PLSC3340 COMPLETE

Constitutional Council

French council created in 1958 with the power to supervise elections and rule on the constitutionality of bills passed by the National Assembly before they formally become law.

Totalitarian regime type

A government that has control on all facets of the society. There is no opposing party or dissenting opinions. Example: Stalin's Russia, North Korea

welfare state

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Syndicalism

A radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and government under the control of federations of labor unions. Syndicalists endorsed direct actions such as strikes and sabotage.

Syndicalism

A radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and government under the control of federations of labor unions. endorsed direct actions such as strikes and sabotage. union democracy

authoritarian regime

A regime ruled by a single leader or small group of leaders. individuals have few rights

Reform Act of 1832 (Great Reform Act)

-response to people criticizing the electoral constituencies (rotten boroughs - disproportionate influence for aristocrats) -opened up suffrage to adult men with property -created new constituencies -Earl Grey led this reform -Whig Prime Minister

Wets

-members of the Conservative party in 1980s who opposed Thatcher's hard-line policies -bringing back the idea of "noblesse oblige" - we can pursue harsh capitalism but also have a duty to care about the less fortunate -the great and the good/men in gray suits

Edmund Burke

-modern-day conservative -Old Whig -essence of conservatism is not wanting to tear down institutions of the past *Corporatism -"godfather of modern British conservatism" -Irish member of British Parliament

Corn Law debates

-most important policy issue of the 19th century in GB -should the government protect and subsidize farms? -Parliament raised tariffs on imported wheat

New Labour

-name of the Labour party as changed by Tony Blair -moving away from its socialist origins

head of government

-political head of the executive -PM in UK

Chartist movement

-put out the International Working Man's Charter (1840s) -working-class movement for reform -demands: universal suffrage, vote by ballot, MP payment, etc. -beginning of trade/labor unions -eventually created TUC (Trades Union Congress)

Democratic Ulster Party (DUP)

-radical protestants/unionists in Northern Ireland -has 5 or 6 seats in Parliament -small party but holding the coalition together, that way May can appease them

constitution

-sources of the (unwritten) _________: -acts of parliament -custom/precedent -English Common Law (stare decisis)

modern political system

-system wherein there is representative government -inputs enter the government, which include organized interests -and outcomes (policies) are produced -the results include citizens' response -cycle starts over

true

-t/f -Britain does not have a formal Bill of Rights -they have an unwritten constitution

true

-t/f -those who voted to leave the EU were mainly older and uneducated -young people and the more educated did not vote to leave

political culture

-the emotional and attitudinal environment in which a political system operates

property

-the most important institution according to liberals -it is an extension of yourself and a statement of who you are

franchise

-the most important thing about a modern political system -being able to vote -only way to have a representative government

Labour

-the party that was most opposed to joining the EU

radical liberalism

-the revolution under Thatcher and Blair was about returning to _________ __________ by: 1) overturning Buttskellite/Keynsian consensus 2)

totalitarian regime

A form of government that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation.

True or False: The Soziale Marktwirtschaft is supported by the social democratic left but not the Christian Democratic right in postwar West Germany.

False

True or False: Tocqueville was a strong supporter of direct democracy and the principles of popular sovereignty as practiced in the France of his day.

False

True or False: Under the Basic law (Grundgesetz) it is easy to vote no confidence and change the government.

False

Current composition of the French national assembly (major political parties)

Left: - Socialist Party (PS) 48.5% Right: - The Republicans (Union for a Popular Movement (UPM)) 33.6%

Hitler came to power in Weimar Germany

Legally

3 Media Models

Liberal model (U.S. - uncommon in Europe) Democratic Corporatist model (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Nordic countries) Polarised Pluralist model (Italy, Spain, Portugal)

Welfare state regimes

Liberal, Conservative-corporatist, social democratic

Legal/formal type of legitimacy is most likely to be

democratic

the völkisch tradition

The Volksgemeinschaft can best be described as a nationalist ideology. The völkisch ideal of German citizenship had a strong ethnic bias. Hitler builds on the Völkisch tradition But transforms it from an ethno-cultural into an Ethno-racial ideology. The idea that the German Race is superior to all others.

Zollverein

The Zollverein (1819) was primarily a customs union But Germany remains politically divided, with Prussia as the dominant state.

brexit

The term used to describe the UK leaving the EU. The UK referendum in 2016 resulted in 52% to leave, 48% to stay. Though it is not binding, the government made a promise. The treaty of Lisbon, article 50 explains how to leave. PM must get permission from parliament, after they say ok, then must figure out issues of currency, taxes, debts, rights, and what to do with Ireland. Now in the transition phase, still following EU law until 2021. taking britain out of common market- question of keeping access to customs union.

Bundesrat

The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature).

The _____________ French Republic can be described best as a "republic by default"

Third

True or False. As in any parliamentary system, the French "government" could fall if there is vote of no confidence.

True

True or Flase:The statement, "that social order requires hierarchy" is characteristic of Tory thought?

True

Potential consequences for the UK: Hard Brexit

Weaken UK's economy - weaken sterling; companies could move; trade barriers Weaken Global Influence - trade deals; no longer strategic partner for US Scotland could leave - therefore no Scottish economy Soft brexit wouldn't change much

Scandinavian Welfare State Model: the Middle Way

Welfare-state model offering the "middle way" between capitalism and communism

Malthusian attitudes

a part of the stalemate society

democratic regime

a regime with predominantly democratic institutions, including basic civil rights and regular, free elections

political system

a set of interrelated institutions that links people with government

Anti-system parties

a political party that rejects the legitimacy of the political system in which it is operating and actively seeks to undermine it

What is the EU?

a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe

Austerity

a set of policies aimed at reducing government budget deficits. Austerity policies may include spending cuts, tax increases, or a mixture of both.

Schengen area

area comprising 26 European countries that have abolished passport and any other type of border control at their common borders and people enjoy borderless travel.

Definition of a pressure/interest group

bodies that seek to influence government in the allocation of resources without themselves seeking to assume responsibility for government

EU and russia relationship

both are independent; EU relies on russia for 25% of its oil and natural gas; russia is dependent on europe to export its products and purchase its raw materials; EU must enjoy a collective balance of keeping russia close but also punishing the country when it goes agianst morals promoted by the EU (even though russia is not a member)

mixed systems

gives voters 2 votes. One vote for the candidate in their district and the other for a list in a multimember constituency. Makes the overall result more proportional Germany

Government versus private member bill

government bill is introduced by the PM and the cabinet to Parliament whereas a private member bill is introduced by a individual member of Parliament. Private member bills are rare so government bills are the majority of bills that are passed in Parliament

public school

in England, an expensive private school where the elites/aristocracy send their children. Eton is the most prominent example. Going to a public school usually guarantees entrance to Oxbridge.

Karl Kautsky

in a debate with Bernstein over the implementation of socialism. He believed that the way to bring socialism was through revolution

petersburg tasks

made humanitarian and rescue missions, peacekeeping, and peacemaking as basic EU foreign policy goals.

European parliament

only directly elected multinational parliament in the world. 751 seats, 150+ political parties, makes up half of EU bicamerical liegislature, appoints president of the commission.

copehagen criteria

membership requirements that have become the standard for EU enlargement-like countries having democratic institutions, market economies, respecting human rights, etc.

dirigisme, colbertisme (economic planning)

mercantilist, statist system where state controls the economy, very far from liberal free trade, Cartesian tradition.

head of state

monarch. queen elizabeth II. president is head of state in US

Taking government out of the hands of special interests and returning it to the people is an expression of

radical ideology

Margaret Thatcher was a

radical liberal

According to Sam Beer, both Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair espouse

radical liberalism

Paris Commune

revolt led by workers where they declared the Paris Commune i.e. the first communist uprising. The Paris Commune was slaughtered by French military.

European commission

right to draft policy proposals, implement policies, and make sure these policies are being followed. 28 commissioners, are appointed for 5 years by their home governments, supposed to be international civil servents.

Government is a collection of

rules, laws and institutions

Tripartism is limited in both

scope (e.g. centralised, non-binding wage bargaining, but little else) Time (e.g. 'tripartite deals' struck by a new government)

Center-periphery cleavage

subject culture-dominant culture

Back Benchers

supporters of a political party who sit on the back benches in the House of Commons. the cheerleaders

Broadening versus Deepening * (potential essay question)

take in more members?broadening or strengthen consensus and increase EU role among current members

Doha development round

talks broke down because EU and US disagreed with LDCs on subsidies and protection from their agricultural sectors

devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states. Granting of power from the Parliament to the Scottish parliament, the national assembly for wales, the northern ireland assembly and the london assembly. Devolved powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government.

Modernization

the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

In the mid to late nineteenth century, the middle class, including tradesmen and industrialists tended to support

the liberal party

Crisis of Democracy

¥ All of the aforementioned crises have led to a wide disillusionment with 'elites'. ¥ Economic malaise, power of banks, unfettered migration, identity politics, and policy legitimacy all involve a schism between 'Tom, Dick and Harry' and the national or EU policy elites. Democracy cannot work when really no menu of options

Pooling sovereignty

the member states delegate some of their decision-making powers to shared institutions they have created

tradition (divine right)

the monarchy. source of british constitution. custom or convention. power flows from the houses, each minister controls departments of government

ECB is not like a normal bank (2 reasons)

¥ Asymmetric and low inflation target of less than 2% (headline inflation), which has skirted deflation in Europe, due to German political pressure at inception. ¥ Engagement in political morality play instead of backstopping financial markets.

inter-firm relations

the relationships a company forms with other enterprises and notably its suppliers or clients with a view to securing a stable demand for its products, appropriate supplies of inputs, and access to technology

Third Republic

the republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III and ended with the German occupation of France during World War II

oxbridge civil servant

the theme that PMs and major mps are all from oxford or cambridge and rarely anywhere else

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

edmund burke

(1729-1797) old whig thinker. prophet of modern conservatism. member of the house of commons.

public sector unions

A trade union which primarily represents the interests of employees within public sector or governmental organizations.

Revolutionary land settlement

After the Revolution, French Peasants are given rights over their lands. This will result in a tradition of small farms that yield considerable power in French politics... Also! because of this, France never goes through a Rural exodus

Regime Types

Aristotle- who rules, in whose interest

Frontex

Border Control agency

CNFP & CGPME

Business interest groups CNFP - big business CGPME - small business

Italy

Close relationships between political elites and journalists; highly politicised and polarised media - even radicalisation of media partisanship.

Migrant Crisis: External driven by:

Conflict and economic plight: ¥ The highest level of forcibly displaced people worldwide since WW2. ¥ Main route: Sea-route from North Africa to Italy and Greece (formerly mainly through Turkey). ¥ Main origins: Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq.

Tripartite countries

Denmark, Finland, Belgium, Switzerland

free holding peasants in the Rhineland

Emergence of freeholding peasantry - This leads to a strong burgher or bourgeois class in The West, especially in the Rhineland and among the merchants of the Hanseatic League. This leads to "Germany" is split between East and West (social and political) and North and South (largely cultural and religious).

Old Whigs were strong supporters of the _______________ than Old Tories

Enclosure Movements

Frontex

European Border and Coast Guard Agency

ECSC (1951)

European Coal and Steel Community. signed between France, Italy, Germany. established european coal and steel community; purpose= create a common market for coal and steel products among the 6 nations while eliminating tariffs and other barriers

True or False: Dissolution of the bundestag is a frequent occurence in Germany and it is easy to change the government.

False

True or False: Gaullism is a liberal political movement.

False

Plurality System

First-past-the-post: candidate who gets the most votes gets elected

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969. 'I don't want my name used even in the form of an adjective?'

Jean Monnet, the founding father of Europe, took a ______________ approach to European integration.

Functionalist

The Thirty Years War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This was was a struggle between what two royal households?

Hapsburgs vs. Hohenzollerns

Who was the "Chancellor of Unification"?

Helmut Kohl

Rising challenge of radical parties in Scandinavia

Immigration: A Rising Problem - Reluctance to pay welfare benefits - Aggravated by 2005 "Cartoon Affairs" - Rise of right-wing anti-immigrant radical parties (e.g. Sweden Democrats, True Finns)

Social Market Economy

In Germany, a postwar economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy

Question Time

In the United Kingdom, the times set aside Monday through Thursday every week for Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (the party out of power) to criticize and scrutinize the actions and decisions of the government (the party in power); twice each week, the prime minister must answer hostile questions fired at him or her by the opposition.

Eurozone Problem 1: You cannot have monetary union without a fiscal union.

In the absence of exchange rates that reflect the true competitiveness of a country, fiscal transfers from richer MS to poorer MS are necessary (think of poor and rich US states).

Authoritarian regime type

It is a government where the rulers govern in their own interest. Example: tyranny, oligarchy

Most politicized media

Italy

Jean Monnet and Monnetism*

Jean Monnet, the founding father of the European Community, was famous for developing a functionalist approach to European integration.

Who is the principal founding father of West Germany?

KONRAD ADENAUER

Who is set to succeed Jeremy Corbyn as the next Labour Party leader?

Keir Starmer

Crises of participation

Less voter turnout and less party membership in recent years

Crisis of integration....

Makes sense economically, but not politically

"whatever it Takes"

Mario Draghi - during Euro crisis

Cultural diversity within Russia

Mojority Mongol and Slavic

"Stab in the back"

Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s.

Who has the highest proportionality?

Netherlands and Denmark

Edmund Burke was an

Old Whig

question time

Once a week at the house of commons, the opposition gets to ask the government questions.

Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)

One of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. Having gathered support in the north of Ireland during the late 19th century and early 20th century, the party governed Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972.

The electoral system of the Weimar Republic was basaed on

PR

Cohabitation involves the true sharing of power between the

PRESIDENT and PARLIAMENT

The day-to day business of government and administration is carried out by the

PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET.

1878: ANTI SOCIALIST LEGISLATION

Passed

Eurozone Problem 3: A (politically) stable monetary union is unlikely among such divergent economies.

People across Europe simply have different policy preferences (Condorcet's paradox and Arrow's impossibility theorem).

Dahrendorf

Politics of late development social and political question

Ministerpräsident

Prime Minister, Equal to U.S. governor.

How does the media influence politics?

Priming - prioritization Framing lying having wrong facts

Which of the following German states would be instrumental in creating a unified Germany?

Prussia

The French Socialist Party (PS) is strongly _________________ in orientation

Republican

Who has the lowest proportionality

Spain, Greece, and Portugal

Visegrad Group

The East European member states of the EU—sometimes referred to as the Visegrad Group—have not accepted large numbers of refugees. They are among the migrants in some cases like Albanians and Poles

dissolution

The closing, or dissolving, of Parliament to prepare for a general election, that is, the election of a new Parliament.

Thatcherism

The economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Reduced state economic power and introduced free market and privatization with certain constraints. Deregulated the UK's market. destroyed the tory party

National veto

The power of EU member states to block decisions made by the Council of the EU - used when proposals require unanimous support

the snake and EMS

The snake, EMS, ERM and ultimately EMU were designed by European leaders to deal with exchange rate stability

strikes

The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack.

Grand Corps*

Top bureaucrats of France

Benjamin Disraeli

Tory Democrat, concept of one nation Tory established by him where it takes a patriarchal approach in how the government is supposed to take care of the people; his work as PM to bridge the divide through paternalistic policies that encouraged the wealthy to assist the less well off has since become known as the original example of one-nation conservatism.

Samuel Beer's types of politics

Torys, Whigs, Liberals, Radicals, Socialists, and Tory Democrats

New Labour

With the removal of Clause IV, the relaunch of the labour under Tony Blair- move away from the extreme left wing policies of the 1980s.

political culture

an overall set of values widely shared within a society

CGT and CFDT

anti-communist working class vote (CFTC and CFDT)

Old Tories were more likely to justify aristocratic rule by a

appeal to divine right

montenegro app to the EU

applied for membership in 2008, became candidate in 2010, difficult for country to gain entry because of naming issues between Greece and UN.

The liberals, like the Whigs before them, tended to support Burkean approach to representation where the MP is a trustee, not

bound by the narrow interests of constituency.

serbia app to the EU

cleared to be recommended for candidacy in EU and became candidate in 2012.

Socialists support equality of

condition

common commercial policy

describes relationship between members of the EU and third party states on trade matters. supports liberalization and elimination of trade barriers to FDI

council of europe (COE)

designed post WWII by churchill, meant to bring europe together and create peace, USSR and its partners not in, now includes about 50 members with the collapse of the USSR

gradulaism

evolution occurs slowly and steadily over long periods of time

Die Linke (The Left)

extremist party on the left

commons

lower house of the Parliament. Elected body of 650 members (MPs) each representing a constituency in the UK. more powerful

Higher education = more or less participation?

more

relations with

own employee

nobility (lords)

persons of noble rank or birth

Low salience (informally)

private interest governance

populist argument for referendums

referendums have the potential to save democracy from parties that are distant or detrimental to the people

The Church-state cleavage

state-builders--Church

LAICITE refers to

the secular tradition in modern French politics

Charismatic is most likely to be

totalitarian

Council of Ministers

"Government" sets the legislative agenda. Day-to-day business of government is carried out by the prime minister and the cabinet. The Government is composed of the Council of Ministers 1. President presides over the Council 2. Must cooperate with the Prime Minister 3. And the Cabinet

Corn Laws of 1815

"In order to export machinery, we must import grain" only benefited farmers, hurt the middle class. A tax on all cereals, kinds of wheat, grains coming into Britain. Repealed in 1846 - victory for liberals, the defeat of Tories. Aristocracy losers overall. Formed the interest group, anti-corn law league

Eduard Bernstein

(1850-1932) Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet --i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP).

Gerhard Schröder

(1998-2005) First Red-Green coalition Bit of a sleazy politician (Gazprom) Opposed the US in 2nd Gulf War Best known for Agenda 2010 Reform of German economy, welfare state, labor relations

What two extreme political movements were opposed to the creation of the Weimar Republic and helped to bring about its downfall?

(Left) Communist (Right) Facists/Nazi's

Europe's current key issues

- Brexit - Terrorism - Immigration Crisis - Unemployment - Social integration of minorities - Rise of radical parties - How to deal with Russia & Ukraine Crisis - Energy security - How to deal with Turkey - Aftermath of financial crisis

Main features of Italian economy

- GDP: $1.8 trillion (2015), 9th largest in the world, 4th in EU. - Official unemployment rate : 12.6% - Government debt to GDP: 133%

What's special about Scandinavia

- Leaders in renewable energy, sustainability - Popular destination for immigrants (becoming a problem) - Best prisons

Chancellor of Germany

- can dismiss ministers and not easily removed (positive vote of no confidence) Angela Merkel the true power, E. Bundeskanzler is by far the most powerful figure in German government

Glorius Revolution (1688)

-1688 -overthrow of King James II, who was Catholic and wanted to impose corporatism/ absolutism -William & Mary (protestants from Netherlands) put on the English throne *transformation that puts the Crown into place, controlled by the Parliament

Butskellism

-1950s shift in politics -named for one Tory (Butler) and one Labour (Gaitskell) politician -consensus about socialism -both Conservative and Labour party supporting the new British welfare system -ex. 1945 - NHS is the hallmark of welfare

James Callaghan (Sunny Jim)

-Labour PM from 1976-1979 -had to resign after 'winter of discontent' -Parliament was dissolved and Thatcher was elected

Tony Blair

-Labour PM from 1997 to 2007 -in favor of devolution -removed Clause IV -enthusiastic supporter of Britain being in the EU

Clause IV

-Tony Blair removed this from the Labour party manifesto (1955) -Marxist section saying the party wanted to nationalize industry -bordered on communism

Benjamin Disraeli

-Tory Democrat PM -1868 and 1874-1880 -focus on social reform -health care and laws to empower trade unions and outlaw labor exploitation -earliest architect of welfare state in GB

19th

-________ century is where we see the full transformation of Britain complete, when it fully becomes a representative system

conservatives

-____________ would be most likely to elect someone from the Lords

Little England

-a mentality related to Brexit - it's the English not the Scots, Welsh, Irish, etc. who voted to leave -desire to claim back sovereignty -nationalist ideal

government

-a set of rules, institutions, and laws

1920s

-decade when the Liberal party starts to lose its grip

state

-defined as a territory with a sovereign government that is recognized as legitimate in the international system -attributes include: -protection/defense -controlling its population -taxing citizens to pay for services

Aristotle

-definition of politics by ___________ -politics is a practical science because it deals with making citizens happy -it is about pursuing the good life and virtue, making good citizens -politics serves a higher purpose

Roles of EU insitiutions on security policy

-european parliament: consent procedure involved in EP expressing consent on treaties, EP does not pass laws on foreign policy but it can make recommendations. -council of ministers: has the biggest role in CFSP- sice CFSP is mostly intergovernmental, the foreign ministers meeting w each other is how policy is mainly determined. -european commission: not a powerful actor within the CFSP- however the high commissioner is the main foreign policy negotiator the the EU.. and the EC does most of the work when it comes to enlargement -european council: At center of CFSP since it determines the larger policy directives of the EU.

popular sovereignty

-idea that the people have the final say in government -authority of the government is sustained by the people

Duverger's law

-idea that the type of electoral system a state has also determines their party system -holds that plurality rule elections (ex. FPTP) in single-member districts favor two-party systems

political system

-implies the interaction of elements -set of formal legal institutions that constitute a government or a state -may be healthy or sick

parties

-in Britain, _________ govern because they implement their manifesto -in USA, _________ do not govern because we use checks and balances meaning one side is always checking the other

federal

-in this type of political system, power is shared/divided among a group of subnational political units -the opposite would be a unitary system

unitary

-in this type of political system, the power is concentrated in the hands of a singular authority

party system

-the way political parties conduct themselves in order to conduct political competition -determined by type of electoral system

Reform Act of 1867

-transformational movement by the Conservative Tory government under Benjamin Disraeli, Tory Democrat PM -opened the franchise to all men over 21 -encouraged development of party system, because it was the only way to reach new voters in the working class

8 Qualities the ideal electorate system would have

1.Accuracy of representation of voters 2.Socio-demographic representation in parliament 3.Personal accountability of MPs and constituents 4.Maximization of participation opportunities for voters 5.Cohesive and disciplined parties 6.Stable effective government 7.Identifiable government options 8.Opportunity to eject governments from office

english civil war and puritan revolution

1642-1649. War of the parliamentarians vs. royalists, over control of the government. Coming to power of protestants, hegemony- to signify transition to modernity. Catholics are not okay with this.

eurozone

18 members, controls the euro

Liberal Democratic Party

1988 merge between Liberal Party (descendant of whigs) and Social Democratic party (splinter group from Labour party). Center ground, draws from both parties. Calls for constitutional reform- from FPTP to PR. stronger protection for civil liberties, promotes socially liberal approaches to issues like LGBT, drugs, education policy, and criminal justice. Favors a market-based economy

The Anti-Corn Law League and the Chartists are examples of

19th century interest groups.

Major Italian political parties, 2013 elections and current parliament in Italy

2013 election results: - Center-Left Coalition- 29.4%- 340 seats - Center-Right Coalition- 29.2%- 124 seats - Five-Star Movement- 25.6%- 108 seats - Civic Choice- 10.6%- 45 seats

List 2 causes for the downfall of the Weimar Republic?

?

Customs Union

A group of countries committed to (1) removing all barriers to the free flow of goods and services between each other and (2) the pursuit of a common external trade policy.

FIRST THING U NEED TO ESTABLISH A LIBERAL SOCIETY/ ECONOMY

A market

Role of MP

A member of the House of Commons. Enabled to pass Acts in Parliament

Pluralism

A model of government in which interest groups compete to put pressure on policy makers

National Socialism

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

republican discipline

A party needs to get 12.5 percent of the registered voters on the first round in order to go to the second round 5. This rule forces parties to cooperate (republican discipline)

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

the Permanent Secretary

A senior member of the British civil service, just below the position of minister, who usually continues in this position if the minister is replaced

The German Question

A series of questions used to study Germany's unique circumstances. Whither the German Question? Did Unification resolve the 'question?" 1. Territorial dimension seems to be settled 2. European integration seems to have resolved the strategic issue 3. But the political and social dimension of the question remains open and seems to have been exacerbated by unification strong support for extremist parties in the states of the old East Germany, threatens liberal democracy

welfare state

A system in which the government takes responsibility for its citizen's social and economic needs. Atlee, the Labour PM after WII, cemented the welfare system in the UK.

Neocorporatism

A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy

Which of the following parties is farthest to the right?

AFG (Alterative for G)

MINISTER PRESIDENT =

AMERICAN GOVERNORS

Like other Junkers, Bismarck was strongly

ANTI socialist.

Reforms Acts 1832 and 1867

Acts increased the number of people who could vote. Reform Act of 1832: 1) redistricting is put into place to reflect the population shifts that occurred due to the Industrial Revolution as well as getting rid of rotten boroughs, 2) suffrage for the urban middle class by lowering the property requirements Disraeli introduced the Reform Act of 1867. It nearly doubled the electorate aka the 16% of the adult population and significantly lowered the property requirements i.e. granted the vote to all house holders in the boroughs and lodgers, agricultural landowners. Many of the new voters were industrial workers and lived in urban boroughs. However, in rural boroughs, most agricultural labourers did not have the right to vote

Origins of the EU*

After WWII - a way to solve the economic issue between France and Germany, stop the fight for land and resources, common market and perpetual peace - Jean Monnet and functionalism - actually a very old concept... from Holly Roman Empire to Concert Of Europe

German Confederation (1815 - 1866)

After the Congress of Vienna (1815) a centralized German state was not created. During the Napoleonic period, Prussia incorporates much of the French system of public administration, and the grip of feudalism, especially the Junkers, begins to weaken. Beginnings of the Rechtsstaat (a constitutional state and rule of law, closely associated With the liberal Prussian thinker, Immanuel Kant)

Externalization of border control

Amsterdam Treaty (1999) brings JHA pillar to the fore, including free movement, migration & asylum into EU framework (core competence), gave the Commission greater powers in regards to migration, Amsterdam also inscribes the idea of EU citizenship into the law

Corporatism (Neocorporatism):

An institutionalized form of policy making in which large interest groups cooperate in the authoritative allocation of values, policy design and implementation

Positive vote of no confidence

As in any parliamentary system, the government Must maintain the confidence of the house, Through majority control, or via a coalition However, votes of no confidence are extremely rare, because they must be a 'positive vote of no Confidence,' meaning that MPs must agree on the New leader and composition of the government, Before the sitting government can be removed and Replaced.

DGB and BDI

BDI - business association DGB - workers association

Main features of German Social Democracy

Basic Law (Constitution) - Federal Government and 16 Lands (states) - Division of power between federal and land level - Influence of Land elections on National elections - Reforms (2006) - reduced # of bills requiring Bundesrat approval - Sharing fiscal burden - transferring funds from rich to poor regions - Equivalence of living conditions enshrined in basic law

May 1968 Student Uprising in Paris

Beginning in May 1968, a period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting some seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories. At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68, the economy of France came to a halt. Beginning in May 1968, a period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting some seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories. At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68, the economy of France came to a halt. Both the women's liberation movement and the gay rights movement in France grew out of the 1968 upheaval and the intellectual ferment of the time.

Strikes

Between March 1984 and March 1985, more than half the country's 187,000 miners left work in what was the biggest industrial dispute in post-war Britain. The nationwide strike was a last attempt by the mining unions to save the industry after the National Coal Board announced 20 pits in England would have to close with the loss of 20,000 jobs.

European Commission

Body responsible for proposing EU legislation, implementing it, and monitoring compliance

The Schengen Agreement deals primarily with issues of

Borders

Trade between the EU and US

Both are essential trading partners for each other, hundreds and billions in trade and investments each year. at center is the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. 2 parts to making this trade deal; reduce tariff barriers and reduce non-tariff barriers (includes regulations, delaying products from entering the market, safety concerns, etc. esp difficult with agricultural products and cultural products)

reparation payments

Britain and France demanded large sums of money from Germany to replace the debts that they received from the war

Definition of party system

Britain evolved into a two party system. Two party system eliminates coalition building, majority can be achieved which can give you stability, also provides a clear choice. Can predict what type of party system based on voting system

FPTP versus PR

Britain has a single-member district electoral system based on FPTP. Proportional representation leads to multi-member districts. PR is based off of a list. FPTP is where you only vote for a single member per district where it is a win and take all system

What happens to business power as political salience goes up?

Business power goes down

Mineworkers

By 2017, only about 1,000 people were working in mining industry which, at its height, employed more than a million people, according to government statistics.

SPD (Social Democrats)

By 1914, Germany has the largest (and still disenfranchised) socialist party (SPD) in Europe. largest leftwing party in Europe in the late 19th century, governing party during Weimar, Bonn, & Berlin Ideology and history: one of oldest and best Established parties in Germany, dating back to 19th century and especially Weimar (party of Government) and the Nazi period (main party Of opposition to Hitler). Fairly hard socialist party after WWII, led by Kurt Schumacher, made it not competitive Also partition of Germany costs SPD many voters In the east. Note the uprisings in GDR (1952) and Hungary (1957) led to drop in support, distrust of SPD Foreign and defense policies in the 1950s Working class image, hard trade unionists with a Marxist bent, alienated middle class voters, Similar to the Old Labour Party in UK Strongly anti-clerical, like French socialists, hurt the party with religious voters Brandt elected to head the party in 1958 Bad Godesberg conference in 1959, complete Reform under Willy Brandt, Karl Schiller, and Helmut Schmidt, turning the party into more of A conventional Scandinavian-style social democratic party—note influence of Brandt who Spent the war in Sweden and Norway Embraced Keynesian economics, in line with postwar consensus, showing an embrace of free market capitalism, trade, etc. Brandt's Ostpolitik and reconciliation with Poland and GDR, seeking penance for the Holocaust and German crimes against humanity during the Nazi period. With Schmidt as Minister of Defense, he showed Strong support of NATO, etc. in 1970s Another moment in the sun, 1998 to 2005, under Red-Green coalition Gerhard Schröder and Agenda 2010, reform of Labor market and public finances, welfare state War in the Balkans, Kosovo, etc. Bases of support: move away from narrow Working class base in the 1960s, attracting many Younger voters (my friend DT). Became a party of government in 1960s, first in Grand coalition (1966 to '69), with Schiller as Minister of Economic Affairs and Brandt as Foreign Minister, improving its image as a party Of government. Breakthrough in 1969 (see the chart), move to The middle, becoming more of a catchall party But the party would split in the 1970s, as radical Young Socialists embraced environmentalism, anti-nuclear power, pacifism and disarmament Brandt aligned with the young radicals after his fall from grace in a spy scandal (in 1974), and Schmidt with the older conservatives, workers Began to lose support in 1976 but still a powerful, governing party, The real split came in 1980 with the founding of The Green Party, and euromissile controversy Party would lose control, confidence of Bundestag In 1982 and remain out of power until 1998 Leadership from 1998, Red-Green agenda, and Then long slow decline, from 2005 to the present as SPD becomes junior partner in grand coalition governments with Merkel and the CDU In 2000, the Red-Green coalition government passed a law making it much easier for foreigners in Germany to naturalize and become citizens.

The Kulturkampf was a movement launched by Bismarck to exclude

CATHOLICS from politics

What parties make up the current governing (grand) coalition?

CDU/SPD

Which is most intergovernmental?

CFSP

Which of the following political parties has a predominantly Roman Catholic base?

CSU

The Zollverein was primarily a

CUSTOMS union.

Republicans (neo-Gaullists)

Center right (Gaullists-les Républicains) led today by Édouard Philippe, Prime Minister of France.

the permanent secretary

Chief executive of the civil service and the cabinet office permanent secretary.

religion versus class in French politics

Class structure in 19th century France is very Different than in England. a. peasant freeholders b. petty bourgeois (small business class) c. small town elite (notables) d. liberal or professional class (sans culottes)

Tony Blair did away with

Clause 4

Mitbestimung (Co-determination)

Close cooperation between capital and labor Mitbestimmung (codetermination), highly Organized form of capitalism, peaceful industrial Relations, contrast with UK & France

CBI

Confederation of British Industry. Lobbying organization for UK business on national and international issues. to help create and sustain the conditions in which businesses in the UK can compete effectively and prosper. It's the chamber of commerce or the national association of manufacturers. It's not a peak organization. aligned with the conservative party.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. "we the people"

state-building

Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture. institutions and bureaucracy. France was a much more powerful state than the British when the states were created. You have to be able to tax. French kings developed a bureaucracy and got the ability to tax their subjects. France intervened on our behalf and saved us in the revolutionary war, and it bankrupted them

The German Question*

D. Whither the German Question? Did Unification resolve the 'question?" 1. Territorial dimension seems to be settled 2. European integration seems to have resolved the strategic issue 3. But the political and social dimension of the question remains open and seems to have been exacerbated by unification strong support for extremist parties in the states of the old East Germany, threatens liberal democracy AfD und Die Linke Why? Feelings of anomie (people feel disconnected from social values and norms), alienation, loss of bearings, Being 'left behind,' especially for a radical, Skinhead, nihilistic and dispossessed youth...

MoDem (France)

Democratic Movement... pro European

Rotten boroughs

Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament. Districts that were not representative of the current population shift. Industrial cities like Liverpool and Manchester had the same representation as rural areas that did not have as many people in them. Parliamentary representation did not reflect population shifts during the Industrial Revolution. This allowed the Tories to control Parliament.

Tony Blair was in favor of

Devolution

Migrant Crisis: Internal emigration

Driven by: ¥ Significant brain-drain not just from Southern Europe, but also from countries such as Finland and Ireland (Finland is doing particularly badly while Ireland is recovering). ¥ Significant economic consequences (e.g. per capita debt burden grows as people leave). ¥ UK and Germany have gained - as has the US.

Reenserfment in East Prussia

Due to Russia serfdom and domination, many peasants were reenserfed only to be freed in 1861... Russian absolutism ended up stalling development in the region for several years

resistance and collaboration (VICHY)

During the Vichy regime, there was a mixed record of resistance (lead by communists and deGaulle) and collaboration (conservatives). Leads to "guild and shame" of conservatives in 4th Republic.

What area of the EU benefits from interest groups?

EC

Name the three pillars of European Integration.

EEC/CFSR/JHA

Three Pillars of European Integration*

EMU, JHA, and CFSP

Experimentation and change (theme of the EU book)

EU is constantly evolving; has to reshape its institutions and treaties to deal with new challeges; EU's economics, foreign policy, etc have all changed; changes happen incrementally not all at once

Schengen Area

EU members that have a common visa and immigration policy, has 28 members. Main idea with internal movement is the facilitation of trade, because the free movement of people is essential for a customs union

What are the two executive bodies of the EU, one more supranational and the one more intergovernmental?

EUROPEAN COUNCIL (INTERGOVERNMENTAL) 2. COMMISION (supranational)

frontex

EUs agency for managing the external border, meant to facilitate cooperation on external border security

The snake, EMS, ARM and ultimately EMU were designed by European leaders to deal with

EXCHANGE RATE STABILITY

The Wirtschaftswunder refers to the ____________ miracle of postwar Germany

Economic

ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fürher

Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Fürher evokes a totalitarian political ideology.

role of MP

Elected member of parliament in the house of commons must act in the national interest and act in the interest of their constituents where this does not override their primary responsibility. If they belong to a political party then they must act in the interests of that party, subordinate to the other two responsibilities.

Brexit: Political Causes

Eurosceptic in Tory Party, also Jeremy Corbyn Labour party disconnected between Corbyn and MPs Cameron's Promise to cap net-immigration First-past-the-post Voting System - Plurality (first-past-the-post) system encourages two-party competition

Brexit: Economic causes

Eurozone Crisis - The eurozone crisis left UK voters with the perception that the EU is incapable of delivering prosperity, and The EU/eurozone lacks the necessary institutions to deal with economic and financial crises. Globalization - led to dramatic decrease in manufacturing jobs

ERM

Exchange Rate Mechanism

From an ethnic and cultural standpoint, France is a very homogeneous country

FALSE

The most "liberal" party in Germany in the Neo-classical sense is the?

FDP

In 1949, the newly created West German state adopted a

FEDERAL political system.

Britain has a single-member electoral system based on

FPTP

What two countries were the key players in founding of the European Economic Community? They were known as the couple:

FRANCE AND GERMANY

True or False: After the Congress of Vienna (1815) a centralized German state was created.

False

True or False: Since the 1950s, France has evolved a system of catchall political parties.

False

True or False: The President is also subject to censure or a vote of no confidence.

False

True or False: The political center in French politics (aka le marais) is strong and well supported by the electorate.

False

Constitutional Court

Federal Constitutional Court (sits in Karlsruhe) has sweeping powers of judicial review, similar to US Supreme Court, but it is not an appellate court; Rather it is a constitutional watchdog with jurisdiction over institutions, almost any person, institution, agency has standing, Constitutional Court has power to ban A political party if it is deemed to be antiDemocratic 8 judges are elected by secret ballot, half by Bundestag and half by Bundesrat, on secret ballot

the Prime Minister

For the UK, the head of a government; the majority party's leader in parliament. He lives in No 10 Downing Street. He/she can govern in four different ways: innovators (seek power in order to achieve a future goal of their own creation), reformers (seek power in order to achieve the implementation of a particular program), egoists (seek power for the sake of power and concerned with the office itself), and balancers (either seek power to achieve balance or have power thrust upon them due to comprising on leadership)

Codetermination

Form of corporate governance that requires a typical management board and a supervisory board and that allows management and employees to participate in strategic decision making.

Westminster

Formerly a royal palace but now houses Parliament. The parliamentary estate extends beyond the Palace and now encompasses various nearby buildings

Republicans (neo-Gaullist)

Founded and re-named under Sarkozy - emulating the US version of Republicans but more liberal

UKIP (UK Independence Party)

Founder: Nigel Farage. Has many MEPs(members of European Parliament). Goal: get UK out of EU. Cut immigration.

Origins of the EU

France and Germany were the key players in founding of the European Community, later the EU.

france and the EU

France is a semi-presidental system (has a directly elected president (Francois Hollande), an appointed prime minister, and bicameral legislature). France and EU have been very close (one of the original 6)

PCF

French Communist Party - Formed in 1920 (second internationalist) in the Congres of Tours - more radical and used to be aligned with Lenin and Moscow BUT became more democratic under Georges Marchais - the Socialists and Communists don't get along well - PCF evolved into a nationalist and étatist party - joined the Mitterand Government in 1980s Replaced by La France Insoumise, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, back to 15 percent of the vote

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969 - De Gaulle did not want a party to carry his name - wanted to return France to its "great power status" - imperious and nationalistic - believed in using referendums to consul the people's opinion

1789

French Revolution

1789

French Revolution began. Headed by the Jacobins who were led by Robespierre.

European experience of modernization

French Revolution spurred other revolutions or changes in the surrounding governments. Thus France and the UK both became republics. France focused on one and indivisible and secularism. UK focused on ensuring tradition was maintained while having a republican government. In all, modernization meant keeping some vestiges but changing to maintain stability.

Jacques Chirac

French conservative president elected in 1995; pursued a plan of sending illegal immigrants back to their home countries; an outspoken opponent of the US invasion of Iraq. (1995-2007), glad handing man of the people, not clear what his core principles are, partisan

Revolutionary land settlement

French revolutionaries persuaded the peasants to join them by giving the land to peasants i.e. legal title to the land. Only one problem with this is that the French did not have primogeniture (first son would get the land) instead they divided the land among sons. This caused the French population to decline. Very Malthusian in resources (land/food are limited so had to control the population)

Crises of decolonization (1950's)

French were reluctant to give up their empire 2. 1954 Geneva peace agreement, negotiated by Pierre Mendes-France with Vietnam 3. Suez crisis in 1956 4. The Algerian War (200k-300k Algerians were killed) Attempted putsch by army officers in Algeria, Jan, 1958. From the defeats in Vietnam and the Suez Canal, the army clung onto Algeria. Military wanted to set up a military government but the 5th Republic shut that down. -settled at Evian in 1962 The French believed that maintaining their empire would mean that they would maintain dominance.

Frontex

Frontex is the European Union agency for external border security. It is responsible for co-ordinating the activities of the national border guards in ensuring the security of the EU's borders with non-member states. Frontex is headquartered in Warsaw, Poland.

Main features of Scandinavian economies

GDP - Sweden: $399.4 billion - Denmark: $213.6 billion - Finland: $200.7 billion - Norway: $281.7 billion - Iceland: $12.8 billion Official unemployment rate (2015) - Sweden: 7.3% - Denmark: 4.4% - Finland: 7.1% - Norway: 3.6% - Iceland: 4.9% Government debt to GDP (2014) - Sweden: 38.2% - Denmark: 34.6% - Finland: 45.8% - Norway: 28.3% - Iceland: 96.2%

WHAT WAS THE INTEREST OF THE GERMANS AND FRENCH IN THIS MARRIAGE?

GERMANS WERE INTERESTED IN ECONOMICS WHILE FRANCE WAS INTERESTED IN STRONG POLITICAL/POWERFULL COUNTRY.

Alternative fur Deutschland*

German Far-right party that is reemerging.

WHO ARE THE 2 LEADERS WHO MADE THE COUPLE HAPPEN?- FRANCO GERMAN COUPLE

German Leader- Konrad Adenauer . French- DE GAULLE.

The Basic Law

German constitution

nature and organization of German interest groups

German interest groups function almost like a cartel, in close relationship with banks and govenrment in a way an unspoken agreement in which labor will not revolt, meanwhile business will concede to more taxes and welfare state - everyone agrees that inflation is bad and saving is the way to go

What happened to French Christian Democracy?

Got included into REM

Cem Ozdemir is one of the leaders of the

Greens

FORCE DE FRAPPE

HE BUILT A NUCLEAR FORCE.

the prime minister

Head of the ruling party "primus inter pares"- first among equals. Head of government

Crisis of Leadership

High political price; different countries want different political policies that would benefit them most ¥ German government and German preferences. ¥ The German government is aware that Germans will pay one way or another. If the eurozone fell apart, Deutsche Mark would appreciate significantly, German competitive edge would disappear (+'mother of all banking crises in rest of Europe'). But there is no politically rewarding way to communicate this to the electorate. ¥ German people do not want to pay for the 'lazy Greeks', but they want to keep the euro. ¥ Greek government and Greek preferences. ¥ The Greek government knows that austerity is a condition for staying in the euro (e.g. the ECB has threatened to close its lending window to Greek banks). ¥ The Greek people do not want austerity, but they want to keep the euro.

UK

Historically strong industry is suffering from budget cuts, affecting quality of journalism; increasing interdependence between politicians and journalists; political journalism is becoming more superficial and sensationalist, less informed and less investigative.

Tripartism, social partnership, policy networks

Hybrid forms, which blend element of corporatism and pluralism. Tripartism refers to the governments partnership with capital/employers of labor.

THE MADONA AND THE FRESCOS"

IMAGE OF FRANCE, A GREAT COUNTRY AND LEADER IN THE WORLD.

The so called "Luxembourg Compromise" of 1966 resulted in a more ______________________ approach to policy making in the EEC.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL

Indealists versus Realists

Idealists believe that EU should be a great leader and push strong liberal policies, Realists believe that smaller, more realistic steps will be better for EU in the long run and that this won't piss off the countries as much.

Social Causes

Immigration Loss of National Pride - nostalgia for British Empire; "take back control"

republican synthesis

In 19th century, triumph of republicanism. Two events precipitated the triumph of republicanism a. The French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War 1870--French lost Alsace-Lorraine and Bismarck established the Second Reich b. The Paris Commune--in the words of Karl Marx it was the French working class which First tore the veil of ignorance from the Workers of Europe--but the Commune was Brutally suppressed by French troops, under the watchful eyes of the Prussian army.

Social Market Economy

In Germany, a postwar economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy. Ludwig Erhard was the primary architect of the Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Social Market Economy) a mix of neo-classical liberalism (ordo-liberalism) and highly organized, structured, neo-corporatist system, basically a mix of social democracy and market capitalism, with a highly developed welfare state, supported by the social democratic left and the Christian democratic right, highly consensual.

vote of confidence

In a parliamentary system, a vote in which the members express their support for (or opposition to) the government's policies; if it loses, the government must resign

German Unification*

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

life peers

In the UK, distinguished members of society who are given lifetime appointments to the House of Lords

CGT & CFDT

Interest groups; CGT: Marxists/Leninists tied to PCF; CFDT: affiliated with socialists

During much of its modern history, France has had a Malthusian approach to economics. Malthusian _____________________ compatible with liberalism.

Is not

Senate (France)

Is the Upper House of the Legislative, a strong conservative force under the notables... a vestige of the stalemate society

Functionalism

Jean Monnet employed functionalism.

Compared to Britain, France has had ____________ political stability

LESS

The notables are

LOCAL POLITICAL ELITES

Which of the so called "four freedoms" of the EU has proved to be the most controversial from a political standpoint, contributing heavily to the leave vote in the Brexit referendum?

Labour

Jacobinism

Left-wing radical revolutionary politics that spurred from the French Revolution in the 18th century led by Robespierre, believed in the "good of society". Victorious group of the political debate in the 1790s. Trying to consolidate a French state. Laicite meaning secularism

Europe's Challenges

Legitimacy: - Decline in voter participation - Resurgence of radical political parties and popular protest movements - Disappointment and lack of trust in the EU Solidarity: - National interests vs. common interests - Anti-immigrant sentiment across Europe due to security and economic reasons - are they terrorists? who's going to pay? - "Welfare Chauvinists" - no access to welfare benefits for immigrants - Well-off voters in one country reluctant to support troubled countries - Widely-held stereotype that some Europeans are culturally predisposed to financial mismanagement (Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal) Security: - Limited military capabilities - Lack of consensus Present Threats: - Terrorism - Illegal migration - The prospect of humanitarian disaster (refugees from Libya, Syria) - Security of energy supplies

Marxist-Leninist Theory

Lenin formed Bolshevik which became communism. He forms communist international - wants to bring all communists together, said all parties should be communist and follow soviet communists.

Which of Samuel Beer's five types of politics best describes President Emmanuel Macron?

Liberal

Who was the primrary architect of Soziale Marktwirtschaft?

Ludwig Erhard

MARRIAGE OF FINAL RYE IS

MERCANTALISM MARRIAGE.

Boradening versus deepening

Major question of the EU today- should EU broaden their relationships and allow more countries to join (and spread liberal ideas) or if EU should focus on deepening ideologies within EU member countries

"whatever it takes..."

Mario Draghi was the European leader who vowed to do 'whatever it takes' to save the €uro.

Fabians

Members of a late nineteenth-century socialist movement in Britain who advocated gradual reform rather than revolutions and supported the Labour party.

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Who is the current Chancellor of Germany and what is her political party?

Menkel/CDU

Both Old Tories and Old Whigs favored the economic doctrine of

Mercantilism

MoDem (Liberals)

MoDem French is a centrist political party in France that is characterized by a strong pro-European stance. MoDem was founded by François Bayrou to succeed the Union for French Democracy (UDF) and contest the 2007 legislative election, after his strong showing in the 2007 presidential election.

in central and easter Europe being right wing makes you more or less likely to participate in elite challenging activity?

More

Chartist Movement

Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain. Example of a 19th century interest group

Which of the following aspects of French political and social development are not compatible with the republican tradition?

Multiculturalism

The Volksgemeinschaft can best be described as a

NATIONALIST ideology.

core competencies Europe

NOT migration

Adolf Hitler / Brown Shirts

Nazi Party

Potential Consequences for EU

Negative economic impact comes with a silver lining - The eurozone crisis + Brexit = more economic misery, but UK and global business will move operations to the continent. The UK has always been the most liberal MS in the EU - Brexit is likely to strengthen protectionist measures and the power of social democrats. Weaken EU

collective bargaining

Negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers to secure full-time employment. Done so by trade union employees

collective bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

Dual Ballot electoral system

New way of voting designed to get rid of small parties; you have to get more than 12.5% on first ballot to go to second ballot; parties forced to collaborate, pushes France away from multiparty system

Scandinavian countries as reluctant Europeans

Norway & Iceland

Federal President Germany

Not much power, a moral figure

Volkisch

N​azis promise this. Volksgeist is the national spirit. They want a racial state. Racial principles with a state built on racial principles.

When did the Eurozone crisis begin symbolically?

October, 2009 when the newly elected Greek government announced that the Greek budget deficit would be 12.7 % of GDP, more than 3 times the amount projected by the outgoing government. This figure was later revised to 15.4% of GDP. At the same time, Greece's debt/GDP ratio was estimated to exceed 120 % of GDP (the final observed number for 2009 was 129%)

Who was the Iron Chancellor?

Otto Von Bismarck

Ulster Unionists

People in Northern Ireland who want to keep British rule (Protestant).

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Externalization of border control

Policy the EU is trying to pursue where they make deals with external countries (Turkey, North Africa, etc.) to enforce their borders better so that immigrants don't come through those countries to the EU

Reenserfment in East Prussia

Politics of late development - Reenserfment of peasants in East Prussia, compared With emergence of a freeholding peasantry in Western Germany, France, and the Low Countries. = lead to a strong burgher or bourgeois class in the West

PIIGS countries

Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain

PIIGS

Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain

In the 5th Republic today the French ______________ is elected by a direct popular vote

President

Mario Draghi

President of the European Central Bank. was the European leader who vowed to do 'whatever it takes' to save the €uro.

Welfare state regimes: social democratic

Principles of universalism (e.g. child benefits to everyone) and decommodification; equality and high redistribution. The Nordics (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark)

Jacques Delors

Prominent French Socialist politician, who was president of the European Commission, 1985-95

Which of Samuel Beer's five types of politics best describes modern French politics?

RADICAL

Since the Revolution of 1789, France has evolved a strongly

REPUBLICAN political culture

Cleavages change towards what?

Realignment or dealignment

The European Union was founded to give Europe more clout in international affairs. This is an example of an ________________ argument for European integration

Realist

Throughout most of the modern period in French politics, roughly from 1789 to the present, ________________ has been the most important cleavage in French society and the most divisive issue in French politics.

Religion

Liberal Party (Britain)

Rise of the Liberal Party in mid-nineteenth century, grew out of the Whig Party at the time of the 1st Reform Act (1832). Liberal concept of authority: individualism, laissez faire, and parliamentarism in favor of a representative government In early liberal doctrine, property was the main qualification for the franchise Middle class tended to support the Liberal Party in the mid to late 19th century Early liberals supported a Burkean approach to representation where the MP is a trustee i.e. not bound to narrow interests of its constituency

the Department

Roughly twenty: Defense, Home and Foreign Office, Treasury, etc. Civil Service works out of Whitehall under a cloak of anonymity, provided by ministerial responsibility

1878 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS LARGEST PARTY BUT THEN BIZMARK BANNED IT.

SOCIALISTS WERE NOT PART OF IRON AND RYE. NATIONAL LIBERALS WERE PART OF THIS AND GOT THE ECONOMIC SUPPORT AND THE TARRIFS.

Ralf Dahrendorf in his book, society and Democracy in Germany, focuses primarily on the ________________ dimension of the German Question

SOCIO-POLITICAL

Compared to almost any other liberal democracy, France has a

STRONG administrative state.

SNP

Scottish National Party - a nationalist, social democratic party. The party wants Scottish independence and Scottish integration into European Union.

SNP

Scottish National Party. Second largest party in Britain behind the Labour Party. Founded in 1934 All of Scotland is now basically represented by the SNP. Scotland has a pretty small representation in parliament.

peasants (yeomanry) social class

Seen as an obstacle to modernity, worked as sharecroppers under new Enclosure system.

the minister

Selected primarily from the elected members of the House of Commons and House of Lords, by the PM. Ministers are usually heads of government departments. The most powerful cabinet member being the Prime Minister

Collectivist or socialist phase of political and social development

Shift towards thinking about the workers and their rights. What is good for the community and the people are considered over the individual. Time where there is a want to increase the equality of condition

Economic crisis: Flaws in EU's Economic structure

Significant differences in competitiveness between MS. Inability to control inflation and capital flows at MS level. No pooled fiscal policy. Austerity drives emigration.

Max Weber's definition of politics

Striving for a share of power or for influence on the distribution of power. A leader can claim legitimacy based on tradition, charisma, or legality

Who has the most referendums? The Least

Switzerland Germany

ERM (Exchange Rate Mechanism)

Th exchange monetary system led to the collapse of the Euro... All currencies converted into the same as the

Bad Godesberg Program (1959)*

The Bad Godesberg Program (1959) brought about fundamental reform of the SPD

Brexit

The British Exit from the European Union

Brexit

The British Exit from the European Union. The freedom of movement of the EU has proved to be most controversial from a political standpoint, contributing heavily to the leave vote in the Brexit referendum

Commons versus Lords

The Commons has all the power and the Lords have very minimal power.

the cabinet

The Prime minister and 21 cabinet members. Appointed by the monarch. Made up by ministers, mostly from the house of commons. They meet once a week to discuss government policy. Has numerous sub-committees.

Emmanuel Macron

The Republicans are part of the coalition government of Emmanuel Macron. Macron created the REM, the centrist party.

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War left the German states divided between Prussia (in the north) and Austria-Hungary (in the south). a. Starts as a conflict between the Protestant, Frederick V (Elector of Palatine) and the Catholic, Ferdinand II (Hapsburg ruler and German Emperor). b. Prussia will emerge from the Thirty Years War as one of the Great Powers of modern Europe. The Treaty of Westphalia... Münster (cages on the cathedral) and Osnabrück. c. Frederick William of Prussia (The Great Elector) comes to the throne in 1640, determined to rid Prussia of outside powers (Austrians and Swedes) and to build a modern state on the French model.

Helmut Schmidt

The West German Social Democratic leader from 72-82 Recession and financial crisis of 1974 Founder of G-7 along with Giscard Pro-Europe, pragmatic

Church vs. State

The continual struggle for power between the divine and the political

State-building

The creation of political institutions capable of exercising authority and allocating resources effectively within a nation.

Democratic Deficit*

The criticism made of the European Union that there is a gap between the European Community institutions and the people they represent

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government. first Bundeskanzler, founding Father of FRG

law lords

The full-time judges carried out judicial work of the House of Lords until 2009, then they became the justices of the Supreme Court for all civil law cases in the UK and all criminal cases in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 12 members are disqualified from sitting or voting in the House of Lords

The Stalemate Society *

The idea that France becomes a stalemate society after the defeat of Napoleon I because of the different views in how to set up the Republic... bonapartists, versus Republicans, versus royalists

Monnetism*

The idea that you should do incremental changes, not radical ones

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)*

The official name of democratic West Germany during the postwar division of Germany

moral hazard problem

The possibility that individuals or institutions will change their behavior as the result of a contract or agreement. Example: A bank whose deposits are insured against losses may make riskier loans and investments.

National veto

The power of EU member states to block decisions made by the Council of the EU - used when proposals require unanimous support National veto powers have been reduced to avoid an "empty chair" situation, specially since the growth of the Union

Presidential powers (France)**

The president is technically the head of state and the PM head of government... but usually the PM becomes the President's lieutenant, unless they are in a situation of cohabitation. The president will oversee FP, and can dissolve the parliament (only once a year), and has a lot of emergency powers... this is what Macron has done more recently

Politics of late development*

The rise of Prussia led to a conservative political culture in modern Germany.

Clause IV

The section of the British Labour Party Constitution that Tony Blair changed to remove radical leftist ideas. He amended this section, which includes a. democratic control of industry b. minimum wage and full employment c. expansion of the welfare state, social services d. equitable distribution of wealth in society

Gerhard Schroeder

This socialist became chancellor of Germany in 1998. Opposed the war in Iraq.

PR sophistications

Thresholds, district magnitude and the mathematical formulation that determines the allocation of seats

role of monarch

To be seen and not heard. The monarch informs parliament of the government's policy ideas and plans for new legislation in a speech delivered from the throne in the House of Lords.

Other pressures on European Capitalisms and State Market Dynamics

Transition to services and automation are key factors. Transition to services thrives more on general (mobile) skills than specific skills.

True or False: Germany has a positive vote of no confidence

True

True or False: Historically, Tories and Socialists were against political individualism

True

True or False: Liberals were staunch supporters of Representative Government

True

True or False: The size (number of MPs) of the German parliament fluctuautes from one election to another.

True

Nation Building

UK has not succeeded in building a nation

Unitary versus Federalist System

Unitary: The central government posses much authority and decision making power. Local governments exist as arms of the central government. Federal: power is split between a central/national government and the states

vote of confidence

Vote that shows the public still favors or supports the governing body

STV systems

Voters in districts given the names of candidates and are asked to rank in order. Candidates receiving a certain quota of first ranked preference are elected, after which any of their votes over the quota are transferred in proportion to that voters second choice.

Why did the Greeks choose Austerity?

Voters would rather stay in the euro, even though austerity measures were voted against in a referendum

Direct Democracy

We mean the holding of referendums in order to decide policy and or constitutional changes

The Soziale Marktwirtschaft is a founding principle of

West Germany

Russian identity

Westernizers: Russia is Europe - Russia is imperfect Europe (that is, underdeveloped and lagging behind, or sick, or failed) Slavophiles/Eurasianists: Russia is neither Europe, nor Asia - Russia represents a world in itself, a microcosm that follows its own destiny and develops its own rules

whitehall

Where the cabinets, secretaries, and agencies are, Higher civil service

Traditional society

William the Conqueror brought feudalism. Catholicism one unifier of the French people.

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972

Michel Debre

Zero Immigration Dream; 1997 law on control of illegal immigration; challenge to republicanism

albania app to the EU

applied for membership in 2009, not yet recognized as a candidate.

European Parliament

debates legislation proposed by the commission and forwarded to it by the council

What does business influence

framing of issues

Ministerprasident

governors of the German states

Tripartism

limited form of corporatism, while displaying characteristics of pluralism

Council of State

n France, the Council of State is a body of the French national government that acts both as legal advisor of the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice. Members of the Council of State are part of a Grand Corps of the French State (grand corps de l'État). The Council of State mainly recruits from among the top-ranking students graduating from the École nationale d'administration.

Margaret Thatcher was against the Tory ideal of

noblesse oblige

Anti-clericalism

opposition to the political power of religious institutions or the clergy

What is the essence of corporatism?

organic, all have to live together 'the body"

Pressure Groups

organized collections of people who aim to influence government

Gang of Four

part of the ALliance

cadre parties

parties that were active after the french revolution, built on elite network of wealthy notables

EMS snake policy

the European Monetary System pegged the EU currencies together and capped interest rates at a +-2.25%, to keep them close to the dollar this was very hard to maintain when the EU expanded memberships, allowed some states in the south to borrow too much and eventually led to the euro crisis

Holy Roman Empire and the German states

the HRE is a political entity with some political authority over the largely German-speaking states (principalities) of Northern Europe.

the monarchy

the crown. monarchs are symbols. to be seen not heard.

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

the principle that decisions by international organizations are made by weighted majority votes, as in the European Union today

For liberals, in politics as in economics, the source of action was

the rational individual

crisis of distribution

welfare

accountability

westiminster system is much more accountable- ultimate check through elections. american system has no accountability- would never leave office if a mistake is made.

political system

when 2 or more elements of government interact with one anothe

When does business lose?

when businesses are unified and issues are of high salience

aristotles definition of politics

who rules? in whose interest? republic only in small places

Marriage of Iron and Rye*

with the economic depression of world economy in 1873, German farmers and industrialists each wanted protective tariffs for their respective sectors; however, in order to guarantee that they protect themselves they allied with each other against labor which brought about both agricultural and industrial tariffs even though neither party actually wanted both and were only seeking their own protection; significant because it illustrates log-rolling which often affects and bogs down trade agreements

The Marriage of Iron and Rye brought together what two political and eocnomic groups, to complete the Unification of Germany in the Second Reich?

(East) Agriculture Junkers (West) Industrialists

Liberal Model

(U.S. - uncommon in Europe) - The dominance of commercial logics across the media.

Main features of Scandinavian foreign policy

- Denmark, Norway and Iceland are NATO members - Sweden and Finland are not NATO members, but have close partnership and might even consider joining - Nordic Cooperation Council - Contributors to UN peacekeeping missions

Harold Wilson

-Fabian Labour PM of '60s and '70s -British were ambivalent about Europe -he held a referendum in 1975 -Britain voted narrowly to stay in the EU

Lord Peter Carrington

-Foreign Sec. for Margaret Thatcher -he was a Lord

Friedman

-economist most often paired with Keynes -government should stay out of demand and focus on supply *idea behind Thatcherism

TUC (Trades Union Congress)

-federation of trade unions in England and Wales -est. 1868 -origin of the Labour Party

modernization

-political and social development of Europe

Deep State

-refers to the administrative state -the people who execute the laws

Treaty of Rome (1957)

1. Created the European Economic Community (EEC), generally known as the Common Market 2. Marked the beginning of European economic integration

3 pillars of the European Union

1. European community 2. Common Foreign and Security Policy 3. Justice and Home Affairs

3 parts of EU security policy

1. common foreign and security policy 2. common security and defense policy 3. police and judical cooperation

Manifestation of EU as a global actor

1. dominant economy 2. EUs humanitarian and defense policy is present in several theaters 3. euro is an important international currency 4. some EU members (france & britain mostly) are important world players 5. enlargement of the EU- gone from 6-28 states since 1973 6. europe as an immigrant destination 7. major global actors in environmental policy 8. EU members are important part of UN, and EU itself has observer status

Why countries apply for membership to the EU

1. economic reasons- the EU provides a great deal of economic opportunities, foreign direct investment, increased trade, etc. 2. as a catalyst for developing democracy- especially the case for eastern europe and the balkans 3. important for being a part of the european community 4. template for going from centrally controlled economy to a market economy; especially the case for eastern europe

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

Modern Tories claim to represent

all the people

François Mitterrand

longtime leader of the Socialist party, (1981-95), opportunist, Machiavellian, but in tune with "la France profonde". Brief return to PR for legislative elections in 1986, reversed immediately by PM Chirac's government of cohabitation 1. Strategic move by Mitterrand to split the right

"Schaffen wir das"

"Can we do it" reversal of Angela Merkel's quote- idea that taking in refugees may have been more than Germany can handle

"Wir schaffen das"

"we can do it" - Quote by Angela Merkel of Germany that they could take in the Syrian refugees in the refugee crisis of 2015.

Main political parties in Germany and parliament's composition (ruling coalition)

- Christian Democratic Party (center-right)/Christian Social Union (center-right) - 41.5% (311 seats) - Social Democratic Party (center-left) - 30.5% (193 seats) - The Left Party (left) - 8.6% (64 seats) - Alliance 90/The Greens (environmentalist) - 8.4% (63 seats) - Free Democratic Party (right, liberals) - 4.8% (0 seats) - Alternative for Germany (€-sceptic) - 4.75% (0 seats) - Federal Constitutional Court banned radical parties: the Socialist Reich Party and Communist Party - National Democratic Party (NPD) is under surveillance Grand Coalition government formed (coalition between two major parties)

Main features of British foreign policy

- WWII legacy - "second rate world power" managing decline - Atlanticism - Special relationship with the US - Founding member of NATO - Ambiguous relationship with the EU - Decision not to participate in the first phase of European integration - French President De Gaulle vetoed UK's application for membership in the EU (1963) - The UK joins the EU in 1973

Main features of British economy

- £1 = $1.33 - £ is the 3rd largest reserve currency after $ and € - London is world's largest financial center, w/ NYC - GDP $2.9 trillion (2015), 6th largest economy in the world, 3rd in Europe (after Germany & France). - GDP per capita: $40, 967 - Current official unemployment rate, 5.6% (July 2015) - Government debt to GDP: 89.4%

Gordon Brown

-Chancellor to Tony Blair -helped create the non-political central bank -turned all power to making interest rate/monetary policy to the Bank

common security and defense policy

-EU appeared timid and weak in its response to crisis in the Balkans, NATO led the operation and the US contributed much more than europe did. -has had some achievements, such as the 2002 intervention in the Congo -some argue that the CSDP is just a way for those who oppose the US dominance of NATO to distance themselves from the organization and to limit european contributions to NATO operations - has increased europes capability to defend itself and carry out its foreign policy; there is also greater security cooperation now than ever before

opposition

-allows a democracy to function -BUT it requires loyalty, a desire to keep the government working and not destroy it -implies alternation of power (democracy) -ex. House of Commons

Single European Act (1992)

-amended the Treaty of Rome -called for the completion of the common market by the end of 1992

TH Marshall

-authored the trilogy of rights (accords with rights in Britain) 1) civil rights -protection from arbitrary state power -comes from the state/government 2) political rights -right to vote 3) social rights -rights that come with being part of a community (positive) -Disreali

mercantilism

-belief in the benefits of trade -economic policy to maximize the state's accumulation of gold/silver -controlled by the state (statist-command economy)

Role of EU organizations in policy making

-commission: initiates proposal -EP and council: vote on the propsals and make amedments -european council: determines the larger policy directives of the EU, so they have control over all other institutions even though they are not directly involved in the policy-making process -ECJ: settles disputes between states and serves as a court of appeals for EU-28 and citizens on EU policy.

One Nation Tory

-conception by Benjamin Disraeli, a Tory Democrat -means you are going to serve the interests of all people instead of just one class

Teresa May

-conservative PM since 2016 -called for fresh mandate, lost her majority and is now governing in a coalition with the DUP

Jeremy Corbett

-current leader of the Labour Party -hard-left -not a mold of Thatcher/Blair

Fabian Society

-founders of the LSE -intellectuals, writers, activists leading the drive toward socialism -including George Bernard Shaw

aristocracy

-from Aristotle's regime typology -regime in which a few rule in the interest of all -can be found in any feudal government

oligarchy

-from Aristotle's regime typology -regime in which a few rule in the interest of themselves -can be found in any communist government

How did the Great Recession Begin in Europe?

1) US Subprime Crisis 2) Greece's debt crisis

Why is the EC active and willing to exchange information with interest groups?

1) seeks to expand policy domains and create new ones, thus requiring relevant information 2) The EC has limited resources 3) EC is not directly accountable so why not 4) interest groups provide the EC with not just info but support and legitimacy 5) consulting interest groups reduces the risk of policy failure

Problems with EU and NATO

1. european militaries lean too much on NATO 2. european militaries are under-funded and lack technology and ability

Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867

1832 passed by whigs to extend voting rights to men with property. 1867 passed by conservatives to give voting rights to men over 21

Who pursed a policy of Ostpolitik?

?

Common Agricultural Policy

A European Union policy based on the principle that a subsidy extended to farmers in any member country should be extended to farmers in all member countries

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany. Longest-serving Chancellor in history of FRG Seen as a very provincial politician, but He was a tough leader of CDU-CSU-FDP Coalitions H-D Genscher (FDP), F-J Strauss (CSU), larger Than life figures. Cut a deal with F. Mitterrand to launch EMU and Creation of the €uro

Butskellism

Chancellor of the Exchequer Rab Butler of the Conservative Party and Hugh Gaitskell of the Labour Party. It was a mixed economy after WWII with moderate state intervention to promote social goals, particularly in education and health. following WWII and ending with Thatcher

CDU

Christian Democratic Union. Merkels Party. Similar to Republicans - Protestant, Christian Democracy Economic development but with a welfare state however Savings are extremely important

English Civil War and Puritan Revolution

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Reunification of Germany

Due to large influx of Russian Jews, Jewish community in Germany is the third largest in Europe

Which of the three pillars is most supranational?

EEC

Organization

FPTP. single member district. 2 party system

Today France has an electoral system based on

FPTP/ A DUAL BALLOT.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

crises of participation

Getting people to vote- ex. In the US civil rights and blacks voting in the US in the 50s and 60s

FROM "POLITICS & GOV in MODERN BRITAIN"

Look at midterm

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Edmund Burke

Old Whig in the 19th century. He was known for his Burkean approach to representation where the MP is a trustee, not bound by the narrow interests of his constituency

Government of Italy

Parliamentary republic Head of State: President (ceremonial powers) (Sergio Mattarella) - Chosen by electoral college - 7-year term - Can dissolve parliament Head of Government: Prime Minister (Matteo Renzi) - Appointed by the President based on support of both chambers of the Parliament - Can be removed by the vote of no confidence in both chambers Italian Parliament - Lower Chamber: Chamber of Deputies - 630 members - Upper Chamber: Senate - 315 members - The two Houses of the Italian Parliament possess the same rights and powers - perfect bicameralism - Electoral system: party-lists (proportional) with the bonus: - The winning coalition receives at least 54% of the seat(340 seats), while the remaining seats are proportionally divided between minority parties.

grandes ecoles

Prestigious and highly selective schools of higher education in France that train top civil servants, engineers, and business executives.

Aristotle's definition of politics

Study of the polis. The polis or political association was the most sovereign and inclusive association, how humans interacted, organized themselves, governed, and made ethical decisions for the group. The study of politics for him was a practical science because politics is about making decisions about what forms of government and legislation would most promote the human good.

Schengen Agreement

The 1985 agreement between some - but not all - European Union member countries to reduce border formalities in order to facilitate free movement of citizens between member countries of this new "Schengenland." For example, today there are no border controls between France and Germany or between France and Italy. Schengen agreement allows countries to impose border controls

Brexit*

The British Exit from the European Union

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

Bundestag

The lower house in the German federal system; most legislative activity occurs in this house.

Laicite

The subordination of religious identity to state and national identity- state over church

Jean Monnet

The visionary but practical French economist and businessman who recognized that European unity had to start with economics. Leader like Schumann (France), Spaak (Belgium), Adenauer (Germany) and De Gasperi (Italy) were in favor of economic integration. Monnet's 1952 plan finally led to the ECSC(European Coal and Steel Community).

Positive vote of no confidence

They can give a vote of no confidence but must have a new government in place and ready to go (to replace the current govt)

Willi Brandt

This Social Democratic Chancellor of West Germany from 1969-74 pursued improved relations with East Germany, the USSR, and the rest of the communist bloc, a policy dubbed Ostpolitik ("East Policy") in which he sought to increase communication and understanding between the West and the communist states Falling on his knees in the Warsaw ghetto, official Visit to Israel and Yad Vashem

Willi Brandt

This Social Democratic Chancellor of West Germany from 1969-74 pursued improved relations with East Germany, the USSR, and the rest of the communist bloc, a policy dubbed Ostpolitik ("East Policy") in which he sought to increase communication and understanding between the West and the communist states First SPD Chancellor, Lord Mayor of West Berlin, Ich bin ein Berliner... Leader of the political resistance against Hitler In exile in Sweden during WWII Bad Godesberg Conference (1959) and reform of SPD Foreign Minister in coalition government Ostpolitik would win him the Nobel Peace Prize

UK entry to EC

Took a long time before the French agreed to it, they saw them as a US puppet 1973

Benjamin Disraeli was a

Tory Democrat

Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949

Two acts that limited the power of veto of the House of Lords by allowing the House of Commons to pass legislation by itself when it reintroduces a bill rejected by the Lords in the following session of Parliament. The Commons were given these greater legislative powers due to their greater democratic credibility.

According to Philip Norton, Britain has stronger political parties than the

U.S. and the party system is stronger in Britain as well

Law Lords

Until 2009, they were appointed to membership of the House of Lords which enabled the House to fulfill its judicial function as the highest domestic court of appeal. The function was transferred to a Supreme Court in October 2009. The five members of the House of Lords who serve as Britain's highest court of appeals

Democratic Deficit (EU)

Used to describe what some people say is a gap between the powers of the EU and the power of its citizens to influence EU decision-making.

ticket splitting

Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in German voting behavior.

The French Parliament is ___________ than the U.S. Congress

WEAKER

The "stab in the back" argument advanced by Hitler and the Nazis places the Blame for German defeat in World War I on the

WEIMAR POLITICIANS

Politics of late development

What Dahrendorf focuses on

Intrusion

When an obscure policy forces way into public awareness (Enron scandal)

primus inter pares

a first among equals; the pm

government

a collection of rules, laws, and institutions. how policies are enforced

the commons

a common place for the public to all go

government bill

a formal proposal for a new law or change to a law, that is put forward by the government.

Fascism/Totalitarianism

a government in which the state comes before all else. Example of the Nazis and Italians

Oxbridge civil service

a majority of UK's civil service is derived from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford thus supporting the elitist theories

Eurozone

a monetary union of 19 EU member states which have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency

Bonapartism

a style of government that fuses personal leadership with conservative nationalism; for Marxists, it reflects the relative autonomy of the state. Return of Bonapartism in 1852 with the republican overthrow. Bonapartism is consfiscation of power through plebiscite (strong-man leader, leader feels he has a direct connection to the people)

ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. most popular in Britain being liberalism, conservatism, and socialism

public sector unions

a trade union which primarily represents the interests of employees within public sector or governmental organizations

Maastricht Treaty*

a treaty created in 1991 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment.

competition policy

about facilitating competition between firms and battling monopolistic practices that privledge national producers over those in other EU states

greens

activists and organizations, including political parties, whose central concern is addressing environmental deterioration.The green party of UK, combined by the Green party of england and wales, the scottish green party and the green party in northern ireland. Do not have much of a say. But they win seats in European Parliament. So now they are screwed because Britain is gone. Marginal in politics.

interest groups create what around a single issue?

ad hoc coalitions

leadership

after the election, the monarch selects as prime minister the leader of the party

Unanimity Rule

all group members must agree on the same position before a decision is finalized

Unanimity Rule

all group members must agree on the same position before a decision is finalized this is true for certain policies within the EU, i.e defense and foreign policy

european community humanitarian office

allowed the EU to become the worlds largest donor of humanitarian aid

Action Plan

an agenda that is set up for 3-5 years that is designed to help states develop economically and democratically

Fascism vs Totalitarianism*

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

modern or capitalist

an economic and political system where a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Hybrid Electoral System

an electoral system that combines PR and FPTP methods by dividing the legislature into separate groups of PR and district seats and having voters select both a party and a candidate

social bases of support

an individual is taken care of by their community

Corporatism

an institutionalized form of policy-making in which large interest groups cooperate in the authoritative allocations of values, policy design, and implementation

Realignment

as old cleavages wane in importance new ones emerge and voters go through process of realignment - growth of other concerns

market correcting and market cushioning policies

attempt to compensate for the cost to particular groups that particular groups experience because of the free market- essentially protecting people from the marketplace.

Common agricultural policy

attempts to protect farmers from the perils of the free market by putting tariffs on foreign goods. created a market for agricultural goods within the EU, and has subjected foreign goods to high tariffs.

Tories

authority came from the crown which was based on divine right. everything is based on a hierarchical order and degree. Were corporatists (believing in inherent hierarchy where society works as a body and unit) supported collectivist policies, against political individualism, social class is unifying society, anti-Enclosure movement, strong sense of noblesse oblige (the people belong to you i.e. obligation to take care of the people)

In the Old Whig theory of representation, a MP should

be rational in his representation of his constituency, advocating only for legislation that is in line with his own rational, moral beliefs in order to work towards a common good

kosovo app to the EU

became independent (according to some) in 2008, but has never signed the SAP.

Socialist and Tory Democracy

both support collectivist policies against political individualism Tory Dems claim to represent all the British people basic units of representation for both should be social classes For socialists, social class is a force dividing society while for Tory Dems, social class is a force uniting society Social order requires hierarchy - Tory thought

Public service model

broadcasting licenses to public bodies, supported by public funds, for use in the public interest; common in electronic media in most countries

low salience (formally)

bureaucratic network negotiation --Vocational training in Germany

the Lords

chamber of UK parliament. tasked with making and shaping laws and checking and challenging the work of the government. appointed members. split into Lords spiritual and lords temporal

Benjamin Disraeli

chancellor of UK in Lord Derby's gov then became PM. a tory democrat- one nation tory. collectivist. jewish. pre-empted liberal party. codified the law on public health and passed laws to prevent labor exploitation and recognize trade unions

Majoritarian system

characterized by a concentration of executive power in a single party and a strong prime minister, achieved by a majoritarian electoral system. UK, Greece, Spain, and France

proportional system

characterized by a power sharing government that works consensually with the legislature and that consists of several parties without an overall majority, mainly as a result of elections based off of a highly democratic proportional representation. Austria, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries.

National incomes policy

collective governmental effort to control the incomes of labour and capital, usually by limiting increases in wages and prices. The term often refers to policies directed at the control of inflation, but it may also indicate efforts to alter the distribution of income among workers, industries, locations, or occupational groups.

Both Tories and Socialists have traditionally supported

collectivist policies

externalizing internal policy

commission establishes certain positions and norms in the EU in regards to several issues

wets

compassionate conservatism. Disraeli is one. Most conservative PMs of pst ww2 are ___. soften impact of free markets on people. make sure they're taken care of. men in grey suits. thatcher wanted to destroy these men

CSU- Christian Social Union

conservative political party in Germany, predominantly Roman Catholic base. CSU (the Bavarian sister party) is much more devoutly Catholic, less Protestant, hence more conservative

The UK and the EU

consitiutional monarchy, worlds oldest existing democracy (but no written constitution) has a prime minister (David Cameron) bicameral legislature. developments in UK post WWII: rise of welfare state and integration into the european community. UK admitted into EEC in 1973, questions of whether the UK is really a part of europe.

Sources of the British Constitution

custom, acts of parliament, common law

EU exclusive competencies

customs union, competition rules for the internal market, monetary policy for Eurozone members, conservation of marine resources, common agricultural policy, conclusion of international agreements

eurojust

deals with cooperation of judicial systems.

Beer argued that the Westminster style of government has a greater degree of accountability to the people, because of

dissolution

life peers

distinguished members of the society who are given lifetime appointments to the house of lords. PM nominates, appointed by the crown

3 problems with CFSP (common foreign and security policy)

disunity, incoherence, and a lack of leadership

For socialists, social class is a force that

divides society

managed economy

economy directed by the government with power over prices, allocation of resources, and marketing of goods

Middle argument for referendums

encourage participations and informed voting on issues that would otherwise be placed in packaged policies. Parliaments make better laws if they risk being overturned

Third Republic of France

ends in World War I, legalized trade unions, created state schools, built colonial empire, Eiffel Tower, Dreyfuss affair weakened it. Republic by default i.e. the only option due to being beat by Germany. founded in 1875, anticlerical, underpinned by notables, stalemate society, agrarian and rural society but also radical urban society. Republican in nature (democratic, direct democracy heavy egalitarian, secular). Did not break the stalemate society because it was dominated by notables (local elites, radical republicans), socialists were weak

Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)*

farthest to the right, anti-immigration, nationalistic, xenophobic. The AfD gets more electoral support in the states of eastern Germany. Started as anti-EU and anti-Euro party Morphed into a strongly anti-immigration party Support from far, extreme right Powerful in the east, doing well in state elections

primus inter pares

first among equals

The Liberal Democrats

formed in 1988 through the merger of the Liberal Party and new SDP. Formed by the gang of four: Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, David Owen, and William Rodgers. Wanted to get away from adversary relationships that had characterized British politics, favoring instead consensus government taht would represent the center. It favored decentralization, equality, electoral reform, a pay and prices policy, and European integration

technocracy

government ruled by technical experts

Laissez-faire

governmental theory stating government shouldn't interfere with economy; to let act in freedom. opposite of tories and whigs. very liberal - Thatcher. rep of individuals rather than corporate bodies

european neighboorhood policy

group of countries with which the EU has social, political, and economic ties. Includes countries in North Africa, Central Asia, Israel, PA, Syria, and Armenia.

The Lords

hereditary or selected for life appointment. All bills have to be considered by both Houses of Parliament before they can become law. During several stages, members examine each bill, line-by-line, before it becomes an Act of Parliament (actual law).

troika

includes the three main actors in EU monetary and economic policy: 1)EU representatives 2)ECB reps 3)reps from the IMF

Crises of distribution

income inequality apparent in UK society where the aristocracy/elites have more money than the laborers. In UK history, this prompted the formation of the Labour Party.

Statist model of interest group politics

individuals are subordinate to the state, the government dictates policy

Chartist Movement

interest group working for the working class. precursor for trade unions. In 19th century Britain, members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all men. eliminate rotten boroughs

interest groups and political parties

interest groups heavily influenced British politics in the 19th century but now they do not have as much influence. The overwhelming majority of Labour MPs are sponsored by trade unions. Conservatives receive great financial support from the CBI and The City and many Conservative Party members are company directors. But groups cannot, in principle, tell MPs how to vote.

the City

interests and institutions that inhabit the square mile of the City of London. Includes Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, the Discount Market, the Londoner Bankers' Clearing House). The interests of these do not always align with those of business organizations.

Single European Act of 1986

laid down a detailed legal framework for establishing a single market, which would add the free movement of labor, capital, and services to the existing free trade in goods

Militant Tendency

late 1970s and 1980s - Trotskyite group, communist ideals foundational to this movement, advocated for a permanent revolution until all the vestiges of bourgeois society. Big trostky push in labour party. The labour party is a mass based party where it is a party that has grown itself up from the ground up. However, this means the Labour party was infiltrated by other groups like the Trotskyites. Radical left wing militants. Tony Ben - leaders in the militant group. Became known as the loony left

Greens

left-wing political party, formerly known as the Ecology Party, focused on ecology and sustainability, created to challenge establishment on environmental issues

Being right wing makes you more or less likely to participate in elite challenging activity?

less

Back Benchers

less influential MPs where they are a member of either house of Parliament who is neither a government minister nor a spokesperson for the opposition. The name derives from where the members sit.

As prime minister, Tony Blair was not a strong socialist, as he embraced many

liberal ideals

stability and association process package (SAP)

main stepping stone for application to the EU, includes financial aid package and trade concessions.

council of ministers

makes up half the european bicameral legislature with the EP. composed of national ministers who are relevent to the current topic that is being discussed. always 28 members. council has a president that rotates every 6 months (right now it is greece).

proportional systems

makes use of multimember constituencies or districts so that the seats a party gets in the legislature more accurately reflects the share of the vote

collectivist or socialist

means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. against political individualism. fabians. lots of precedents set at this time.

Welfare state regime: Liberal

means-tested assistance, modest universal transfers, modest-social insurance; benefits aimed at low-income state dependents; The UK, the US, Canada and Australia

Home Secretary/Home Office

most controversial topic is immigration. Johnson changing policy of immigration to a point based system.

formal-legal (representative gov)

most likely to be democratic. flows from a set of rules. ex- foundational docs of US

charisma (cult of personality)

most likely to be totalitarian. ex- hitler, Trump's ability to infuence

FN (National Front)

most nationalist and anti-immigration. Marine Le Pen is the current leader. Brief switch back to PR in 1986 legislative elections creates electoral space for the National Front, which receives 33 seats in 1986, compared to 1 in 1988 This reform was enacted by President Mitterrand and the socialist controlled National Assembly Return of old French right, Vichy and the 'club de l'horloge' 2. Started with a small group around J-M Le Pen 3. Elections in Dreux circa 1984 lead to the entry of FN in a local government council 4. La France aux français... être français, cela se mérite ! 5. Nationalist, xenophobic, racist, anti-semitic. Anti-Europe 7. Charismatic and flamboyant leader, former para, J-M Le Pen, proud of torturing prisoners in Algeria 8. Attempt at moderation by daughter, Marine Le Pen Re-naming of party after 2017 elections, Rassemblement National— Social bases of support - 1. Poorly educated, white, working class, male, Anti-immigrant, anti-globalization

Wets

most of the PMs after WWII were considered wets, compassionate conservative with a heart, wanted to soften the impact of markets on society, conservatives with a liberal side

tories

nobless oblige. likely to justify aristocratic rule by divine right. representation based on corporate bodies. economic doctrine of mercantilism. collectivist policies- against pol. individualism. social class is unifying. requires hierarchy.

Traditional Society

notables - city elites; Peasant farmers; petty burgeons; sans culottes - liberal, professional class; very different from Britain

Corporatism

o A system of centralized wage bargaining o An outcome of consensus democracies o Power resources of labor o Some (uneducated) political activist use the term corporatism to mean governments run by corporations

Council of State

one of the grands corps, ultimate court of appeal if the individual feels like they have been wronged. In France, you cannot sue the state. The government cannot be challenged by the individual. Have to go through administrative court of appeals if you have problem with the state. Courts are not independent in France i.e. the state is judging itself.

Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Fuhrer

one people, one empire, one leader

statist

one who believes in extensive government control of personal and economic liberties

aid and development policy

part of the EUs larger security policy and trade policy. the EU hands out about 50 billion euros annually in international development aid. may be designed to promote free trade, development, human rights, etc.

Partnership for peace agreement

partnership between EU and russia since russia is not a member of the EU neighborhood group; want to bring russia into a european security and cooperation regime.

According to Beer, Tony Blair saw himself primarily as the leader of the

people

le malaise or le mal français (1920's)

period of enormous creativity, rise of theatre of absurd, dadaism, cubism, and surrealism. Rejection of everything modern, very difficult for political leaders. Time of political, economic, and social stalemate society

Radicals tend to be strong opponents of

political parties and of party government.

Pluralist model of interest group politics

political system provides an essentially neutral process thru which government acts as an arbiter between competing group demands. The essential element in the political process is the group. Presumption that there is balance between groups.

webers definition of politics

politics is the pursuit of power over the state. who controls? how do we know? monopoly on legitimate use of power

The Godesberg Program

presented a fundamental change in the orientation and goals of the SPD. It rejected the goal of replacing capitalism, adopting a commitment to reform capitalism, and adopted a "people's" party orientation that appealed to ethical considerations and ejected its class-based orientation. Bad Godesberg rejected nationalization as a major principle of socialism (Rejected socialism)

Welfare state regime: Conservative-corporatist

preservation of existing social rights and class/status differences over commodification (liberal) and redistribution (social democratic regime); shaped by the church (e.g. family benefits encourage motherhood) and the subsidiary principle is upheld. Austria, France, Germany, Italy Social democratic: Principles of universalism

head of government

prime minister. Boris Johnson. No head of gov in US

Non-refoulement

principle that refugees cannot be forced to return to their country of origin because of fear of persecution on the grounds of race, ethnicity, or membership in a social group

socialist and Tory Democracy

promoted by Disraeli. still see and accept classes but believe that if you respect that social order, there will be peace. compassionate conservatism. claim to represent all british people. social classes. one nation tory- the great and the good- govern on basis that the leaders represent the entire nation. natural governing class. opposite of Thatcher. _____ against political individualism. basic unit of representation should be social classes. social class is a dividing force in society

empty chair crisis

prompted by de Gaulle's decision to pull france out of the council of ministers meeting in 1965. opposed the commissions plans to extend the powers of the council and qualified majority voting.

transatlantic trade and investment partnership

proposed free trade agreements between EU and US. has not been agreed to yet because of differences on EU policies on agricultural goods and GMOs.

member state competencies

protection and improvement of health, industry, culture, tourism, education, civil procedure, administrative cooperation

Definition of a political party

provide labels with which electors can identify with, electors expect the elected members to support the program that they purported during the election cycle. When you are voting for an individual in UK politics, you are voting for a party. A government derives its support from the party.

The Alliance

refers to breakaway group from the labor party Social Democratic Party Liberal Alliance Cam

Social Capital

refers to connections among people: social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them

Dublin Convention

refugees have certain rights; those who accept them have certain obligations

Dublin Convention

refugees have certain rights; those who accept them have certain obligations. Dublin Convention (1990) one stop asylum shopping, eliminates venue sopping Creating safe third countries and 'buffer' states never worked

Dealignment

regardless of new issued political parties will continue to become less relevant and citizens will turn to interest groups and other social movements in order to press their demands producing dealignment. - Electorates continue to become evermore unstructured.

Laïcité is the term for:

regulations that define the separation of church and state

dahls definition of politics

relationships involving power, rule, or authority; involving territory; "if and in so far as the enforcement of its order is carried out continually within a given territorial area by the application and threat of physical force on the part of the administrative staff". who gets what, when, and how?

Robert Dahl's definition of politics

relationships involving: power, rule, or authority in associations capable of self-sufficiency involving territory An association should be called political if and in so far as the enforcement of its order is carried out continually within a given territorial area by the application and threat of physical force - which also defines sovereignty and the state

catch-all parties

replaced mass parties in the 1960s, less about ideology and more about staying in power, parties led by an elite group, seeking a wide array of support from many different groups, top-down approach and competition in the electoral market.

political culture

sets of beliefs, attitudes, and sentiments which give order and meaning to the political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in the political system

importance of parties and party system

since Germany was not a true parliamentary Democracy before WWI, political parties Were not the key players in politics, unlike The, UK. Germany traditionally has had a multi-party system. Necessity of coalition governments in Bonn and Berlin Republics 5. Today many grand coalition governments, weakens Political parties and the party system, no clear Choice for the electorate... Parties are key to legitimacy of the state—system parties fulfill the aggregative function of parties. Parties are publicly financed (1967 parties law). All mainstream parties in FRG were opposed to Nazis. Basic Law bans anti-system parties

EU environmental and energy policy

since the 1970s the EU has been especially concerned with environmental protection. 3 areas of concern: 1) Protection of natural capital-protecting shared resources, like air, water, natural habitats, etc. 2) creating a resource efficient green economy- use resources efficiently and reduce consumption of important resources like fossil fuels and water 3) safeguarding health and well-being- reduce pollution, ensure clean drinking water, reduce noise, etc.

For Tory democrats and socialists, the basic units of representation should be

social class

Three prominent sources of cleavage in modern societies are

social class, religion, race, gender, ethnicity `

high salience political interaction (informally)

social partner bargaining: --volatile area and hard to predict because voters care but business has economic power --usually leads to compromise

Sinn Fien party

socialist democratic party of Ireland. euroskeptic. "All Ireland" - creating a united Ireland. 1905

The Fabians were

socialists

The Old Whig ideal of hierarchic community rested more on

sociology than cosmology

Sources of the British Constitution

statute law (Acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation), common law (most important to this concept is stare decisis which is let the decisions stand i.e. do not overturn precedents), conventions, and works of authority

Labour Party

strongly syndicalist in its origins, Opposed to world communist revolution and in favor of democratic or parliamentary rule, Gradual rise of the "middle way" under Neil Kinnock and Tony Blair, deemphasizing class conflict, in favor of a new information-based, service economy, Mass-based party, Very democratic--began outside of parliament, Controlled for most of its history by the PLP and the TUC, Easy to join and participate, Almost taken over by radicals in early 1980s, Kinnock and Blair regained control of the party and cut down influence of the unions

the city

term for London, capital of England

origins of left and right in politics

terms first used during the french revolution- conservatives who wanted to keep a monarchy sat to the right of the speaker and those who wanted a diff regime sat to the left.

CBI

the Confederation of British Industry - the peak body for firms in industry. Formed in 1965 through a merger of Federation of British Industries, the British Employers' Confederation, and the National Association of British Manufacturers. It sought to bring together the resources of these bodies to form a more efficient servicing body and more effective representative of industry's needs in discussions with the government. Functions are not dissimilar to that of unions. such as providing a voice for the needs of the industry, providing advice and assistance on industrial problems, and provides various services to its members. Membership is broad and includes at least 200,000 SMEs. The main body is its council. Has no formal link to a political party but closely associated with the Conservative Party.

UK ministerial responsibility

the answerability of all members of the government to Parliament for decisions made by the cabinet, ministers are responsible for the actions of their department and must take the blame for any scandals or problems that occur in their department.

Keynesianism

the belief the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

community method

the commission has a monopoly on the right to propse legislation or propose ammendments; council of ministers can act by a qualified majority.

Parliamentary Supremacy

the concept that the legislative body is superior to other institutions, including the executive and the courts. This is the way of the British system.

Parliamentary Supremacy

the concept that the parliament is superior to other institutions, including the executive and the courts. the core source of authority.

Devolution

the devolving of powers from national government to subordinate assemblies, occurred under Tony Blair. Devolution stemmed from demands from home rule in Scotland and Wales. Culminated in referendums in Scotland and Wales in 1997 and later on the 1998 passage of the Scotland and the Government of Wales Act

westminster

the district in London where Whitehall, Downing Street, and Parliament are all located. houses of parliament are supreme

Separation of Powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

noblesse oblige

the duty of upper classes to take responsibility for the welfare of the lower classes

Representative Democracy

the election of Parties and candidates to parliament where they then form governments and pass legislation on the people's behalf

ministerial responsibility

the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the king or president

importance of parties and party system

the party system forces coalitions in Germany because no party is able to have a majority... allows small voices to come up but

No. 10 Downing Street

the prime minister's residence and the place where the cabinet meets

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

the principle that decisions by international organizations are made by weighted majority votes, as in the European Union today QMV is how the Council votes (unless very specific issues)

Vocational training and education

the problem of securing a workforce with suitable skills, while works face the problem of deciding how much to invest in what skills

Paris and the Provinces

there is no rural exodus in France like we saw in Britain--the bulk of the French population remains on the land, working in agriculture 4. This exacerbates the tension between Paris and the Provinces and delays the rationalization of agriculture until after 1945--even today French farmers have more political clout than farmers in any other advanced industrial democracy

Minimalist argument for referendums

they provide a useful safeguard on constitutional issues that affect the political state of the game. They prevent particular issues from paralyzing the systems

5 percent rule

to get any representation, to Prevent a fragmented parliament. A party must win either 5 percent of the registered 'party vote' or 3 district (candidate) contests to gain representation. The votes for parties that do not pass the 5 Percent hurdle, are distributed equally among the winning parties. If a party wins more 'district seats' than it is Entitled to under PR, it retains the seats and the Size of the Parliament is increased.

Marxist-Leninist model of interest group politics

trade unions are the focus of the party but party controls the unions. only one, officially sanctioned union, which is tightly controlled by the party.

hybrid German electoral system

two ballots, one vote for a Political party (based on PR), and a second for a candidate (based on FPTP) Half of MPs elected on PR, other half on FPTP

Cohabitation

two different political parties

dual ballot electoral system

under 5th republic - shift from PR to a dual ballot system with a measure of FPTP. Majority wins on the first round and plurality on the second. Artificially creates a two-party or two-block system

For Tories, social class is a force that

unites society

The Monarchy (the Crown)

virtually has no power

List PR

voters in multi-member constituencies or districts vote on lists of cnadidates provided by political parties. When the vote is counted, each list is awarded seats in proportion to the votes cast for it Czech, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden Multi-party politics and coalition government

crisis of participation

voting

ticket splitting

voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election. Votes are converted into seats in two ways: Combination of plurality/FPTP (district vote for a Candidate) and PR (vote for a party) Half of MPs elected by PR (from party lists put Together by the parties in the Länder) and half By FPTP/plurality, candidates also chosen by parties Voters cast two ballots. The party votes determine the actual percentage of Seats won by each party With seats won in candidate votes deducted from The total in each district/constituency

Luxembourg Compromise (1966)

was an agreement reached in January 1966 to resolve the "empty chair crisis" which had caused a stalemate within European Economic Community. Charles de Gaulle pulled out the French representative before a vote on making the organization more supranational Within the Luxembourg Compromise, a de facto veto power was given to every state on topics that were deemed to be 'very important national interest(s)' the council members would do their best to achieve unanimity but would not prevent the Union from continuing some of its normal (day to day) businesses

Constitutional Court Germany

watchdog court with judicial review powers, makes sure each branch is doing what they are supposed to can even ban parties deemed anti-democratic

Dirigisme, Colbertism

An emphasis on state authority in economic development; a combination of social-democratic and mercantilist ideas

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) focused on kleindeutsch?

Paris and the Provinces

Conflict between the technocrats form the Grands Écoles and the small provincial governments... a consequence of the tradition set forth by small farms and family agriculture dynamic - Paris is very different from the provinces

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

religion versus class in French politics

During Fourth Republic religion begins to lose importance and class gains importance... The notables and the technocrats (people from the Grands Ecoles) begin to dominate the political scene

The Grandes Ecoles ****

ENA, EN Prestigious and highly selective schools of higher education in France that train top civil servants, engineers, and business executives.

Hard Left in France

La France Insumise... Jean Luc Melanchon? 15% of the vote inherited the communist party

Nature and organization of French interest groups

Labor: divided Farmers: Strongest Businesses: split in between small and big businesses Teachers and other civil servants: Mix of Leninist, syndicalist, corporatist, and statist

EU weakest link

Parliament

Second Reich

Period in German history in which Bismarck formed a united Germany

Emmanuel Macron

President of France... Young man with a mission, believes in deepening the EU and making France its political leader, while Germany would be the financial leader... Center or 'liberal' right (UDF), today la République en Marche (REM). Is he a Gaullist: sort of- wants to increase France's place, but rather than idea of just France increasing status, seems to be open to France-Germany leading the way. Looks to be paving the way for France to be a leader in Foreign policy- in regards to Russia, the EU.

Republican discipline

The Dual ballot system (PR and FPTP) for election of deputies to the National Assembly, forces parties to work together (hard to get a majority, need for coalitions)

GAullism & Gaullists**

Supporters of Charles de Gaulle characterized by their conservatism, nationalism, and advocacy of centralized government.

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification.

Modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

Jean Monnet*

The visionary but practical French economist and businessman who recognized that European unity had to start with economics. Leader like Schumann (France), Spaak (Belgium), Adenauer (Germany) and De Gasperi (Italy) were in favor of economic integration. Monnet's 1952 plan finally led to the ECSC(European Coal and Steel Community). - advocated for functionalism - Monnetism comes after him

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

republican synthesis

Triumph of republicanism as dominant political ideology in France. Occurred due to France losing Franco-Prussian war and oppression of Paris Commune

Cohabitation (France)**

When the President and Prime minister are not from the same party (opposition) this leads to a situation in which the President has to truly share the power he has... What happened during the Mitterand government

Francois Mitterand

a Socialist, he was elected president of France in 1981, and enacted many liberal measures to reduce inflation and aid workers but could not correct France's economic problems and lost power in 1993

Jacobinism

a belief in a nationally uniform and centralized government, hostile to the division of parcelization of sovereignty remains in current political usage, especially seen in France during the Revolution. Robespierre's Jacobins established a revolutionary dictatorship when France was at war with and encircled by the reactionary European powers. Their conduct of government, through the Committee of Public Safety, gave rise to a different meaning of Jacobinism in which the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794 was seen as the logical end- product. In this sense Jacobinism is understood as a form of elitist insurrectionary politics,in which an elite possessed of true social and political knowledge, believes itself entitled to seize and hold political power in the name of the people.

Bonapartism

derived from Napolean Bonaparte's take over during the French Revolution. A political movement that advocates the ideas of a strong and centralized state, where the people support a strongman or caudillo who rules. Not representative of a single group.

technocracy

government or country governed by technical experts - Macron is a technocrat

popular republic movement

mainstream right wing centrist party during 4th republic closest thing to a Cristian Democratic part

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

free holding peasants in the Rhineland

this is a contrast to the serfdom status in East Prussia... because in the Rhineland (like in France and UK) the peasants were free to move, development took place much faster This leads to a strong burgher or bourgeois class in The West, especially in the Rhineland and among the merchants of the Hanseatic League, but NOT in the East, which is ruled by the Junkers (landed Protestant nobility). "Germany" is split between East and West (social and political) and North and South (largely cultural and religious). East vs West economic divide

Reformation in Germany

a.Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of Pope b.Hapsburg Family remained loyal to Catholic Church c.Conflict led to 30 years war North vs South religious divide

1962 - French constitution amendment

- De Gaulle used this to circumvent the National Assembly - A Referendum that was meant to make the presidency elected by direct vote - Establishes a mixed presidential and parliamentary regime 2. Reinforces the dual ballot electoral system ... Forcing France into a two-party system 3. Further weakens parliament and political parties 4. Denounced by François Mitterrand as "un coup d'Etat permanent"

Jacques Chirac (France)

- Gaullist but more liberal - partisan - won after Mitterand left promised a vigorous attack on unemployment, Maastricht treaty caused further cuts, chose deficit-reducing cuts in health care and transportation, banned wearing of headscarves by Muslim girls in public schools

Council of Ministers France

- Presided by the President and composed by the ministers (appointed by the president) - work with the PM to form the Executive power of France

Heimat

Old German expression for the Homeland -politically incorrect terms these days... (too nationalistic) -considered a Nazi term by some

Ideology

A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals

1962 amendment to French Constitution

'Illegal' constitutional amendment of 1962 allows for the direct election of the President of the Republic 1. Establishes a mixed presidential and parliamentary regime 2. Reinforces the dual ballot electoral system Forcing France into a two-party system 3. Further weakens parliament and political parties 4. Denounced by François Mitterrand as "un coup d'Etat permanent Goals of these institutional reforms: 1. a response to the crisis in Algeria 2. further modernization of French society and economy, continued economic planning 3. reduce the influence and number of parties 4. strengthen the hand of the executive at the expense of the parliament but the Senate remains a strong conservative force (vestige of stalemate society avec les notables)

Three ways cleavages can change

(1) affected by changes in the social structure—shifting or blurring class and occupational boundaries. (2) affected by changes in collective identity and behavior as parties—when Catholics might not longer act in concert in support of particular political preferences . (3) affected by the organizational and ideological behavior of parties -when parties downplay their appeals to specific cultural constituencies.

A change in the cleavage structure of a society can occur as a result of

(1) changes in the social divisions that underpin cleavages (2) as a result of changes in the sense of collective identity that allows cleavages to be perceived by those involved 3) as a result of changes in the organizational structure that gives political expression to cleavages.

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. Led to the installation of Third Republic of France which was a republic by default Prussia defeat the Second French Empire 2. Seizes the eastern French provinces of Alsace-Lorraine 3. This leads directly to the founding of the Second Reich, under the Kleindeutsch option, excluding Austria 4. Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, becomes the new Kaiser (Emperor)

Democratic Corporatist model

(Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Nordic countries) - Co-existence of commercial media, media with roots in civil society and political groups, and public service media.

Polarised Pluralist model

(Italy, Spain, Portugal) - Weakly developed commercial media, high level of interpenetration between media and politics, and substantial state intervention across media.

SPD

(Social Democratic Party of Germany) Founded during the latter part of the 19th century, it was Germany's largest party until 1932. Its strength was based in the growing industrial working class. - Party of Gov during the Weimar republic, opposition to the Nazi... - Reformed after the Bad Godesberg conference into a more democratic party (think same thing that happened with Labour under Tony Blair)

dissolution

*government CAN fall -dissolving of Parliament, which means you call for elections for a new government

Rechtsstaat Legalist Tradition

-

Main features of Italian foreign policy

- "The least of the great powers" - Founding member of NATO, EEC (EU) - Considered "unreliable ally" by the US during the Cold War - Largest Communist party in Western Europe - Mixed feelings towards the US - Good political relations and strong commercial ties with Russia (ENI and Gazprom have a number of joint projects in energy) - Strong ties with North African countries (Libya, Tunisia)

Political systems of Scandinavian countries

- Constitutional monarchies with parliamentary systems (Finland and Iceland are parliamentary republics) - Unitary with unicameral parliaments, PR systems - Predominance of center-left, but changing now (only in Sweden) - Ombudsman (elected by parliament) - independent check on abuse of executive power - Strong investigative journalism - Popular referenda (most formalized and frequent in Denmark) Norway: - Erna Solberg (leader of the Conservative Party, center-right) Sweden: - Stefan Löfven ( leader of the Social-Dem Party, center-left) Denmark: - Lars Rasmussen, (Leader of Venstre, Denmark's Liberal Party, center-right) Finland: - Juha Sipilä(Leader of the Center Party)

Main features of French foreign policy

- De Gaullism - "Independence, sovereignty, grandeur" - Third largest diplomatic corps after US and China - Vision: multi-polar world with France playing a role - Three priority areas: Atlantic alliance, Europe, former colonies - Tensions with the US (e.g. opposition to US intervention in Iraq, 2003) - Erosion of influence within the EU - Breakdown of Franco-German tandem

Russian under Putin

- Elected to a maximum of two 6-year consecutive terms (since 2012) by a direct popular vote - Nominates Prime Minister, subject to approval by the State Duma. Dissolves the State Duma if the latter fails to approve the President's nominee thrice - Has the right to dismiss the Prime Minister (in which case the whole Cabinet is automatically dismissed) or particular ministers - Possesses decree and veto powers How most Russians view Putin - Rebuilt the economy - Clamped down on oligarchs, mafia and corruption in government - Carried out legal reform (criminal procedure, land law, corporate governance, labor law) - Restored pride of Russia as a great nation

EU

-3 pillars of the EU: 1) EEC (customs) 2) CFSP (common foreign, security, defense) 3) JHA (Justice & Home Affairs); border-free

Government of Russia, Russia as asymmetrical federation

- Federal state - Semi-Presidential (President-Parliamentary) republic - Head of State: the President (strong) - Legislative branch: Bicameral Parliament (Federal Assembly): - Lower House: State Duma - Upper House: Federation Council - Executive branch: Cabinet of Ministers (Government) - Dual responsibility of the Cabinet to the President and the State Duma

Main features of French economy

- GDP $2.5 trillion, 5th in the world, 2nd largest in the EU - Per capita income: €33.990 - Official unemployment rate : 10.4% (July 2016) - EU's largest agricultural producer (6th in world, 2nd largest exporter in world), receiving 11 billion € in EU subsidies. - Biggest trading partner is Germany (17% of French exports) - Most visited country in the world: 75 million / year (generating over 65 billion €) - One of the highest tax burdens in Europe - Public debt to GDP: 95.8% (2015) - Expected GDP growth = 1.5% in 2016, 1.4% in 2017.

Main features of German economy

- GDP $3.8 trillion (2015), 4th largest in the world, 1st in Europe, 5.76% of world economy. - Per capita income: $46,226 (2015). - Official unemployment rate: 4.7% (2015) - 3rd largest exporter in the world - Government debt to GDP: 74% (2015) - Challenges: low fertility rate, aging population

Main features of German foreign policy

- Germany denounced possession of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons - Joined the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 (now EU) - No permanent seat at the UN Security Council - "Economic giant, political dwarf" - Reunified Germany has become the leader of the European Union - Strategic triangle "Berlin-Paris-Washington" - Multilateralism and domestic consensus

French Constitutional Council

- Highest constitutional authority in France - Nine members appointed in equal numbers by the president and the speakers of the two chambers - Rules on whether proposed statutes conform with the Constitution, before they are signed into law by the President (a priori review)

Socio-economic challenges in France (globalization, immigration, rise of radical parties)

- Inflexible labor market - Ranked 141 out of 144 countries on "hiring and firing practices" according to the Global Competitiveness Report - High unemployment - Immigrant population and social exclusion**

Front Nationale

- Radical Right - Jean Marie le Pen - Now Rassemblement National (RN) under Marine Le Pen - Nationalist, xenophobic, racist, anti-semitic.. anti-Europe Today polls give Marine Le Pen 40-45 percent on The second round, hypothetically. Marine has toned down some of the party's extremisms to make it more electable

Force de Frappe

- The Gaulle wanted to preserve this... specially with the enemy to the East (USSR), and Britain being the US puppet (did not trust NATO) The Force de frappe (French for: strike force), or Force de dissuasion after 1961 , is the designation of what used to be a triad of air-, sea- and land-based

Malthusian attitudes

- The fact that French people stopped having many children in the 1800s... this led to a demographic transition much earlier than in other countries, but also harmed France because of a smaller labor force - France became more dependent on foreign labor

CDU (Christian Democratic Union)

- a party that represents the religious groups politically -Merkel's party -similar to Republicans. The members of the current (grand coalition) German government are the CDU and the SPD. Ideology—brings together Protestants and Catholics—in a party that subscribes to Christian Democracy—a more social interpretation of the Gospels Socially conservative, anti-abortion, anti-gay, but Becomes more moderate/progressive over time Fiscally conservative, monetarist, pro-free trade Tightly run and well organized party Adenauer set the moral and ethical tone Note the strong rivalry between CDU and CSU Dominant figure of Franz-Josef Strauss, longtime Leader of the CSU, larger than life figure. Tightly run and well organized party Adenauer set the moral and ethical tone Note the strong rivalry between CDU and CSU Dominant figure of Franz-Josef Strauss, longtime Leader of the CSU, larger than life figure. Long hiatus between Adenauer (1963) and the coming to power of Helmut Kohl, more of a conventional, machine politician, working his way up through the ranks, presiding over Unification Angela Merkel, was first woman, first East German, true to the founding principles and ideals. Of the party and a very effective leader until Recently, 2017 federal election, when she had to Give up control of the party because of poor Showing (less than 33% of the vote) Wir schaffen das (we can do this, take care of almost 1 million refugees in 2015) cost her, but she was true to her Christian roots/ethic. She miscalculated, expecting European solidarity. Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (AKK), Minister of Defense was leader of CDU until recently, now A contest between Norbert Röttgen (left-liberal) Armin Laschet, Minister-President of NRW Jens Spahn, Minister of Health, support AL Friedrich Merz (right-wing businessman) Truly a catchall party in the early decades of the FRG, drawing support from every segment of German society, even workers, lots of women, No real class distinctions. Slightly more Catholic than Protestant, more southern (Bavarian) and western, than northwestern, Ruhr and Saar are traditional strongholds of SPD, but early on CDU got a significant number of working class votes Attracts older, more conservative voters. As you can see from this graph, the CDU-CSU Pretty much dominated German party politics Until 1969.

Hapsburgs vs. Hohenzollerns

- growing competition in the Germanies. - Pragmatic Sanctions (Maria Theresa). - Hapsburg interests: Bohemia, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Balkans). -- Hohenzollern interests: East Prussia, Polish West Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine, Baltic coast, Poland

corporatism

-'the body politic' type of political system -elements are combined to make a functioning organism -head is the most important -also contains the appendages -Tory: head is appointed by Divine Right -every part of the body helps society to function, but immovable -more likely to exist in Latin America (Catholic countries)

modernity

-3 routes to ________ 1) liberal/republican *having a bourgeoisie - middle class 2) fascist *reactionary - usually means you want to go back to some form of society -people in small towns leading this change -ex. Germany 3) communist *agricultural/peasant society joining in on revolutions -ex. Russia/China

UKIP (UK Independence Party)

-3rd largest party in Parliament -led by Nigel Farage -opposes membership in EU -more seats than Liberal Dems. in 2009

Entry into the EU

-Accession: entry by a country into the EU -absorption capacity: the EUs ability to integrate new members into the system -candidate: A country whos application for membership is confirmed by the EU but which is not yet a member -conditionality: the fact that accssion is a condition on a country fulfilling the criteria for membership -screening: occurs at the start of negotiations when the applicant and the commission acquis to see if there are particular problems that need to be resolved for a country to gain access to the EU -transitional period: a period after accession when come of the aquis may be delayed -variable geometry: also called europe at 2 speeds- notion tht not all EU members states should take part in every field of policy. (EX. UK, Ireland not taking part in the Eurozone.)

Edward Heath (Ted)

-Conservative PM 1970-1974 -pro-Europe -led Britain into the EU -Wet

Margaret Thatcher

-Conservative PM from 1979-1990 -privatized -wanted to reduce the power of trade unions to stop them from making wage demands -against the idea of noblesse oblige -contributed to the idea that Britain gave too much to the EU; famously said she'd get Britain's money back

David Cameron

-Conservative PM from 2010-2016 -vowed to limit immigration (impossible) and promised vote on Brexit in 2015 -vote was a big surprise -supported Britain staying in the EU, just wanted to re-negotiate terms

liberals

-believe each individual has power/authority based on free will -people are rational and know what is best from themselves -REJECT corporatism

head of state

-ceremonial leader of the nation -Queen in UK

legitimacy

-comes in 3 forms according to Max Weber -means you are recognized -the ultimate test of this is whether the people you are ruling accept your right to rule

nation-building

-comes on the scene in the 18th century -state no longer seen only as an instrument/administration -it has an affective component -you have a strong sentiment/sense of attachment -feeling of belonging *1776 (USA) and 1789 (France) - 2 new republics

Max Weber

-definition of a state according to ______ ________ -a state exists when someone has a monopoly over the legitimate use of force within a given territorial unit -you have to control a territory, govern it, and have a monopoly on using force

Laswell

-definition of politics by ___________ -who gets what, when, and how -implies politics is relational

interest groups

-different from a political party because they support a single issue -4 models: 1) pluralist -don't worry about factions 2) syndicalist (late 19th/early 20th c. Britain) -interest groups revolve around a syndicate/union (ex. TUC = umbrella org.) -BUT strikes - if uncontrolled, one can go off and destroy the economy 3) communist -party controls the union, they have no autonomy 4) neo-corporatist/social democratic -peak associations -NOT GB -union is controlled by single org. that works with the party -not a lot of strikes because of party-union bargain

separation of powers

-division of government responsibilities to prevent any singular component from becoming too powerful

Adam Smith

-economist -defined modernity as having a complex division of labor and an industrial society -cash nexus - means you have a wage, salary, working for companies -concepts of joint liability

Keynes

-economist who rote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" -warning the world that Europe was going to destroy capitalism by putting strong reparations on Germany -government spending/putting people back to work is the only way to get the economy going

Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949

-essentially took away power from the House of Lords, reducing it to a symbolic power -gave more power to the House of Commons, restricted ability of House of Lords to block legislation (veto a bill) -lords can only delay a bill up to 2 years -this was spearheaded by the Liberal party -later - further reduced the power of the Lords to delay a bill; they can only delay a bill for a year

NATO

-established in 1949 by the Washington treaty as the main security organization to oppose power of USSR in western europe. - article 5: NATO members pledge to help each other if one is attacked -28 members, 21 are EU members

Rousseau

-father of radical politics -the French, like other radicals, don't like parties/factions/interests -idea that you should be able to express yourself directly as a people and overthrow the government if it doesn't listen to you

socialists

-view social classes as a divisive factor -politics is a class struggle - working classes trying to gain control of their lives and the economy -belief in social class puts them at odds with liberals

state

-which comes first in GB - state or nation?

Whigs

-formed one of the 2 first/vague political parties -supported the Parliament (interest in representation) -focus on sociology, drawing authority from groups in society rather than from God -corporatist idea about representation - every person has a role no matter how low your station is -interests are in capital, industry, trade, commerce, banking, etc. -as an MP - you do NOT have to follow the narrow interests of your constituency, you can make judgments for society as a whole

Tories

-formed one of the 2 first/vague political parties -think about society in degrees of status -hierarchical - about degree, rank, and order -"noblesse oblige" -draw their authority from God (Divine Right) -supported the Crown -most authority in the early period -Sam Beer: their politics/epistemology is rooted in cosmology

20-20-20 partnership

-foundation if EUs energy policy today. -includes 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 20% of energy consumption through renewable sources of energy, 20% improvement of EUs energy efficiency. -want to get to 80-90% by 2050

polity

-from Aristotle's regime typology -regime in which many rule in the interest of all -counterpart to democracy -limited form, the same as a republic

democracy

-from Aristotle's regime typology -regime in which many rule in the interest of themselves *worst form according to Aristotle, because people are subject to radical politics and demagogues

kingship

-from Aristotle's regime typology -regime in which one rules in the interest of all -can be found in any absolutist government

tyranny

-from Aristotle's regime typology -regime in which one rules in the interest of themselves

political party

-group of voters organized to support certain public policies -essential to democracy -empowered by elections, allows citizens to hold the government accountable -defined by: 1) Ideology 2) leadership 3) organization (top-down or bottom-up) 4) who supports?

Old Whigs

-have a similar philosophy to Tories, especially economically -support mercantilism -BUT they want Parliament to have the power

Magna Carta (The Great Charter)

-issued by King John of England at Windsor in 1215 -established the principle that everyone, including the King, was subject to the law -gave free men the right to justice and a fair trial -didn't last long because kings didn't respect it

right and left today in europe

-left more favorable to the states intervening in the economy, right more favorable to laissez-faire economics. -left more favorable toward state action creating economic equality. -differences between right and left on employer-employee relations -right is moer nationalist, right is more favorable toward globalization, left tends to be less favorable of the EU

parliamentary supremacy

-means there is no authority that is above parliament -the check over them is elections - they have to face the people

David Ricardo

-most important political economist -MP (Liberal Party, 1832) -responded to Corn Law debate with an essay, new theory of international economics *impetus for Britain to open up trade -idea of comparative vs. absolute advantage - trade is always valuable because every country produces something better than others -Corn Laws went away, Britain could import grain and export machinery (laissez faire conception) -Anti-Corn Law League - early interest group wanting to remove tariffs on grains/corn

Good Friday Agreement

-negotiated by Tony Blair -brought peace to Northern Ireland - stopped the Catholics and Protestants from killing each other -because of Brexit, a border will have to be imposed thus violating this

collectivism

-notion of prioritizing the group over oneself -integral to socialism -reaches its height in GB in 1950s -suffers harsh debt as GB loses world status and industrial power post-WWII

twice

-number of times the rise of a third party occurred in Britain -Whigs -> Liberals -Liberals -> Labour

formal legal

-one form of legitimacy according to Max Weber -being wedded to a legal system -ex. USA *most likely to be found in a democracy

traditional

-one form of legitimacy according to Max Weber -conservative form based on Divine Right

charismatic

-one form of legitimacy according to Max Weber -inspiring people by your own personal example *most likely to be authoritarian -ex. Hitler

proportional representation

-party system -districts are not single-member, they are multi-member -several people representing a single constituency -number of seats held by a party is determined by the number of votes

Winter of Discontent

-period from 1978-79 where widespread strikes occurred in UK by labor unions -Labour party was rejecting decision to join the EU -miners stopped producing coal and no one had heat or food

gradualism

-political culture of GB -policy of gradual reform rather than sudden change or revolution

devolution

-process of giving more power to sub-units -decentralizing power away from London -ex. Tony Blair - One Nation Socialist

enclosure movement

-rejected by Tories, supported by Whigs -landowners closing off public land -forced reliant people into urban areas -removing a source of profit for wealthy landowners (workers) -massive rural exodus changed British society forever

true

-t/f -both Tories and socialists would come to support collectivist policies in the 20th century

collective responsibility

-the answerability of all members of the government to Parliament for decisions made by the cabinet -MPs MUST support their party, or else they lose their seat

peasants (yeomanry)

-vast majority of the population of the world (rural) -low personal income -no participation in the cash nexus -no education -no travel -most important to them: 1) family 2) religion (loyal to the church) -in Britain, they never gained control of their land but were dispossessed and kicked off

first pass the post (FPTP)

-winner-takes-all style election in which the candidate with the most votes wins -this is what Britain has -only one rep. per constituency - means you need support from a party -doesn't require a vote majority

Louis Hartz

-wrote "The Liberal Tradition in America" -says we don't have socialism because we rejected corporatism - the idea of classes being represented is foreign to us -we never had feudalism, we went straight to liberalism

Leadership

.Conservative: Disraeli--Tory Democrat (leader from 1867-80) 2. Stanley Baldwin (leader in 1920's and '30's) 3. Neville Chamberlain (1937-40), best known for policies of appeasement 4. Succeeded by the controversial Winston Churchill, opponent of appeasement, led Britain in World War II (1940-45), came back to power in 1951 5. Anthony Eden (Suez Crisis of 1956) and Harold Macmillan (1957-63): both "wets" and supporters of the "Buskellite" consensus (see below) 6. Edward Heath (1970-74), mild neoliberal but still a wet, supported British entry into the European Community, government fell during the "winter of discontent" in 1974, opening the way for the "Iron Lady" 7. Margaret Thatcher

public school

1 of 7 private schools, all male boarding schoolings, strong association with the ruling class.

Core Problems with the Eurozone

1) You cannot have monetary union without Fiscal union 2) You cannot have a monetary union without a banking union 3) a (politically) stable monetary union is unlikely among such divergent economies

A corporatist society would typically have:

1) a tradition of social democratic rule (2) a small, open economy (3) high spending on social programs and low spending on defense o Austria, Norway, Sweden

German political parties:

1. (FDP) liberals 2. socialists 3. center part (catholic party) 4. CDU (christian democratic union/Protestant)

2 frameworks of intergovermental cooperation on security

1. 1976 trevi framework on drug trafficking and terrorism 2. 1985 schengen area

Presidential powers*

1. Elected directly by the people initially, for a 7-year Term, changed to a 5-year term in 2002 2. Most powers are spelled out in the Constitution 3. President is commander-in-chief 4. By convention, the President also sets the foreign policy agenda, more difficult in cohabitation1. Elected directly by the people initially, for a 7-year Term, changed to a 5-year term in 2002 2. Most powers are spelled out in the Constitution 3. President is commander-in-chief 4. By convention, the President also sets the foreign policy agenda, more difficult in cohabitation 5. President appoints the PM 6. Can dissolve Parliament once a year 7. Has sweeping emergency powers under Article 16 of The Constitution Very Gaullist institution 2. Supposed to be non-partisan (au dessus de la melée) 3. President can appeal directly to the people 4. Can use a referendum to consult the people, with Parliament's assent (note exception of 1962 amendment to the Constitution) President is head of state as well as head of government (but must share power with PM in a situation of cohabitation)

Arguments against direct democracy

1. Encourage oversimplification—people may vote in favor of one thing that will negatively impact other programs they value 2. Encourage voters to make rash, ill-informed decisions 3. Low turnout will question the legitimacy of a referendum 4. Even a respectable turnout will be unrepresentative because younger people tend to mot vote 5. What is to stop the losing side from calling another referendum?

Varities of Capitalism Institutional Domains

1. Industrial relations 2. Vocational training and education 3. Corporate governance 4. Inter-firm relations 5. Relations with (own) employees.

Cleavage

1. Involves a social division that separates people who can be distinguished from one another in terms of key social-structural characteristics such as occupation, status, religion or ethnicity. 2. Groups involved in the division must be conscious of their collective identity—as workers or employers, Latvians or Russians. 3. Must be expressed in organizational terms—achieved as a result of the activities of a trade union, a church, or a political party.

Structural conditions of corporatism

1. Most workers are organized into a small number of powerful unions 2. Big businesses are organized into powerful employers federation 3. Wager bargaining between unions and employers is centralized 4. The state is actively involved in the economy

3 models for public funding of political parties

1. comprehensive funding-finances almost every aspect of political party 2. financing half of party operations 3. absence of funding with the recent americanization of political parties, there has been a need for public funding because campaigns have become more expensive and public funding does not cover all of the operations

14 step process to membership in EU

1. country submits app for admission to the council of ministers. 2. council asks commission for an opinion on accession. 3. commission gives its opinion. 4. council confirms country as a candidate for application. 5. council decides to open accession negociations, which are conducted in an intergovernmental conference between the EU member states and each applicant individually. 6. commission examines the different parts of Copenhagen criteria with the applicant. 7. for each part, the applicant presents a position, the commission presents a position, and a common position is created; the council approves it for presentation to the applicant. 8. after an agreement is reached on the chapter, the EU decides whether to close it. 9. After all chapters are closed, EU and applicant draft a treaty of accession. 10. Commission issues its opinion on the treaty. 11. european parliament gives its opinion on the treaty. 12. member states and applicants sign the treaty. 13. signatory states ratify the treaty (which could require a referendum.) 14. treaty of accession comes into force and the applicant becomes a member state. States currently looking to become members of the EU: (turkey, macedonia, bosnia, herzegovnia, albania, kosovo, montenegro, and serbia.) --usually takes 8-9 years for application to go through.

3 things the Lisbon treaty did w CFSP (common foreign and security policy)

1. created high representative of foreign policy for the EU 2. created position of president of the european council 3. created a diplomatic service who assits the high representative, they are diplomats representing the EU

3 themes of the EU book

1. experimentation and change 2. sharing power and seeking consensus 3. scope and capacity

VoC intsitutional domains faced by firms and workers

1. industrial relations - CMEs have stronger unions and bargaining over wages tends to happen at the industry, sectoral or national level. In LMEs workers and employers wage negotiations take place at the company level. 2. Vocational training and education - In CMEs workers have more specific skills that are tied to the firm or the industry their working in. In LMEs workers have more general (or mobile) skills that easily can be used to work at other companies. 3. Corporate governance - Firms in CMEs rely more on banks and patient (insider) capital. LMEs tend to rely more heavily on public information about finances and short-term capital, such as stock markets. 4. Inter-firm relations - In CMEs these tend to be more collaborative and long-term, while inter-firm relations in LMEs are more arms-length and competitive. 5. Relations with (own) employees - In CMEs these are based on reputation, consensus decision-making, sharing of information and authority. In LMEs the management holds authority, they have short-term profit incentives (e.g. stock options), and other employees are less integrated in the company.

4 approaches to understand the EU

1. international relations approach: question of why EU members have chosen to pool their sovereignty. 2. comparative politics approach: new institutionalists see EU as a system in which cooperation between states is accepted. 3. public policy approach: EU policies are shaped by informal bargaining and there is no EU heirarchy, so there is always bargaining. 4. sociological/cultural approach: social norms affect policy, negotiators are self interested so there will never be a policy that is purely good, EU is a miracle in that it is able to get anything done w 28 different member states.

6 concluding points in Magone on Europe

1. learning from each other; diversity and convergence in european politics 2. mediazation and electoral markets in europe 3. europe as a multilevel governance system 4. flexible means of communication: positive and critical issues of e-government and e-democracy. 5. toward multicultural societies? the challenge of immigration in Europe 6. the unification of the continent as a milestone

main party families in the EU

1. liberals 2. christian democrats and conservatives 3. social democrats 4. communists and far left-(1920 communists international... organized by Lenin, vanguard for communists around the world/communists powerful in france, greece, czech republic.) 5. neo-fascists/ far right-(specifically western and eastern europe/legacy of facism and totalitarianism: Nazis, fascists in Italy, etc.) 6. Greens-(part of new left in europe. general dissatisfaction among young people over direction of politics in europe/issues include nuclear power, environment, etc./powerful in germany, france and netherlands. 7. regional parties-(belgium, spain, UK) 8. new populism/euro skeptics-(aka new right/active in france, UK, netherlands/known for its charismatic leaders, anti-immigration speech etc.)

traditional separation between left and right

1. monarchy vs parliamentary system 2. priviledge for some vs equality for all 3. equality with taxes 4. clericalism vs. secularism 5. employers vs workers

beer's type of politics

1. old tories and old whigs 2. radicals and liberals 3. tory democrats 4. socialists

Steps in the creation of the EU

1. treaty of paris 1951- founded the european coal and steel community, created a common steel and coal market, goal was to create connections between france and germany. 2. treaty of rome 1957-founded the european economic community (EEC) created the common market, customs union, common policiesm etc. 3. single european act 1986- first major amendment to the treaty of rome, goal was to establish a single market and also pan-european political cooperation. *have more free trade between states. 4. maastricht treaty 1992- formed the EU, included the political and economic integration of europe, led to creation of euro and eurozone. 5. amsterdam treaty 1997- amended the maastricht treaty, put greater emphasis on the rights of individuals, increaed powers of EP, established beginning of CFSP. goal was to simply european structure 6. nice treaty 2001- amended maastricht treaty to account for eastward expansion. 7. lisbon treaty 2007- established current set up of EU, ended 3 pillars, brought in qualified majority voting, did many things the previously rejected european constitutional treaty tried but did not do.

Liberal Party (Britain)

1867- whig party evolved into. proponents of representative government. source of action was rational individual. property was main qualification for franchise in early years. mid 19th cen. the middle class, supported this party. early ones supported Burke. MP should be a trustee, not bound by the narrow interests of his constituency.

the Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)

1952; Was seen as a way to rebuild after WWII-economic and security interests The French wanted to keep an eye on Germany and make sure they weren't re-militarizing and a way to control their products

Luxembourg Compromise

1966, appease France, member allowed to veto a proposal that directly affected its national interests, but rather vague language of what that meant. The so-called 'Luxembourg Compromise' of 1966 resulted in a more intergovernmental approach to policy making in the European Community.

Which of the contemporary French political parties is most anti-immigration?

?

European Commission

A European Union body whose members, while appointed by states, are supposed to represent EU interests. Supported by a multinational civil service in Brussels, the commission's role is to identify problems and propose solutions to the Council of Ministers

Mitbestimmung/Codetermination

A German legal mechanism that authoritizes trade union members in firms with 2,000 or more employees to have nearly 50% of the seats on the firm's board of directors.

Karl Kautsky

A German who called for a revival of Marxist fundamentals. Said they were betraying Marxism on behalf of petit bourgeoisie. hard communist. only way to get socialism is revolution

Vichy France

A Nazi-controlled puppet state in Souther France established by Hitler and headed by Marshal Philippe Petain

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Eurobonds

A bond placed in countries other than the one in whose currency the bond is denominated.

Rotten boroughs

A borough with a tiny electorate, so small that voters were susceptible to control in a variety of ways. Small rural towns that were left behind after most citizens left for the industrialized cities.

interest groups and political parties

A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek to influence government for specific ends. Political parties are the most important part of parliament. Democracy cannot function without them. Parties govern in Britain.

the department

A department is composed of employed officials, known as civil servants, and is politically accountable through a minister. Headed by a secretary of state, who sits in the cabinet, and typically supported by a team or junior ministers. There are also a number of non-ministerial departments. Accountable to parliament.

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) "L'etat c'est moi" Supreme authority with no restrictions. In Britain, monarch given the divine right by God to rule = form of legitimacy

Absolutism

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. The government has absolute power, arbitrary laws, taxation by decree, no representative bodies, and sovereignty is based in the monarch.

political party

A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy. Parties in GB give you a choice, they govern. Not at all clear in the American system. Westminster system: defacto voting for a party.

Unitary

A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. france

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. free for all. weak unions. not organized

Nature and organization of French interest groups

A. Labor 1. CGT a. Marxist-Leninists b. Still tied to the PCF 2. CFDT a. affiliated with the socialists, formerly CFTC b. Follows a syndicalist model 3. FO, founded with support of the AFL-CIO & CIA Anti-communist 4. Labor is badly divided, ideologically split 5. Weak, except for the CGT in public sector unions Electricite et Gaz de France... B. Capital or business 1. Legacy of Vichy, collaboration and war 2. CNPF represents big business 3. CGPME represents small business 4. How do these groups relate to political parties? C. Farmers 1. One of most powerful interests in France 2. FNSEA 3. Corporatist ties to the Ministry of Agriculture 4. Importance of CAP C. Teachers and other public sector unions 1. FEN 2. CGC 3. Power to shut things down D. How to characterize French interest groups? Mix of Leninist, syndicalist, corporatist, and statist

Sinn Fein

An Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland. Political wing of the IRA

"Wir schaffen das"

Angela Merkel's statement, Wir schaffen das (we can do this) as a strategy for managing refugee migration does entail a moral hazard.

What was passed in 1878 by industrial leaders

Anti socialist Ban; wanted to keep unions at bay (Outlawed SDP)

Pegida movement in Germany

Anti-immigration Movement

political system

Any persistent pattern of human relationships that involves, to a significant extent, control, influence, power, or authority. Aristotle classifies political systems through who rules and in whose interests. A political system adapts to the environment around it and defined by continuity and change. According to Norton, what makes each system significant is the nature and the extent of that change. Continuity has defined the UK where it has preserved some vital traditions while adapting to change.

In the federal elections Germans vote for:

BOTH A PARTY AND A CANDIDATE.

The Tabula rasa effect of World War II helped to ______________ the stalemate society. The war in ________________ led directly to the downfall of the Fourth Republic.

BREAK/ ALGERIA

The Lander (states) are formally represented in the

BUNDESRAT

resistance & collaboration

Backbone of the resistance is the French communists. However, originally communists were hesitant to join arms. Communists organized cells but these cells were not connected. Therefore as a result after the war, the French Communists are the most powerful.

The confiscation of power by a charismatic figure through plebiscites that... manipulated the principle of popular sovereignty (Hoffmann H&R) is characteristic of

Bonapartism

Market model

Broadcasting licenses to profit-maximising companies; market regulation only when there is a danger of monopoly or oligopoly; common in print media in all Western democracies (no spectrum scarcity).

DGB and BDI

Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI) 1. Powerful business association (like US Chamber) 2. Small number of large firms, peak interest group 3. Close ties to government, ministries Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; DGB (German Trade Union Federation) 1. Almost one third of German workers belong, Compare to AFL-CIO, 7-8 % 2. Close ties with SPD and government, corporatist 3. Mitbestimmung (Co-determination) allows DGB to Transcend class politics, eschew strikes, etc. 4. Low levels of unemployment...

Konrad Adenauer

Chancellor of Germany in 1949; the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi, who began his long highly successful democratic rule; West Germany had a majority of Christian Democrats; helped regain respect for Germany under Adenauer, Erhard designed the Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Social Market Economy)

Germany's parliamentary system

Chief of State Ceremonial President Currently Joachim Gauck Head of Government: Cabinet Chancellor - Leader of majority party/coalition - Stays in power as long as majority supports - Nominates cabinet - Can call early elections Parliament - Bicameral legislature: Bundestag (lower chamber) and Bundesrat (upper chamber) - Vote of no confidence, if parliament agrees on the successor Public

Vichy

City in central France where a puppet state governed during WWII unoccupied France and the French colonies

Common vs. Code Law

Common law - what the US has (case law), published judicial opinions Code Law - stricter written down law, more detailed, not necessarily based on precedent

PCF (Communists)

Communists (PCF), hard left, today La France Insoumise, one of the major parties of the 5th Republic 2/3 of socialists accepted Lenin's demands at the Congress of Tours (1920) Formation of a new Communist Party, committed to Moscow (first Lenin and then Stalin, the Commintern Rejection of social democracy and 'eurocommunism) 5. Favors revolutionary communism, including Dictatorship of the proletariat Socialization of the means of production One-party rule... vote for me and you will never vote again! 6. PCF evolved into a nationalist and étatist party Secular, working class, heavy industry 2. Note legacy of Resistance 3. Power of the CGT, still the base, note the strikes 2019 4. Was getting one in four voted in the 1960s and '70s 5. Joined Mitterrand and 'Common Programme' in 1981... come into my parlor said the spider to the Fly 6. Rapid decline in the 1980s because of deIndustrialization

burghers or bourgeois social class

Critical in the push to modernity, businessmen and men from industry. Shaped conservative party but originally Whig or Liberal supporters, helped with the establishment of a truly parliamentary government

The Old Tories were staunch supporters of the

Crown

Gaullism and the Gaullists*

De Gaulle and his officers were the only legitimate political leaders in France after the war. Liberated Paris under De Gaulle. Traditionally jacobin, étatiste, and Bonapartiste 2. Nationalist (force de frappe) and republican 3. Modernizing centralism, flirting with neo-liberalism 4. Pompidou, Chirac, and Sarokzy 1. Traditionally Catholic and conservative... until 1960s 2. Became more of a catchall party, support cuts across class lines, but garnering business support 3. Today, more of a business/elite party, Le Figaro Gone through many changes evolving into elite run Cadre-type party, with a tight, central leadership

ECJ

Decides on claims brought by the European Commission regarding noncompliance with EU laws

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. Liberals and nationalists gathered in Frankfurt and attempted to create a single German nation-state. 2. They were faced with two options a. Kleindeutsch (or little German) solution, with a unity of the northern German states under the Prussian monarch b. Grossdeutsch (or big German) solution, which would unite Protestant Prussia and the Catholic Austria of the Hapsburgs. 3. Neither option succeeded and the so-called liberal Revolution failed, the Frankfurt Parliament was Disbanded. 4. Among the counterrevolutionaries is a young Prussian aristocrat (Junker) named Otto von Bismarck.

Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

Democratic government established in Germany after World War I. The electoral system of the Weimar Republic was based on PR. By the late 1920s, the Weimar Republic had almost entirely lost public support (rampant inflation contributes to this). German political groups on the left and the right targeted the Republic as an ineffective government Hitler and the Nazi contended that the German army had not lost World War I on the field, but on the home front. In 1932, Hitler lost his bid to be elected chancellor, but came to power a year later. Nazis and Communists were adamantly opposed to the the Weimar Republic and helped to bring about its downfall. The leading party in the founding of the Weimar Republic is the SPD (social democrats) 4. SPD had supported the war, but remained divided, And it was dependent on various right-wing Parliamentary groups to gain a peace (armistice) and create a republic Imposing a democratic system on a fundamentally Authoritarian political culture (Dahrendorf) The Weimar Constitution resembled Fifth Republic France in many respects 1. A powerful (although indirectly elected) President Baron von Hindenburg. 2. A popularly elected Assembly (the Reichstag) could Be dissolved by the President, who also had the Authority to appoint the Chancellor (PM). 3. Like the French President, the Weimar President Was given sweeping emergency powers to rule by Decree if necessary 4. Cabinet was weak because it was subject to shifting Parliamentary majorities 5. System of PR weakened parties and the party system 6. But the biggest strike against Weimar turned out to Be economic. 7. Hyperinflation wiped out the savings of the middle Class and the workers

Scottish referendum

Devolution (Scotland) - Scotland Act of 1998: established a Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh (proportional representation) - Legislative powers, except foreign & defense, monetary & fiscal, social policy - Adopting policies that were different from England - In May 2013, Scottish National Party (SNP) won elections - SNP leader, Alex Salmond pushed forward referendum on independence Referendum on Scottish Independence September 18, 2014 - Alex Salmond - First Minister of Scotland (2007-2014) Potential Problems: - Currency in independent Scotland: the Pound, the Euro or national currency? - EU membership? - Implications for Europe: spread of separatism and instability Scotland remains in the UK, Alex Salmond steps down from his position of First Minister of Scotland and leader of SNP

reparations payments

Due to revanchism, the French pushed hard for reparations by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. Occupation of the Ruhr by French troops (1923-24) 1. Germany was unable to make reparations payments Under the terms of the hated Versailles Treaty. 2. The French decided to take control of the Ruhr industries to exact reparations. 3. Not until the Americans stepped in with the Dawes Plan (1924) was the reparations crisis resolved and French troops withdrawn 4. Dawes Plan (1924) provided Germany with enough cash to begin to stabilize its currency (the mark)

scope and capacity (theme of the EU book)

EU has called for width vs depth. But this has come w limitations of what the EU can really do. also questions about the EU as a global power (EU is a global economic power, but lacks security; none of EUs members are global powers).

national incomes policy

Economy-wide wage and price controls, most commonly instituted as a response to inflation and usually seeking to establish wages and prices below the free-market level.

Chancellor

Executive (Chancellor, head of government) sits in the legislature and must maintain the confidence of the house, fairly strict party discipline Sets the policy agenda 2. Can appoint and dismiss ministers, like British PM, But need for balance, to make sure all factions in The party or governing coalition area represented 3. Chancellor cannot be immediately dismissed, however, if there is a vote of no confidence 4. Until a successor has been chosen (the positive vote Of no confidence), to assure continuity in Government, prevent political instability, as in Weimar, and to prevent a power vacuum.

True or False: Under the Constitution of the 5th Republic, the French Prime Minister has the power to dissolve the National Assembly.

False

True or False:The Second (or Kaiser) Reich was a liberal, parliamentary democracy, similar to the political system in Victorian England?

False

Hapsburgs versus Hohenzollerns

First Reich (Kingdom) emerged in 15th century, in 1415 the House of Hohenzollern moves to Brandenburg (area around Berlin) 2. Hohenzollerns will become a major player in the Holy Roman Empire, which is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire, even at the height of its Power under Charlemagne (768 to 814) The Hapsburgs in Austria are a far more powerful player in Germanic Europe (at this stage) than are the Prussians.

Crisis of Decolonization 1950s

France struggles with decolonization in 1950s under 4th Regime (especially in Algeria w/Algerian civil war). Leads to DeGaulle being called out of retirement to create new gov with strong executive who can take control of the situation.

Least politicized media

Germany

germany and the EU

Germany is a federal state, has a president and chancellor (Angela Merkel) has a bicameral legislature, & has a very good democratic record with little political corruption. politically and economically, it is the dominant face of the EU but is not a global power on its own (has regained influence thru "soft" power)

Migrant Crisis: Political reactions

Germany: ¥ Angela Merkel has pushed for allowing over a million refugees in Germany. "Wir schaffen das." ("We can do this") Hungary: ¥ Hardline stance: PM Viktor Orban: "refugees are poison." -> Barbed wire around the country. Italy and Greece: ¥ The two countries have become de-facto holding centres for migrants (850k migrants landed in Greece in 2015 alone). Anger at EU partners for too little burden sharing.

Nobility social class

Given the most power in the UK, still a class based system where the nobility control politics i.e. Conservative Party. Many British elites were key to the shift to modernity by investing in industry and not investing into agriculture.

Fifth Republic**

Government established in France in October 1958, made after a new French consitution gave more power to the president. Charles De Gaulle was the first president of the Fifth French Republic. De Gaulle soon started a long retreat from Algeria

Fifth Republic*

Government established in France in October 1958. General de Gaulle comes to power in 1958 with the idea of returning France to Great Power status. 1. He sets out to build a strong presidential regime 2. Weaken the power of parliament and political parties 3. Build a French nuclear strike force (la force de frappe et la défense tous azimuts)

Helmut Kohl

He was a tough leader of CDU-CSU-FDP Coalitions Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany

Adolph Hitler and the Brown Shirts

Hitler is named as Chancellor in 1933 by President von Hindenburg 1. the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP or Nazi Party) wins the largest number Of seats in the Reichstag 2. Identified by their brown shirts (Prof. Katzenstein) 3. Hitler comes to power LEGALLY B. Burning of the Reichstag in early 1933 allows him to Seize power and suspend the Constitution 1. At first the 'establishment,' administrative and Political elite, as well as general staff of the army opposed him 2. But Hitler had a series successes including the Retaking of the Ruhr and the Saar from French And Belgian occupiers in 1935-36 3. Rearmament of Germany began and economic recovery was in full swing by 1936-37 Foundations of Nazi ideology - Mein Kampf - Fuhrerprinzip - Aryan Race - Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Furher - Cooptation of army, civil service, business 6. Most groups in German society were able to Rationalize their tacit or overt support for Hitler

front bench

The first row of seats in a parliamentary chamber, where the ministers and the shadow ministers sit.

european experience of modernization

In Britain, the Aristocracy led the transition to modernity. Lords had power till 1911, passed parliament act of 1911, that took away their positions in House of Lords- so they embraced whiggism. Invested their money in the industry.

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Democratic regime type

It is a political system that is for the interest for all the people and the opportunity to participate in decisions is widely shared. What is needed for democracy is free, fair elections. There has to be opposition in the government. Examples: polity, republic

The Commons

It is the most powerful house in Parliament. Within it, there is a division between the government and opposition. MPs are elected to the Commons where the majority party controls the cabinet and elects the PM. The executive sits in the legislative so there is no separation between executive and legislative.

Traditional phase of political and social development

It was based on a powerful monarch and the economic system was feudalism where peasants worked for their local lord who in turn provided them protection.

Throughout the history of modern France, state-society relations can be described in

JACOBIN/PLURALIST terms.

During the French Revolution the

JACOBINS were in favor of greater political centralization, whereas the GIRONDINS favored a more federal system of government.

Immigration and asylum issues fall under the 3RD pillar of the EU, namely

JHA

rise of the Junkers

Junkers were the landed nobility in East Prussia. East Prussia and its landed nobility (the Junkers) Will become the power base for the Hohenzollern Monarchs, eventually backbone of Protestantism/ Lutheranism. The rise of a new Baltic grain trade reinforces traditional Prussian society, enriches the Junkers, and helps to fund FTG's wars, such as the the seizure of Silesia from Maria Teresa of Austria in 1740. But, even though the Junkers are turned into a Commercial agricultural class, they retain their grip on Prussian politics. When Chancellor General Caprivi in the 1890s moves Germany towards free trade, the reactionary Junkers and others agitate against free trade by using anti-semitic slogans, which marks the beginning of a new nationalism, that would lead to fascism

federal dimension of German Politics

Just as in the U.S., the FEDERAL dimension of politics is Critical. 1. Elections in the Länder to the Landtag are closely Watched 2. Bavaria is like Texas—a one-party state, CSU and GOP, very conservative. 3. North-Rhine Westphalia would be like Ohio or Michigan on steroids 4. Hesse would be like New York (Frankfurt) or Pennsylvania 5. Thuringia like Georgia, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Like West Virginia or Kentucky, etc. 6. Only defense and foreign affairs are outside the Purview of the Land 7. States rights are enshrined in the Basic Law 8. As in the U.S., states have a big role in Administering and implementing federal laws Including tax collection 9. Police powers are vested in state and local Governments, see the imprint of the American Occupation authorities in the design of the FRG 10. Desire to break-up the old Prussian model of the Administrative state 11. In West Germany, 10 states, including city states like Hamburg and Bremen, plus West Berlin 12. In unified Germany, fünf neuen Länder 13. All states must guarantee republican and Democratic governance 14. All states, except Bavaria, have bicameral Legislatures, and they are governed by a 15. Ministerpräsident, a prime minister, but roughly The equivalent of a US governor, and these executive positions can be a stepping stone to federal/national office, Armin Laschet, MinisterPresident of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), leading candidate to succeed Angela Merkel

Perpetual Peace

Kant's idea that a system could be established in which all nations work with each other to end all wars forever. This state of perpetual peace must be achieved by a bottom-up approach.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

King James II's policies, such as converting to catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintianing a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious."

Definitions of Politics

Laswell- relationships involving power, rule, and authority, Weber- relationships involving territory "monopoly on use of force in a given territory/state", Aristotle- relationships in self-sufficient or self-governing associations, object of gov is pursuit of justice, virtue, and 'good life'

exchange rate stability

One of the objectives of the central bank is to reduce exchange-rate fluctuations making it stable.

corporatist or social democratic

Only in continental Europe. Labour union leaders have seats on the board at big corporations in corporate societies. Old tories and old whigs were this. 'Cor' means body. European politics is like a body, must all work together, need each other to survive. Functional, biological. Comes from Roman Catholic churc

peak interest groups

Organizations that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate agreements with the state

peak interest groups

Organizations that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate agreements with the state;

dissolution

Parliament is dissolved 25 working days ahead of general election. Elections usually take place after 5 years, but can be held sooner if the PM loses a vote of confidence, or if ⅔ of members of House of Commons vote in favor of an early election.

National Assembly (Chamber of Deputies)

Parliament is elected for 5-year terms (maximum). Can be dissolved by the President, but only once a year. National Assembly can override a Senate veto. It is NOT supreme, as in the UK. It is a deliberative body that passes legislation. President can force passage of a budget, if Parliament has failed to act after 60 days

5 percent rule

Parties need to get 5% of the vote in order to be officially listed

High Salience (formally)

Partisan contestation (party politics): --Taxes and welfare (well known issue) --Low corporate control

CSU Germany

Party of Bavaria more Catholic support - also more conservative

The Greens (Germany)

Party of gov't in 1998; ideology: eliminate nuclear power, combat climate change, eliminate fossil fuels, pro-immigration, pro-refugees, keynesian economics, welfare state, social policy; Voting base: young, well-educated voters, professionals; Opposed by: unions, industrial working class; benefits from ticket splitting because people vote for SPD candidate and Green party; almost biggest left-wing party

EU is what type of society?

Pluralist

French semi-presidential system

President (Head of State) - directly elected (5 years) François Hollande (2012-present) - Commands armed forces - Conducts foreign policy - Appoints PM - Can dissolve parliament - May ask parliament to reconsider a law - Ratifies treaties after parliamentary approval Prime Minister (Head of Government) Manuel Valls (2014-present) - Usually leader of a majority party - Needs to have support of parliament - Picks & runs the Cabinet Parliament - Vote of no confidence against PM

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule. Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor, pursued the Kleindeutsch option to create a unified Germany. Like other Junkers, Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor, was strongly anti-socialist. The Kulturkampf was a movement launched by Bismarck to exclude Catholics from politics of southern Germany (Bavaria) from power, Because they are opposed to centralizing power in Berlin 2. Members of the Catholic Center Party are branded as Reichsfeinde (enemies of the Reich). 3. The anti-Catholic campaign continues until the 1880s In 1863-65, Prussia defeats Denmark and seizes Control of Schleswig-Holstein 2. Bismarck, now the Prussian Chancellor or First Minister, vows to achieve by "blood and iron" what the liberals failed to do by parliamentary means at Frankfurt 3. In 1866, Bismarck leads Prussia in a successful Military campaign against Austria 4. During this campaign, Bismarck splits his liberal opponents, gains widespread support for his policies, and establishes Prussia as the dominant German state 5. 1867 marks the establishment of a new North German Federation, with Bismarck as the leader. 1863 Bismarck passes the Sickness Insurance Law, The first of several measures to create a Paternalistic welfare state (Wohlfartstaat), allowing him to in effect buy off the workers. Workers, trade unionists, etc. are excluded from political participation/citizenship but they are given social rights. In 1878, Bismarck pushes through the anti-Socialist Law, banning the large and popular Social Democratic Party (SPD) from participating in politics. In 1878, Bismarck pushes through the anti-Socialist Law, banning the large and popular Social Democratic Party (SPD) from participating in politics. He engineers the marriage of iron and rye. 1890 marks the end of the Bismarckian era, when Kaiser Wilhelm dismisses The Iron Chancellor. In the 1890s, the new Chancellor, General Caprivi, Moves Germany back in the direction of free trade—a move that was vigorously opposed by the Junkers

Stalemate society

Reason for why there is a division in France, why modernization was difficult for France. Stalemate is the Jacobian state versus conservative society. Napoleon and the French Revolution consolidated stalemate society, exacerbated the tension between Paris and the provinces which is run by the notables (notaire). Politically paralyzed France before WWII. It inhibited France from combatting fascism and Nazism

Andrea Nahes is the leader of the?

SPD

the minister

Senior ministers head various departments which also have multiple ministers and undersecretaries of state. PM can appoint ministers. The most important decisions affecting a department are made by the minister. Major issues are settled in cabinet meetings thus resolved by a select few. They usually have at least one senior advisor. They rely substantially on their civil servants which usually have tasks delegated to them.

Die Linke "Left Party" in Germany

Socialist, social justice Formed 2007 Anti-capitalism Hard left of the SPD

Legalistic tradition (Rechtsstaat)

Started developing in 1815-1866 - a constitutional state and rule of law, closely associated With the liberal Prussian thinker, Immanuel Kant

nature and organization German interest groups

Strange nature of German capitalism 1. Cartelization of industry, like Japan, late capitalism development 2. Close association with banks 3. Helps to avoid cutthroat competition 4. By having power concentrated in the hands of a few Large firms and banks 5. Emphasis on exports and comparative advantage 6. Industrial policy, Verbände, industrial associations

syndicalist

Supporter of syndicalism- radical current in Labor movement, main idea is the establishment of local worker-based organizations and the advancement of the demands and rights of workers through strikes.

Plurality/Majority

Systems using single member constituencies or districts with the candidate who gets the majority (more than half the votes) or a plurality (more than any other candidate) gets elected UK, France can produce disproportionate results

Butskellism

Term used in British politics to refer to the political consensus formed in the 1950s and associated with the exercise of office as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Rab Butler of the Conservative Party and Hugh Gaitskell of the Labour Party. It was a mixed economy after WWII with moderate state intervention to promote social goals, particularly in education and health. entailed an agreement by Tories not to attack the new Welfare State b. Tories also supported nationalization of industry c. in exchange, Labour helped to maintain industrial peace d. quiet time of economic stagnation in 1950s e. which continued into the 1960s. Butskellite consensus began to breakdown under Harold Wilson in the turbulent 1970s.

"stab in the back"

The "stab in the back" argument advanced by Hitler and the Nazis places the blame for German defeat in World War I on the Weimar politicians.

Popular Republican Movement (MRP)

The 'Center' traditionally a coalition of parties, today République en Marche. Inherited the MRP and Christian Democracy from 4th Republic, but mostly secular and liberal, progressive 2. Mix of very traditional, hard right groups, like Independent Republicans of Giscard 3. To UDF, Raymond Barre, François Bayrou, and 4. Finally Emmanuel Macron and the REM, a movement party and politician, personality cult, dedicated to reform 5. Liberal and technocratic (énarques ou énarchie) 5. No longer 'le marais,'

Marriage of Iron and Rye

The 'marriage of iron and rye' brought together the Junkers in the east and the National Liberals in the west, to complete the unification of Germany in the Second Reich. a coalition of the landed Nobility of (East) Prussia, known as Junkers, and the Industrialists of western Germany, the National Liberals of the Rhineland, the Ruhr and the Saar. Led to - more conservative, authoritarian politics - rise of protectionism for German industry - defeat of free trade wing of the liberals - reinforces the anti-socialist bloc - further weakens the parliament (Reichstag)

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization. The church opposed this. King opposed it because it affected the nobles. whigs were for it

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization. This also meant that the aristocracy would takeover these lands. Old Whigs supported the Enclosure movement.

Whitehall

The British civil service, a wide street in London stretching from Trafalgar Square to the Houses of Parliament, Main British government offices

Le malaise 1920

The Congress of Tours and split between socialists and communist... Alsace and Lorraine back under French control, but destruction post WWI, very few men left (most people lost brothers, fathers, sons)

Which group of the EU at least accessible to interest groups?

The Council

Eurobonds

The EU does not have eurobonds which makes fiscal and monetary policy complicated. Germany has not embraced mutualization of Eurozone debt and the creation of 'Eurobonds.'

European Parliament (EP)

The EU legislative body made up of directly elected representatives, the EU Parliament amends, approves or rejects EU laws, together with the Council of Ministers.

GDR (German Democratic Republic)

The Eastern government in eastern Germany.

Idealists versus Realists

The European Community (EEC) was founded to give Europe more clout in international affairs. This is an example of a realist argument for European integration.

Force de Frappe

The Force de frappe (French for: strike force), or Force de dissuasion after 1961 , is the designation of what used to be a triad of air-, sea- and land-based

FDP Germany

The Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP is also known as the Liberal Party, - liberal, free-market policy, pro business - more popular with big business, intellectuals, academics, etc. - flirting with the AFD nowadays... a dark past of Nazi support

PS (Socialists)

The French Socialist Party (PS) has been consistently republican in orientation. It was started in the late 19th century. It was small because there was a small working, industrial class. Socialists (SFIO to PS), soft left, shadow of its former self, leader is Olivier Faure. Oldest, continuous, political party in modern French Politics, lots of ups and downs. 2. A mix of radical republicanism and democratic socialism, with a 'tinge' of social democracy late in 20th century. *Congress of Tours More democratic socialist and republican but with 'liberalizing elements... Macron' 10. Became very 'Atlanticist' and pro-Israel under Mitterrand Social bases of support (lost largely to REM in 2017- ) 1. From a party of old men (G. Deferre) in the 1950s60s 2. Garnering the anti-communist working class vote (CFTC and CFDT) 3. Highly secular, laïc, and anti-clerical (rads-socs) Still heavily republican in ideology 4. Strong support among public sector unions, teachers, Healthcare workers. 5. Became quite a 'yuppie' party, of the liberal elite under Mitterrand.

Greens

The Green Party (Die Grünen oder Grüne founded 1980, merged with East German Greens in Alliance 1990) Ideology: started out quite radical Realos v. Fundis Red, Green, and Brown Greens in the early days Shifts to simply a Green Party in the 1990s, eventually becoming a party of government in 1998 (triumph of the realos). Wants to eliminate nuclear power Combat climate change, eliminate fossil fuels, and deindustrialize Strongly pro-immigration and pro-refugees Keynesian economic policies, strong supporters of Welfare state, social policy, etc. Voting and social support: move away from single issues, broadening of its base, to include, young well-educated voters, professionals, etc. still opposed by Unions and industrial working class Benefits from ticket splitting, getting party votes, Vote for SPD candidate and Green party Now almost the largest leftwing party in Germany, bigger than SPD, powerful at the state level too, highest federal score 11% in 2009, about 10% in 2017 Filling the electoral space being vacated by SPD

Whigs

The Old Whig ideal of the hierarchic community rested more on sociology. Authority also came from special interests. Edmund Burke was an Old Whig. Old Whig theory of representation can best be described as corporatist. They favored mercantilism. They believed in the superior ability of the aristocracy, the gentry, and the yeomans. They support representation (to a point) and they want politics to be based on program and interest.

Senate

The Senate (return of the rads socs et les notables) 1. Has some powers to veto or block laws 2. Representation is based on 96 departments with an electoral college of local officials 3. Over represents rural communes, making it a very conservative body (les notables, Paris v. Provinces)

Basic Law (Grundgesetz)

The authors of the Basic Law sought to ensure that a potential dictator would never again have the chance to come into power in the country. Still hope for unification someday. Basic Law wanted to avoid mistakes of Weimar. Strong emphasis on viable, democratic political Parties—seen as the key to stability. Anti-democratic parties and anti-system radicals would be banned. Strong emphasis on civil rights and liberties, making Sure the individual is protected from power of State 8. Equal protection and due process (contrast with France, étatiste tradition) 9. The goal of the Basic Law was to create institutions That would guarantee the republican government and Protect civil liberties and the democratic process 10. A return to federalism (der Deutsch Bund) and parliamentary democracy (Weimar) Institutions - federal with an element of separation of powers - President indirectly elected by Members of the Bundetag and equal number of MPs from the state parliaments (Landtag) Federal President, with mostly Symbolic and ceremonial powers, moral figurehead, can veto legislation that threatens the Basic Law, also some role in foreign affairs, but minimal. The President should remain above partisan politics - Bicameral legislature with division of labor/powers

Modern or capitalist phase of political and social development

The bourgeois take control of economics where there is a push for industry and free trade. Modernity focused on giving power to the people. Aristocracy ked the transition to modernity. Therefore, this disrupted feudalism and shifted the focus to urbanization. More people are granted the right to vote but only men and not all of society. More focus on individualism. Transition to modernity in UK society has been keeping tradition while also gradually changing. It also meant preserving tradition in a changing society. Modernity also meant the struggle between Parliament and the Crown and who has power. Shift to modernity started due to the French Revolution.

the Cabinet

The cabinet is made of the majority party in the Parliament. Power is derived its authority from the electors and therefore dominates the British government. It is in charge of presenting legislation to Parliament.

FRG

The defeat of Nazi Germany brought partition (Potsdam). Founding of the BRD in 1949 by the western powers. Social and Christian Democrats in the west. West Germany (FRG) was about half the size of pre WWII Germany. Still caught in the middle of Europe, but this time between two heavily armed nuclear powers. Wealthy in natural resources, human capital, and heavily industrial. Would become an export-led powerhouse economy. Capital of FRG was in the sleepy, Rhineland city of Bonn, hence the Bonn Republic A FEDERAL state, designed with the help of US advisors 1. Departure from the Prussian model 2. FRG turned out to be remarkably stable 3. Anchored by der Alte and a conservative Christian Coalition (CDU-CSU, 1949-1966). Legitimacy of CDU and SPD (Kurt Schumacher) 7. Many conservative voters in the West were fearful of the social democrats because of the threat of communism (from the east). Denazification (how deep do you go?) Decentralization (of power in the western zones) Democratization (again only in the west)

Thatcherism

The economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Reduced state economic power and introduced free market and privatization with certain constraints. Deregulated the UK's market. Dismantling the welfare state--broke the back of the Trade Unions

GDR (German Democratic Republic)

The founding of the DDR shortly afterward, also 1949. Ruled by KPD (Communists) in the east. GDR very much a puppet and rump state, 50 armored Soviet divisions, poised on the Oder-Niese Line, the Fulda Gap. Economically devastated and dismembered and politically servile. Berlin would become a divided city, with East Berlin (the Soviet zone) as the capital of the GDR, and West Berlin as an outpost of the West. The founding ideal of GDR was that the German people were not to blame for the war, because they were led by an illegitimate and criminal band of fascists. Communism purportedly offered a fresh start and the 'sins of the past' could be blamed on the Nazis, and simply forgotten

Fourth Republic of France

The government established post war in France, granted the vote to women, however it failed because of its lack of a strong presidency. Ultimately collapsed in 1958 because of colonial conflicts in Indonesia and Algeria1. A parliamentary regime 2. Dominated by political parties (régime des partis) 3. Rigged system of PR, traditional multi-party system 4. Led to chronic governmental instability 5. The bureaucracy provided for stability in governance 6. This regime was opposed by de Gaulle and the by the Gaullists (note the emergence of a new political party, despite de Gaulle's opposition)

head of government, head of state

The head of government is the prime minister, leader of majority party. The head of state is an unelected person known as a constitutional monarch, who serves in a mostly ceremonial role.

no. 10 downing

The headquarters of the government of UK and official residence and office of the PM

Definition of Government

The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies

Bundestag

The lower house in the German federal system; most legislative activity occurs in this house. Bundestag, the lower house, most powerful, directly elected parliament, with the maximum mandate of 4 Years. Bundestag elections held every 4 years unless parliament is dissolved—extremely rare. Districts are roughly equal in size, based on Population. Voting age is 18, like in the U.S. Hybrid electoral system: two ballots, one vote for a Political party (based on PR), and a second for a candidate (based on FPTP) Half of MPs elected on PR, other half on FPTP.

Mineworkers

The miners' strike of 1984-85 was a major industrial action to shut down the British coal industry in an attempt to prevent colliery closures.

FDP (Liberals)

The most 'liberal' party in Germany in the (neo) classical sense. National Liberal Party, important in Second Reich, its Successor, liberal party in the FRG is the Freie Demokratische Partei (or FDP) Ideology is classically liberal, free market, but it Has some roots in the National Liberal Party and Is strongly pro-business. Some of its older members were supporters of the Nazis, as were many leaders of German industry, etc. Flirting today with the AfD, more on them in a Moment, FDP has taken an increasingly strong Anti-immigration stance, at odds with its liberal, Free market, ideology Leadership: played a big role in German Governments from the early years of the FRG Until 1998, as a member of coalition governments With CDU in the 1950s and '60s, and with SPD in 1970s, back to CDU in the 1980s and '90s, kingmaker Walter Scheel, H-D Genscher, Otto Lamsdorf, Guido Westerwelle... Christian Lindner Bases of support: mostly big business, intellectuals, academics, etc. Struggled in recent years to make the 5 percent hurdle, disappearing from Bundestag in 2013 after several years in coalition with CDU, bounced back in 2017 Never more than 14% of the vote (2009, briefly Back in coalition with CDU, but support Collapsed, as it was unable to distinguish itself From CDU. Under Lindner, FDP has moved to the hard right. On cultural and immigration issues, trying to Compete with AfD

Eurozone Problem 2: You cannot have monetary union without a banking union.

The new Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) will alleviate the link between failing banks and sovereign debt crises. But it's insufficient: too little fire-power in SRF and common deposit insurance. The bail-in rules of the SRM has already been delegitimised: Italy is now bailing out Monte dei Paschi di Siena (MPS) - Both bail-in and bail-out involve tax-payer money in the Italian case.

Frederick the Great of Prussia

The ruler who consolidated Prussian rule and built a strong administrative state with a 'military ethic'. When Frederick the Great comes to power (1740) as the second King of Prussia, Prussia is a legitimate power, with a strong military state (feudal ethic of order and obedience, etc.). FTG consolidates Prussian power and builds a strong public Administration on the model of the French Absolutist monarchs. seizure of the Austro-Hungarian province of Silesia from Maria Theresa (1742) a classic example of Realpolitik (similar to Putin's seizure of Crimea from Ukraine), taking territory from a neighboring state in a moment of weakness. FTG brings feudal values of discipline, obedience to authority to the new German union/state, a profoundly conservative political culture.

The Paris Commune

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

The Maastricht Treaty, EMU and the €*

The two European leaders who struck a deal to bring about EMU and the creation of a single currency, the €uro, were Kohl and Mitterand. German unification was one of the push factors for the creation of the euro. The advent of the €uro led to a housing boom and then a bust in many Eurozone countries.

Bundesrat

The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature). Bundesrat, the upper house, is indirectly elected by The Landtag. A fairly powerful body can initiate legislation represents the Länder and Has veto power overall social and economic policies, including taxation, education, police and criminal justice, transportation, energy, etc. (note current controversy in U.S. over federal authority) Much greater power than French Senate or British House of Lords, less powerful than US Senate, in part because of turnover due to Frequency of state elections, every 5 years Composed of delegates chosen by the majority Parties in the Landtag (State diet or parliament)

Bad Godesberg Program*

This made the socialist party a lot more democratic... focus on social democracy Labor unions had abandoned the old demands for nationalization and instead cooperated increasingly with industry, achieving labor representation on corporate boards and increases in wages and benefits. "when will other communist parties have their Godesberg moment"

Fourth Republic

This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. They granted the right to vote to women. Succeeded in breaking the stalemate society because of the tabula rasa effect of WWII... the harms and shame of Vichy led people to work together - used modern economic policies (Monnetism) But it was a political failure due to the tri-party government - dominated by political parties & instable

Popular Republican Movement

This, (known as the MRP), essentially a Catholic progressive party like the Christian Democrats found across the continent following WWII, but more progressive than most of the others, founded a provisional coalition government in France with the Socialists and Communists following WWII, gaining their power since the right was associated with Petain and the Vichy government. The constitution of the Fourth Republic, created by the Constituent Assembly ran by the coalition, was essentially the same as the constitution of the Third Republic in which the parliament would be all powerful and there would be no powerful executive. De Gaulle resigned the Presidency in disgust. By 1947 the Communists were kicked out of the cabinet at the height of Cold War tensions.

grands corps*

Top bureaucrats of France, will become a part of it if you are a part of the higher French civil service

Corn Law debates

Tories passed the Corn Laws which were protective tariffs against foreign wheat and corn. Liberals and Radicals joined together in the Anti-Corn Law League which promoted lower the price of grain prices. These two groups had different motivations. debates regarding the tariffs on corn and grains, led to severe pushback and eventual UK opening to free trade

tuc

Trade Union Congress. National trade union center, a federation of trade unions in England and Wales, representing the majority of trade unions- umbrellas all different unions. Syndicalist: political from independent and powerful trade unions. Labour party grew from "bowels" of this.

TUC

Trades Union Congress aka federation of trade union. The peak trade union organization. In 2009, 60 trade unions were affiliated with it, therefore representing some 6.4 million trade union workers out of 7 million unionized workers. Far more inclusive organization with the its inclusion of the most important trade unions thus the largest trade unions, Unite and Unison, are in the TUC. TUC coordinates the activities of their members and represent them in government dealings. Has a number of specialist departments and provides trade union education. However, trade unions are largely decentralized so the TUC annual congress acts largely as a federal body.

collective responsibility

Tradition that requires all members of the cabinet either to support government policy or to resign

collective responsibility

Tradition that requires all members of the cabinet either to support government policy or to resign. always agree with the PM

Phases of Political and Social Development

Traditional/Feudal (monarchy, divine right), "modern" industrial/capitalist (parliamentary, representative gov, popular sovereignty), post-modern/post-industrial/collectivist (social or economic democracy)

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s. After four years of horrific warfare, an Armistice is Declared on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 and the guns fell silent on the Western front. 2. Note that this was an Armistice, not a surrender 3. The Kaiser abdicated and a new civilian government was created by politicians in Weimar. 4. Germany was compelled to accept the humiliating Terms of the Treaty of Versailles 5. Loss of territory (see the new map), brought back The German Question with a vengeance: Wo ist Deutschland? 6. Germany was beaten but unbowed—leading to Recriminations and political instability 7. And of course the settlement at Versailles sowed the Seeds for a resurgent, militaristic, and aggressive Germany less than two decades later 8. France regained the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine 9. Germany loses territories in the east— pourquoi mourir pour Danzig!?—the Baltics and Ostpreussen, which becomes a new source of conflict between Poland and Germany. 10. Reemergence of Poland, creation of Czechoslovakia, disappearance of AustroHungarian Empire and redrawing of boundaries Across Europe

Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949

Two acts that limited the power of veto of the House of Lords by allowing the House of Commons to pass legislation by itself when it reintroduces a bill rejected by the Lords in the following session of Parliament. major win for the liberals

party government

Two party system in Britain: How to decide what party to support: 1. Where does it come from? (e. Top down- Whigs and tories came from parliament, the great and the good. Labour party comes from trade unions- bottoms up) 2. Programme and ideology (each party has their own, found in manifesto. Labour party manifesto programme: clause 4) 3. Organization of party (inside or outside party- inside: cadre + type; powerful rich people. Labour party is outside)) 4. Leadership 5. Social basis of court

Name five major political parties (or groupings/movements) in French politics:

UDF Ps-sfio Gaullist ? Socialist

State-building

UK has succeeded in building a strong, centralized state with power vested in Parliament.

UKIP

UK independent party. Founded in 1993. By Nigel Farage. Nationalists. Right winged, pro brexit, promotes unionist agended. Anti-immigration and "islamification" of GB. influenced by Thatcherism and classical liberalism.

Second Reich (Germany)

Unification of Germany through bullying, economic coercion, and war. Prussia held the most political power under the constitution of the Second Reich Founding of the Second German Reich (1871) The Reichstag in Berlin is elected on the basis of universal, manhood suffrage, representing all of the new Germany 1. BUT, the real power lies with the Prussian Landtag, which has a complicated three-tier voting system, that over-represents the old Junker class 2. The Reichskanzler, also Minister-President of Prussia (Bismarck) holds all the cards!

The Constitution of the 5th Republic ________________ the role of political parties in government

Weakened

The constitution of the 5th Republic _______________ the role of the National Assembly

Weakened

Helmut Schmidt

West Germany chancellor who believed that if a war arose between East and West Europe, Germany would suffer and lose no matter what; tried to ease tension. Finance and Defense minister under Brandt Recession and financial crisis of 1974 Founder of G-7 along with Giscard Led Germany through economic crises of 1970s, Kept growth steady and unemployment low Favorable macroeconomic balance, pro-trade, and Pro-Europe Confronted the split in SPD, Young Socialists Would form the Green Party

UK's parliament, Westminster Model, Current parliament in GB, ruling party, current PM

Westminister Model: Head of State Ceremonial Monarch Queen Elizabeth II - Has Royal Prerogative to engage troops Head of Government Prime Minister - Leader of majority party/coalition - Stays in power as long as majority supports - Selects cabinet members - Can call early elections if 2/3 of the House of Commons support Parliament - Can remove PM by vote of no confidence, or - If Confidence Bills (budget) fail in the House of Commons Current British Government: - Head of State : Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) - Head of Government : Prime Minister Theresa May (Conservative MP), since July 2016 - 2010: first return of conservatives to power since 1997 -2010-2015: formed coalition government with Liberal Democrats - May 2015-present: formed one party (Conservative) government Current Prime Minister: Theresa May - Unionist Parliament of Great Britain - Oldest legislative institution in the world, sitting in Westminster since 1547 - Political power gradually passed from monarch to the Parliament - Today: Parliamentary Sovereignty - No parliament can bind future parliament - Legislation not subject to judicial review - Parliament has unlimited power to legislate on any matter with simple majority

What are the THREE dimensions of the German Question?

What is Germany? (Territorial) Geopolitical: how do you contain Germany? (Strategic) Sociopolitical: How did Germany get its power? (Sociopolitical)

crises of distribution

What kind of tax policies and social welfare policies are you going to have? Disraeli started by creating what would be the welfare state. The Labour party coming into power in the 1940s created a welfare system with the NHS as the centerpiece. Self reliance is Thatcher's policy.

Welsh Assembly

When it was created, the Welsh assembly had no powers to make primary legislation or to vary rates of taxation. Had the power to develop and implement policy in a number of areas

Moral Hazard

When the act of insuring an event increases the likelihood that the event will happen - often related to Banking or financial policy- seen as a reason not to bail countries/businesses out b/c they don't learn their lesson

Aristotle's two criteria for political systems is;

Who rules? 2.Whose interest do they rule in?

National Assembly (lower house of the Parliament)

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people - The National Assembly can override a Senate vote - Can become an issue when it is controlled by the opposition... leading to cohabitation - elected for 5 years

modernization

a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society. various social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies

americanization of european political parties

a recent development in the politics of europe. features include negative campaigning, personalization of candidates, increased competition, etc. BUT political issues that are discussed in europe have not been americanized. - european political parties are now more pragmatic in terms of generating support and less ideological (need to appeal to specific groups of voters no matter what ideology they have)

New social movement

applied to pressure expressing a radical critique of mainstream societies, culture and institutions for ignoring people and issues that did not fit into politics as usual

New Labour Party

before known to be uncontrolled. Thatcher controlled. Newly formulated social democratic party under Tony Blair after removing Clause 4. Strong commitment to welfare state/ labour rights but did not embrace labour unions. Not equality of condition, but the liberal promise of equality of opportunity.

European council

began in 1970s as informal meetingd between heads of government, became offical EU instituatio in 2007 lisbon treaty, includes heads of government from the EU-28 and the president of the commission, deals w really big issues facing the EU, EU needs their support.

Bosnia app to the EU

began negociating in 2005 and is considered a potential candidate

Whigs

believed in noblesse obliges. corporatist theory of representation. strong supporters of the enclosure movement. favored the economic doctrine of mercantilism. came from parliament. hierarchic community rested more on sociology. maintain each subordinate part working in harmony with one another. okay with allocation of authority = more liberal.

France

close relationship between state and the media; intimate relationships between political elites and journalists; lack of tabloid press; law on the protection of privacy.

Definition of Government

collection of rules, laws, and institutions. Also successfully upholds a claim to the exclusive regulation of the legitimate use of physical force in enforcing its rules within a given territorial area.

German Confederation (1815 -1866)

consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

Council of Ministers (EU)

consists of foreign ministers, finance ministers, the president of France, and all the prime ministers of the other members. They pass any laws initiated by the EU Commission

Council of Ministers (EU)

consists of foreign ministers, finance ministers, the president of France, and all the prime ministers of the other members. They pass any laws initiated by the EU Commission. This body is intergovernmental.

2 most widely used forms of referendum

constitutional referendums, EU referendums

Nation Building

constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state

Nation Building

constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. nationalism / cultural + social identity. The french revolution was the beginning of nationalism. The ultimate nationalistic state was Germany. What brought an end to this? The destruction of the second WW and the creation of the EU.

Clause 4

controversial claim that called for nationalization of the commanding heights of British industry; produced by the Labour Party. Put in 1917, taken out in 1995 by Tony Blair.

Which of the following is not part of the liberal conception of authority? Individualism, Corporatism, Laisse faire, and Parliamentarism

corporatism

The Old Whig theory of representation can best be described as

corporatist

european political cooperation

created in 1970 to coordinate european foreign policies, it was dominated by national foreign ministries, they identified where there policies overlapped but there was no reference to a common foreign policy

Turkeys app to the EU

declared eligible for EU membership in 1997 became caididate in 1999. positive agenda: launched in 2011 to give accession talks a shot in the arm and revive idea that turkey could be an EU member. obstacles: turkish republic of northern cyprus; france and others concern about non-europeans entering EU; armenian genocide; concerns over human rights, democracy, military, etc; Gezi park protests

federal state

divides the power between the central government and the sub-units. US

Radicals

do not prescribe to certain parties, want power to the people, want to take power away from special interests

cartel parties

emerged in the 1980s thanks to mediatization of politics and the decline in political party membership, office seeking party that is interested in staying close to structures of power, relies on public and private funding as well as the media.

mass parties

emerged in the 19th century in response to the expansion of sufferage, social democrats and christian democrats were the most powerful, drew support from the large working class and catholic population

european central bank

established 1992, manage monetary policy, set interest rates, and promote monetary and price stability.

common foreign and security policy (CFSP)

established by 1992 maastricht treaty, designed to cover all aspects of foreign and security policy. -goal peace in europe and in the world. -mostly about promoting european 'soft' power like, sustainable development, free trade, human rights, development and respect for international law

Europol

established in 1995, would faciliate the exchange of intelligence and coordination of criminal investigations between national police forces.

Treaty of Rome:

established the European Economic Community (EEC), creating a common market and customs union among its members. ==

Foreign policy in the EU

even though the EU has expanded its supranational foreign policy power through the High representative and commission, foreign policy is still intergovernmental.

philip rutnam

ex permanent secretary of home office. quit because of a fight with the home secretary, Priti Patel

Germany

exceptionally strong press; political de-alignment (contrary to France and Italy).

FPTP

first past the post. Britain bases their single-member district electoral system on this. 2 party system. Candidate with the most votes wins

Gradualism

form of change in the UK system where the traditional model is slowly changing to adapt to the modern times

Jacques Delors

former President of the European Commission and the first person to serve three terms in that office; during his presidency, oversaw important budgetary reforms and laid the groundwork for the introduction of a single market (est. 1993) within the European Community

justice and home affairs

formerly the 3rd pillar of the EU; includes the free movement of people, judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters, fighting terror, organized crime, human trafficking, drug trade, and new security challenges with EU enlargement

In early liberal doctrine, property was the main qualification for

franchise

4 freedoms of the common market

free movement of people, capital, services and goods

Four Freedoms

freedom of movement, freedom of capital, free movement of goods, and freedom to establish and provide services

The so called 'revolutionary land settlement" of the French Revolution ________________ peasants control of their land.

gave

european court of justice

goal is to conform laws of the EU-28 w the EU's laws. 28 judges, duties include interpretation and application of treaties, settle diputes between states, disputes between states and the EU, or the EU and individual. can fine states that do not follow european law.

Scottish Parliament

has the power to legislate on all matters other than those that are explicitly reserved to the UK Parliament. Issues they can legislate on include: the environment, education, health, agriculture, local government, the police, housing, the courts, criminal justice, and so on. Elected for a 4 year term and a Scottish executive (essentially the PM for Scotland, currently Nicola Sturgin) is formed

cakism

have your cake and eat it too. phrase used to describe Boris Johnson's idea of brexit- hoping for the trade deal with EU but not have to hold up any of the responsibilities.

Industrial relations

how to coordinate bargaining over wages and working conditions with their labour force, the organizations that represent labour, and other employers

Schengen Agreement

in 1995, several European countries lifted all border controls between them, allowing for unimpeded access across international boundaries. It now includes most Western and Central European countries as well as many Eastern European countries.

Dahl defines politics as relationships involving "power, rule or authority." Or, as I put in my lecture: "Who gets what, when and how?" This issue requires us to consider issues of

influence, interests and legitimacy.

EU member state shared competencies

internal market, social policy, economic social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and fisheries, environment, consumer support, transport, energy, consumer safety

private member bill

introduced into legislature by a legislator not acting on behalf of the executive branch. Any MP, who is not a member of the cabinet.

cohesion policy

introduced to reduce inequality between regions and compensate poor countries for the costs of economic cooperation. makes up 36% of the EUs budget

Robert Dahl defines politics as relationships involving

involving power, rule or authority, involving territory

Single European Act of 1986

it laid down a detailed legal framework for establishing a single market, which would add the free movement of labor, capital, and services to the existing free trade in goods. It also gave a powerful second wind to the western European unity. (1055)

Syndicalist model of interest group politics

labor union has the upper hand in politics where its voice is heard the loudest. many militant trade unions but no "peak" organization. The TUC in Britain fits this pattern, where unions control the party

Which of the following is NOT part of Old Tory conception of Authority? Degree, Order, Laissez Faire, and Noblesse Oblige.

laisse faire

The quote, "men and women are entitled to live their lives as they choose, according to their own idea of what is good, provided their choices do not harm others" is a very

liberal idea - negative liberty

Heimat

means homeland in Germany, has nationalistic and ethnic connotations

burghers or bourgeoisie

merchants and artisans. make up the middle class. own most of society's wealth and means of production

organization for security and cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

mostly comprehensive intergovernmental security organization in the world; includes european nations, US, canada, former soviet republics in central Asia, etc.

Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle)

name for the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after WWII (adoption of social market economy, under Adenauer and Erhard, export-oriented economics, etc.)

Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle)*

name for the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after WWII (adoption of social market economy, under Adenauer and Erhard, export-oriented economics, etc.)

What was Krupp's Party?

national liberals

managed economy

non-market economy directed by the government with power over prices, allocation of resources, and marketing of goods

structural conditions of pluralism

o Interest groups are not embedded in policy formation in a stable way, but put pressure on policy making from the outside o Competitive (relatively) unorganized, self generating, voluntary groups o Interest groups have no formal role in the implementation of policy o Interest groups also compete to represent the same interests.

Media Bias in Western Europe and Central and Eastern Europe

o Overall, similar low levels of bias in CEE and WE, although press in WE is marginally more politically biased than in CEE; o No systematic bias in CEE, while media in WE favours rightist parties; o Non-systematic bias in CEE is likely to be rooted in the short democratic experiences (higher voter volatility, coalitional changes and clientelism); o Media in WE also support incumbent parties more than media in CEE;

Corporatist (Social Democratic) model of interest group politics

parties and labor unions work together to coordinate. The government tends to be but one participant in a complex of negotiations with groups but also directs the activities of the industry which remains in private hands thru representatives of a differentiated, limited number interest groups. work closely with a dominant left-wing party. In this type of system we find a peak organization, which closely controls the members. This makes it easier to keep labor peace and to develop national incomes policies. Most common in the smaller European social democracies, like Sweden.

party government

party members that serve in Parliament also make up the cabinet, a party manifesto dictates how the party is going to act once in power. PM is the party leader for the majority party. MP's should not follow their conscience or the narrow interests of their constituency.

peasants (yeomanry)

poor farmer of low social status, works for their Lord

PR

proportional representation. will have a multi-party system. Each party gets x number of seats based on the number of votes they got.

political and security committee

provided link between CFSP (common foreign security policy) and CSDP (common security and defense policy) so the EU could accomplish its foreign policy goals

Two media systems

public service model market model

Sharing power and seeking consensus (theme of the EU book)

question of how to get 28 different members to agree to a policy when they have diff customs, diff political systems, and speak diff languages. with EUs members being sovereign states, they always try to work together to reach a consensus.

corporate governance

relations and coordination mechanisms with investors

Differences in competitiveness in a monetary union (that tends toward single prices)

requires fiscal transfers from richer to poorer areas (as in the US)

majority system

requires the winning candidate get over half the votes -- most common way of ensuring this is a second 'run off' election between the top 2 or more candidates

common foreign and security policy (pillar 2)

responsible for common EU positions on FP, common action to strengthen the security of the EU, preserve peace, and promote international cooperation

justice and home affairs (pillar 3)

responsible for dealing with cross-border crime, criminal law, and police cooperation

european community (pillar 1)

responsible for the internal market, environmental and social cohesion, economic and monetary union, immigration, asylum, and visas

traditional or fuedal

rural, means of production held by monarchy/landowners. peasantry, illiterate, stationary, family unit/ church most important aspects of peasants life

Partie Socialiste

soft left; leader is Olivier Faure; mix of republicanism and democratic socialism; party renamed in 1921 at Epinay Congress; Congress of Tours split party in two; called radishes because pretend to be left but really republican; highly secular, heavily republican; brought together by Mitterrand; extremely factionalized

To quote Dahl, "an association should be called political 'if and in so far as the enforcement of its order is carried out continually within a given territorial area by the application and threat of physical force on the part of the administrative staff.'" This notion of politics also defines

sovereignty and the state.

May 1968 in Paris

students uprising against antiquated university system, industrial workers join students (unlike in US), National strike--up to 10 million workers, barricades in streets of Paris, country shuts down, President de Gaulle flees Paris, government almost collapses, convince workers to go back to work, student uprising dissolves after a month

political culture

the emotional and attitudinal environment within which a political system operates. The values and beliefs that maintain a political culture are derived from socialization. Intrinisic to the UK: empirical in terms of problem solving and change, allegiant in terms of the political system, cooperative in making decisions, and trusting in relations to fellow citizens and allies. Characteristics of a political culture may be shared by most but there are sub-cultures/groups that do not share those values. Beer commented that civic culture was declining in England

Michel Debré

the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962.

market-building policies

the focus on liberalization and the creation of a single market. includes removing barriers to trade and carrying out regulatory reform. includes the 4 freedoms of the common market.

noblesse oblige

the inferred responsibility of privileged people to act with generosity and nobility toward those less privileged. old tory conception of authority.

european defense agency

the main CFSP institution, created in 2004 to support member states and the council in their effort to improve european defense capabilities, facilitates cooperation between the european defense ministries and arms makers

Social bases of support

trade unions, working class, elites/aristocracy, academics

sources of legitimacy (Max Weber)

tradition (divine right), charisma (cult of personality), legality (representative government)

sources of legitimacy

tradition, charisma, legality

Edmund Burke wanted to preserve

traditional principles and institutions

Max Weber's 3 grounds on which leaders may claim to rule I.E. three types of legitimacy are

traditional, charismatic and legal/formal.

Militant Tendency

trotskyite entryist group in british labour party. based around the Militant newspaper launched in 1964. "Trots". The late 70s-80s big Trotskyite push within the Labour party. Trotsky great revolutionary along w Lenin. Advocated permanent revolution. Bring about a worldwide revolution. Radical left-wing militant. Tony Ben major figure in it. Became the loony left

EU Reaction to Migrant crisis

¥ Financial support for Greece and Italy. ¥ Attempts at burden sharing by migrant quotas (so far too little agreement as numbers grow). ¥ The EU has made a deal with Turkey to clamp down migrant flows in exchange for financial support, easier visas for Turks, and greater lip-service for Turkey's EU membership. ¥ Migrants arriving in Greece now sent back through Turkey.

Crisis of Integration

¥ Further EU integration or disintegration is necessary to solve all European crises. ¥ Fears of a Federal Europe over-blown. Even if it happened, it took the US (country with a relatively homogenous population) a century and a devastating civil war to achieve an irrevocable political union. (Heterogeneous) Europe is a short way down that path.

Crisis of Integration: Economically

¥ Globalisation necessitates strength and solidarity within a single market. Consider the UK's status in the world markets in terms of non-monetary trade barriers (product standards): who will play by whose rules (the EU and China by the UK's product standards)? Or consider the UK's strength in forging trade agreements? ¥ Some further fiscal integration is necessary for the maintenance of a single currency.

Crisis of Integration: Politically

¥ Heterogeneous preferences among European voters. ¥ Transitivity of individual preferences does not translate to transitive social preferences (Condorcet's paradox and Arrow's Impossibility Theorem).

Economic Crisis: Differences in spending and competitiveness between MS are deeply embedded in national social bargains and political histories.

¥ Southern Europe was never going to reach Germany's wage discipline, (disciplined) government spending, and international competitiveness. ¥ Germany's competitiveness is mainly due to an artifically low exchange rate. Secondly, it's due to excessive restraint on unit labour costs (growth only 1% p.a.) ¥ The trade-surplus necessarily translated to a creditor status. ¥ Germany is one of the few EU countries that benefits from the euro.

Political consequences

¥ The Schengen area is falling apart and some countries (incl. Germany, France, Austria and Sweden) have reintroduced border checks. ¥ Anti-immigration parties have increased in popularity, especially in Germany, Hungary, Sweden and Austria (greatest recipient coutries). ¥ Migrants have put additional pressure on Greek public services already suffering cuts. This further erodes Syriza's popularity. Will people vote for Golden Dawn next? ¥ Migrant crisis was a part-factor behind Brexit. Cultural change in Europe and open immigration were seen as threats. ¥ Complicates EU-Turkey relationship: Erdogan has threatened the EU to 're-open floodgates' if the EU does not stop criticising Erdogan's authoritarian policies.

Austerity across Europe pointless

¥ reduces aggregate demand during times of crisis and increases debt burden. ¥ drives emigration. (Immigration was a key factor behind Brexit). ¥ discrete internal devaluation that will boost Greece's competitiveness only temporarily. ¥ will not stop a repeat of the crisis (i.e. it does not improve competitiveness long-term).