PLAN 1010 Midterm
Urban Renewal
- 1940s-1973 • Redevelopment of land in areas of high density, urban use that are considered "ugly" - replace with high-rises - displaced minorities and stable community economies • Involves relocating businesses, demolition of structures, relocation of people, and government purchasing private property for public use possible results: urban sprawl
Federal Interstate Highway Act
- 1956, under President Dwight D. Eisenhower (post-war period where there is a lot of suburbanization and sprawl) - largest public works project in American history, created 41,000 miles of highway to create the interstate highway system - Est. by Department of Defense - would eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams, etc. - in case of atomic attack on cities, road would permit quick evacuation of areas - allowed for suburbanization and rise of the car - Significance: got federal gov into business of subsidizing construction of highways very heavily
Mental Speed Bumps
- Book by David Engwicht - Mental speed bumps to instantly slow drivers without them being aware that they have slowed. - Removing all traffic signs, white lines, speed humps and traffic lights dramatically slow traffic and makes streets safer. - Building the social life of the street is the most effective way to tame traffic.
Mixed-Use Development
- Ex. housing above a car dealership - Development designed for multiple use (residential, retail, industrial) - space efficient --> combine residential, commercial, educational uses - co-location (sharing of spaces) --> these places become beehives of activity; gathering spaces for community - Ex. Garrison Woods, Calgary
Greyfields
- Often asphalt or abandoned former commercial-use buildings -- previous "big-box" stores, shopping malls, warehouses, etc - designation for a large structure like a shopping mall, parking lot, or commercial facility that has been abandoned - The Crossings
Inclusionary Zoning
- Ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes - Ex, Boulder, CO - create incentives or requirements for affordable housing development (like density bonuses) - density bonus: permits developers to build more housing units, taller buildings, or more floor space than normally allowed, in exchange for provision of a defined public benefit, such as a specified number or percentage of affordable units included in the development
Urban Sprawl
- consumption of land that is much faster than population growth - a low-density development that is spread out - Ex. Chicago/cleveland - how to redirect sprawl?: - greenbelt to serve as a boundary (no sprawl past this line) - higher buildings --> build vertically - smaller homes - renewing older, unused building ("adaptive reuse")
Sustainability; Sustainable Development
- development that preserves the environment and does not hurt future generations • Creating conditions where humans and nature can coexist without harming present or future generations
Cohousing (kibbutz)
- group living where there are private homes and common facilities - clustered and compact • Mainly urban, managed collectively by residents (though neighborhood committees) - decisions made through community consensus • Private homes clustered around a shared/collaborative space, main pathways • Shared common house with a large kitchen and dining area, laundry, and recreational spaces • Clustered parking, shared walkways, open spaces and gardens • Neighbours also share resources like tools and lawnmowers - ex. Bakken, Denmark
Accessory/Secondary Housing Units
- housing units with secondary housing units behind them (i.e. housing apts/units build above separate garages of homes) • Built mainly for gaining income via rent or housing a family member • Provides flexibility and informal support •Help aging people meet their needs without moving - owners save money, more people can live in area, more compact
Infill Development
- process of developing vacant or under-used parcels within existing urban areas that are already largely developed - the development with previously empty lots within a city - part of sustainable land use, reduces sprawl - how to overcome obstacles to infill: - based on neighborhood plans - control over conditions placed on construction process - involving neighborhood from the beginning - presence of community amenities/mitigation of neighborhood impact - ex. The Crossings (Mountain View, CA)
Form-Based Codes (FBC)
- response to the problems we are facing with sprawl and single-use zoning - thinks about how new developments will fit into communtiy context rather than if it passes the zoning rules - land use is regulated, but typically regulated more broadly -> land use categories instead of long lists of specific permitted uses - thinks about how development relates to context of surrounding community - provide greater predictability about visual aspects of development (how well it fits in with community) - community has more control over what they want to see - promotes mixed-use and mixed-housing - antidote to restrictive, vision-less zoning codes - gives developers a vision of what to build instead of what they can't build (what zoning codes do) - ex. Arlington County
New Urbanism
- return to neo-traditional town design • Urban design movement promoting walkable neighbourhoods containing a range of housing and job types - emphasis on public realm and walkability - homes closer together, closer to street - on-street parking, alleyways - return to FRONT PORCHES and white picket fences • Supports transit-oriented development (trans station w/i neighborhood) • Attempt to reduce traffic congestion (col-de-sacs, narrower streets), increase affordable housing, and end suburban sprawl - benefits: homebuyers like new urbanism (high market demand), new attention given to physical form, stimulates more social interaction w/i community, stimulates discussions about what makes somewhere a good place to live - identifies and criticizes obstacles created by present zoning and code standards - main concerns: communities aren't always in good locations, romanticizes notions of neighborhoods, communities not functionally complete, affordability (issue of creating elitist communities), belief in physical determinism (is physical form itself enough to lead to better communities?, inadequate concern about ecological issues (tension b/t new urbanist design and sustainability) - ex. Kentlands, MD
Celebration, FL
--> NEW URBANISM --> promotes walkability, compact design
Naked Streets/Intersections
-Traffic calming concept in which streets are stripped of all road lanes and signs to force people to pay attention while driving; mental speed bumps - ex. Charlottesville Downtown Mall
Pocket Neighborhoods (e.g. architect Ross Chapin's projects)
-clustered groups of neighboring houses or apartments gathered around a shared open space — a garden courtyard, a pedestrian street, a series of joined backyards, or a reclaimed alley - cars have separate lot on the side - club house/common area for events - social interaction, sense of community/identity • Ross Chapin's 8 Essential Design Keys for pocket neighborhood: nested houses, eyes on the commons, mailbox cluster, cottage scale, porch rooms, the Commons, layering from public to private, corralling the car - ex. Danielson Grove (Kirkland, WA)
Upzoning
A change in zoning to a less restricted use such as from single family to multi-family use
Central London Congestion Charge
A fee charged for some categories of motor vehicle to travel at certain times within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ), a traffic area in London. The charge aims to reduce congestion and raise investment funds for London's public transport system
Vélib Bicycles (Paris)
A large-scale public bicycle sharing system in Paris, France.
Nightingale Housing
A not-for-profit organization that provides apartments that are socially, financially and environmentally sustainable. We believe that homes should be built for people, not profit.
Redlining
A practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations, members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods.
Build a Better Block
A project started by a group of community organizers, neighbors, and property owners, who gathered together to revitalize a single commercial block in an underused neighborhood corridor. Creates temporary bicycle infrastructure, landscaping, café seating and more to illustrate active streets and places.
Missing Middle Housing
A range of house-scale buildings with multiple units—compatible in scale and form with detached single-family homes—located in a walkable neighborhood.
Medellin Library Parks
An urban complex formed by a combination of a library building with ample surrounding green space for public use. Address the need for more cultural and education space and public services in less affluent neighborhoods.
Gentle Density
Around-oriented housing such as semi-detached homes, duplexes, and stacked townhouses
Ciclovía (as in Bogotá)
Closes down roads from certain times so that they become strictly bike, jog, skate, etc. routes
11th Street Bridge Park (Washington, DC)
D.C.'s first elevated public park. Will be a space for healthy recreation, environmental education, and the arts.
Road Pricing
Economic concept regarding the various direct charges applied for the use of roads. The road charges include fuel taxes, license fees, parking taxes, tolls, and congestion charges. -Implementing some sort of charge on roads to incentivize driving less. ex: congestion charging (forces drivers to bear the cost of congestion, higher charge during peak hours), toll roads, HOT lanes
Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities
Founder of utopian city living harmoniously with nature: Letchworth --> planned,self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts" - provided alternative to overcrowded, grimy London - garden/public buildings at core, encircled by residential buildings and factories, then railroad, then greenbelt - 3 magnet concepts: combine best parts of town, country, and town-country into garden city - ex. Letchworth
"Park in a Truck"
Initiative at Thomas Jefferson University reimagines how social, ecological and economic networks in cities are designed, built and maintained. A community-operated green network established through low-cost, fast-turnaround renovations of vacant lots. The initiative not only improves environmental, social and physical health in under-resourced neighborhoods, but also unites efforts to keep these spaces intact and helps residents take the lead in revitalization and reinvestment efforts. Neighborhoods select what they want in their park and the materials are delivered to them
Willis Carrier
Invented the air conditioner (1902)
Yard Farms (e.g. Community Roots in Boulder, CO)
Microfarms on land less than 1 acre. In exchange for donating space or time, they get a share of the produce. -homeowner gets a portion of the crop, the rest goes to local farms; better utilization of lawn space; farmers come in and take care of crops, this just gives them valuable land - ex Community Roots in Boulder, CO - install gardens in yards of residences that produce food - new idea of incorporating agriculture into designs of neighborhoods
Home GR/OWN
Milwaukee empowers residents to transform neighborhoods by transforming vacant lots into community assets that spark new economic opportunities around local, healthy food production, distribution and recycling; revitalizing Milwaukee commercial corridors and creating new sustainable outdoor community spaces.
Barcelona's Superblocks
Neighborhoods of nine blocks, where traffic is restricted to major roads around the outside, opening up entire groups of streets to pedestrians and cyclists. The aim is to reduce pollution from vehicles, and give residents much-needed relief from noise pollution.
Adaptive Reuse
New uses for empty "big boxes", --> The process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended - sustainability - ex. City of Raleigh converts former hotel into residential space -ex. NYC High Line
Parks Rx
Prescribing nature to improve mental and physical health. Can be as diverse as the communities for which they are designed and they often include collaboration between park and public land agencies, healthcare providers, and community partners
Folded Map Project
Project visually connects residents who live at corresponding addresses on the North and South Sides of Chicago.* Tonika Lewis Johnson investigates what urban segregation looks like and how it impacts Chicago residents.
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Provided government loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure because they couldn't meet their loan payments (part of the New Deal)
Bryant Park
Public park located in the New York City borough of Manhattan (Privately managed). Provides a variety of amenities and activities, including ice skating, restaurants, ping pong, etc.
Road Diet
Reallocation of road space -Typically 4 lanes to 3 -Space for bike lanes, sidewalks, turn lane, parking Reduces speeds, fewer lanes to cross
Micro-mobility
Refers to a range of small, lightweight vehicles operating at speeds typically below 25 km/h and driven by users personally. Devices include bicycles, e-bikes, electric scooters, electric skateboards, shared bicycles, and electric pedal assisted bicycles.
Density
Refers to its concentration of either people (population) or households.
1899 Building Height Law (Washington, DC)
Restricted heights in the District of Columbia to generally the width of the street at the building front. In addition, the Act established maximum height limits of 90 feet in residential areas and 110 feet in commercial areas.
Rotterdam's Water Plazas
Retains rainwater as it falls on the square itself and serves as a repository for rainwater falling on the roofs of surrounding buildings. Also doubles as an urban public space - the lowered areas designed to retain water can be repurposed for sports and recreational use during dry weather.
Parklets
Sidewalk extension that provides space and amenities for sidewalk/street users; often have benches and small resting areas
Third Places
Social communal space other than residences or workplaces. Important for civil society, democracy, civil engagement, and establishing feelings of a sense of place
Complete Streets
Streets designed and operated so that all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities, can safely move along and across the streets
The Not So Big House
Susan Susanka's book on a house that values quality over quantity, and emphasizes comfort, beauty, and a high level of detail.
Pavement to Parks
The Pavement to Parks program seeks to transform the dialogue about San Francisco's public realm and the role of public spaces in the life and vitality of the city. Experiments typically begin with short week-long and low-cost demonstration closures in unused portions of the street. Successful experiments are then temporarily closed for a year or more. Embraced by the community, some plazas are now transitioning to permanent status and capital upgrades, and new plaza locations are being discussed for the future. - adaptive reuse - sustainability - social interaction
Crowding
The average number of people per room
Social Infrastructure
The basic facilities necessary for human development; includes health (hospitals), education (schools) and housing
1916 Zoning Resolution
The first citywide zoning code in the United States. A measure adopted primarily to stop massive buildings from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below, and established limits in building massing at certain heights, usually interpreted as a series of setbacks and, while not imposing height limits, restricted towers to 25% of the lot size.
Urban Legibility
The possibility of organizing an environment within an imageable and coherent pattern.
The Bentway (Toronto)
Transforming a 1.75km space under Toronto's Gardiner Expressway into a vibrant public place where visitors can experience a diverse mix of activities and programs. The initial phase - from Strachan Avenue to Bathurst Street - reinvigorates the area beneath the expressway into a vital artery for pedestrians and cyclists, stitching together seven neighbourhoods, expanding access to key areas such as the Fort York National Historic Site, and creating a new gathering place for Toronto's growing population. The multifunctional space is an expression of Toronto's unique creative energy and serves as an example of how the re-use of infrastructure can support new forms of public life.
Miami's Underline
Transforming the land below Miami's Metrorail into a 10‑mile linear park, urban trail, and public art destination
Greenfields
Undeveloped land either used for agricultural purposes, landscape design, or left to naturally evolve
The Equitable Building (1913)
Upon opening was the largest office building in the world by floor area. Controversial because of its lack of setbacks, which in turn does not allow sunlight to reach the surrounding ground. This contributed to the adoption of the first modern building and zoning restrictions on vertical structures in Manhattan, the 1916 Zoning Resolution.
Intersection Repair
Usually involves painting an intersection with an elaborate design that creates a community gathering space, makes area more vibrant/interesting, and hopefully encourages drivers to slow down when they see it, giving them a signal that they are entering a neighbourhood - Ex. portland, OR
Toronto
Vibrant live-work downtown core, reasonably high-density inner suburbs, an extensive parks system, and a mix of roadways and transit.
Brownfields
former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination (ex. gas station) - can be cleaned and redeveloped - need example
Davis, CA
known for its bike paths and 2nd most educated city in the US - bicycle planning and greenways; 25% of trips made by bicycles - portion of every neighborhood has to set aside land for a greenway - every child should be able to ride bike from home to school without crossing any major roads
Vancouver's "Living First" policy
wanted people to want to live there and then commercial/ business will follow
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs)
• A community not originally designed to contain only seniors, but has a large proportion of residents who are at least 60 • Evolve naturally as adult residents age in place - provide elderly with: social and cultural programs, practical services (ex. cleaners, plumbers, transport), elderly can keep an eye on each other, etc. - Ex. Beacon Hill Village (Boston) - Significance: mobility/accessibility for all no matter your age, ability to age in place, cities that can accommodate everyone esp elders
Jane Jacobs
• American-Canadian journalist, author, activist well known for her influence on urban studies and being anti-urban renewal • Wrote "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" • She argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers, and argued that urban renewal was destroying city neighbourhoods
Granny Pods
• An alternative to retirement homes/assisted living communities for the elderly • The size of an average master bedroom (12x24 ft) - movable, pre-manufactured home that you can place next to a house (ex. the elder's family) - contain surveillance cameras and other high tech capabilities to properly monitor and care for the resident - can simultaneously monitor them and give them sense of independence
Dutch Hofjes
• Central outdoor space enclosed by dwellings - --> holds the natural expression of 'community. • Live-work units built in a U-shape with a yard or garden in the middle, and a gate at the entrance. • Often provided housing for the elderly. • Privately funded and served as a form of social security.
Bakken, Denmark
• Co-housing neighbourhood in Denmark • Many social and community-enhancing benefits - pedestrian interior for kids to play, lounge chairs, common house for dinners, gardens • Compact, but with plenty of privacy
Nyland, CO
• CoHousing development • Community focus, sustainable, multi-generational, surrounded by nature
Shrinking Cities
• Dense cities that experienced notable population loss because of things such as emigration - cities w/ long-term population decline - leads to maintenance/upkeep issues because harder to upkeep a large city meant to house many, with only a few citizens - suburbanization: jobs leave city, so ppl do too - ex. Detroit, Michigan - ex. Cleveland, OH - ex. Milwaukee --> re-purpose vacant lots - possible solution: land banks (a large body of land held by a public or private organization for future development or disposal)
Urban Villages (e.g. Seattle)
• Dense neighbourhoods with mixed uses of housing and employment • Sustainability and future-oriented • Provide goods and services for neighbourhoods far from larger urban centers.
Kentlands, MD
• Example of New Urbanism • One of the first attempts to develop a community using Neo-traditional neighborhood design • Planning technique using traditional principles such as various housing types, well connected streets, public spaces, and important amenities in walking distance - town center, distinct greenspace - white picket fences, sidewalks, narrower streets, front porch - pocket parks integrated into neighborhood
Walking School Bus
• Group of children walking to school with one or more adults supervising them and leading the route to pick up the kids. - sustainable -> less gas/pollution from bus - community interaction
Leiden, Netherlands
• Historical preservation • presence of water from canals • farmers markets promote local foods • Leiden Central-transit center • includes massive amount of bike parking (bike-friendly) • Principle of Connectivity (interconnected neighborhoods and urban space) permeability of streets and neighbourhoods • urban landscape--legible and multi-generational accessibility--importance of proximity; compact urban form • mixed-uses--districts aren't separated • Third Places • urban ecology; urban greening • Traffic calming & de-emphasizing of automobiles • walkable--pedestrian- and family-friendly • importance of the Civic Realm • sense of place--protect heritage, connect history with the present using culture and art, discover "song lines" • organic urban development • beauty and visual diversity; landmarks • human-scale--intimate spaces are important • security & safety • low-energy houses and buildings
Village Homes, CA
• Neighbourhood agriculture small homes in a green environment similar to Eco-villages - focus on open environment (green space and storm water management) - bio swales, rain gardens, low-impact housing - yards join to network of public green spaces -edible landscape - important feature of neighborhood agriculture (food security), using less pesticides - intersperse food production with housing and where people live - food is communal but 300 hundred almond trees go towards finances of town (commercial product) - know your neighborhoods; Lower crime rate
Community Land Trusts
• Non-profit, community based organization • owns/holds land for benefit of community --> preserves affordability of housing on the land permanently - separates ownership of buildings from ownership of land underneath those buildings - Homeowners lease land for a monthly fee through a renewable 99-year ground lease - homeowners agree to certain resale restrictions on their homes in order to protect its ongoing affordability and to preserve it as affordable housing for future buyers • Ensure long-term housing affordability - Ex. Sawmill community land trust
Spanish Laws of the Indies
• Spanish laws for settling in America and avoid natives • 1st guide to military/ civic town planning •design requirements for a new settlement that consisted of a plaza in the center, gridded streets, residence zones, elevated, good soil, sufficient fortification, good crops, and wood
Smart Growth
• Urban planning and transportation theory - main idea: limit sprawl and preserve greenspace/farmland - concentrates growth in more compact/walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl - mixed-use development and sustainable land use wiht range of housing choices • Use of transit, bikes, walkable meant to show sustainability over a short-period, sustainable goals are meant to achieve a sense of community and place - ex. Austin, TX
EcoDensity (Vancouver)
• Was an attempt to accommodate increase the population in neighbourhoods in a way that was both environmentally friendly and reduced the city's ecological footprint in Vancouver seen as a way to make the neighbourhoods more sustainable, reduce housing prices - protection of green zones outside of city - urban growth in city center is accommodated through tall, then towers - oriented podium -> on the street are shorter buildings, taller buildings in back (more inviting for pedestrians) - lots of pedestrian-friendly features: trees, wide sidewalks, retail always on first floor of buildings (mixed-use) -The EcoDensity Charter commits the City to make environmental sustainability a primary goal in all city planning decisions - in ways that also support housing affordability and livability - and the Initial Actions provide the 'roadmap' to begin implementation of the EcoDensity Charter
Visual Preference Surveys (VPS)
• Way to obtain public feedback on a physical design alternative often used when designing zoning codes, planning redevelopment, or just general urban planning research • Participants score an image of a structure in question and then the users input is used to make future planning decisions - figure out how to design cities in community's favor • Was developed by Anton Tony Nelessen
Tactical Urbanism
• approach to neighborhood building and activation using short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions and policies • allows for small-scale reclamation, redesign, or reprogramming of public space • policies differ by case, typically low-cost, efficient solutions - does not propose one-size-fits-all solutions, but rather intentional and flexible responses that embrace the dynamism of cities - need example
Street permeability
• extent to which urban forms permit (or restrict) movement of people or vehicles in different directions. • Generally considered a positive attribute of an urban design, as it permits ease of movement and avoids severing neighbourhoods. • see picture showing gradient of permeability (top left very permeable bottom right not permeable - important to New urbanism -> uses grid = very permeable, meaning that more people will walk than drive because it is easy to get places and know where you are - for example, col-de-sacs are not permeable
Pearl Court Apartments (Portland)
• five-story apartment community with 199 studio, one and two bedroom homes. • It has 19 car parking spaces and 144 bicycle spaces, reconfiguring the way people live and transit around the city.
The High Line (NYC)
• old train rails converted to elevated walkway/park • tourist attraction; promotes walking - example of adaptive reuse - greenery in the middle of Manhattan - example of how a growing city still protects greenspace
Portland, OR
• perfection--use of comprehensive plan and zoning codes • historic preservation, green building •growth boundary--limits growth & strengthens core through infill and increased density •accommodations for bicycles - one of the first to develop a comprehensive growth management boundary system; Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) - portland MAX number of parking spaces - metro Housing Rule/and Goal 10 (provide for a diversity of housing types, Portland set minimum density targets) - Exclusive Farm Use and Forest Use Zone (healthy soils protected land) - not allowed to have a building where the ground level isn't commercial - densifies the most dramatically on the route of the street car - pearl street neighborhood (bike parking) - portland's Eco-Roof Bonus allows builders to builder a bit higher and increase density: Mosaic Building
Boulder, CO
• rankings in health, well being, quality of life, education, and art • Promotes an extensive bus route, controlled urban expansion with an emphasis on wildlife preservation - limits sprawl, has greenbelt - view-protection zones = height limitations on buildings - Boulder Valley Plan - large-lot zoning in outlying areas - city-growth agreement - protection of natural resources in the city
Pioneer Courthouse Square (portland)
• the city's "living room." • Once a parking structure, the square is now a thriving urban park and the single most-visited site • Portland's leading outdoor venues
Guerilla Wayfinding
• use of physical signs pointing to tourist attractions; includes estimated distance and travel time by foot - meant to help people think differently about distances in the city, and to encourage them to get out of their cars and explore the place under their own power
Zoning
• way to control the use of land in an area • Separates one set of land uses from another, zoning regulates the patterns of land use - the purpose of zoning is in general two-fold: to preserve the existing character of an area by excluding prejudicial uses, and to provide for the development of the several areas in a manner consistent with the uses for which they are suited - pros: protect property values, conserve existing neighborhoods, prevent mixing of incompatible land uses, gives community control over its land uses/appearance/quality of life in the future - cons: property owners must give up some of their individual property rights for the common good, increase cost of building new structures, limits development potential of previously existing land uses and structures that don't conform with zoning's standards, work against historic mixed-use neighborhoods in older communities -ex. Euclid vs ambler
Aging in Place
•"the ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level" • Many elderly men and women wish to grow old by themselves and continue on with their own lives, without the help of assisted living centers or nurses - need communities that can maintain a level of affordability and mobility Ex. NORC -> Beacon Hill Village
Hull House
•A settlement house for immigrants and the poor - created by Jane Addams •Community of university women to provide social and educational services for working class - Contained classes, clubs, a public kitchen, an art gallery, and more
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB)
•Distinguishes between areas where you are allowed to develop and places where you cannot (ex. farmland) - an attempt to control urban sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density urban development and the area outside be used for lower density development •Used to limit growth while strengthening the core of cities •Where urbanization needs to stop - limit sprawl from entering protected natural environment •Ex. Portland Oregon
Levittown
•Founded by William Levitt after WWII (1950s), •Suburbs that consisted of low cost, mass produced housing that were synonymous with the "American Dream" - single-family homes with driveways and front lawns (suburbanization) - practiced 'redlining' (refuse home insurance/loans based on race/religion to keep out 'unwanted folk')
Jane Addams
•Founded hull house in Chicago, IL •won the Nobel Peace Prize
Robert Moses
•NYC parks commissioner •Wanted to invest in big highways and moving people around •Wanted a big highway that went through the middle of Manhattan -Believed it would relieve traffic congestion, and thus improve property values and business activity •Never went into action - would have seen an increase in asphalt and street noise, and the loss of many communities - commitment to a walkable, neighborhood-organized NYC
Dumbbell tenements
•Outlawed because they were too small, ill ventilated, no sunlight - issues with hygiene and sanitation, overcrowding •less than 12 ft wide •Rectangular buildings pinched in the - 4 apts to each floor, 2 rooms in each
City Beautiful movement
•Urban reform for adding beautifying and monumental grandeur:Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, DC - idea that city can be a place of beauty - born out of WCE of 1893 - create sense of morality and civic pride --> make ppl care about their cities - focus on municipal art, new buildings, open spaces, parks
