PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING

REVERSE FAULT

A FAULT IN WHICH THE ROCK ABOVE THE FAULT MOVES UPWARD RELATIVE TO THE ROCK BELOW THE FAULT

STRIKE SLIP FAULT

A FAULT THAT IS VERTICAL IN EARTHS CRUST WHICH HAS MOVEMENT THAT IS HORIZONTAL RATHER THEN VERTICAL

GUYOT

A FLAT TOPPED SEAMOUNT

MONOCLINE

A FOLD LIKE A STEP WITH HORIZONTAL ROCKS ON EATHER SIDE OF THE FOLD .

ANTICLINE

A FOLD WHERE ROCK LAYERS SLOPE AWAY FROM THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE FOLD, USUALLY LOOKING SOMEWHAT LIKE AN UPSIDE DOWN"U".

SYNCLINE

A FOLD WHERE ROCK LAYERS SLOPE TOWARDS THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE FOLD, LAYERS LOOK LIKE A RIGHT SIDE UP U

TECTONIC PLATE

A LARGE RIDGE SECTION OF THE LITHOSPHERE THAT MOVES AS A SINGLE UNIT OVER THE ASTHENOSPHERE

VOLCANIC ISLAND ARC

A LINE OF VOLCANOES PARALLEL TO A DEEP OCEAN TRENCH

GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL

A MAJOR CHANGE IN THE DIRECTION OF EARTHS MAGNETIC FEILD.

THRUST FAULT

A REVERSE FAULT WICH HAS A LOW ANGLE TO A HORIZONTAL PLANE RESULTING IN ONE SLAB OF ROCK MOVING OVER DEEPER ROCKS

MANGANESE NODULE

A ROCK SHAPED LIKE A POTATO THAT LIES SCATTERED IN LARGE NUMBERS IN MANY PLACES ON THE OCEAN FLOOR

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

A TECTONIC BOUNDARY WHERE PLATES ARE MOVING APART FROM EACH OTHER, SUCH AS AT A MID OCEAN RANGE.

CONVERGANT BOUNDARY

A TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY WHERE TWO PLATES COLIDE WITH EACH OTHER.

TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

A TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY WHERE TWO PLATES SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER .

PLATE TECTONICS

A THEORY THAT STATES, EARTHS ENTIRE LITHOSPHERE WICH INCLUDES THE CRUST AND UPEER PART OF THE MANTLE IS COMPOSED OF TECTONIC PLATES THAT ARE SLOWLY MOVING AROUND ON EARTHS SURFACE.

SEAFLOOR SPREADING

A THEORY THAT STATES, NEW OCEAN CRUST FORMS AT MID OCEAN RIDGES THEN SLOWLY MOVES AWAY FROM THE RIDGE CREST.

ABYSSAL PLAIN

A VERY LEVEL AREA OF THE OCEAN FLOOR,FOUND BETWEEN THE CONTINENTAL RISE AND THE MID OCEAN RIDGES.

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

IN ALL 3 CASES, 2 PLATES ARE COLLIDING WITH EACH OTHER. IN OCEANIC -CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE, TRENCHES AND VOLCANIC ARCS ARE FORMED, WITH OCEAN-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENT THE ARC IS FORMED ON THE EARTHS SURFACE, WITH OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE THE VOLCANIC ARCE IS A LINE OF ISLANDS. IN CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE NEITHER PLATE CAN BE SUBDUCTED INTO THE OTHER, INSTEAD A VOLCANIC ARC,A MOUNTAIN RANGED IS FORMED FROM THE CRUST BUCKLING AND DEFORMING.

SEAMOUNT

ISOLATED VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS ON THE SEA FLOOR.

GRABEN

LARGE BLOCK OF EARTHS CRUST THATS BEEN DOWNTHROWN DURING THE FORMATION OF FAULT BLOCK MOUNTAINS

HORST

LARGE BLOCK OF EARTHS CRUST THATS BEEN UPLIFTED DURING THE FORMATION OF FAULT BLOCK MOUNTAINS

ATOLL

LOW LYING RING SHAPED ISLAND OR GROUP OF ISLANDS COMPOSED OF CORAL REEFS AND SURROUNDS A CENTRAL LAGOON.

CONTINENTAL SHELF

THE SUBMERGED GENTLY SLOPING EXTENSION OF THE CONTINENT EXTENDING FROM THE SHORE LINE TO THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE.

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CONTINENTAL MARGIN

1. CONTINENTAL SHELF-SHALLOWEST PART, STARTS AT THE SHORELINE AND EXTENDS OUTWARD AROUND 130 METERS. 2. CONTINENTAL SLOPE- BEYOND THE CONTINENTAL SHELF WHERE THE SEAFLOOR DROPS MORE STEEPLY 3. CONTINENTAL RISE-IS ALONG THE BASE OF THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE 4. ABYSSAL PLAIN-BEYOND THE CONTINENTAL RISE AND AMONG THE FLATTEST PLACES ON EARTH

THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

1. DIVERGNT BOUNDARY-PLATES ARE MOVING APART FROM EACH OTHER. 2. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY- TWO PLATES COLIDE WITH EACH OTHER. 3. TRANSFORM BOUNDARY- INVOLVES TWO PLATES SLIDING PAST EACH OTHER.

THREE WAYS SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT FORM

1. FROM EROSION OF LAND, WHEN FINE GRAINED SEDIMENTS ACCUMULATE ON THE ABYSSAL PLAIN OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS. 2. BY BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY,ORGANISMS DIE AND THE SKELETONS SETTLE TO THE SEAFLOOR. 3. FROM SEAWATER, WHEN IONS IN SEAWATER DISSOLVE TO FORM METALS IN MANGANESE NODULES .

FOLD

A BEND IN A ROCK LAYER

FAULT

A BREAK IN ROCKS ALONG WHICH MOVEMENT HAS OCCURED.

MID OCEAN RIDGE

A CONTINUOUS MOUNTAIN RANGE THAT RUNS THROUGH ALL OCEANS. THE RIFT AT ITS SUMMIT IS THE SIGHT OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING

NORMAL FAULT

A FAULT IN WHICH THE ROCK ABOVE THE FAULT MOVES DOWN RELATIVE TO THE ROCK BELOW THE FAULT

COMPRESHIONAL STRESS CAN CAUSE ROCKS TO FOLD OR FAULT , TENSIONAL STRESS CAUSES ONLY FAULTING, WHY?

COMRPESSIONAL STRESS PUSHES ROCKS TOGETHER. LOW COMPRESSIONAL STRESS CAUSES BENDING OF ROCKS,WHILE HIGH AMOUNTS CAUSE THE ROCKS TO BREAK. TENSIONAL STRESS PULLS ROCKS APART WICH MEANS THAT BREAKING OF THE ROCKS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS IS MORE COMMON THEN BENDING.

ASTHENOSPHERE

DEEPER PART OF THE EARTHS MANTLE BENEATH THE LITHOSPHERE, ARE ABLE TO SLOWLY FLOW BECAUSE OF THE IMMENSE PRESSURE AT DEPTH.

DEEP OCEAN TRENCH

DEEPEST PARTS OF THE OCEAN FORMED WHERE ONE TECTONIC PLATE SUBDUCTS BENEATH ANOTHER TECTONIC PLATE.

HOW ARE FOLDING AND FAULTING RELTED TO PLATE TECTONICS?

FOLDING AND FAULTING HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE FORMATION OF MOST MOUNTAIN RANGES, SUCH AS THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND RANGES IN WESTERN UNITED STATES. THE N/OVEMENT OF TECTONIC PLATES PROVIDES THE ENERGY NECESSARY TO CAUSE UPLIFT AND DEFORMATION.

STRESS

FORCE APPLIED ON ROCK OR OTHER MATERIAL THAT HAS THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE MATERIAL.

CONTINENTAL RISE

GENTLEY SLOPING PART OF THE SEAFLOOR ALONG THE BASE OF THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE .

WHAT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT AN ACIENT ICE AGE COVERED SOUTH AMERICA, AFRICA, ANTARCTICA, AND AUSTRALIA?

GEOLOGIST LOOKED AT SCRATCHES IN ROCKS TO TELL WICH WAY GLACIAL ICE WAS MOVING THE DIRECTIONS MAKE MOST SENSE IF THESE CONTINENTS WERE ONCE CONNECTED

HYDROTHERMAL VENT

HOT SPRINGS ON THE FLOOR OF AN OCEAN OR LAKE.

HOW DO PATTERNS OF GEOMAGNETISM RECORDED IN ROCKS SUPPORT THE THEORY OF SEA FLOOR SPREADING.

MAGMA THAT CRYSTALIZES ALONG THE CENTER OF THE RIDGE FORMS NEW OCEANIC CRUSTS. THESE HAVE A MAGNETIC POLARITY , EITHER NORMAL OR REVERSED. OLDER CRUST MOVES AWAY FROM THE RIDGE.

WHY ARE HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ASSOCIATED WITH MID OCEAN RIDGES?

MOST MID OCEAN RIDGE SYSTEMS HAVE A DEEP RIFT, AND FREQUENT VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. HYDROTHERMAL VENTS DISCHARGE SUPERHEATED WATER HEATED BY MAGMA,WITH TEMPERATURES UP TO 350 °C

FAULT BLOCK MOUNTAIN

MOUNTAIN OR MOUNTAINS RANGE FORMED WHEN FAULTING CAUSES LARGE BLOCKS OF EARTHS CRUST TO RISE OR SINK RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER USUALLY ALONG NORMAL FAULTS.

WHY WAS WEGENERS THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS REJECTED?

NO CREDIBAL EXPLANATION FOR HOW OR WHY MASSIVE CONTINENTS COULD MOVE ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH. CONTINENTS WOULD SOMEHOW HAVE TO PLOW THROUGH THE ROCKY CRUST OF OCEAN FLOOR , SO THEY THOUGHT.

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

STEEPEST PART OF CONTINENTAL MARGIN,SLOPING DOWN FROM THE CONTINENTAL SHELF TO THE CONTINENTAL RISE ,

HOW CAN STRESS DEFORM ROCKS?

STRESS CAN CAUSE FOLDING OR BREAKING. THERE ARE 3 BASIC TYPES OF FOLDING:ANTICLINES, SYNCLINES, AND MONOCLINES. STRESS CAN ALSO CAUSE A FRACTURE,THIS IS WHEN THE ROCK CRACKS BUT THERE IS NO MOVEMENT ALONG THE CRACK.

WHAT FOSSIL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS CONTINENTAL DRIFT?

THE DISTRIBUTION OF MESOSAURUS AND FERN GLOSSOPTERIS SUGGESTED THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE WERE ONCE JOINED TO EACH OTHER IN A SUPERCONTINENT

CONTINENTAL MARGIN

THE EDGE OF A CONTINENT INCLUDING CONTINENTAL SHELF, CONTINENTAL SLOPE, AND CONTINENTAL RISE.

HOW DOES CONTINENTAL MARGINS AROUND THE PACIFIC OCEAN DIFFER FROM THE ATLANTIC?

THE PACIFIC OCEAN IS NARROWER THAN THE ATLANTIC. IN SOME PLACES THERE IS ALMOST NO CONTINENTAL SHELF, AND THE SEAFLOOR SLOPES STEEPLY DOWN TO THE DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES.

SUBDUCTION

THE PROCESS BY WHICH AN OCEANIC PLATE PLUNGES BENEATH ANOTHER TECTONIC PLATE AND GOES DOWN INTO THE MANTLE.

PANGEA

THE PROPOSED SUPERCONTINENT OF 200 MILLION YEARS AGO THAT BROKE APART THROUGH PLATE TECTONICS TO FORM THE PRESENT SCATTERED CONTINENTS

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO AFRICA IN A FEW MILLION YEARS IF DIVERGENCE CONTINUES AT THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY(THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT)?

THE RIFT COULD OPEN UP TO THE POINT WHERE A NEW OCEAN BASIN FORMS, SPLITTING THE AFRICAN PLATE INTO TWO.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT

THE THEORY THAT ALL CONTINENTS WERE ONCE JOINED TOGETHER IN A SUPERCONTINENT CALL PANGEA, WICH LATER SLIT INTO A NUMBER OF SMALLER CONTINENTS. THE THEORY HAS BEEN REPLACED BY THE MORE COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS.

WHAT FEATURES OF MID OCEAN RIDGES SUPPORT THE THEORY OF SEA FLOOR SPREADING?

THE UNDERWATER VOLCANOES LOCATED ALONG MID OCEAN RIDGES,AND THE MAGNETIC BANDING ON ROCKS ON THE SEAFLOOR.

HOW IS THE MANTLE INVOLVED IN SEAFLOOR SPREADING ?

THE UPPER MANTLE IS THE SORCE OF MAGMA THAT GETS PUSHED UP INTO THE MID OCEAN RIDGES A KEY ELEMENT OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING. IN MANTLE CONVECTION, SEAFLOOR SPREADING OCURES BECAUSE OF CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE DEEPER PART OF THE EARTS MANTLE, THE ASTHENOSPHERE. CONVECTION INVOLVES RISING HOT MANTLE MATERIAL BENEATH MID OCEAN RIDGES, AND SINKING MANTLE MATERIAL NEAR THE DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES.

WHY DO GUYOTS HAVE FLAT TOPS?

THESE MOUNTAINS ONCE ROSE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, BUT WERE ERODED TO A FLAT SURFACE BY WAVE EROSION.

EARLIEST EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT

WHEN THE FIRST ACCURATE MAPS OF ATLANTIC OCEAN WAS CREATED IN 1500S.CONTINENTS ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE OCEAN,PARTICULARLY SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA SEEMED TO FIT TOGETHER LIKE A PUZZLE