Plants Test

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what is an apical meristem?

a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots

what is a vessel element?

a kind of xylem cell that angiosperms have

what is the apical meristem of a root surrounded by?

a root cap that protects the root as it grows in the soil

what is the cortex?

a spongy layer of ground tissue

what is a tracheid?

a type of xylem cell that is a long, narrow cell with waterproof walls and is found in seed plants

what do plants require to grow, flower, and produce seeds

a variety of inorganic nutrients in addition to carbon dioxide and water

what do roots do?

absorb, anchor, protect, transport, and hold plants upright

what do the cell membranes of root hairs and other cells in the root epidermis contain?

active transport proteins

what types of structures does a mature root have?

an outside layer, the epidermis, and a central cylinder of vascular tissue with ground tissue in between

How are organs of plants linked together?

by systems and subsystems that run the length of the plant

what does the transport system of the stem do?

carries nutrients and must contain subsystems that can lift water from roots up to leaves and carry the products of photosynthesis from the leaves back down to roots

what is a familiar thing that is made up of collenchyma?

celery stalk walls

what is a parenchyma cell?

cells that function mainly in storage and photosynthesis

what are root hair cells in plants?

cells that provide a large amount of surface area and aid in water absorption

what is the vascular cylinder?

central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue

what are meristems?

clusters of tissues that are responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime

what are the two types of ground cells with thicker cell walls?

collenchyma sclerenchyma

in what tissue are guard cells found?

dermal tissue

what tissue are root hairs found on?

dermal tissue

what types of tissues do vascular plants contain in each organ?

dermal, vascular, ground

where is the taproot mainly found?

dicots

what are the zones in a root?

division (apical meristem), elongation (after the apical meristem), maturation (after elongation)

how are vessel elements arranged?

end to end on top of one another like a stack of tin cans

how are sieve tube element cells arranged?

end to end to form sieve tubes

what does dermal tissue consist mostly of?

epidermal cells

what are some things that taproots do?

extend far to reach water and stay short to store sugars or starches

how tall can stems be?

few millimeters to 100 meters

what is an example of a fibrous root?

grass

what do root systems protect the plant from?

harmful soil bacteria and fungi

what does it mean to be undifferentiated?

have not yet become specialized for specific functions

where does most of the increase in root length occur?

immediately behind the meristem

where are the highly specialized cells (which make up the reproductive system of flowering plants) found in flowers produced?

in the meristems

where is the endodermis?

inside the cortex of a root

what type of growth do most plants have?

intermediate

what does the support system of the stem do?

is is a support system for the plant body by holding up its leaves and branches

why is it important that leaves have broad, flat surfaces?

it helps increase the amount of sunlight they absorb

what does the defense system of the stem do?

it protects the plant against predators and disease

how does the root cap protect the root?

it secretes a slippery substance that lubricates the progress of the root through the soil

where is the cortex?

just inside the epidermis of a root

what is the endodermis?

layer of cells that completely encloses vascular tissue

what are the plants main photosynthetic systems?

leaves

what is the only plant tissue the produces new cells by mitosis?

meristematic tissue

where are intermediate growth cells produced?

meristems

where is the fibrous root mainly found?

monocots

where is the apical meristem?

near the end or tip of each growing stem and root

what are both xylem and phloem made up of?

networks of hollow connected cells that carry fluids throughout the plant

what are the most important nutrients that a plant needs?

nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium

what are examples of taproots?

oaks, hickory tree, carrots, dandelions, beets, radishes

what are the walls of tracheids pierced by

openings that connect neighboring cells to one another

in most plants, what does ground tissue consist mainly of?

parenchyma cells

what do root hairs do?

penetrate the spaces between soil particles and produce a large surface area through which water can enter the plant

what do the systems and subsystems in the plant do?

perform functions such as transport and protection and coordinating plant activities

what are companion cells?

phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements

what is the meristematic tissue?

plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots, responsible for plant growth

what is intermediate growth?

plants grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live

what does the root's epidermal subsystem perform?

protection and absorption

what do guard cells on the underside of leaves do?

regulate water loss and gas exchange

What are the three principal organs of seed (vascular) plants?

roots, stems, leaves

what are the main phloem cells?

sieve tube elements

what does the phloem consist of?

sieve tube elements and companion cells

why do the walls of sieve tubes have holes in them?

so that materials can move through these holes from one adjacent cell to another

what type of cell walls do collenchyma have?

strong, flexible walls that help support larger plants

what do companion cells do?

support the phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances in and out of the phloem

what systems does a stem have?

support, transport, defense

what is the primary root?

taproot

what are the two main types of roots?

taproots and fibrous roots

what makes up the ground tissue?

the cells that lie between the dermal and vascular tissues

what is the thick waxy coating of the epidermal cell known as?

the cuticle

what do the actions of the genes that transform apical into floral meristems produce?

the modified leaves that become the flower's colorful petals, as well as the reproductive tissues of the flower

what happens as a result of the meristematic tissue that lines the stems and toots of a plant?

the plants also grow in width

what is differentiation?

the process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

what are trichomes in an epidermal cell?

the tiny projections which help protect the leaf and also give it a fuzzy appearance

how do roots grow in length?

their apical meristem produces new cells near the root tip

what is the structure of epidermal cells like?

their outer surfaces are often covered with a thick waxy layer that protects against water loss and injury

what happens to the cell walls of vessel elements when they die?

they are lost and transform the stack into a continuous tube through which water can move freely

what do the parenchyma cells do in leaves?

they are packed with chloroplasts and are the site of most of a plant's photosynthesis

what happens when tracheids mature?

they die and their cytoplasm disintegrates

what happens to vessel elements when they mature?

they die before they conduct water

how are the cells that originate in the meristems similar ar first?

they divide rapidly and have a thin cell wall

why must leaves contain subsystems that protect against water loss?

they expose a great deal of tissue to the dryness of the air

how do adjustable pores in leaves help

they help conserve water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide exit and enter the leaf

what happens to the remaining organelles in the sieve tube cell after it matures?

they hug the inside of the cell wall and the rest of the space is a pipeline through which sugars and other foods are carried in a watery stream

what happens to sieve tube elements as they mature?

they lose their nuclei and most of the other organelles in their cytoplasm

what happens as the cells produced in the meristem differentiate?

they produce each of the tissue systems of the plant

what type of cell walls do sclerenchyma have?

thick, rigid walls that make ground tissue tough and strong

what is the structure of a parenchyma cell?

thin cell walls and large central vacuoles surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm

what are root hairs?

tiny cellular projections that cover the surface of a root

why do roots anchor?

to keep the plants in the soil and prevent erosion

what do the fibrous root systems produced by many plants help prevent?

topsoil from being washed away by heavy rain

what does the xylem consist of?

tracheids and vessel elements

what are the new cells produced in the meristematic tissue like?

undifferentiated

what is wider: tracheid or vessel element?

vessel element

What do roots absorb?

water and dissolved nutrients

what do plants transport?

water and nutrients to the rest of the plant

when does flower development begin?

when certain geners are turned on in a shoot apical meristem and transform the apical meristem into a floral meristem

what are the principal subsystems in vascular tusse?

xylem and phloem

do companion cells keep their nuclei and other organelles through their lifetime?

yes

does it take energy for a root to soak in water?

yes

do all seed plants have a tracheid?

yes, SEED plants


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