PI chapter 6
A matrix or deployment flowchart is chiefly useful for identifying who is providing inputs or services to whom, as well as finding situations where different people or departments may needlessly be doing the same task.
True
A scatter diagram (scatter plot) is a simple visual form of graphical analysis.
True
A workflow diagram is a visual representation of the MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, materials, paperwork, or information within a process.
True
Digging deeper is a technique used to break down data into categories or subcategories to make better sense of it.
True
If tasks are done the same way every time by everyone there is less chance for error.
True
Improvement goals will not be achieved if solutions are not effective
True
Scatter diagram shows a snapshot of performance from one time period and is not used to show performance over time.
True
Simple processes are easier for people to follow.
True
Sometimes project teams must dig deeper into the measurement data to better understand what needs changing to achieve improvement goals. This technique of digging is known as stratification.
True
Standardization improves performance reliability by creating predictability and consistency in the process.
True
The Pareto principle often referred to as the 80-20 rule, postulates that in any series of variables (problems or errors) a small number will account for most of the effect. Example: 80% of patient complaints stem from 20% of the problems.
True
Time study is for LEAN
True
Unnecessary variation can also be found in equipment, supplies, and the location of equipment and supplies.
True
Voting is more useful when options are fairly straightforward or when time is limited.
True
Cause and effect diagram is also called a
fishbone diagram
Cause and effect diagram
improvement tool used to organize the origins or factors that produce a result
Quantitative tools
improvement tools used for measuring performance, collecting and displaying data, and monitoring performance over time
Flowchart is
A graphical representation of how a process works that shows, at a minimum, the sequence of steps.
Adjust the environment
A project team may need to physically visit the worksite to identify human performance problems related to workstation design.
Use constraints and forcing functions
Are barriers that make it easier for people to do the right thing.
Value stream maps
Are commonly created during LEAN projects.
Cause and effect diagrams
Are structured brainstorming tools.
Prioritization tools
Are used when a team needs to make decisions among several options.
Rectangle
Depicts particular step or task
A matrix flowchart is sometimes called:
Deployment flowchart or swim lane diagram.
By simplifying processes-eliminating unnecessary steps is more likely
Each task will be completed as required
Improve information access
Good decisions require good information. People must have ready access to relevant and complete information or faulty decisions can occur.
Affinity analysis
Helps an improvement team brainstorm and organize large amounts of information based on affinities or natural relationships.
Human factors principles for work system improvements:
Simplify the process Standardize Reduce reliance on memory Improve information access Use constraints and forcing functions Design for errors Adjust the environment
Workflow diagrams are also called:
Spaghetti diagrams.
A top-down flowchart
Starts with the major steps drawn horizontally. The detail is provided in numbered sub tasks under each major task. Do not show decision points.
Human factors engineering is the
Study of human vulnerabilities and limitations for the purpose of creating processes that are less error-prone and more efficient.
Improvement tools
diagrams, charts, techniques, and methods used in the work of quality improvement
Diamond
Indicates a decision point
Detailed flowchart
Indicates the steps or activities of a process and includes such things as decision points, waiting periods, tasks frequently needing to be redone, and feedback loops.
Kaoru Ishikawa
Invented the cause and effect diagram
Brainstorming
Is a way for a group of people to generate as many ideas as possible in a very short time by tapping into group energy and Individual creativity.
Force field analysis
Is used to study existing problems and to anticipate and plan more effectively for implementing process changes.
Often used cause categories
Manpower, methods, material, measurement, and equipment. Clients, workers, supplies, environment, and procedures. What, how, when, and where Equipment/supplies, environment, rules/policies/procedures, and staff/people.
A matrix flow chart
Maps out a process in terms of the resources completing the steps.
Pareto principle
Named after 19th century economist Vilfredo Pareto, the principle suggests that most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.
A decision matrix is also called:
Priority setting matrix
A high level flow chart is generally used by an improvement team to gain a basic picture of the process and to identify any changes taking place in the process
True
A high level flow chart shows the major steps of a process
True
Steps for creating a Pareto chart
1. Define the categories and the units of comparison for the data, such as frequency, time, or cost. 2. Sort the data into the defined categories and arrange the categories in descending order from largest to smallest, if there is a "other" category show it on the FAR RIGHT of the graph. 3. Calculate the percent of the total 4. Working from largest category to the smallest, calculate the cumulative percentage. 5. Draw and label the left vertical axis with the unit comparison. 6. Draw and label the horizontal axis with categories 7. Draw bars for each category.
The four basic steps to the construction of a workflow diagram:
1. Draw the area to be studied 2. Draw a line for each movement 3. Brainstorm how the movement can be decreased 4. Improve workflow and repeat.
Straight voting
All options are listed and each person in the group is given one vote.
Multi-voting
All options are listed and each person is allowed to vote for a limited number of items.
Weighted voting
All options are listed and each person is given the chance to give more weight to some choices than to others.
The most common qualitative improvement tools used during improvement projects are:
Brainstorming Cause and effect diagram Affinity diagram Prioritization tools Flowcharts Value stream map Workflow diagram Force field analysis
Reduce reliance on memory
Checklists, protocols, preprinted patient assessment tools, and computerized pop-up decision aids are examples of techniques used to reduce people's reliance on memory.
A decision matrix
Helps focus team member decisions on explicit criteria.
Design for errors
Human factors research has proven that we should not expect people to perform flawlessly. Improvement teams must design systems that encourage reliable performance but also allow for quick error detection and correction.
Flowchart
Improvement tool that provides a graphic representation of a process.
Pareto diagram
Improvement tool used to apply the Pareto principle; helps differentiate the significant few problems from the trivial many
Brainstorming
Improvement tool used to generate ideas and make group decisions.
Qualitative tools
Improvement tools used for generating ideas, setting priorities, providing direction, understanding problem causes, and helping to understand processes
Errors occur because of any number of personal and environmental factors, including:
Inattention Memory lapse Failure to communicate Poorly designed equipment Fatigue Inexperience Distracting working conditions Multi-tasking
Rectangle with curved bottom
Indicated a document
Rectangle with curved sides
Indicated stored data
Oval shape
Shows beginning and end steps in a process
Arrow
Shows direction of process flow
Stratification
Techniques used in combination with other data analysis tools, separates data into categories and sub-categories so patterns can be seen.
The most important part of an improvement project us
The action planning and implementation phase.
A Pareto chart graphically displays the relative importance of differences amping groups of data within a set.
True
A Pareto chart shows a snapshot of performance from one time period. It is never used to show performance over time.
True
A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequential steps of a process.
True