Poli. Sci. Ch.5
221) What did Jim Crow laws mandate?
segregation
213) How does the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) define a disabled person? What rights are guaranteed to disabled people under the ADA? What infrastructure must be created to ensure these rights?
"person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity. Guaranteed:protections to individuals with disabilities in the areas of employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications. FHWA is responsible for ensuring access for persons with disabilities."
190) If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity, what amendment would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?
14th
189) Women were guaranteed the right to vote by the __________ Amendment.
19th
179) What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) use most effectively to advance civil rights for African Americans?
Boycotts
211) What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?
Did not violater either the 13th or 14th amendments, just facilites had to be separater but equal.
188) What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?
Discrimination in public accommodations
216) What was the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy? What was the penalty for a soldier who violated this policy? Why was it implemented? What is the current status of the policy?
For 17 years, the law prohibited qualified gay and lesbian Americans from serving in the armed forces and sent a message that discrimination was acceptable.discretion. Stopped in 2011.
196) Why was Rosa Parks arrested?
For reufusing to leave her seat in front of a bus's noncolored section to make room for a white male passenger.
217) The Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil liberties of __________.
Gays and lesbians
203) According to the Supreme Court's decisions in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) , in what area could Congress prohibit discrimination against African Americans?
In The Civil Rights Act of 1883 SCOTUS prohibited public discrimination against African Americans, but could not prohibit private discrimination.
220) Does the Supreme Court affirm the right of consenting adults to engage in private sexual activity?
In the 2003 case Lawrence v. Texas, the Court declared a Texas antisodomy statute unconstitutional, ruling that homosexual sodomy is part of the fundamental right of adults to engage in private sexual activity.
201) What was the result of the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke decision?
It invalidated the use of racial quotas
193) How do the rational basis and the intermediate standard of review differ?
It is easier for government to demonstrate that there is a rational basis for a law then to meet the requirements of the intermediate standard.
197) What are grandfather clauses, and why were they enacted?
It served as a constitutional mechanisms passed by several southern states to deny sufferage to black americans. It was enacted for voting purposes.
178) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to overturn the ___________ laws.
Jim Crow laws
192) In spite of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women in the early twenty-first century still earn less than men, which led President Barack Obama to sign what law?
Lilly Leadbetter Act
219) What were the effects of Gratz v Bollinger and Grutter v Bollinger?
On June 23, 2003, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the use of equal opportunity policies. Prior to the decision, several organizations and individuals filed friend-of-the-court briefs in support of equal opportunity. Since the decision, many reports assessing equal opportunity in higher education have been published.
180) What did the Civil Rights Cases accomplish?
Outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women, validate state black codes
175) What were the main effects of Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education?
Plessy v. Ferguson was a supreme court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctorine of "seperate but equal" . The Brown decision overturned the legal policies established in Plessy v. Ferg. that legalized the practices of "seprate but equal".
205) The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits any state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" is known as the __________ clause.
Privileges and Immunities
198) What was Reconstruction? How did its ending open the door for the adoption of Jim Crow laws?
Recunstruction was a time period after the civil war between the north and south were the united states would let rebellious states in the south back into the union. It opened the door for Jim Crow because since the emancipation proclomation abolished slavery white southeners had to find a way to opress blacks since they could no longer own slaves
215) What was the objective of the women's suffrage movement?
Right to Vote. Right to government. Right to control and own her own property, etc.
194) In what types of cases has Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped women achieve key victories?
Sexual harrasment , inclusison , and affirmative action.
195) What is strict scrutiny, and what kinds of situations would most likely be violations of it?
Strict scrutiny is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by the united states court.
182) Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unsuccessful?
Supreme Court decided that public discrimination could not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private, not a state act.
177) What was the ruling in Reed v. Reed?
Supreme Court ruled that administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that descriminates between sexes.
199) What precipitated the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The Rosa Parks Arrest
218) Why did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States.
176) What was the Reconstruction Era?
The period following the cival war (1865-1877), and the focus on transforming the south (1863-1877) with the reconstruction of state and society.
181) What are the poll taxes and how did they affect the African American communities after the Civil War era?
The poll taxes were taxes on the right to vote that were due when African Americans had the last amount of money on hand. Black voting fell by 62%.
186) What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v. United States? What does this decision suggest about the Court's willingness to protect civil rights during wartime?
The use of strict quotas are inappropriate, but they were free to "take race into account"
187) How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?
The use of strict quotas are inappropriate, but they were free to "take race into account"
206) What were Black Codes? What were they designed to do?
They were laws passed by states trying to supress the freedom of emancipated African Americans, discriminating against them, and denying most legal rights.
185) According to the Supreme Court decisions in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke and the two University of Michigan cases noted in the chapter, what sorts of affirmative action programs for admission to public universities are permissible, and what sorts are not?
To provide special opportunities to those who suffer from discrimination
207) What does the 14th amendment do? Does it affect both men and women?
When the 14th Amendment passed in 1868, it was intended to give former slaves equal protection and voting rights under the law; it was not meant to protect women. In fact, it specified equality for male slaves, female slaves were excluded as were all women, regardless of race.
212) What is the Equal Pay Act of 1963?
a United States federal law amending the Fair Labor StandardsAct, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see Gender pay gap). It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.
224) What were the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and why were they necessary, given that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were enacted decades beforehand?
because they were actually specified on every american black, or white or whomever can vote
209) What is the Equal Rights Amendment? Whose rights did it affect, and how?
civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex. It affected woman mostly and it gives them the same pay as men for the same job
222) What was the Supreme Court's rationale in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) for why Congress could not prohibit discrimination in public accommodations?
discrimination in a a variety of descrimination in public places
223) What was the main purpose for the March on Washington?
for jobs and freedom in the nation's capitial
191) What does the 15th amendment do?
granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
208) What is Title IX, and what kinds of situations would most likely be violations of it?
prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. If schools do not let girls have an equal opportunity to play sports like football.
183) What did the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 do?
protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance.
210) What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?
segregation
214) What were the Jim Crow laws?
statutes enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites
184) What were the major issues at stake in the first major civil rights case addressed by the U.S. Supreme Court, Dred Scott v. Sandford?
the constitutionality of the missouri compromise and whether slaves were U.S citizens