure:
The effects of genes on mental illness
Which principle states that development proceeds from simple to complex?
The orthogenetic principle.
Why was Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority so controversial?
The participants were asked to shock people
A therapist notes that their patient, a man in his mid-thirties, is fearful of new experiences. Which of the following is a likely assessment of the patient?
The patient has high levels of inhibition.
Which of the following statements BEST represents the idea behind Somatogenic Theory?
The patient's abnormality was most likely caused by a biological or physical illness.
What is psychological measurement?
The process of assessing psychological traits
Which of the following best defines psychological measurement?
The process of measuring psychological traits
How do you define epigenesis?
The process through which genetics and environment bring forth development
Sampling is:
The process whereby a researcher selects their sample.
How is the social learning theory different from the psychoanalytic theory?
The social learning theory is based on behavior rather than emotion and can be easily measured.
Explain what is happening with the threat of maturation.
The subject gets better at something because time has passed.
Development covers _____.
The time from birth to death
What does the field of physiological psychology study?
The ways physical problems can lead to brain abnormalities.
Carl Rogers' therapy included emphasis on all of the following EXCEPT:
Therapist-driven answers
All of the following are ways parents can positively work with a baby with an active or feisty temperament, EXCEPT:
They can put the child to bed as late as possible to prevent them from waking up during the night.
Why is it important that a child passes a rouge test for the first time?
This is a milestone that indicates that the child is able to recognize him or herself and is able to put him or herself in the mind of another person and how that person might view them.
How does insight learning occur?
Through thought and reason
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development?
Trust vs. mistrust
How can developmental psychologists diagnose a developmental abnormality?
Using a developmental assessment to determine if there is a difference from typical development.
Which of these is NOT a healthy way to manage stress?
Utilizing sarcasm
Fourteen-year-old Rex is able to propose and test a mathematical hypothesis through various assessments. According to Case, Rex is at which stage of development?
Vectorial.
There are many studies showing that people with psychological issues also have biological anomalies. This would indicate which of the following?
We do not know whether or not the biological anomalies are the cause of the psychological issues.
How is abnormal development defined?
When development occurs in an unexpected way, and exhibits an unusual pattern of behavior, emotion, or thought.
In terms of internal validity, mortality is shown:
When someone leaves the study for any reason
The placebo effect occurs when _____.
a study's control group falsely believes they're being treated
The influence of a drug is impacted by all of the following EXCEPT
all of these are influences
Believing that situations are neither good nor bad on their own is a central part of _____ theory.
appraisal
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are two divisions of the _____.
autonomic nervous system
Which field of psychology would attribute behavior to a person's genes?
biological psychology
A neurotransmitter is a type of _____.
chemical signal
Bandura's study involving young children and a Bobo doll revealed that:
children exposed to a model treating a doll aggressively learned aggressive behavior through imitation.
A good way to increase internal validity is to:
control extraneous variables at the beginning of the study.
Inferential statistics are important to a study because they allow researchers to _____.
draw conclusions from the descriptive statistics data
Stress can cause grey hair because it _____.
damages the cells responsible for hair color
According to Freud, people who get into fights tend to be motivated by _____.
death instincts
Stress that can be positive or beneficial is known as _____.
eustress
A man who works late following a poor performance review is responding to a(n) _____.
extrinsic motivator
In family studies, the proband refers to the _____.
first person being studied
Motivation is directed by emotions and _____.
instincts Watch Correct Answer
While _____ can increase motivation, _____ is likely to reduce it.
interest; frustration
A person with a heightened self-awareness has a high level of _____.
intrapersonal intelligence
Loss of skin elasticity, fine lines, and hair thinning are all physical changes that occur during _____.
middle adulthood
The effects of the _____ can be summed up by the phrase: rest and digest.
parasympathetic nervous system
With regards to taste, infants _____.
prefer sweet tastes, but can taste everything
We're better able to remember material if it is _____.
presented in a familiar way
The skin has receptors that respond to _____.
pressure, hot, cold and pain
A veteran chef may chop an onion by relying on her:
procedural memory
A representative of a concept is a _____.
prototype
Adolescents gain _____ skills as the prefrontal cortex of their brain develops.
reasoning and problem-solving
According to Reactance Theory, a high school student might be inclined to
skip a class
Phrenology associates personality and character traits with parts of the _____.
skull
Issues with sleep, such as sudden infant death syndrome and sleepwalking, are known as _____.
sleep disorders
A runner who trains twice as hard after suffering a big loss in a race is experiencing _____.
sublimation
Personality traits that are innate make up a person's _____.
temperament
You touch a hot stove and the sensory neurons are telling your brain it's hot. Which part of the neuron is sending the neurotransmitters to the other neuron's dendrites to send the signal up to the brain?
terminal branch
Psychologists use statistical analysis to _____.
test whether the data from an experiment supports or rejects their hypothesis
An example of a morpheme is
the 'de-' in 'deconstruct'
Functionalism seeks to explain _____.
the evolutionary advantages certain behaviors can provide
Ellie has been diagnosed with depression. What would be a drawback for her if she decided to seek help from a therapist that provides treatment using the behavioral model?
this model does not address medical or biological issues like the ones that can cause depression
Developmental psychology involves studying how we change
throughout our lives
The idea that members of a group differ in how similar they are to a prototype is called _____.
typicality
When most people are presented with a situation in which they could use either the representativeness or base-rate heuristic, they _____.
typically use the representativeness heuristic.
Applying past lessons to present situations is called _____.
wisdom
Dementia usually develops over _____, while delirium occurs _____.
years; suddenly
In Watson's experiment, the baby initially _____.
didn't fear the rat
When a person who is rude appears to be less attractive, even though he is not really less attractive, this is known as the _____ effect.
devil
Middle adulthood lasts between the ages of _____ and _____.
40; 65
Which of the following is the mean of the set of data below? 3, 6, 2, 8, 6, 6, 2, 8, 4
5
Which of the following is the median of the set of data below? 2, 5, 1, 7, 6, 5, 2, 8, 4
5
What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?
65%
Why do people tend to gain weight during middle adulthood?
A combination of physical aging and lifestyle changes.
How is sensory deprivation defined?
A condition where a person receives little or no sensory input
Which of these is NOT something that can cause inconsistency in results?
A reliability analysis
When the participants in a longitudinal study return, a researcher:
Administers the same or similar tests
If you were being chased by a lion, which of the following would release adrenaline?
Adrenal gland
What is the psychological term for 'feelings'?
Affect
Theresa is designing a study, and knows that her sample is a perfect representation of the population. She conducts her research, and finds that her treatment works. Theresa publishes her findings in a scientific journal and states that her treatment will work for everyone. Which of the following explains what is wrong with this situation?
Although Theresa has a representative sample, she still needs her study to be replicated in order to be able to make generalizations about the population.
All of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT:
An outlier is likely to skew the median more than the mean of a sample.
What is stress?
Anything that pushes your body out of its comfort zone
Which of the following statements regarding appraisal, the cognitive processing part of the two-factor theory of emotion, is FALSE?
Appraisal is always a conscious process.
Kevin is really stressed at work, and decides he needs a day off. When Kevin calls in sick to work the following day, which theory of motivation is he exhibiting?
Arousal Theory
At age 26, Sergio has had several romantic relationships that failed due to his jealousy and overdependence. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Sergio's behavior?
As an infant, he was insecurely-attached and received little attention or was abused
Which of the following would be the best example of a case study?
Bobby performs a new therapy on a small group of patients and measures how well the therapy worked.
Which answer choice illustrates a person striving to become his or her ideal self?
Boris trains five hours a day with the goal of becoming a professional cyclist and competing in the Tour de France
Which of the following is TRUE of self-talk?
Both optimists and pessimists can learn to change their self-talk.
What is the most common cause of damage to brain structures?
Brain injury caused by some type of accident.
What is an example of constructive play?
Building a city made out of blocks.
Which of the following is a strength of case study research?
Case studies allow the researcher to see a relationship between phenomena, context, and people.
Jeff is out playing in the park with friends one afternoon when a baseball flying through the air strikes him hard on the side of the head. Fortunately, he survives due to quick medical treatment and surgery. What could be a possible long-term impact of sustaining this type of injury?
Changes to his thinking skills.
Grouping illnesses together based on similarities is called:
Classification
How do clinical psychologists differ from research psychologists?
Clinical psychologists help patients in distress; research psychologists study the healthy mind
Which of the following refers to thinking processes?
Cognitive
Growth and change of thinking skills is called:
Cognitive development
Which of the following is part of the human psyche?
Collective unconscious
What is the main function of neurons?
Conducting electrical impulses to and from the nervous system.
Nancy is trying to measure how hopeful office workers are. After administering her survey to several office workers and looking at the results, it appears that Nancy's survey actually measures how much hope a person has. Which type of validity is this?
Construct validity
This is the theory that describes learning as an active process of constructing new ideas or concepts based on previous knowledge:
Constructivism
The belief that development happens gradually over time is called:
Continuity
In which order does light enter the eye?
Cornea, pupil and then the lens.
The process of change that all humans experience is called:
Development
The process of growth and change that people go through is called:
Development
Identifying the nature and cause of an illness is called:
Diagnosis
During middle childhood, which of the following is TRUE?
Differences in the sizes of children become more marked.
Which of the following describes the difference between absolute thresholds and differential thresholds?
Differential threshold refers to the ability to notice changes in a stimulus, while absolute threshold refers to the ability to detect a stimulus.
Which of the following is a symptom of a hyperactive thyroid?
Difficulty sleeping
In which of the following situations is consciousness NOT involved?
Dreaming
Our bodies making us thirsty when our water levels are low is an example of _____ Theory.
Drive Reduction
Today, psychotic disorders are usually treated first with:
Drugs
Which of these is NOT a psychodynamic treatment?
Electroshock therapy
Which of the following is NOT a part of the psychodynamic treatment process?
Encouraging you to take responsibility for your actions
What chemical is released by exercise that combats stress?
Endorphins
Which of the following classroom activities promotes gender equity?
Engaging in class discussion about stereotypes found in books and instructional material
A new mutation allows a cheetah to run faster and hunt down more prey than its slower counterparts. This mutation increased the _____ of the cheetah.
Fitness
Sara feels anxious about solving fraction problems. Soon, Sara becomes anxious about attempting any mathematical problems. This is a phenomenon known as:
Generalization
The sociocultural model places the least emphasis on which influence of a person's mental health?
Genetics
Which of the following statement about growth is FALSE?
Growth impacts the mind
Shifting attention away from something is called:
Habituation
Dr. Kava sees a new patient who he believes is most likely schizophrenic. Which of the following is a list of symptoms that would ALL fit this diagnosis?
Hearing voices, having trouble distinguishing between reality and hallucinations and having high levels of dopamine in the brain.
A school's _____ unintentionally teaches students the social attitudes and habits that will allow them to fit into society.
Hidden curriculum
Jared has been searching for a new car to buy for more than a year. When he finally buys a car, which of the following would demonstrate choice supportive bias on Jared's part?
His belief that the car he chose was clearly far superior to others he considered.
Which of the following is a weakness of the psychodynamic model?
It does not address biological or genetic explanations of behavior.
Which of the following is FALSE of deinstitutionalization?
It involved making sure that patients were detained properly.
All of the following statements are true about secondary data collection, EXCEPT:
It involves collecting new data.
Why is the development of fine motor coordination in early childhood so important?
It is involved in countless activities that adults may take for granted, such as playing sports and drawing.
How does an adolescent's self concept differ from a child's self-concept?
It is more descriptive, more complex, and more realistic.
Which of the following is TRUE of focused attention?
It is the ability to respond in a specific way to a particular stimulus
Which of these is not an advantage of quantitative measurement?
It shows us why the relationship between two variables exists.
Why can sleep apnea be life threatening?
It stops individuals from breathing over and over again while they sleep.
What are the two possible settings for psychological research?
Lab and field research
Which of the following are two types of programs commonly found in community mental health centers?
Prevention and intervention
A friend tells you that her infant daughter often repeats reflexive behavior because she likes the outcome. What substage of cognitive development is your friend's daughter in?
Primary circular reaction
Mary gives her subjects a survey to complete. Which type of psychological tool is Mary using?
Psychological Measurement
I am looking into how strongly people believe the world will end in 2100. The best way of gathering data would be:
Questionnaire
The activation-synthesis theory is the idea that dreams result from brain activity during _____.
REM sleep
Mary wants to make sure that her survey is reliable. To do this, Mary runs a test to see how reliable her survey is. Which of the following methods is Mary using?
Reliability analysis
The philosopher who first introduced dualism was _____.
René Descartes
Which of the following is explanatory research?
Research which tells us what will happen to the current habitats of African elephants as a result of ivory poaching activity
Richard is performing a case study, but he doesn't record some possibly useful data because his personal opinions and preferences get in the way. This situation is an example of which of the following weaknesses for a case study?
Researcher Bias
Understanding that things can be reversed is called:
Reversibility
Why is scheduling useful in reinforcement?
Rewarding or punishing behavior every time is less effective than if done selectively.
The psychologist who came up with the appraisal theory of stress is:
Richard Lazarus
If you are using spaced learning to study for a test on Friday, you may study on _____.
Saturday, Monday, and Thursday
Which of the following is one of the challenges statistical researchers face when implementing a study?
Separating the behavior they're interested in from all the other behaviors that happen along the way
Which individual displays a high level of self-efficacy?
Shana often takes on new challenges at work.
Laura is enjoying her debate class and the views her other classmates are bringing up. How would you describe the stage of development she has reached?
She is now in the formal operational stage of development.
Who was the behaviorist who developed the Operant Conditioning Chamber?
Skinner
Which statement regarding sleep is true?
Sleep helps your body and moods function normally.
A child's self-esteem is affected by all of the following factors, EXCEPT:
Spending a lot of time doing homework
Believing that the world is always the same is called:
Static reasoning
Susie is walking home from school when she sees a group of rambunctious older boys up ahead. She decides to cross the street to avoid them. How do stereotypes and the body's natural fight or flight response help to explain Susie's behavior?
Susie's stereotypes told her to initiate a flight response to the situation.
Which type of measure is the SAT test?
Task performance
What is the earliest form of self awareness in infancy?
The baby knowing he or she is a different being from others.
Which of the following beliefs is most likely to lead to better problem solving?
The belief that mistakes are opportunities to learn
How has natural selection affected our development?
The characteristic behaviors that occur during different developmental periods have developed through the process of natural selection.
The HPA axis includes:ping her digestion
The hypothalamus
A shaping program incorporates all of the following, EXCEPT:
The learner is required to self-reinforce for each successive approximation
The insanity defense focuses on:
The state of mind of the accused at the time of the crime
Why might someone choose an emotion-focused strategy to deal with stress rather than a problem-focused strategy?
The stressor might be beyond their control, so all they can change are their reactions.
How is a conversation at 60 decibels different from an 80 decibel vacuum cleaner?
The vacuum cleaner is 100 times louder than the conversation.
What is the correct definition of self-esteem?
The way we feel about ourselves.
What are psychiatrists, social workers and counselors called collectively?
Therapists
Which of the following statements is true about evolutionarily-advantageous bodily defense mechanisms?
These mechanisms can be learned immediately.+
What are the symptoms people with Broca's aphasia have?
They have difficulty speaking.
Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics?
They help make decisions quickly & can lead to errors in judgement.
What does cognition refer to?
Thinking processes
How do children learn syntax?
Through a process that consists of a series of developmental stages, starting with understanding language and speech.
Which of the following is NOT a type of human development?
Traditional
Understanding that the world changes is called:
Transformative reasoning
If a researcher incorrectly rejects a null hypothesis, it is an example of a _____.
Type I Error
When a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, it is an example of a _____.
Type II Error
Validity and reliability have a variety of possible relationships. Analyze the relationship combinations below and indicate which one is not possible.
Valid but not reliable
When would a null hypothesis be rejected?
When there is evidence that the difference in groups is NOT due to chance.
Which one of the following situations illustrates the motion parallax?
While riding on a train, you notice that the trees that are closer appear to go by faster than those in the distance.
Why could a western therapist have difficulty in treating someone from an eastern culture?
While western patients strive for autonomy, eastern patients define success in terms of the group to which they belong.
The word 'Dementia' comes from the Latin for what words?
Without mind
Which of the following activities is an example of divergent thinking?
Writing a play
Which of the following situations describes a problem in the dimension of thought?
You are terrified because you believe the clouds are giant marshmallows and it will soon start raining sugar
Which of the following is one major issue when using other's data?
You do not own it, so they can withdraw it at anytime.
Schizophrenia is characterized by _____.
a distorted perception of reality
Short sound waves are characterized by _____.
a high frequency and a high pitch
Objects appearing fuzzier the further away they are is defined as _____.
aerial perspective
What is the correct order of stages in general adaptation syndrome?
alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Our perception of people and events
all are correct.
Our perceptions are socially influenced by
all are correct.
Perception
all are correct.
A student scored 100% on a math computation test. What type of intelligence does this exhibit?
analytical
What are the two forms of archival research?
analyzing data in hand to relate specific information; re-examining research through meta-analysis
It would be very important to have knowledge of someone's _____ in order to judge that person's personality based on physiognomy.
appearance
Physiological influences
are those things related to our body.
The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge is known as _____, whereas the process of adjusting our schemas to fit new information and events is known as _____.
assimilation; accommodation
In couples therapy, active listening involves
avoiding defensiveness when receiving criticism
Having emotions that lack intensity or don't run the full, expected range is called _____.
blunted affect
Which of the following is NOT likely to cause aggression?
boredom
Many studies suggest that intelligence is affected by
both genetic and environmental factors.
Your young daughter had never feared spiders. But after seeing you screech and react in fear a few times when a spider appeared in the house, she now cries whenever she sees a spider. This is an example of _____.
classical conditioning
In cross-sectional designs, groups need to be _____.
clearly defined and exclusive
Traditional theories of plasticity state that it _____ as people get older. However, current research contends that plasticity _____ as people age.
declines; stays the same
A shaping program should be continued until the student can _____.
demonstrate the appropriate behavior
Weber's Law states that the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is
directly proportional to its original intensity
Molly overheard her dad telling her mom he got 'creamed' by his friend in a tennis match. This confused Molly, causing her to experience a conflict or _____, because she couldn't imagine her father turning into a creamy liquid.
disequilibrium
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs when we are _____.
dreaming
A memory that relies on hearing sounds is a(n):
echoic memory
A tool for measuring a person's attitudes by tracking brain activity is called a(n)
electroencephalograph (EEG)
Giving a lab rat food every third time it presses a lever is an example of a _____.
fixed ratio
Eyesight in newborns is poor because of a lack of development in the _____.
fovea
Development is the process of _____ and _____ that humans go through over their lifetime.
growth; change
Altruism is defined as
helping others without an expectation of a reward
Sarah is a bottom-up processor. In deciding which soccer league to enroll her son in, she will likely consider all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
her own experience playing soccer as a child
Type A and Type B personalities have the same health risks, as long as individuals with Type A personality can manage the deadly trait of _____.
hostility
Content qualities focus on _____.
how often a concept is repeated
Range, standard deviation, and variance are 'similar' in that each looks at
how spread out the data is.
What is the primary task of the industrial part of organizational psychology?
how to make employees of the company more productive
Possible causes of the Flynn Effect include all of the following EXCEPT
human evolution
Self-actualization is thought to be a key motivating factor in
humanistic psychology
Sensory memories include:
iconic and echoic memories
When you still see an image after closing your eyes, you're utilizing your:
iconic memory
The Minnesota Twin Study found that _____.
identical twins raised apart are about as similar as those raised together
While Andrew is not always happy about the amount of chemistry homework he has each week, he understands that it is an important subject to master if he wants to pursue a degree in medicine. Andrew's motivation is an example of _____.
identification
The human fight or flight response _____.
increases your awareness to help you determine how to react
According to George Miller, chunking has the effect of _____.
increasing the potential for short-term memory
The possible cause that's being studied in an experiment is known as the _____.
independent variable
Group therapy can include any of the following EXCEPT:
individuals working with multiple therapists
Starting in infancy, the belief that we are not as good as others is known as a/an _____.
inferiority complex
Many children begin to develop _____ during middle childhood.
insecurities about their body
The scientific method _____, while the nonscientific method _____.
is a logically stepped process; relies on personal experience, authority, and tradition
An individual who is an authority on a subject _____, while an authoritative person _____.
is an expert in his field; is someone who has power
Mental stress _____, while physical stress _____.
is caused by emotional pressures; occurs when the body is healing
The study of how people grow and change during all phases of their lives is called _____.
life span development
James has the flu and he is experiencing a runny nose as well as some respiratory congestion. In addition to having a difficulty breathing, it is likely that James will experience _____.
loss of taste
John Watson's experiments involved the unconditioned stimulus of _____ with the conditioned stimulus of _____.
loud noises; a rat
A study that has high external validity also usually has _____ internal validity.
low
A common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy is _____.
memory loss
A disorder that mainly involves unusual thoughts, behaviors, or feelings is called a(n) _____ disorder.
mental
Compared to an adolescent, an adult's self concept is _____.
more developed and complex
The concept that development occurs biologically, intellectually, and emotionally is called _____.
multi-dimensionality
The concept that different elements of a person grow and shrink at different points in life is called _____.
multi-directionality
The data collection technique used for studying nonverbal behaviors is _____.
observation
While working with patients with snake phobias, Bandura found that _____ were more effective in treating phobias than persuasion.
observations
We tend to concentrate on
one thing at a time.
Guiseppe has found that he is quite easily hypnotized, which suggests that Guiseppe is also _____.
open to suggestion
Geneticist Dmitri Belyaev's experiments with selective breeding has shown that aggression is _____.
partly genetic
Which of the answer choices below best describes the Behavioral Model of abnormality?
people learn behavior patterns; learned behaviors are the cause of psychological issues
Vowels and consonants are examples of
phonemes
According to the physiological model of abnormality, mental illness is caused by _____.
physical issues
William James and Carl Lange are known for their theory stating that _____.
physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion
Mrs. García has planned a shaping program. The first thing that she did was to clearly define the target behavior, and then she decided when to deliver the _____. Based on how Mrs. Garcia is planning the shaping program, it is likely it will succeed.
reinforcements
Which of the following is not an example of a verbal mnemonic?
repetition
According to psychoanalysis, mental illness is caused by _____.
repression of conflicts
The slightly different images a person's two eyes send to the brain is known as _____.
retinal disparity
Jessica dislikes it when people are not treated fairly. As Jessica knows this about herself, it is part of her _____.
self-concept
All of the following are components of Carl Roger's idea of self-concept EXCEPT:
self-discipline
Jessica has a deep love for God. When she hears stories of individuals being persecuted for their faith, she finds herself becoming very upset. It often ruins her entire day, and she may be unable to refocus and get back on track because she is so upset. Her motives behind her actions are a direct reflection of her _____.
self-understanding
Stimulation of a sensory receptor is called _____.
sensation
Howard Gardner theorized that people exhibit intelligence in _____.
several different areas at different levels
Sexual dysfunction is NOT caused by _____.
sexual orientation
David Wechsler believed that intelligence tests _____.
should measure more than a single quantity
Parsimony looks for the _____ explanation to a phenomenon.
simplest
Scientific models are used to _____ complex ideas.
simplify
Short bursts of brain activity while you're asleep are called
sleep spindles
Some sociologists believe that _____ is a function of school that perpetuates inequality.
social placement
The three aspects of emotion are environmental _____, _____ state, and cognitive _____.
stimuli; physiological; labeling
The fight or flight response is activated by this branch of the autonomic nervous system:
sympathetic nervous system
In Henri Tajfel's social identity experiment, the variable measured to determine if social identity had an effect was _____________.
the amount of virtual money given or withheld
Human behaviors and feelings are primarily controlled by _____.
the brain, nerves and hormones
An example of observational learning might be
the child of a politician believing politicians are noble
Relational qualities focus on _____.
the connection between concepts
General global intelligence refers to _____.
the constant level of mental performance across diverse mental tasks
Reliability is _____.
the extent to which a measure gives consistent results
Validity is _____.
the extent to which a tool measures what it's supposed to measure
The neonatal period is best defined as _____.
the first four weeks after birth
According to Gilbert Gottlieb, the development of an organism is dependent on _____.
the interaction of biological and environmental forces
Paul Ekman's experiment determined that a specific six emotions were instinctive because _____.
the isolated Fore recognized them in foreigners
A sensory threshold is defined as _____.
the level of strength a stimulus must reach to be perceived
Evolution allows for _____.
the strongest genes to survive.
Cognitive therapy strives to change thought patterns of patients in order to help them deal with mental illness. What is a weakness associated with this method of treatment?
there is no way to scientifically observe or measure a person's thoughts
The cognitive theory of abnormality assumes that cognitive thoughts are the cause of mental illness. What is the problem with this assumption?
there's no way to tell whether those thought patterns are causing a disorder or if they are a symptom of a disorder
Why is it important to make sure that every single person takes intelligence and other psychological tests under standard conditions?
they ensure that everyone has the same circumstances for taking the test.
In the behavioral model of abnormality, what do practitioners treat as the primary cause of a psychological problem?
they treat the behaviors patients are exhibiting
Early childhood is a very important time of change and growth that occurs between the ages of _____ and _____.
two; seven
The attachment theory asserts that human behavior is influenced by _____.
unconscious urges and instinctual biological drives
Gestalt means
unified whole.
Fishing, in which you may catch something after 15 minutes, then another after 45 minutes, then another after two hours, is an example of a _____.
variable interval
Playing a slot machine, which provides inconsistently occurring payouts, is an example of a _____.
variable ratio
The ancient Greeks believed the human body was made up of four substances, called humors. Which of the following was NOT one of these humors?
water
Common fate means
we see items moving in the same direction and at the same rate are more related than items moving in different directions/at different rates
Social exchange theory posits that we will help others until _____.
we're not getting the same amount of help in return
Good judgment is also called _____.
wisdom
Who first applied the game theory to a prisoner's situation?
Albert Tucker
How is REM sleep identified?
Your closed eyes move back and forth and you dream. Your breathing and heart rate increase.
Civil commitment occurs _____.
before an actual crime is committed
Hormones that impact a child's behavior are considered _____ factors, while influences such as peers and parents are considered _____ factors.
nature; nurture
A therapist who shows unconditional positive regard will _____
Accept and respect the client regardless of the client's mistakes.
What is the relationship between real challenges and increased self-esteem?
Accomplishing something difficult builds self-esteem.
Which of these is true about Freud's theory of dreams?
Actual dream content is called manifest content and repressed desires are the latent content.
Which individual displays healthy anxiety (not an anxiety disorder)?
Adam feels nervous and gets sweaty palms before his exam. He works hard on the test and gets a 98%.
A teacher wants to compare children of high, medium, and low family incomes on their satisfaction with the school lunch program. Which statistical test should be used to make this comparison?
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, as part of the Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s, realized it was not the change in the lighting that was affecting the workers' productivity. Instead, it was simply the fact that an individual was concerned about the workers and their environment. Which step in the scientific method does this address?
Analyze data
Why is good data collection important?
Because inaccurate data collection can alter the results of the research and even lead to invalid results.
Why is it important that the scientific method is used in human growth and development research?
Because it allows research to occur in an objective and systematic way to achieve significant results.
The _____ theory of emotion says that people experience a physiological state and cognitive labeling simultaneously.
Cannon-Bard
The humanistic psychologist who offered a supportive environment for clients to delve into their feelings was
Carl Rogers
When an individual experiences an interruption to or loss of normal thought process, this is known as a _____.
Cognitive disorder
Which of the following BEST explains how behavioral and cognitive psychology relate to one another?
Cognitive psychology developed as a response to the limitations of behavioral psychology but has also been integrated with its predecessor in some forms of therapy.
The belief that development happens in stages is called:
Discontinuity
How can hypnotherapy be used as an anesthetic in order to treat someone with an addiction?
Hypnotherapy can be used to convince the patient he or she doesn't feel pain.
Overextending language is when a baby
Overextending language is when a baby
Low levels of serotonin may cause which of the following?
anxiety or depression
According to Fritz Heider's attribution theory, a student who passed a test due to external causes _____.
may have received an unusually easy test
Which part of the neuron do the neurotransmitters travel across to reach another neuron?
synaptic gap
Which of the following is one of the four functions of personality, according to Jung's theory of personality?
All are functions
In terms of the additional work that Bernard Weiner did in relation to Heider's attribution theory, what type of factor would account for a skilled pilot having a turbulent landing due to windy conditions?
An external-unstable factor
Which of the following provides an example of regression to the mean as the term is used in psychology?
An extremely sad person getting happier.
A flat rectangle of snow covering a driveway is shovelled into a big, tall pile. If a child has a sense of conservation, then what conclusion will they draw about the snow?
The amount of snow covering the driveway and in the pile are the same.
What is the definition of evolutionary developmental psychology?
The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human development.
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, the participants believed the responsibility for the shocks fell to:
The authority figure
In treating people suffering from psychosis, why are drugs preferable to hospitalization?
To ensure patients are treated in the least restrictive setting
What is the goal of a study?
To prove or disprove a hypothesis
How do psychologists use the scientific method? Choose the best answer.
To study human thought and behavior
Toni has a genetic predisposition towards addiction. Which of the following is true of Toni?
Toni might become an addict.
What is the main purpose of psychology?
Understand why we do what we do and find the true roots to our behaviors.
Individuals commonly find mates while attending a college or university. This is an example of _____.
a latent function of school
In organization ____
all answers are correct
In selection ____
all answers are correct
Closure means
all are correct.
George Miller's study concluded that our short-term memory can hold
between five and nine items
The study of behavior as it relates to evolution and the survival of a species is called _____.
ethnology
Selective attention involves _____.
focusing on certain things while ignoring others
In Wolfgang Köhler's experiment, the chimp reached the banana by _____.
having the insight to use a stick
With regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, a child's development may be affected by nurturing if
he is neglected by his parents
Infants recognize their mothers most directly through _____.
hearing and smell
Gustav Fechner's work in psychophysics involved exploring
how external stimuli affect us
According to Yale psychologist Irving Janis, close-knit groups maintain solidarity by _____.
ignoring dissent
Psychopathology is also referred to as _____.
mental illness
The time of life between ages 40 and 65 is called _____.
middle adulthood
An action potential occurs when a _____.
neural impulse travels along an axon
The James-Lange Theory
none are correct.
Results obtained by giving an exam to a sample of people who represent all test-takers are called _____.
norms
A student in a classroom is exhibiting social loafing by _____.
not raising her hand when the teacher asks a question
Why is mass media an important agent of socialization?
It reinforces gender stereotypes and allows children to see things their parents might not want them to
How did functionalism influence modern-day psychological theory?
It set the ground for evolutionary psychology
How is puberty different from the other changes experienced during adolescence?
It's physical.How long does puberty generally last?
If I see a poisonous snake, my heart would race, I would experience fear, and I would run away is an example of which theory?
James-Lange
Jolene's heart is racing, and she's having a hard time catching her breath. When she thinks about it, she realizes that she's about to take a test, so she concludes that she's feeling nervous. This is an example of the _____ theory of emotion.
James-Lange
Which of the following statements is FALSE about psychologist Edward Thorndike's halo effect?
Judgements people make about others based on their perceptions of one part of them are really accurate.
Judy has a phobia of rats. The biological model of abnormality would probably say that she had which of the following?
Judy has too much activity in the fear center of her brain.
The mean is influenced by:
Outliers.
Which of the following effects are mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
stimulation of the digestive system
Content analysis is defined as a technique _____.
to describe the quantity and content of media
What is the purpose of an Intelligence Test?
to measure the innate abilities a person has
Secondary, or conditioned, reinforcement is:
using a secondary stimulus to reinforce a behavior that already has a primary reinforcer
Charles Spearman's factor analysis compares _____.
variability across multiple tasks
Which of the following is a common sensory change that occurs with age?
All answers are correct.
Identify in which of the following examples would the use of qualitative research be most likely useful:
After a discovery of ancient remains that provides sociology and archaeology with a unique new opportunity
Late adulthood is the period in life:
After the age of 65.
Which of these is NOT an example of a construct?
Age
Who first proposed social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
Estimate the attention span of a 5 year old child.
10 to 15 minutes
According to emotional development theories, _____
11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.
Which of the following is true of the biological model of abnormality?
All are correct
Which of these is a common symptom in psychotic disorders?
All are correct
Your circadian rhythm is a cycle that lasts
24 hours
Which of the following is considered to present a problem with the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A particular physiological arousal can be associated with many emotions.
A psychotic disorder is:
A psychological disorder marked by a break from reality
Why is natural selection an essential part of evolution?
Because natural selection explains how species adapt by changing their genetic makeup from one generation to the next.
Why is using an operational definition sometimes problematic in research?
Because it depends upon what you perceive as the relevant attribute or variable, thus restricting your view
Why is the insanity defense controversial?
Because some people might fake insanity to get a lighter sentence
The time between ages two and seven is called:
Early childhood
How do blind taste tests help to break through the halo effect in marketing?
Consumers are forced to choose between products based on taste instead of companies' reputations.
On the first day of kindergarten Mrs. Rose's class appears nervous. Mrs. Rose allows the children to have free time to color and play with clay. Each day during the first week of school, Mrs. Rose allows the children free time. By the end of the first week, the children appear calm and enter the room with happy faces. For the children, the kindergarten classroom has become the
Conditioned stimulus
Which of the following is NOT true regarding intelligence?
Intelligence peaks in late adulthood.
A 3D image of the brain is called a(n):
CAT scan
The best way to build muscle and increase metabolism is to:
Do resistance training.
Helping others is considered _____.
a biological instinct that furthers evolution
An example of neuroplasticity is _____.
a blind person having a heightened sense of smell
In an experiment, a researcher is attempting to demonstrate _________________.
a cause-effect relationship
Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes what occurs when
beliefs are in conflict
The holophrastic stage refers to the time when
babies can use a few words and understand many more.
Michelle completes her History assignment three days before it is due. Her motivation to complete the assignment early was influenced by her parent's high expectations of academic achievement. Michelle's motivation is an example of _____.
introjected regulation
According to Rogers, self concept _____.
is made up of self image, self esteem and ideal self
The two processes that allow children's brains to learn more in less time and become overall more functional during early childhood are _____ and _____.
synaptic growth; synaptic pruning
One conclusion of Albert Bandura's experiment is that _____.
violence on television can lead to violent behavior in children
Basic research:
Expands our knowledge and understanding.
Which of these might influence the way that a stay-at-home dad thinks and feels?
Expectations about gender roles
A star athlete who thinks he isn't talented is:
Experiencing incongruence
Researchers conduct a study to determine whether natural lighting causes increased test performance as opposed to fluorescent lighting. What type of research will they conduct?
Experimental research
Xavier is conducting a study on the effect of an online game on test scores. He has two groups of subjects to whom he gives a pretest. Xavier then gives one group the treatment (the online game) and gives the other group worksheets. He then gives each group a posttest. Which of the following best describes the type of research that Xavier is conducting?
Experimental research
Which of the following could be a cause of sensory deprivation?
An inability to process sensory input properly
Which baby displays an active or feisty temperament?
An infant who is fussy and resists a regular schedule.
Which of these is one of the five main categories of psychotropic drugs?
All are one of the five main categories of psychotropic drugs
Margaret is opening a mental health clinic in her neighborhood. She has a suggestion box outside for programs that her clinic could provide. Which of the following suggestions will Margaret most likely throw out?
An intervention program giving quick fixes
Matt is really in love with his girlfriend, Mindy, and gets extremely excited when they begin to make love. However, Matt has been unable to please Mindy, since as soon as they get started he experiences premature ejaculation. Which type of sexual dysfunction is he experiencing?
An orgasm disorder.
According to Freud, someone who compulsively bites their nails might have experienced which of the following as a young child?
An overly restrictive breastfeeding schedule
As part of the famous Hawthorne Studies back in the 1920's, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger wanted to know, 'Could certain environmental conditions, such as improved lighting, make employees work more efficiently?' Which step in the scientific method does this address?
Ask a question
Which two elements of information processing do people in late adulthood struggle with?
Attention and memory
Recently, you've seen several reports of shark attacks in Florida on the news. You go to a beach in California and can't make yourself get in the water because all you can think about are sharks. This is an example of what type of heuristic?
Availability
Dr. Jones is a psychologist who subscribes to the humanistic-existential model. He is treating Rachel for some problems she's having. He recognizes she is having problems with her self-esteem, yet Rachel also lost her job and is struggling to make ends meet. According to the hierarchy of needs, what does Rachel need to do?
Be primarily focused on her basic needs, since physiological needs are at the base of the pyramid
Why would a negative personality disorder be passed down through evolution?
Because sometimes an antisocial personality is needed in order to survive, even if it is as the cost of other lives.
In Rogerian therapy, why would an individual be unable to express themselves?
Because the individual has repressed parts of themselves
Besides brain trauma, what is another common cause of organic disorders?
Disease
How can educators implement Piaget's principles?
Educators should include objects in the classroom so that the child can act on them. Different actions by the child should produce different effects.
According to Robert Plutchik, what is the difference between fundamental and non-fundamental emotions?
Fundamental emotions are those that evolved to increase evolutionary fitness.
Which of the following is not an example of qualitative measurement?
Grades from an exam
How could you BEST describe the role that grammar plays in language?
Grammar enables complexity of meaning in language
What is a distinguishing characteristic between growth and maturation?
Growth is limited, maturation is limitless
A somatoform disorder involves:
Having physical symptoms without a physical illness.
Which of the following attributes indicate cross-cultural attractiveness?
Having youthful facial features
Sam's younger brother stops crying when he hears a specific nursery rhyme. As a child, Sam plays the song often for his little brother. As an adult, Sam tries to play the same song for his young daughter when she is crying. Sam's behavior is an example of learning because:
He adapted his behavior based on environmental learning
How is George Valliant important to the study of Freudian defense mechanisms?
He added defense mechanisms to the list and classified them into levels.
What did Milton Erickson believe about hypnotism?
He believed hypnotism worked by communicating with the unconscious mind.
Derek leaves the movie theater feeling very dissatisfied after viewing the latest installment in his favorite series. This installment wasn't interesting and Derek almost got up and left halfway through. Which of the following possible responses might demonstrate the fundamental attribution error on Derek's part?
He blames the performance on the movie director's ineptness.
How might a sales professional integrate social psychology into their strategy?
He or she might incorporate persuasion techniques that have been shown to influence people.
Gerry grows up watching his mom, who has a phobia of cockroaches. According to social learning theory, how will Gerry probably feel about cockroaches?
He will have a phobia about them.
How is self-esteem related to social development?
Healthy self-esteem can lead to positive interactions with others, and positive interactions lead to higher self-esteem
Which of these is not a construct?
Height
Which of the following does NOT affect growth spurts?
High grades
Which of the following is not an example of content analysis?
Identification of spelling errors
Professor Dublin wants to ensure he is thorough in his review of student performance, so he decides to calculate 'standard deviation' as well. What must Professor Dublin do to figure out this measure of variability?
Identify how far from average each score is.
Trying to understand people's personalities by looking at what is unique to each individual is called the _____ approach.
Idiographic
Anne is adopted and shows signs of bipolar disorder. How can a psychologist discover if this disorder is caused by genetics or environment?
If both of Anne's biological parents have the disorder, then it may be caused by genetics.
If you are experiencing cognitive dissonance, what would you NOT want to do to resolve the situation?
Ignore it and it will go away.
Why might someone in Japan want to know your blood type if they are curious about your personality?
In Japan, some people associate blood types with personality types, for instance type B blood is associated with optimism.
Why are the brains frontal lobes removed in a lobotomy?
In an attempt to control the violent nature of the severely mentally ill.
How are habituation and dishabituation different?
In habituation, the subject shifts attention away from something, while in dishabituation, they shift attention back to the thing.
Which of the following changes are aspects of late adulthood?
In late adulthood loss of bone mass and loss of cognitive function may occur.
Which of the following will not help a researcher ensure that their research is representative?
Increasing the sample diversity.
An experiment high in internal validity identifies that the ________ caused changes in the _________.
Independent variable; dependent variable
Helen's client tells her about how she saved a girl from drowning. Helen decides to use this as an example of her client's heroic behavior. Which of the following types of measurement is Helen using?
Indirect observation
You decide to throw an umbrella in your car before leaving the house because it feels like rain to you, even though the weather forecast isn't calling for rain. This is an example of which of the following?
Intuition
How does the aspect of empiricism help to create high quality research?
It allows a scientist to rely on real evidence to confirm or refute a claim
How did humanism arise in response to behaviorism?
It attempted to oppose the reductionism of behaviorism.
Jenny is studying all night for a test and is struggling to stay awake. She drinks an energy drink and is able to make it through the night without falling asleep. The energy drink acts as a stimulant to allow for increased energy. By what mechanism does the energy drink do this?
It blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters
How does play benefit children?
It can help increase their social and thinking skills.
Which of the following is true about short-term memory?
It can hold small amounts of information briefly.
Which of the following is true about long-term memory?
It can hold vast amounts of information indefinitely.
Which of these is a disadvantage of qualitative measurement?
It doesn't allow us to test theories scientifically.
Erikson's developmental stage of industry vs. inferiority can be compared to which of Freud's psychosexual stages?
Latency
At their core, what do cognitive strategies for dealing with stress help us do?
Learn from stress
According to evolutionary psychology, all of the following statements are true, EXCEPT:
Learning is randomly acquired.
All of the following are characteristics of operant conditioning EXCEPT:
Learning occurs prior to the response
Cece went for a walk in the park. Along one of the hiking trails, she spotted a $20 bill on the ground. No one was around to claim it. What would her superego tell her to do?
Leave the money right where it is. The owner will realize it's missing and come back for it.
Who was the psychologist associated with developing the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
When examining a person's behavior, why would Kurt Lewin have been interested in knowing about that person's culture and community?
Lewin believed that a person's behavior is a function of both individual character and environment.
Which of the following is most likely to result in an intrinsic motivation to not repeat the negative behavior?
Light punishment
Which of the following developments does not usually occur in middle adulthood?
Losing mental sharpness
Which of these is NOT a good target for prevention programs?
Lowering self-esteem
What is the difference between Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
MAOIs raise both norepinephrine and serotonin levels, while SSRIs raise only serotonin levels.
Which of the following is least likely to be reported?
Mode
Who started the self-esteem movement?
Nathaniel Branden
Keller and Marian Breland's raccoon experiment showed that:
Natural instincts can interfere with conditioning.
_____ refers to traits that are biological or inherited.
Nature
The need for a sense of control is an example of what type of basic psychological need?
Need for autonomy
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement strengthens certain behaviors and punishment decreases the frequency of a response.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between night terrors and nightmares?
Nightmares do not cause a high level of fear and/or anxiety.
'By recording the number and type of questions asked by students we can measure their confusion with new subjects.' Which of the following is the predictor variable in this situation?
Number and type of questions
Which of the following describes a way in which modeling affects behavior?
Observational learning occurs when the observer acquires a new behavior demonstrated by the model.
An instructor was doing a demonstration with her class. She had the students form pairs and look in each other's eyes. She then suddenly turned off the lights and blew a whistle. She repeated this process several times. Finally, she blew the whistle but left the lights on. To the amazement of the students as they watched, the pupils of their eyes began to dilate. Seeing the eyes dilate after the whistle blew with the lights on is an example of:
Observing a classically conditioned response
What did Solomon Asch's famous line experiment demonstrate?
Peer pressure is a powerful motivator.
What did researchers in the bridge experiment conclude?
People can misattribute what caused their emotions.
Self-efficacy is a term that refers to which of the following?
People's expectations that they are capable of performing a behavior that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation.
The combination of traits that makes a person unique is his or her:
Personality
_____ are a person's usual ways of thinking, behaving and feeling.
Personality traits
The order of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, from bottom to top is:
Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization
When a male hits puberty, which of the following is responsible for telling the testes to release testosterone?
Pituitary gland
According to Freud's conception of the human mind, where are memories stored?
Preconscious
Martha is 67 years old. When given a book to read, she finds it difficult to focus her eyes on the book at a close distance so she needs to move the book away in order to read it. This is an example of _____.
Presbyopia
_____ is a common condition in middle age where the lens of the eye loses the ability to adjust to objects at varying distances.
Presbyopia
Which BEST describes a cognitive approach to stress?
Proactive
Jenna can't remember the name of her dentist, but she is able to remember how to braid her own hair. Which type of memory is stronger?
Procedural memory
What does the right to treatment entail?
Providing treatment that has a reasonable chance to succeed
What's the most fundamental contrast between psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory?
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on internal factors, while social learning theory focuses on external factors.
What is the main point of the biological model of abnormality?
Psychological issues are caused by biological problems.
Forensic psychology involves what two fields?
Psychology and the law
Nomothetic psychologists measure personality via:
Psychometrics
Psychologists who believe in the idiographic approach do NOT measure a person's personality traits using:
Psychometrics
Joe is a 6th grader motivated more by performance goals, rather than mastery goals. Which situation would he be most likely to perceive positively?
Receiving praise for acing an easy test
Which of the following is the most effective way to use models in the decision-making process?
Reducing complex ideas to models so they can be examined from new and different angles.
How have twin studies proven to be beneficial?
Researchers can determine the difference between environmental and genetic factors.
Peter observes Stephanie texting in class. Peter approaches Stephanie after class and states 'Don't you know texting is against school policy? You are going to get your phone confiscated.' Stephanie replies that she has been texting all year and none of the teachers have ever noticed. The next day, Peter brings his phone to class and starts texting. Which of the following effects of modeling does this situation illustrate?
Response facilitation
Which part of the brain is composed of nerve cells that filter stimuli and runs from the spinal cord through the brainstem and thalamus?
Reticular formation
Joe recently had an accident that resulted in a brain injury. He remembers events before the accident and the name of every doctor and nurse he's met at the hospital but still cannot recall what happened on the day of the accident. Which part of the memory process has likely been affected?
Retrieval
Craig is a psychologist who believes that he can cure schizophrenia by making his clients drink hot water and lemon, despite the fact that there's no scientific evidence that it works. He provides no other treatment; he only treats his patients with hot water and lemon. Which patient right is he violating?
Right to treatment
Sarah has a group of subjects from an urban school district in a large city. The subjects are just like the rest of the population in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status. However, her sample is not representative. Which of the following BEST explains why Sarah's subjects might not be representative of the general population?
Sarah's subjects are all from an urban area.
Which of these is NOT a lifespan development disorder?
Schizophrenia
Why do children who attend school regularly have overall higher IQ scores?
Schools provide a way of acquiring higher cognitive processes.
What element in a study is crucial to getting results for different potential behaviors and causes?
Scientific control
Observational bias occurs when an observer:
Sees what they want to see.
Kayla has developed the ability to focus on one stimulus when presented with many stimuli. What type of attention does Kayla have?
Selective attention
Let's say you are at a loud sports game leaning in to listen to your friend talk to you. What kind of attention are you using?
Selective attention
Which of the following is the most popular interview technique?
Semi-structured Interviews
Which one of the following statements is TRUE about sensory deprivation?
Sensory deprivation during development can cause more emotional damage than experiencing a traumatic event.
How are we able to experience things through our senses of taste and smell?
Sensory neurons called chemoreceptors
What are nerves that receive sensory information called?
Sensory receptors
How are the sensory thresholds and age related?
Sensory thresholds typically increases with age.
Which of the following is NOT a strategy older adults can use to delay a slowdown in their cognitive development?
Sleeping more
Why do adolescents go through puberty?
So that they will be able to reproduce.
Peer pressure is an example of which type of addiction factor?
Sociocultural
Michelle was frightened by a scary movie. As a result, her HPA axis responded by:
Stopping her digestion
Prevailing theories in psychology suggest that the main factors influencing our personalities include all of the following EXCEPT which one?
Strangers
Which of these is an example of stress being a good thing?
Stress helping us escape being eaten by a predator
What is long-term physical stress?
Stress that wears down your ability to physically function
_____ dualism believes that the mind resides completely outside the body.
Substance
Tolerance for a drug is a sign of what?
Substance dependency
Professor Dublin has just given a biology exam and wants to calculate the 'range' of performance of his students. What must he do?
Subtract the lowest score from the highest score.
Mark is taking a high-stakes university exam and is sitting next to the smartest student in the class. Mark can clearly see his classmate's responses but refrains from copying the answers. Which of the following is affecting Mark's behavior?
Superego
Why are support groups different from other forms of therapy?
Support groups usually lack a therapist leader.
Psychoactive drugs include all of the following except
Suppressants
What is the degree to which a child seeks out stimulation called?
Surgency
Four-year-old Ruby is able to maintain enough attention to watch a two minute video about the alphabet. What type of attention is Ruby displaying?
Sustained attention
If you are at an all-day conference, what kind of attention must you use to follow along with a speaker giving a one hour presentation?
Sustained attention
George Miller published a study called _____.
The Magical Number 7, Plus or Minus Two
According to the social learning theory, what can happen when a child imitates another person and then is praised for it?
The child could continue the behavior until it becomes habitual.
Robert's longitudinal study was going well. However, 3 participants dropped out in the second year. What will happen to the data Robert has collected so far from these participants?
The data will likely become useless since they did not complete the program.
What is one way the ego is different from the id and superego?
The ego is fully conscious, while the id and superego are unconscious.
When does a fetus typically gain reflexes and the ability to react to the environment?
The first trimester
When someone refers to the population of a study, they are referring to:
The group of people a researcher is interested in.
Which of these is NOT important when determining whether a person is competent to stand trial?
The person's prior criminal record
In the psychodynamic approach to therapy, how is the superego different from the id?
The id is the impulsive part of our personalities, while the superego considers long-term decisions.
How does the individual self differ from the relational self?
The individual self includes our traits, personality and physical appearance
Which of the following contributes to eating disorders in today's world?
The media
In Keller and Marian Breland's raccoon experiment, why didn't raccoons put coins in a piggy bank when they were given multiple coins?
The raccoons have a natural instinct of 'washing' food by rubbing it together.
In John Garcia's experiments, the rats did not want to eat the things they'd been fed shortly before being irradiated. What is a plausible explanation for this observation?
The radiated rats were conditioned to link the taste of the food eaten before the radiation to nausea.
Which of the following do biopsychologists study?
The relationship between brain activity and mental states.
If an experiment is shown to be statistically significant, then which of the following would be true?
The results did not occur by random chance.
Frank performs an experiment to determine whether the amount of cookies a person eats has an affect on their blood sugar level. Frank finds a strong relationship between the amount of cookies a person eats and their blood sugar level, with a p-value of 0.02. Which of the following shows the correct way for Frank to report his findings? How does one properly write that the alternative hypothesis was correct?
The results were statistically significant, and therefore, the experiment rejects the null hypothesis.
Robby needs counseling for his depression. He is worried about the social impact that his struggle with depression may cause. He has heard about the sociocultural model, and he thinks it may be a helpful approach in addressing his concern. Why would Robby think this?
The sociocultural model considers the impact of labels.
A medical student needs to diagnose a patient she is working with in her clinical studies. She has an idea about what could possibly be wrong with the patient and has formed a research question. What should be the medical student's next step?
The student should use their own observations, professional literature, and discussion with peers to find information on the topic.
How is the development of an adolescent different from the development of an early adult?
There are more physical changes during adolescence than during early adulthood.
What is reversibility?
The understanding that objects can go back to their original state.
How is object permanence defined?
The understanding that objects still exist when they are out of sight
When he was one month old, Henry's behavior consisted of many reflexes. What substage of cognitive development was he in?
The use of reflexes
A researcher asks a group of students to complete a survey that measures maturity. She finds that the average score for girls is higher than the average score for boys, with a p-value of 0.03. What should she conclude from this p-value?
There's a three percent chance that the scores in the study are due to random chance.
Why do cognitive psychologists focus on thoughts and emotions?
They think that thoughts and emotions are the primary guides of a person's actions.
What did Binet's test focus on?
Things that were not explicitly taught in school, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving.
Dr. Jared classifies his patient Thomas as abnormal based on the citeria of statistical rarity. Which of the following would enable Dr. Jared to make this classification?
Thomas has an extremely low IQ.
What is the BEST way to retrieve information from your brain?
Through association.
You are just beginning your psychiatry practice and meet with a new patient who has been previously diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Given your knowledge of the latest research, how would it be best to approach treatment for this patient?
Through behavioral therapy and medication.
Robin feels sad and tired, has a hard time concentrating and has lost interest in the things around her. What type of mood disorder is Robin experiencing?
Unipolar disorder
What is goodness of fit?
Using a style and method of parenting that works with a child's temperament.
Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
Whales and fish both develop the ability to swim in the ocean.
When does the germinal period end?
When the blastocyst is fully implanted into uterine tissue.
Substance use occurs when which of the following happens?
Whenever anyone takes a substance
'Variance' is similar to 'standard deviation' in all the following ways EXCEPT:
With variance, you do NOT take the square root of standard deviation.
Is something, that has a high level of typicality, usually easier to generalize about than something that has a low level of typicality? Why or why not?
Yes, because the higher the level of typicality, the closer it resembles the prototype, so one can generalize more based on what one knows about the prototype.
When a researcher collects and integrates data from several sources and utilizes a variety of different techniques it is called _____.
a multi-method approach
Which person is most likely to be motivated to work out?
a woman who is not in great shape, but is very enthusiastic about her sport
Good continuation
all are correct.
Schachter-Singer felt that
all are correct.
The Apgar test is _____.
an assessment that determines how well a newborn tolerated birth and adaptation to a new environment
The relationship between poverty and intelligence is an example of which of the following?
an environmental factor
The following data represents the test scores of eight students in Mr. Miller's science class. 92%, 91%, 89%, 95%, 45%, 88%, 90%, 91% The student who got a 45% is _____.
an outlier
Being able to take things or ideas apart requires _____ intelligence.
analytical
Renee is able to tell her grandchildren many wonderful stories from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember her granddaughter's new puppy that she met only an hour ago. Renee is suffering from _____.
anterograde amnesia
Charles Spearman theorized that intelligence levels _____
are consistent across a variety of mental tasks.
Classical conditioning involves _____.
causing a conditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response
The _____ educational psychology perspective proposes that learning occurs through stage-like processes.
developmental
Imagine that you are in charge of creating an age-appropriate standardized test for middle schoolers. What branch of psychology might you consult to ensure that the test was well-suited to students' age levels?
developmental psychology
The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and relationships change as they grow is referred to as _____.
developmental psychology
A man who yells at his dog when he's upset with his girlfriend is experiencing _____.
displacement
A person's Intelligence Quotient, or IQ, is determined by _____.
dividing mental age by chronological age
Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that _____.
do not occur naturally
Extrinsic motivation is defined as _____.
doing something because it results in an external reward or avoids negative consequences
The period of life between adolescence and middle age is called _____.
early adulthood
The goal of a descriptive study is to:
gather data about a given subject
Self-constructed beliefs regarding specific traits and behaviors of males and females are referred to as _____.
gender schemas
Multitasking may _____.
hamper attention
According to biopsychology, eating disorders _____.
have biochemical triggers
Psychological influences
have to do with how we are feeling.
People react to an activating event _____.
in different ways, depending on their thoughts
During middle adulthood, executive functioning and wisdom tend to _____.
increase
When a person pleads not guilty by reason of insanity, they are likely to be _____.
institutionalized as long as they are considered dangerous
Dissociative disorders do NOT cause disturbances in _____.
intelligence
The extent to which a researcher can say that only the independent variable affected the dependent variable is:
internal validity.
A politician who excels at remembering names, fostering cooperation and inspiring those around him exhibits _____.
interpersonal intelligence
The empowering nature of cognitive therapy is a double-edged sword because _____.
it can make the patient feel like it is their fault if it fails
A person who learns mathematics better when they physically work through a problem themselves instead of listening to a lecture utilizes _____.
kinesthetic intelligence
In comparing sensory deprivation during child development with a plant that does not receive enough sunlight, a leaf that's small and yellowish because of lack of sunlight can be the analogy of _____ in a child.
later life issues such as depression
The humanistic-existential model of psychology _____.
looks at how people can realize their fullest potential
The two guiding principles for ethical standards in psychological research are _____.
minimize harm and obtain informed consent
The need for mastery and understanding of the environment is an example of _____.
need for competence
Your son doesn't like to clean his room. Every time you remind him to put away his things and make his bed, he complains until you give in and tidy the room for him to stop his whining. This is an example of _____.
negative reinforcement
A phobia is usually caused by a repeated _____ that occurs with an _____.
negative stimulus; ordinary action
The all-or-none law states that _____.
neurons must fire a signal once it starts
During a refractory period, _____.
neurons remove sodium ions
What makes the behavioral model of abnormality different from other models?
other models seek to find an underlying cause for psychological disorders, the behavioral model does not
According to social identity theory, we perceive _____.
our ingroup as heterogeneous and our outgroup as homogenous
The brain's interpretation of a sensory signal is called _____.
perception
According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory, a cross country runner might _____.
perform best if he knows he's faster than his competitors
Personality theory suggests that prejudices are formed based on _____.
personal experiences
According to Freud, the phases of psychosexual development establish our _____.
personality
The qualities and characteristics that make an individual unique and form the foundation of who he is are known as his _____.
personality
Lynette feels socially inept and has a constant fear of being shamed or rejected by others. As a result, she avoids interacting in social situations and is reserved in her close relationships. This is an example of a _____.
personality disorder
Rachel used to be physically fit. Then she experienced a major health crisis, which left her with mobility issues. Rachel is now unable to stand or walk for any length of time, and she has lost a good deal of her muscle mass due to her sedentary lifestyle. This is now part of Rachel's _____ self of her self-concept.
physical
One strength of the humanistic-existential model is that it is _____.
positive
The goal of a double-blind study is to:
prevent researchers from influencing the outcome.
The American Psychological Association most commonly allows experiments to be conducted involving all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
primates
In Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiment, young babies who were presented with a Plexiglas-covered drop-off _____.
refused to cross because they perceived the depth and inherent danger of the fall
The story of Phineas Gage is a good example of a case study because:
researchers studied him and used the information to make better hypotheses in the future
After being in a motorcycle accident, Chris cannot seem to remember anything from his childhood. However, Chris does not seem to have any difficulty making new memories. He is suffering from _____.
retrograde amnesia
You order the entrée 'umami chicken' at a restaurant. Therefore, the taste sensation you are expecting is _____.
savory
According to Piaget, _____ is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
schema
The _____ appraisal deals with a person's feelings about a situation.
secondary
Lauren has lived near the airport for over three years. She used to be bothered by the sound of the airplanes landing and taking off, but now she does not even notice the noise. Lauren is experiencing
sensory adaptation.
The Baby-Friendly Initiative from the World Health Organization encourages hospitals to provide babies with skin-to-skin contact with their mothers after birth. Researchers have found that this helps babies to _____.
sleep better and cry less
Cross-sectional design is where an experimenter _____.
takes samples across a spectrum or continuum
Free association and dream interpretation are used to _____
tap into a person's subconscious.
A few years ago, Claudia ate a tuna fish sandwich that made her sick. Since then, she cannot eat tuna fish sandwiches. This is an example of _____.
taste aversion
Mary was out riding her bicycle and fell and scraped her knee. Emotion is expressed in
that Mary cried when her knee began to hurt.
The steady increase over the past few decades in people's average performance on IQ tests is also known as _____.
the Flynn effect
Sam is a top-down processor. In selecting a restaurant for date night, he will likely consider all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
the eclectic menu offerings
In addition to examining how people pair associations of one thing to another, what else do behaviorists look at regarding behavior?
the way behavior patterns are rewarded and punished and how that influences one's actions
How are norms helpful?
they allow people to compare their scores to those of their peers and get the full picture of their strengths
When researchers conduct a meta-analysis, what are they attempting to achieve?
they are combining previous research in order to say something about the hypothesis others have not
People are more creative in an area if _____
they are intrinsically interested in that area.
Jose is in a casino. He sees his friends Amy and Sandra win money at a nearby slot machine. Amy and Sandra cheer and clap. Jose wants to feel the same excitement, so he sits down at a slot machine and begins to gamble. This is an example of _____.
vicarious reinforcement
Long-term memories include all of the following EXCEPT:
visual memory
You gathered data at a clinic and entered your results into the frequency table shown below. A research journal wants to know how many people at the clinic have either depression or anxiety. Which of the following would you report to the journal?
32
How long does puberty generally last?
4 years
You gathered data at a clinic and entered your results into the frequency table shown below. You are going to find percentages for each symptom. Which of the following would you use as your total number of scores collected?
63
Why did doctors use radical therapies, such as psychosurgery, on their patients?
Doctors believed they were actually helping their patients.
Somatoform disorders used to be called 'Hysteria,' after the Greek word for uterus, because:
Doctors believed they were caused by a wandering womb.
Which of the following is an example of divided attention?
Driving while talking on your cell phone
As a new psychiatrist today, what is the most common medical treatment you will administer?
Drug therapy
The idea that the mind and body are separate is called _____.
Dualism
Measuring electrical activity on the scalp is done by:
EEG
Sherry suffers from severe depression, and modern antidepressants have proven ineffective. Which of the following biological therapies might be a last resort for Sherry?
Electroconvulsive therapy.
What type of developmental delays do people with autism and Asperger's syndrome have?
Emotional and behavioral
This is the stage of representation in which an object can be directly manipulated, but without an internal representation of said object:
Enactive mode
Bruner's three stages of cognitive representation follow which order, from earliest to latest?
Enactive, iconic, symbolic
How does the encoding process work?
Encoding works by converting information into a form that your brain can store.
How can parents foster independence and also offer security?
Encourage children to do something on their own, while assuring them they will be there to offer needed help
According to Sigmund Freud, _____.
Eros is a life instinct, and Thanatos is a death instinct
Which of the following individuals BEST illustrates the connection between self-esteem and potential aggression?
Ethan, who is constantly made fun of at work
Why is the philosophy of eugenics controversial?
Eugenics seeks to improve the genetic makeup of a population by eliminating certain genes.
What is a cognitive approach to the stress of dating?
Evaluating how the person responds when something unexpected happens
Longitudinal designs are different than other types of experiments because they _____.
Examine changes in a group of subjects over time
Which of the following statements describes the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea?
Exploratory research
Which of the following correctly depicts the typical development of research?
Exploratory-Descriptive-Explanatory
How are expressive language and receptive language different?
Expressive language refers to the ability to communicate through speech, while receptive language refers to the ability to comprehend spoken language.
The extent to which the study reflects what happens in the real world is called what?
External Validity
When the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, what occurs?
Extinction
Kerra feels as if she does not get enough attention at home, so she takes medicine so that she will have some symptoms of the flu. Which of the following best describes Kerra's behavior?
Factitious
Which of the following is a large treatment component under the sociocultural model?
Family therapy
Marco observes secretaries in offices to see if the time of day affects their productivity. Marco does not interact with the secretaries. Which type of psychological tool is Marco using?
Field Observation
What is the term for research completed in the real world?
Field research
What is short-term physical stress?
Fight or flight; reactions that once helped us survive
Rachel is a team leader at work. Her company is looking to make some major changes, and wants Rachel's input on developing a couple of different plans. Which type of intelligence would be most helpful for Rachel in this situation?
Fluid Intelligence
Which of these is NOT a possible cause of mental illness?
Food poisoning
Joanne has two different problem-solving tests that both measure the same thing. Which of the following types of reliability is Joanne using?
Form reliability
A certain type of personality disorder is tied to a willingness to steal, lie, and cheat. How has the labeling of people with this personality disorder changed in recent times?
Formerly, these people were labeled as psychopaths, but now the same symptoms are labeled as antisocial personality disorder.
A psychologist encourages a patient to think aloud and say whatever comes to mind. What is this process called?
Free association
Psychoanalytic thought is based on _____ work.
Freud's
Which of the following BEST explains the impact of Freud's theories of psychosexual development?
Freud's theories help us understand how personal biases affect our understanding of psychology.
How do the theories of Freud and Erikson differ in reference to adult development?
Freud's theory of development ends at age 18, while Erikson believed development continued into adulthood.
Which route shows how sound waves enter the ear and are processed?
From pinna to eardrum to ossicles to cochlea to cilia
When baking, Gail always sets her oven 50 degrees hotter than the recipe requires because her oven's thermometer is consistently 50 degrees off. Which statement below best describes this situation?
Gail's oven is reliable but not correct.
Why are games with rules helpful to children?
Games with rules help children learn how to follow life's rules.
Mary's psychologist discusses her problems with Mary's husband without her permission. Mary's psychologist has done which of the following?
Has violated confidentiality
According to positive psychology, happiness involves all of the following EXCEPT:
Having a high level of wealth
Michael set up a cross-sectional study with 6 participants. His professor did not approve the experiment because Micheal's study group was too small. Why would Micheal's professor require a higher number of participants?
Having more participants reduces individual differences which leads to more accurate data.
In the process of recovering from a major foot and ankle surgery, Jared has experienced a setback with his incision reopening that has forced him to take a break from physical therapy. His friends want to take him to lunch to take his mind off of things and get him out in the fresh air. Jared tells them that he is not interested and just wants to stay in bed. How is he responding to stress?
He is putting his foot on the brake.
Which of the following describes Freud's legacy?
He provided a model for thinking about personalities.
Why might you suspect a class clown with few close friends of having histrionic personality disorder?
He seems more concerned with being entertaining and getting attention for himself than he is with finding real friends.
How did Mesmer treat hysteria?
He used magnets.
How were psychotic disorders usually treated before 1955?
Hospitalization
Which of the following does the pancreas regulate?
How much energy your body gets
In the Post-WWII era, Lewin and other social psychologists were interested in studying all of the following EXCEPT _____.
How people can more easily acquire a second language
Standard deviation tells you:
How spread out the data is.
Who proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Howard Gardner
Which of these choices states a limitation found within the behavioral model of abnormality?
Humans are complex and are a product of much more than simply their actions.
All of the following are assumptions of the Self-Determination theory, EXCEPT:
Humans are unable to control their potential and emotions.
How can parts of the limbic system be remembered?
Hungry Hounds Ate Pavlov
I am studying two babies of the same age. One child eats eight ounces of formula four times a day, and the other eats six ounces of formula six times a day. I guess that this must be because the first baby's stomach is more developed than the second baby's. Formulating this guess or opinion is called making a(n):
Hypothesis
Which of the terms below can be defined as 'an educated guess about a trend, group difference, or association believed to exist'?
Hypothesis
Dr. Junger subscribes to Psychogenic Theory in order to find the causes for his patients' abnormalities. Which of the following statements from Dr. Junger BEST represents his belief in this theory?
I believe that your public outbursts were most likely caused by an internal conflict between your ego and superego.
Which of the following is an example of analogous structures or traits? I. Leg bones of a human and leg bones of a penguin II. Wing of a penguin and wing of a mosquito III. Beak of a penguin and beak of a duck
II
According to Bruner, a child between the age of one and six exists in the:
Iconic stage
Which of the following is true of biology's effect on intelligence?
Identical twins often have very similar IQs.
Which of the following has been shown in twin studies?
Identical twins raised apart have IQ scores that are less similar than identical twins raised together.
After doing well in several AP Biology classes and performing a lot of research, Juan has decided he wants to become a doctor. Juan is most likely in what stage of development?
Identity Achievement
Mary is beginning to see herself primarily as a musician, and is focusing less on activities that don't relate to music. Mary is in which of Erikson's stages?
Identity vs. role confusion
How does school act as an agent of socialization?
In school, we learn about obeying authority.
An implanted embryo which has all three germ layers and some, but not all, of the internal organs formed, is in which period of development?
In the middle of the embryonic period.
Why is the two-factor theory of emotion called that?
In this theory, emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive processing.
Abioye is a healthy boy who was born in central Africa last year. In 2015, the average life expectancy for a male born in this region was 51 years of age. Does this mean that Abioye will only live until age 51?
No, since life expectancy is simply an estimate based on the statistics of a certain population.
Mary's study primarily relies on observation, surveys, and case studies. Which of the following best describes Mary's study?
Non-experimental
Why is it important for adolescents to have supportive friends?
It influences their identity by giving them a sense of self-esteem and belonging.
How does the reality principle work?
It interprets the desires of the id and superego and puts them into actions.
Which of the following statements about pre-linguistic speech is FALSE?
It involves hand signals
Which of the following is true of the scientific method in human growth and development research?
It involves the same basic steps that occur in other areas of science.
Which of the following statements is LEAST representative of social psychology?
It is a field that specializes in how people see themselves in relation to psychology.
How can the retina be best described?
It is a layer of tissue that lines the inner part of the eye.
How would you describe the milestone of decentration in the concrete operational stage of development?
It is a way of considering matters from multiple perspectives, rather than just one.
Two common ways to score assessments are:
Norm-referenced and criterion-referenced
Which of the following best explains why it is important to use random selection?
Random selection helps the researcher to eliminate bias from his study
Which of the following is NOT an example of a health habit?
Reducing sleep hours
Which of the following is the best definition of reliability?
Reliability tells us how consistent the results of a measurement tool are.
Janet demonstrates abnormal behavior in many situations, often randomly screaming in a public place or touching people she doesn't know. Which of the following are ALL possible causes for her abnormal behavior?
Relief from distress, lack of thought or feeling, and perceiving the world differently than others
Which one of the following answer choices is an example of self-referencing?
Remembering the name of your boss's spouse because it's also the name of your childhood pet
Which one of the following answer choices is an example of rehearsal?
Repeating your new ATM pin several times to remember it
After performing an initial run of his clinical trial, Juan thinks he has found the reason behind why a number of participants were experiencing a specific side effect from a medication. However, Juan knows that he needs to run more iterations of his trial to ensure this wasn't just a fluke. This is known as which of the following aspects of creating high quality research?
Replicability
Zoe is watching someone flip a coin several times. Someone asks her which sequence is more likely: Heads - Tails - Heads - Heads or Tails - Heads - Tails - Heads. She decides the first sequence looks more random and better matches the outcome she would expect. This is an example of which heuristic?
Representativeness
Freud believed that psychological problems came from:
Repressed emotions
Which of the following is the process by which a researcher makes decisions about how to answer research questions?
Research design
Which is an example of basic research?
Research focusing on the processes of memory
Which of the following is an example of applied psychological research?
Research measuring the level of impairment of driving skills with alcohol intoxication
Which person's self image is an example of congruence?
Rico helps his aging mother more than his siblings and feels he is the only one who is always there for her
The _____ is the group of individuals from which a researcher selects their sample.
Sampling frame
During free association, what does a patient do?
Says whatever comes to mind
When walking, what sense (by way of specialized neurons) is responsible for knowing where your feet are in comparison to your trunk?
Sense of proprioception
What is the name of the stage in cognitive development that occurs during infancy?
Sensorimotor stage
All of the following statements about sensory deprivation are true, EXCEPT:
Sensory deprivation has no relationship with brain development.
Information from the environment is called:
Sensory input
Suppose you were participating in a study where you were paid $5 to randomly start yelling at the next person who entered the room. You know that the behavior is ridiculous and not something you would normally do. How would you likely resolve your cognitive dissonance later on?
You would most likely change your beliefs.
Gerald compared his students class grades with their final exam grades. He found that nearly all students had the same grades for classwork as they did for the test. What can we likely say about Gerald's test?
It is both reliable and valid.
Which of these is NOT true of the sociocultural theory of abnormality?
It is easy to interpret the research.
Why is sampling so important to research?
It is important that a sample be chosen systematically in order to represent the population.
How have beliefs about an infant's abilities changed over time?
It is no longer believed that newborns are blind at birth.
Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic-existential model?
It is not scientific.
Which of the following is TRUE about mental illness?
It is sometimes genetic.
Which of the following accurately describes the sampling frame in a research study?
It is the group of people from which the sample is drawn.
According to attachment theory, the parent-child relationship is important because:
It lays the groundwork for all other relationships
Why is physical development important for babies and toddlers?
It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment
Why is an increase in balance so important to a child's physical development in early childhood?
It makes additional exploration of his environment possible, which leads to learning.
Why is it important that a researcher avoid skipping steps in the scientific method process?
It may result in an incorrect truth and erroneous findings.
How might a baseball player's schema of his home ballpark help him when his team travels to another ballpark?
It might help him figure out the layout of another ballpark.
Which of the following is true about biological development?
It occurs in an organized, sequential order.
Which of the following is a therapeutic benefit of the psychodynamic model?
It offers patients a safe space to talk about their problems.
How did the method of introspection help Wundt develop his theory?
It proved that perception and sensation are separate processes.
Peter decides the best method of researching how many people shoplift at CVS is observing random people in the store over a 2-hour time period. What is a disadvantage of his planned observational research?
It raises ethical questions.
Which of the following is a strength of the psychodynamic model?
It recognizes subconscious influences on behavior.
Why did William James object to Wundt's method?
It was too subjective.
Analyze the statements below and indicate the one that most accurately describes an advantage of a cross-sectional study.
It's faster to complete a cross-sectional study than a study spanned out over months or years.
Why is it difficult to interpret sociocultural research?
It's hard to tell what the cause is and what the effect is.
The _____ theory of emotion says that people experience a physiological state first and then label their emotion based on a scan of the environment.
James-Lange
The prominent psychologist who suggested our past experiences shape our problem-solving skills is _____.
Jean Piaget
Of the following scenarios, which one demonstrates an INACCURATE understanding of the causes of schizophrenia in light of what is currently known about the causes?
Jeremy thinks that his granddaughter's schizophrenia was most likely caused by her upbringing in a poor, rural neighborhood.
If your research design required a fair degree of control over the setting of the research conducted, which type of design should be utilized?
Lab research
Trent wants to test the impact of a scent on a person's mood. Trent realizes that he will need to expose subjects to the scent and observe their reaction. Which type of psychological tool should Trent use?
Laboratory Observation
John is really nervous to fly to the Bahamas for his honeymoon. However, he has chosen to put aside his fear because he knows that flying is actually safer than driving to another destination. This is an example of using _____.
Logic
How are Henry Goddard's test and more modern tests, such as the SAT, similar?
Low scores are interpreted as inferior intelligence rather than an indication of less opportunity.
How did Alfred Adler believe a pampering parenting style could affect the inferiority complex?
Make it worse by leaving children unsure of themselves or insecure in their abilities to take care of things
In psychology, what does the term misattribution refer to?
Making a mistaken assumption as to what caused a feeling.
Which of the following is a core belief of the cognitive model of abnormality?
Maladaptive thoughts lead to psychological problems
Gregg was caught speeding, and has been given a mandatory court date. Gregg does not want to go to court, so he makes himself sick in order to get out of it. Which of the following best describes Gregg's behavior?
Malingering
Anna only wants to create an experiment. She will therefore need to create a prediction, then decide what variables can be manipulated and measures, then do what?
Manipulate one variable and measure its effects on another variable.
Which of the following individuals is likely to be the LEAST happy?
Margo, who lives alone and works from home.
Which of the following most closely describes a person who may have a factitious disorder?
Maria tricks her mom into thinking that she has a fever so that her mom will comfort and care for her.
Marvin conducts a study and is pleased with his results. Next, he needs his study to be replicated. Which of the following explains what replicating Marvin's study means?
Marvin's research findings must be demonstrated in several different studies.
Select the scenario where aversion therapy is MOST appropriate.
Mary has been abusing alcohol for more than 5 years.
Mary is conducting a study and wants to be sure that she has a representative sample. Which of the following actions should Mary take to be sure she has representative sample?
Mary should determine whether her group of subjects behave in the same way as the population.
Which of the following studies would require qualitative research?
Mary wants to study how the holiday season affects the kindness of retail employees.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three intelligences proposed by Sternberg?
Mathematical intelligence
As a young adult, Cara begins a career, learns new skills in the workplace and forms a healthy relationship. She is showing signs of:
Maturation
Which of the following is the least useful in helping you understand how varied your data scores are?
Mean
Brian believes firmly in the somatogenic theory. With which of the following statements would Brian's beliefs most closely align?
Mental illness comes from a biological or physical problem,
As Ben looks across the room at the large painting hanging there, he instinctively uses the Law of Proximity to take in the image. Most likely, this means that he _____.
Mentally notes how close certain elements of the painting are to one another.
Sarah was assigned a topic of study in her research methods class. She discovered that the topic has been studied numerous times by respected institutions. Sarah used complex statistics to sum up the effects of the studies conducted in the last 20 years. What kind of research did Sara engage in?
Meta-analysis
Cindy grew up in a house that was built in the 1950s and had peeling paint on the window and door frames. She was diagnosed with intellectual disability and requires special education in school. What is a potential cause of her disability?
Metal poisoning
Marty gathers the blood pressures of his subjects, and then interviews them. Which of the following would best describe the type of measurement that Marty is using?
Mixed Measurement
What type of research is the following: The juveniles primarily avoided each other during their interactions. However, when contact did occur, there was some aggression noted ('squaring off'=5; verbal threats=3). However, after each interaction the juveniles would then separate and continue to avoid each other.
Mixed Methods
Charlie is stressed about moving to a new city. Which of these is a good coping method for this situation?
Modifying his standards.
Graham has bipolar disorder. His psychiatrist is likely to prescribe:
Mood Stabilizers
Ginger is looking for a job in Paris. She heard there are also a lot of people from the city of Creil who are looking for jobs. She has decided that all people from Creil aren't as intelligent as her, and therefore will not get the job. What is this an example of?
Motivational theory
How would Mrs. Purdue implement learning by observation in her class?
Mrs. Purdue can use demonstrations in class to help her students better understand the concepts that she is teaching.
Which of these is NOT a somatoform disorder?
Munchausen Syndrome
Which of the following is NOT a scale on Wechsler's tests?
Musical IQ
Janet has very little regard for others, but a high regard for herself. This sounds like:
Narcissistic personality disorder
When you're at a restaurant and the waiter comes out with your dinner, which system is responsible for telling your brain that your food has arrived?
Nervous system
What is the weakness found in the frequency theory of hearing?
Neurons can't fire as fast as certain high-pitched sounds
If an individual's life expectancy is only around 50, does this mean that their lifespan will end up to be around the same number?
No, because an individual's lifespan may less than or greater than their life expectancy.
In his meeting with his defense lawyer, Jonathan admitted to committing the crime, but only because voices told him to do it. Might Jonathan be competent to stand trial?
No, because he was suffering from hallucinations.
Bill received a new toy ball. It was not round like all of his other toy balls, but oval. He had to _____ this new information in order to understand how to play with it.
accommodate
If you take a drug long enough, it can create a tolerance. Tolerance with a drug can lead to which of the following?
addiction
Our perception of ourselves is made up of ____
all answers are correct
When we perceive others ____
all answers are correct
Cannon-Bard disagreed with James-Lange in the following ways:
all are correct.
Difficult searches
all are correct.
Easy searches
all are correct.
Which of the following is TRUE about multitasking?
all are correct.
Deception in psychological research is _____.
allowed but minimized as much as possible
Ryan is able to shift attention back and forth between different tasks. He has _____ attention.
alternating
Using Roy G Biv to learn the colors of the rainbow is an example of _____.
an acronym
Specific intelligence refers to _____.
an aspiring chemist performing well on a chemistry quiz
If a study about the relationship between intelligence and income produced a Pearson correlation coefficient of .90, it would suggest that:
as intelligence increases, income increases
Compared to pessimists, optimists tend to _____.
be confident about solving problems
Bandura's reciprocal causation model focuses on continuous interaction between the following three factors:
behavior, environment, person
B.F. Skinner is best known for his contributions to the _____ perspective of educational psychology.
behaviorist
Intimacy and close relationships are more easily formed with others who are likely to accept our _____.
behaviors and attitudes
Ulric Neisser and his colleagues said that intelligence includes all of the following abilities, EXCEPT _____.
being a strong test-taker
In Solomon Asch's study, he wanted to study the phenomenon of the participant's social desire to _________________.
belong to the group
Samantha is an addictions counselor who believes in using social learning to help her clients overcome addiction. Social learning can help people overcome addiction through _____.
both negative reinforcement and skills acquisition
The oldest parts of the brain are the _____.
brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation and cerebellum
In 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed outside her home in New York City. Although neighbors heard her scream, nobody helped her. What phenomenon describes the diffusion of responsibility?
bystander effect
Which of the following is an example of deliberate conscious behavior?
calling your mother
Sara is a schizophrenic patient that has become completely motionless. Her doctor performs a test in which he places her arm in a waving position and Sara doesn't resist the placement or move her arm back after it is placed. It appears that Sara's schizophrenia is _____.
catatonic type
Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment wouldn't be approved today because it _____.
caused physical and psychological harm
The biological processing of emotions does NOT involve the _____.
cerebellum
The first recognizable brain structure to form from the neural tube is/are the _____ in the _____ trimester.
cerebral cortex, first
A study of the overjustification effect found that _____.
children given rewards for playing math games played them less often afterward
Marcia has tried everything in her power (drinking herbal tea, taking a melatonin supplement, meditating before bedtime, etc.), but she has been unable to sleep for months. She feels like she is going crazy. Marcia is suffering from _____.
chronic insomnia
According to the place theory of hearing, our ears transmit information by firing neurons from different parts of the _____.
cochlea
Learning how to do multiplication is an example of _____.
cognitive development
Which of these is not a benefit of the cognitive model?
cognitive therapy is easily implemented
A researcher analyzing another researcher's data is likely to _____.
collect and combine multiple data sets
What are the five conditions evaluated by the Apgar test?
color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, respiration
Patient - client confidentiality _____.
comes second to the duty to protect
Attention is
concentrating one aspect of the environment while ignoring others.
Altered states of consciousness are NOT achieved through _____.
concentration
A way to classify something in your mind refers to as a _____.
concept
Researchers plan a study to find the proportion of identical twins that both suffer from depression. This is an example of the researchers determining the _____.
concordance rate
In Gestalt psychology, our ability to perceive a whole without first noticing its parts is referred to as _____.
emergence
Ivan was diagnosed with severe depression. He has a(n) _____ developmental abnormality.
emotional
You go for a run around the track, and afterwards, you feel less anxiety and stress. Which neurotransmitter has been released to help you feel this way?
endorphin
A personality trait is considered to be _____.
enduring
An infant's crying, cooing, and smiling behaviors are intended to _____.
ensure the child's needs for safety and comfort get met
In some cultures, _____ is an indication of wealth and fertility.
excess weight
Catharsis occurs when a patient _____
experiences repressed emotions.
David has volunteered to participate in a scientific experiment to test the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety medication. He is randomly placed into a group that will take this medication for three months and record the level of anxiety in a daily survey. David is placed into the _____.
experimental group
If a psychiatrist believed a patient's level of either serotonin or norepinephrine was out of balance, how would you expect them to address the issue?
With an antidepressant, since antidepressants work to change levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
Which of the following is NOT a result of content analysis?
Writing good research questions
Julie is angry with her friend Betsy, so Julie starts a rumor about Betsy and convinces the other girls at school to ignore her. Is Julie acting aggressively?
Yes, because her actions are focused on hurting Betsy.
As a participant in a study, you're promised $100 if you yell at the first person who walks into the room. How would you most likely deal with cognitive dissonance in this situation?
You would change your perception of actions.
A pigeon receives a seed each time it pecks an electronic button on a device. If the button were to be turned off, the pigeon will peck at the button again and again, although no food comes out of the device. This is an example of _____.
extinction burst
Sharon has a survey that appears to measure depression by asking people if they are depressed. This survey, which asks for a subjective opinion, is an example of _____ validity.
face
The agent of socialization that usually provides children with their first system of values, norms, and beliefs is their _____.
family
The brain processes emotions _____.
faster in the limbic system and slower in the frontal lobes
The cognitive model of abnormal psychology says that the cause of psychological disorders is _____.
faulty thinking
Watson was able to condition the baby to _____.
fear the rat without the loud noise
Which of the following phrases best describes organizational psychology?
it examines the effects an organization can have on an individual as well as the behaviors of individuals within an organization
McDonald's using Olympic athletes in its ads is classical conditioning because _____.
it links healthy athletes with fast food, planting the idea that fast food is healthy
Self-awareness refers to the _____.
knowledge of our separateness from other people
A master chess player employs _____.
logical intelligence
The idea of consciousness suggests that we _____.
make choices and consider our actions
The purpose of research is to _____.
make statements about something that occurs in the real world
The organizational aspect of I-O psychology focuses on _____.
making the company as strong as it can be
If all other statistical procedures fail, the best predictor of a score will be the _____.
mean
Similarity
means our mind groups items together that look alike.
The time between ages seven and twelve is called _____.
middle childhood
A new student at a high school is displaying normative conformity by all of the following EXCEPT:
sitting alone in the cafeteria
The psychology field that focuses on our family and friends influencing our behavior is
social psychology
A firefighter rushes inside a burning building to see if anyone is trapped. This is an example of _____.
social responsibility norm
Albert Bandura is famous for his contributions to the _____ perspective of educational psychology.
social-cognitive
The temporal lobe processes information about _____, the parietal lobe processes information about _____ and the occipital lobe of the brain process information about _____ respectively.
sound, touch, and sight
You remember that somebody told you the story about dropping a Thanksgiving turkey, but no matter how hard you try you can't remember who it was. This is an example of _____.
source amnesia
Inductive reasoning involves starting with _____ and then _____.
specific examples; making generalizations
For the results of a study to be thought to support a hypothesis, researchers must prove that the results have _____.
statistical significance
A conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, but not exactly the same, is called _____.
stimulus generalization
Psychological disorders that involve reactions to mental or emotional strain or tension in an individual's life are known as _____.
stress disorders
Therapists with the highest rates of success with their patients tend to be _____.
warm and empathetic
Forensic psychology involves _____.
weighing the rights of an individual over the rights of society
Different interviewing techniques are based upon
whether or not the interviewer is following set questions or creating their own.
Psychologists who believe in the power of nurture are most likely to also believe in:
Discontinuity
Writing an essay proposing different solutions to an issue requires what kind of thinking?
Divergent
Which of the following lists the four stages James Marcia outlined for identity status, in the correct order?
Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Achievement
What kind of attention would you be using if you were to take this quiz while watching a tv show?
Divided attention
What is information processing?
A series of steps that explains how we receive and store information.
The concept of social learning suggests that aggression can be learned from all of the following EXCEPT:
A slow computer
Calvin is a singer who gets anxious when speaking to large groups. However, once he starts singing, he immediately feels confident and calm. His transient anxiety in front of large groups is an example of which of the following?
A state
Joseph has Broca's aphasia. What can help him recover his lost abilities?
Treatment, rehabilitation, and time.
Leo is in the two-word period of linguistic development. He's able to say short phrases like 'play dog' and 'food mommy'. What likely age is Leo?
20-30 months
Scientists estimate that the lifetime chance of being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is which of the following?
25%
The teacher asks her student, Isaac, to read a book in front of his second grade class. He stands in front of the class and reads the book fluently. What would be the BEST response from his teacher?
'Let me get you a harder book.'
Which of the following is TRUE about reflexes?
A reflex reaction is an automatic reaction.
Which of the following statements is correct in connection with descriptive research?
Descriptive research attempts to explore and explain the situation while providing additional information about a topic.
The correct order of the four phases of sexual activity is:
Desire, excitement, orgasm, resolution.
Which of the following would be an acceptable p-value for statistical significance?
.03
Which of the following is a p-value that would show statistical significance?
0.04
You gathered data at a clinic and entered your results into the frequency table shown below. Which of the following is the percentage of patients you found to have schizophrenia (round to the nearest tenth if necessary)?
10.2%
If a large corporation was looking for someone to conduct research on the efficacy of their new product, who are they most likely to contact?
A PhD student who is working on research to complete their dissertation.
What is stress?
A blanket term used to describe anything that pushes your body out of its comfort zone
All of the following are examples of abnormal development, EXCEPT:
A broken leg
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
A child reacts differently to a new food than to a familiar food
If you were depressed and wanted to talk to someone, what type of psychologist would you go see?
A clinical psychologist
A researcher may pretend to be a subject in a study because:
A confederate pretends to be a subject to test a hypothesis.
All students applying to a bachelor's degree program in nursing must pass a final examination at the end of their sophomore year. Anyone who scores at least 80% on the exam will be considered for acceptance into the final two years of the program. The test is difficult and is written to identify the most academically prepared students. This type of exam would be considered an example of:
A criterion-referenced test
In which of the following cultural examples would you expect a strong level of conformity?
A culture where the cultural group identity is highly valued
Jordan longs to provide her long-term partner, Jack, with the intimacy he desires for their relationship. She enjoys spending time with him, holding hands, and laying together cuddling. However, although Jack has been patient for a very long time, when he tries to initiate sex Jordan panics, since she has an intense fear of not wanting her genitals touched. Which of the following types of dysfunction is Jordan struggling with?
A disorder of desire.
What is the most notable event during the fetal period?
A dramatic change in the size of the fetus.
A reflex score of two on the Apgar test means that the infant shows which of the following?
A grimace and cough or sneeze during stimulation of the airways
Which of these is a good example of Freud's concept of transference?
A group of young men in Alcoholics Anonymous begin to treat each other like brothers and bond.
_____ uses unconditional positive regard and active listening?
A humanistic approach
Which of the following best describes a frequency distribution?
A list of how often items occur
Which of the following is NOT an example of an individual who has a sexual dysfunction?
A man who desires young girls.
What is a heuristic?
A mental shortcut
Which of the following is an example of how a person would behave if their id went unchecked?
A person admires roses in a neighbor's yard, so he cuts them and takes them home.
Sarah notices that just about everybody on her soccer team wears the same type of headband. Based on typical conformity patterns, why is Sarah likely to also buy this type of headband?
A person is most inclined to conform with a group when he or she believes that the majority of the group is acting together.
What does the A-B-C Theory say?
A person's thoughts about an event can lead to psychological issues.
A healthy person pretending to have symptoms is called:
A pseudopatient
The French government wanted a way to identify students with learning disabilities, so Alfred Binet created a test to determine the average performance levels for different school-age groups. Which of the following students taking Binet's test would the French Government have been most interested in?
A student that continually struggled in reading and mathematics.
Which of the following is an example of the halo effect?
A team lead is interviewing a candidate who is extremely beautiful. He just knows that she will be the right fit for the company and a great addition to his team.
Which of the following is the best example of an academic situation requiring crystallized intelligence?
A test on memorized vocabulary terms
Which of the following best defines a psychological measurement?
A way of assessing thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Which of the following people is considered intrinsically motivated?
A woman who paints because it's relaxing
If someone is inattentive and impulsive, but NOT hyperactive, they likely have:
ADD
If someone is inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive, they likely have:
ADHD
A parent walks into a noisy daycare, but the more time they spend there, the less they notice the noise. What process is the parent undergoing?
Adaptation
A scientist notices several birds in the same area that are similar in appearance with the exception of different beak lengths. She observes that one type of bird with a particularly long beak can pick bugs out of holes in the ground, while the birds with shorter beaks cannot. The longer beak is an example of
Adaptation
What is short-term psychological stress?
Adaptations that make you more attuned with your environment
The 'Bell Curve' was controversial for suggesting that _____.
African Americans and Latinos have a genetically lower intelligence than Caucasians and Asian Americans
Which of the following learning scenarios BEST illustrates the premise of social learning theory?
After Tom watches a video in which a plumber demonstrates how to make a minor air conditioning repair, Tom is able to do it, himself.
Which of the following is an example of addressing a child's abilities in order to heighten self-esteem?
After the soccer game a parent says, 'You did great today! You were able to run fast and still kick the ball into the goal!'
The psychologist who introduced the idea of the inferiority complex was named _____.
Alfred Adler
The following is true about perception:
All answers are correct
What is a benefit of social play?
All answers are correct
Program evaluations are an abundant source of social data, because _________________.
All answers are correct.
Abnormal psychology:
All are correct
People who study abnormal psychology are studying which of the following?
All are correct
Which of these is a right of mental health patients?
All are rights of mental patients
Jane is two days old. What is true about this newborn?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Perceptual development refers to the development of which of the following?
All of the answers are correct.
Rita is an adult who has mixed feelings about whether she wants to take a certain medication prescribed by her doctor due to the side effects. Which of the following may result?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of how an emotional state can influence decision-making?
All of the answers are correct.
Why can it be more complicated to apply the scientific method to human growth and development research?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of these is a strength of the biological model?
All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?
All of these are treatments
Which of the following examples represents a function of a school?
All of these are true.
Which of the following is NOT a part of a psychological research experiment?
All research subjects are given exactly the same treatment.
How is an adult brain different from the brain of a fetus in the 9th month of pregnancy?
An adult brain is bigger.
Consider the studies listed below and indicate which one would most likely utilize archival research as its primary methodology.
Analyzing patterns of people immigrating through Ellis Island in the 20th century
Which of these statements about anorexia is FALSE?
Anorexia can cause a woman to eat far in excess of 1,200 calories a day.
The purpose of research in the psychology field is to:
Answer questions about human thinking and behavior.
Applied research:
Answers a real-world problem.
Which statement is correct?
Antidepressants are a good choice for treating anxiety disorders.
A patient with schizophrenia is most likely to be treated with what type of medication?
Antipsychotic
Sara suffers from a psychological disorder where she experiences delusions and hallucinations due to high levels of dopamine in her brain. Which of the following types of psychiatric drugs would MOST LIKELY be prescribed in order to lessen Sara's symptoms?
Antipsychotics
George was asked by his administrator to provide some statistics for their school's enrollment trends. To do this, he accessed the last 50 years of enrollment data from the school and summarized the information into a concise report. What kind of research was George doing?
Archival research
Humanistic psychology suggests that people:
Are fundamentally good
How would someone who was irritable be viewed in light of the humorism of the ancient Greeks?
As having an excess of yellow bile
How might someone who subscribes to the just world hypothesis view a rape victim?
As in some way inviting the attack through their actions or dress
According to Social-Cognitive theorists, all of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT:
As people develop, they become more competitive.
If the null hypothesis states, 'There is no relationship between the amount of sleep a person gets each night and the amount of coffee they drink,' which of the following could be an example of an alternative hypothesis for this study?
As the amount of sleep a person gets each night decreases, the amount of coffee they drink increases.
What is psychological measurement?
Assessing of psychological traits
This psychologist might suggest that students only study hard in order to receive a good grade from the teacher.
B.F. Skinner
The steps of the scientific method include: Ask a question, _____, Form a hypothesis, Test the hypothesis & collect data, Analyze data, and _____.
Background research; Reporting
When you make a judgment based on probability, you use which type of heuristic?
Base rate
What can psychologists do to offer the best treatment to all patients?
Be sensitive to cultural factors that might affect treatment.
Why is proper prenatal care essential to prenatal brain development?
Because brain cells develop at a fast pace.
Why are developmental outcomes difficult to predict?
Because development is the result of a complex process where the environment determines the expression of a person's genetic potential.
Why is the embryonic period the most crucial part of prenatal development?
Because during this period the cells begin to differentiate and prepare the foundation for the baby.
Why is experimental data collection a favorable method?
Because experimental data collection typically produces the most valid data.
Why do social sciences allow for the use of assumptions and inferences?
Because humans are more difficult to understand, predict, and control than chemicals in laboratory condition.
According to evolutionary developmental psychology, why are people better able to learn to identify animals tracks than car parts?
Because identifying animal tracks was part of our ancestral development.
Why is the successful completion of the trust versus mistrust stage important?
Because if this stage is not successfully completed, the individual will become anxious and insecure.
Why is sensory information important for humans?
Because it helps us survive.
Why is the psychoanalytic theory of development not given as much attention as other theories?
Because it is difficult to test and produces no objective evidence.
Why do Freudians practice dream analysis?
Because it's a means of exploring the patient's unconscious, to untangle some of the damage caused by repression.
If a person were confronted with a very dangerous situation, why might their sympathetic nervous system NOT engage?
Because their brain thinks there is no chance of survival.
Why are most stages of development described as occurring within an age range rather than at a specific time?
Because there are normal individual differences in the rates of development.
Why does the public's rights outweigh an individual patient's rights to confidentiality?
Because there may be an instance when an individual may be a danger to someone else.
Why are the universal principles of growth and development important?
Because they describe the stages of biological development.
Why are planning and strategizing associated with executive functioning?
Because they involve linking past experience with current activity.
Why are physiological concerns at the base of the hierarchy of needs?
Because they need to be satisfied before any other needs can be met
Why do property dualists believe that the mind resides within the brain?
Because they think that there's no physical distinction between the mind and the brain.
Why do some people think that narcolepsy is the opposite of insomnia?
Because they think that those suffering from narcolepsy can fall asleep suddenly, in any place and at any time.
Why is it difficult to treat people with antisocial personality disorder?
Because they will manipulate their therapist
Why is practical intelligence important?
Because without it, creative and analytical intelligence can't be applied to one's environment.
Why is plasticity important for development?
Because without plasticity, change would be impossible.
Which educational perspective proposes that the responsibility of learning falls on the learner rather than the teacher?
Constructivist
Tammy recently got married to a man who is many years younger than her. She is concerned about being around for her husband and his children as they grow older. What can Tammy do to increase the likelihood that she has a longer lifespan?
Begin exercising at least an hour a day, including weight-bearing activities.
Psychologists who believe that rewards and punishments dictate a person's actions are called _____ psychologists.
Behavioral
Having mental health BEST means:
Being able to cope with daily stressors and work productively
Who is considered the founder of American psychiatry?
Benjamin Rush
When does an infant exhibit long term memory?
Between the ages of 17-24 months
How does Binet's general vision of intelligence differ from Gardner's theory of intelligence?
Binet believed in measuring one form of intelligence, while Gardner asserts that standard IQ tests measure one or two types of intelligence while ignoring other types of intelligence
Social psychology includes the study of all of the following EXCEPT:
Biology of the brain
What are the two most common types of mood disorders?
Bipolar and unipolar
Susie feels extremely happy, energized and full of life one moment and then sad, depressed, and exhausted at other times. What type of mood disorder is Susie experiencing?
Bipolar disorder
Jane always finds herself obsessing over the smallest imperfection every time she walks past a mirror. She notices the tiniest pimple, or the smallest blemish even if it is not noticeable to anyone else. All of Jane's friends and family do not see the flaws that she sees when she looks in the mirror.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Last week Tara thought that her friend Alex was the greatest person alive. She praised Alex and constantly told her how happy she was to have Alex for a friend. Strangely, though nothing took place to change their relationship, this week Tara thinks that Alex is worthless and a horrible human being. It sounds like Tara may have:
Borderline personality disorder
What is one similarity between the line experiment and the bridge experiment?
Both experiments demonstrate how testing the 'obvious' can yield surprising results.
What is true about rods and cones?
Both rods and cones are located in the retina.
How is the situation of the Cold War similar to that of the hypothetical scenario presented in the prisoner's dilemma?
Both sides benefit from cooperating with each other
In the prisoner's dilemma situation featuring Bonnie and Clyde, the most favorable outcome for both prisoners is for
Both to remain silent
How are Freud and Erikson's theories of development similar?
Both use similar age divisions and believe the unconscious is important.
Jodie is 9 years old and of average intelligence. Shawn is age 27 and also of average intelligence. They have both taken an IQ test. What will their test results be?
Both will have a score of 100
Which statement correctly compares the function of Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Broca's area is involved with production and Wernicke's area with understanding.
How can severe malnutrition early in life impact intelligence?
By affecting neurological development.
How might a poker player exhibit a self-serving bias?
By crediting a winning streak to his skills and a losing streak to a poor dealer
How is oppositional defiance disorder recognized?
By disobedient behavior that is generally limited to verbal outbursts.
Kate has an unhealthy response to the stress of taking an exam. How might she respond?
By ignoring the stressor.
Amanda is at home, relaxing and enjoying a happy movie. How is her autonomic nervous system responding to this situation?
By maintaining a relaxed muscle tone
Why do psychologists factor ethnicity and culture into their diagnoses?
Different cultures have different norms for what's considered appropriate
Larry is diagnosed with anxiety disorder. Which of the following could be ruled out as a cause for Larry's anxiety?
Cannabinoids
How did Cannon-Bard's theory of emotion differ from the James-Lange theory?
Cannon and Bard believed that emotion and physiological arousal occurred simultaneously, while James and Lange thought they happened sequentially.
Carrie is studying which teaching method is best. She chooses classrooms to use in her study by drawing names out of a hat. But when she assigns method to each of the classes, she makes the decision in a non-random way. Which of the following best describes Carrie's actions?
Carrie used random selection, but did NOT use random assignment.
What is the strongest statement in research?
Causality
I send signals to motor neurons, what am I?
Central Nervous System
Focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring others is called:
Centration
Why did Alfred Adler feel the best parenting style was a balance between pampering and neglectful?
Children are provided with safety but allowed to get hurt from time to time.
Which of the following occurs during the preoperational stage of development?
Children become inquisitive and use mental representations for objects
Why is it important to behave in an appropriate manner in front of children?
Children learn by observing and mimicking others.
The results of the self-esteem movement were mixed at best. Which of the following supports the dubious value of the self-esteem movement?
Children put less effort into accomplishing tasks.
Attention is the ability to focus on specific information. Which of the following is mentioned as an important component of attention?
Choice
Bill, 22 years of age, is a native of Chicago and is currently following a three year Bachelor of Science in Biology at the University of Philadelphia. Bill is an evangelical and his family has always supported the Republican party. Who among the following will most likely be a friend to Bill?
Christopher who is following a Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia and has family who has always followed the evangelical traditions. Christopher is 23 years old and has never been to Chicago.
Organizing J F K O R D L A X into JFK, ORD, and LAX is an example of:
Chunking
Which of the following is an example of a self-report measure?
Cindy administers a questionnaire to her subjects.
The difference between the cognitive and behavioral components of attitudes can be explained as:
Cognitive beliefs can be stated in words, while behavioral beliefs affect actions.
The process of growth in the area of thinking is called:
Cognitive development
Which of the following is included in both Case's theory and Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Cognitive development occurs in stair step-like stages.
Which of the following is TRUE of cognitive therapy?
Cognitive therapy treats depression.
Someone who weighs the pros and cons of taking drugs is demonstrating which addiction factor?
Cognitive-behavioral
Judy is considering doing a longitudinal study but has some concerns. She listed them below. Which of these items does Judy not need to be concerned about with her longitudinal study?
Cohort Effects
Which of these includes archetypes?
Collective unconscious
Which of the following would NOT address safety needs in the classroom?
Colorfully decorated classroom
Sternberg's triangular model of love included which of the following?
Commitment, intimacy and passion
Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister, who plays volleyball really well. Which characteristic of effective models does this behavior fit under?
Competence
Richard was an award-winning salesman for many years. At the end of last year, he was laid off, and he has not been able to find a suitable replacement position yet. He used to pride himself on supporting his family, and he is struggling with how he is going to provide for their needs in the future. Richard is having issues with what aspect of his self-concept?
Competent self
All of the following are characteristics of pre-linguistic language development, EXCEPT:
Complex utterance
Mr. Zee claps his hands and tells his students to be quiet. After a period of time, he just has to clap his hands and the children become quiet. What is the clap?
Conditioned stimulus
Marco administers his survey in the same room for each subject and makes sure that the exact same instructions are read to each subject before taking the survey. Which of the following methods is Marco using to increase reliability?
Controlling testing conditions
The SAT test, and other standardized tests, involve more of which type of thinking?
Convergent
When visiting his family, we see Henry using a mental representation of a car and trying out pretend play. What substage of cognitive development is he in?
Coordination of tertiary reactions
Why is empirical validation for psychological treatments difficult to achieve?
Cost and the large number of different treatments make scientific validation financially impossible.
Why is it likely that an 80 yr old (say, Henry) would have a higher crystallized intelligence than a 20 year old (say, Jeanette)?
Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age.
Which of these is NOT a criteria for identifying abnormal behavior?
Cultural acceptance
All of the following influence probabilistic epigenesis, EXCEPT:
Culture
Jeremy and his friends often wrestle when they get into arguments. The parents shrug off the boys' behavior as 'just getting it out of their system.' What is influencing the parents' perception of this type of aggression?
Culture
Which psychologist highlighted the issues with psychological diagnosis?
David Rosenhan
Conservation depends partly upon:
Decentration
What kind of reasoning did Sally use?
Deductive
What is it called when a baby imitates something her mother does after a minute or two?
Deferred imitation
How does dementia differ from Alzheimer's?
Dementia refers to symptoms; Alzheimer's is a disease
Brian needs data about a particular region. He wants to know information such as gender, race, religion, etc. For which of the following types of data is Brian looking?
Demographic data
A person who failed a class but tells people he got an A is experiencing denial. Why is this an unproductive way of dealing with disappointment?
Denial is unproductive because it is a refusal to accept reality.
Descriptive statistics are used to:
Depict data succinctly.
Brain scans include areas such as CT, PET, and MRI. Brain scan research has gone beyond the most basic phase and is in the process of expanding our understanding of the living brain. Into which realm of research would this place brain scan research?
Descriptive
Darren measures how tall his younger brother is. Which of the following types of measurement is Darren using?
Direct observation
James participates in a study, but his results are not normal for him. Which of the following methods would ensure that James' results aren't going to mess up the results of the study?
Increase sample size
Which of the following is NOT a physical sign of aging?
Increased flexibility.
Which of the following effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?
Increased heart rate
Which of the following is NOT a physical change that occurs during early childhood?
Increased vocabulary
Michael uses the answers to a survey as a part of his study. Which of the following types of measurement is Michael using?
Indirect observation
One benefit of using longitudinal designs is:
Individual differences are recorded
What kind of reasoning is Daniel using?
Inductive
ABC Financial is experiencing issues with new hires that have been caught stealing money. The company has recently hired Gabby who is an I-O psychologist. She suggested implementing a special type of personality test, known as an integrity test. It will be given to all candidates who reach the second round interview level in an attempt to weed out individuals who will not be trustworthy or honest. This activity would fall under which of Gabby's roles?
Industrial - Testing
Lois was a psychiatric patient in the 1940's. She suffered from severe schizophrenia, and underwent a radical therapy that caused her to gain a considerable amount of weight, and become very restless. Which of the following therapies did she most likely undergo?
Insulin shock therapy.
Jeff watches people's reactions to different video clips. If a subject shows a strong reaction to the first clip, then they generally react similarly to the remainder of the video clips. What type of reliability can describe Jeff's study?
Inter-item reliability
Johnny goes to two different psychologists and they both diagnose him with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Which of the following types of reliability is being demonstrated by the psychologists?
Inter-rater reliability
A toddler who is able to understand simple relationships between actions or representations is at which stage of cognitive development?
Inter-relational.
What type of neurons make up the central nervous system?
Interneuron
A patient tells her therapist about a dream she had the night before. The therapist is likely to use which psychodynamic treatment for that dream?
Interpretation
All of the following statements are true about the ego EXCEPT:
It accounts for our aggressive tendencies
How can playing a musical instrument impact the brain?
It can increase the size of your temporal lobe.
Which of these represents an advantage of norm-referenced tests?
It can make up for mistakes in writing the test.
How does maladaptive behavior differ from other types of behavior?
It causes harm to either the person performing the behavior or someone else.
How does egocentrism evolve through the stages of development?
It first appears in the preoperational stage, subsides in the concrete operational stage, and re-appears in the formal operational stage.
Jessica's daughter, Jamie, has run away from home three times in the past year. When Jamie is at home she feels that she is constantly arguing with her mom and just wants to escape the criticism. Why would family therapy be a good option in this situation?
It focuses on resolving conflict brought on by their relationships.
How does our childhood peer group act as an agent of socialization?
It gives us an opportunity to form relationships on our own terms.
Dr. Steve conducts an experiment to determine if drinking Gatorade improves a person's 40-yard dash time. He has his subject run a 40-yard dash having drunk no Gatorade. He then has his subject return the next week and run another 40-yard dash, but this time drinking Gatorade beforehand. The subject's second 40-yard dash was faster. Therefore, Dr. Steve determines that Gatorade improves 40-yard dash time. Which is the BEST conclusion about his experiment?
It has low internal validity because he didn't take into account other factors.
Why is creativity important?
It helps you solve real-world problems, which require creativity along with analytical intelligence.
Which of these is a weakness of the biological model?
It ignores the impact of the environment on psychology.
How does the evaluation of treatment effectiveness in clinical psychology differ from the evaluation of treatment effectiveness in physical medicine?
It includes the patient's impression and the therapist's impression.
How does the attention span of a person change throughout his or her life?
It increases as children become adolescents and adults, then it decreases as adults become older.
Which of these is NOT one of the three elements of informed consent?
Notarized contract
Before Adam leaves the house he double checks every lock, flips the light switch three times, and counts the number of dishes in the sink. Adam is likely to be diagnosed with:
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Shaun is walking down the street and sees a bird in a tree. How does his psychological experience of the bird arise?
Once the visual information of the bird reaches the brain, it is interpreted into a psychological experience.
How do basic and applied research work together?
One leads into the other.
What can cause biological abnormalities?
One's genetic make-up
Which of the following demonstrates the sequence of complexity in order?
Operational consolidation, unifocal coordination, bifocal coordination, elaborated coordination.
Freud maintained that the psychosexual development of a person's personality occurs during which of the following key stages:
Oral, anal and phallic
What is a type of psychological issue caused by damage to the brain?
Organic
Howard is an I-O psychologist at his company. Recently, his employer announced a joint venture with an organization in China. Soon, many of the senior managers will be traveling to meet with the staff there. Howard knows that these individuals are not used to working with folks from another culture who may do things differently. He assembles a presentation for them that details how to best work with their new counterparts in China. This activity falls under what responsibility of Howard's?
Organizational - Diversity
A disease or other issue with the brain is called:
Pathology.
Why would you expect an interview with a patient about his life prior to amnesia to be productive if that patient has anterograde amnesia?
Patients with anterograde amnesia can't form new memories, but remember everything from before the amnesia set in.
How does Rogerian therapy work?
People know how to make themselves better but need some help.
'I knew someone with mental problems, so everyone with mental problems must be like that,' is an example of _____.
Personal Experience
Psychological research is a broad category of research. Which of the following does NOT often have a model to help describe it?
Physical traits
What is the first and most important need highlighted in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological needs
What is the next thing to happen after a physical stimulus hits the sensory receptors?
Physiological response
What does rational intervention involve?
Pointing out how irrational a person's thoughts are
If you had a neurological disorder affecting your thermoreceptors, what symptom would you experience?
Problems perceiving hot and cold
Ralph has a Type A personality and Taryn has a Type B personality. How are they different from one another?
Ralph is very focused and impatient at work, while Taryn is more of a steady, easy going worker.
Winifred is performing a study of hospitals in Pennsylvania that perform a rare nerve surgery of the foot. In order to obtain her sample, she has placed the names of the hospitals that perform the surgery on strips of paper and placed them in a box. She then has her assistant pull out ten of the strips of paper from the box. This type of sampling method is known as which of the following?
Random
Anna uses a random number generator to decide which treatment to administer to each of her subjects. Which of the following is Anna demonstrating?
Random assignment
Damon wants to test two different medications. When deciding which medication to give to each subject, he flips a coin. Which of the following is Damon demonstrating?
Random assignment
Surya is doing a study. She sits at the entrance to the state fair and uses every fifth person that passes her in her study. Which of the following is Surya demonstrating?
Random selection
After meeting with a new patient who exhibits memory impairment following a car accident, Dr. Jameson diagnoses her with retrograde amnesia. What symptoms would you expect this patient to exhibit?
She has new memories that have formed in the days following the accident, but can't recall anything before the accident.
Janet is extremely anxious because she knows that she should be spending a good deal of time researching and preparing for an upcoming job interview. Instead, she is allowing her stress about the situation to control her, and she is unable to focus on beginning her preparation and is essentially frozen in fear. Which way is Janet responding to stress?
She is putting her foot on both the gas and the brake.
Baby Riley received a score of 6 on her first Apgar test. What does this indicate?
She may need some assistance with breathing.
The psychodynamic model of psychology was founded by _____.
Sigmund Freud
The psychodynamic model of psychology was founded by:
Sigmund Freud
Who changed the name of the disorder from hysteria to conversion disorder?
Sigmund Freud
Who was the individual who affected Jung's works greatly but whom he also had a rift with when Jung began to formulate his own ideas and theories?
Sigmund Freud
Madeline always feels like she is never included in group activities or social events. She has become depressed and lonely. According to Maslow, which category of needs has not been fulfilled?
Social (love/belonging) needs
How are social development and emotional development different?
Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.
Why are problems in the social dimension most likely to get a person locked up?
Social interactions perceived as bizarre make people uncomfortable
Grant grew up believing that tall people are more athletic than short people because that is what his parents told him. What is this an example of?
Social learning
Which of the following is a drawback to using violation of social norms as a way to identify abnormal behavior?
Social norms vary from culture to culture.
Which educational psychology perspective proposes that learning occurs through observation?
Social-Cognitive
Which of the following statements about socialization is FALSE?
Socialization only occurs during childhood.
Which of the following is a premise of the sociocultural model of abnormal psychology?
Society and culture influence a person's mental health
The newest version of the DSM lumps somatoform disorders together under the title:
Somatic symptom disorder
Cultural factors can have an effect on treatment because _____.
Some patients might be unwilling to talk because of their cultural background.
Based on the overjustification effect, which of the following is most likely to experience decreased intrinsic motivation?
Someone given a reward for playing a game
Which of these is an example of something that might be studied in abnormal psychology?
Someone who is having auditory hallucinations
Which of the following individuals is NOT likely to benefit from psychodynamic therapy?
Someone with a chemical imbalance in their brain
Which of the following is NOT a step in the sampling process?
Specify the sampling tool.
My research assistants and I will go out and question people on their thoughts and feelings about the rapid development of technology and the impact it has on them. This would be an example of a(n) _____.
Survey
Tommy has a strong sense of morality. According to Freud, this would indicate he has worked through which of the following feelings?
The Oedipus Complex, or sexual desire for his mother and desire to kill his father
Which of the following is an argument against Noam Chomsky's theory of universal language?
The Pirahã people speak a language that doesn't follow usual language rules.
What is long-term psychological stress?
Symptoms that continue to upset your psyche long after the stressor is gone
Organic brain disorders can be linked to which of the following diseases?
Syphilis
If there is an even number of scores and you need to find the median, you:
Take the two scores in the middle and average them.
How does decentration differ from centration?
Taking into consideration multiple aspects of a situation only happens in decentration.
Which of the following scenarios does NOT portray a case that fits in with known causes of split personalities?
Tara fell off her skateboard and suffered brain damage which may have led to her development of split personalities.
Jenni did a puzzle on Thursday and then did it again the following Monday. She did much better on Monday, which could be attributed to which threat to internal validity?
Testing
On which of the following cases would an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) be useful?
Testing whether children in Iowa, California, and New York have different learning skills
Which of the following did Phillipe Pinel most famously believe?
That patients should be treated with dignity.
Which of these is a theory that pre-dates Jung's theories?
The Id
What does the term neuroplasticity refer to?
The brain adjusting to damage or changing based on new abilities.
All of the following statements reflect the beliefs of the psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT:
The conscious mind guides our psychosexual development
Which of the following would be considered an example of language according to principle of combinability?
The content of a text message
Which of the following is true about neurons?
They each have different functions within the nervous system
Why are schemas important?
They help us make sense of all the information in the world
How did Wilhelm Wundt and William James change the study of human behavior?
They looked at it from a scientific point of view
Which of the following is TRUE about central conceptual structures?
They provide a framework for organizing information.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of concepts?
They reduce anxiety.
The sample of a study consists of:
The group of subjects in the study.
How do the roles of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus differ?
The hippocampus processes long-term memory while the hypothalamus regulates hunger.
How do explicit-theoretical and implicit-theoretical approaches to wisdom differ?
The implicit-theoretical approach is focused on what people mean when they talk about wisdom, while the explicit-theoretical is focused on empirical, scientific conceptions of wisdom.
How are the proximodistal principle and the cephalocaudal principles different?
The proximodistal principle states that development occurs from the center of the body outward, while the cephalocaudal principle states that development occurs from top to bottom.
Why would a psychologist who subscribes to the attachment theory ask Sally about the bond with her parents?
The psychologist sees the type of attachment Sally had with her parents as the determining factor in her emotional health.
As Tara conducts her research, she becomes concerned that her sample might not really represent the population under study in the research. Why is this a MAJOR concern?
The research cannot be generalized to the wider population if the sample is not truly representative.
If an experiment is not well controlled (for example, Asch did not have his fake participants say the correct thing or Tajfel told the participants that their groups were not important), then which of the following would best describe the results?
The results are likely meaningless due to being unable to tell what the influence is.
In 1922, Miranda was given a lobotomy. Which of the following explains what the doctors did to Miranda?
They removed part of the frontal lobe of her brain.
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:
They respected the professor's authority
Which of the following is a benefit of heuristics?
They save time
Which of these is a cognitive way of dealing with stress?
Thinking about the motivation of the stress
Which of the following is NOT true about lifespan development disorders?
There is no variance in development or in the presentation of lifespan development disorders.
Which of the following is the best example of a null hypothesis?
There will be no relationship between the amount of cookies you eat and your blood sugar level.
Non-experimental research typically is used for research involving age, gender, and real prisoners. Which of the following is the best explanation for why you can not conduct an experiment with these variables?
These variables cannot be manipulated.
How are the studies of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson similar?
They all sought to understand continuities in development.
Why are symptoms such as delusions and disordered speech categorized as positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
They are more than what a typical person experiences.
How are meditation and hypnosis similar?
They both can lead to an altered state of consciousness.
A researcher is studying the behavior of animals in difficult desert conditions in Africa. He is measuring how many times they eat per day, analyzing how much they are active during extremely hot temperatures, and how much water they drink per day. He hopes to understand what they need to survive in such a harsh climate. Based on the concept of generalization, which of the following can the results of this study be applied on?
They can be applied to a similar environment, such as a desert climate in South America.
How are nightmares beneficial to us?
They can help us deal with difficult things in a safe place.
Which of the following BEST explains why the alarm calls made by vervet monkeys should not be considered language?
They can't be combined to produce additional meanings
A non-significant result tells the researcher:
They cannot infer anything from this study.
Why were Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity so important?
They clearly demonstrated the power of conformity.
Thomas has just been diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. Which of the following behaviors would be consistent with such a diagnosis?
Thomas isn't interested in making friends and spends hours in thought about the world of Game of Thrones fanfiction.
How does learning take place?
Through both observation and insight
How did psychologists conducting psychodynamic research seek to better understand human thought?
Through studying the unconscious
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of psychological measurement?
To change peoples' opinions.
Why is an experimental and a control condition necessary to test a null hypothesis?
To determine whether it is likely the results occurred by chance.
What is the control group intended to do in a study?
To distinguish between different potential causes
Which of the following is the main goal of quantitative measurement?
To do statistical analysis
Why would a specialist use a DTI?
To examine the brain's white matter.
Why do we have to cope with stress?
To keep ourselves healthy
Why was Binet's intelligence test developed?
To measure a student's intelligence regardless of educational background
Which of the following is the BEST explanation of the purpose behind Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher's game theory experiments:
To predict possible outcomes of nuclear war based on choices made by each superpower
How is catharsis involved in a therapeutic process?
To promote relief from tension or unhappy feelings
Which of the following is NOT a reason to perform a case study?
To prove a theory as universally correct
If asked, Megan's boss would describe her as an extremely ambitious and driven employee who is also very organized and can be competitive with her teammates at times. Megan is an example of someone who has a _____ personality.
Type A
Greg's Mom tends to get frustrated with him because he is approaching thirty years of age and still lives at home. He has creative ideas but is also disorganized. He would rather relax with his friends on the weekend than spend time revising his resume and searching for a better paying job. This is an example of a _____ personality.
Type B
James needs to determine the weight of an object. He uses a meter stick to do so. Obviously, this will not work. Which term applies most directly to James' problem?
Validity
What is the premise of the psychoanalytic theory of development?
We go through psychosexual stages as children that impact our future mental health and ability to socialize with others.
According to the opponent-process theory, how are colors processed?
We process colors as three sets of opponent colors: red/green, yellow/blue, and white/black.
What question about human behavior does the prisoner's dilemma help us answer?
When forced to choose between selfishness and selflessness, what are the costs and benefits for each party?
Under what set of circumstances does cognitive dissonance occur?
When there is inconsistency between actions and personal beliefs.
Which of the following is an example of transduction?
When you place your hand on a hot stove, and the nerves in your hand send a message to the brain where the brain registers the stove as ''hot.''
In which of the following situations would insulin be released from the pancreas?
When you've eaten a lot of candy at a party
Alex and Betty are the exact same age, but Alex has a learning disability. Should we expect their respective levels of cognitive development to be the same or different? Why?
Your Answer They may be different, because Alex has a disability.
Colleges help prepare students for their future careers. This is an example of a _____ function of the school.
Your Answer manifest
Which psychological approach might attribute Ralph's obsession with keeping a spotless house to the fact that he experienced harsh potty-training?
Your Answer psychodynamic approach
A seven month old baby repeatedly babbles 'bababa' and 'dadada'. This is an example of
a baby's use of phonemes from his native language.
A testable statement that is logically derived from theory or observation is referred to as _____.
a hypothesis
Subliminal advertising is proven to have
a minimal effect on one's thinking.
A test that compares a person's answers to the answers of other test-takers in the same group is called _____.
a normative test
When Abby was a girl, she helped her grandmother make tacos. Her grandmother did not have air conditioning and the kitchen got very hot, sometimes Abby would feel sick because of the heat. Since then, she hasn't been able to eat tacos because she associates them with heat exhaustion. This is an example of:
conditioning
Whenever Ted gets a good grade his parents take him for ice cream. However, when he performs poorly on a test, he is forced to skip a meal. They also buy him small prizes whenever he cleans his room, but cut his after school play time when his room is a mess. Ted's parents are using _____ to influence his behavior.
conditioning
A persistent pattern of disregard for the rights of others is indicative of _____ disorder.
conduct
Whether or not a question on a survey relates to the topic is called _____.
content validity
Monocular depth cues include all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
convergence
The part of the brain that connects the two hemispheres is called the _____.
corpus callosum
A statistic for measuring how much a trait in one twin compares or contrasts with the same trait in the other twin is the _____.
correlation coefficient
Rose is afraid of dogs, but her family really wants to get a dog. She meets with a therapist who has her visit a pet adoption center. Every time Rose visits the the pet adoption center, she brings along photos and videos of her kids. These make her happy. Soon, Rose feels happy every time she sees all the dogs at the center. This is an example of _____.
counterconditioning
Coping with stress with subconscious mechanisms is called _____.
defense coping
The part of the neuron that receives signals is called a _____.
dendrite
Researchers plan an experiment to test the hypothesis, 'Younger drivers have faster reaction times.' In this study the reaction time is the {Blank|].
dependent variable
Psychoactive drugs that increase the production of the neurotransmitter GABA are called
depressants
An interview would be conducted when
detailed, in-depth information is needed.
When determining which programs to request data from, a researcher should ____________________.
determine what kind of data they are likely to collect
Jim displays primarily negative symptoms with his schizophrenia, including emotional flatness. How might a psychiatrist categorize Jim's type of schizophrenia?
disorganized type
Adrian is the oldest child in a family of two boys. From the time he was born, Adrian was pampered. During the first couple years of his life, it was determined that Adrian was extremely bright, and his parents worked to give him every opportunity to encourage his creativity and learning. When his brother, Gary, was born, he was neglected by his parents. According to Alfred Adler, how might this neglected child feel?
fearful and mistrustful
The 'stereotype threat' refers to the hypothesis that women and racial minorities will:
feel anxiety because of the stereotype that they will perform badly on tests, causing them to perform poorly
Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior?
feeling irritated by someone
In evaluating potential experiments, a research organization's Institutional Review Board tries to _____.
find a balance between the value to science and the potential harm done
A child's weekly allowance is an example of a _____.
fixed interval
Psychologist John Dollard hypothesized that _____ can result in aggression when a desired goal isn't attained.
frustration
A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the same stimulus is called _____.
habituation
When an individual allows a positive belief about one part of a person to influence his opinion about all of the other parts of that person, this is known as the _____.
halo effect
James has just been hired at XYZ Corporation. He carefully watches how his new colleagues behave in order to learn how he should behave. James is exhibiting _____.
informational conformity
'Human behavior is caused by the soul interacting with nerve fibers' is false for many reasons, but specifically, it fails the aspect of determinism because
it attributes an event to a supernatural cause.
A person who 'accidentally' deletes a coworker's presentation because the coworker forgot their lunch date is expressing _____.
passive aggression
Psychological development is influenced by
physical, intellectual, and emotional growth
Talk therapy and dream analysis are two techniques used in _____.
psychoanalysis
The attachment theory is based on _____.
psychoanalytic, evolutionary and ethological theories
The study of the mind is called _____.
psychology
A person who thinks that depression should be treated with talk therapy also most likely believes that the cause of depression is _____.
psychosocial
Erikson characterizes development as a series of _____.
psychosocial stages
If there are two modes, you should _____.
report both
The fight-or-flight response is stimulated by the _____.
sympathetic nervous system
A teacher wants to compare the reading comprehension skills of children with learning disabilities and children without learning disabilities. Which statistical test should she use to make this comparison?
t-test
Currently, the common model of the human mind compares it to _____.
the Internet
Thomas has been using a new therapy with his depressed patients and is excited that so many of them feel it has really helped. He realizes that there have been several patients he hasn't heard from in a while who also tried the new therapy. He wonders if that means they didn't find it helpful. Thomas' initial impression from the patients who were helped by the therapy is an example of _____.
the availability heuristic
Maria is seeing a psychologist, Nancy, to get help with anxiety and fear of being alone in her own home. She also has racing thoughts when faced with the idea of being alone. Nancy's treatment plan will help Maria with these behaviors by teaching her coping skills like meditation, relaxation techniques and desensitization. Nancy is treating Maria according to which model of abnormality?
the behavioral model
'Variance' attempts to estimate
the parameter.
In phototransduction,
the retina converts electromagnetic light waves into electronic stimuli.
The null hypothesis is a prediction that _____.
there is no relationship
The senses that are part of the somatosensory system are _____.
touch and proprioception
Which emotion found in Robert Plutchik's list is missing from Ekman's original list?
trust
Most babies don't develop 20/20 vision until _____.
two years old
