poli sci has all 2
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. Established judicial review
Alexis de Tocqueville
(1805-1859) French philosopher, politician and author; his work, Democracy in America, encouraged Americans to form their own culture rather than mimicking that of Europeans.
Intolerable Acts
(4.1) passed by Parliament in 1774 in reaction to the Boston Tea Party. Passed series of measures including shutting down Boston Harbor and the Quartering Act, which allowed British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes and other buildings. This resulted in the colonists forming the First Continental Congress and drawing up a declaration of colonial rights. - Tom says this was a combination of the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act.
earmarks
(AKA pork) special provisions in legislation to set aside funds for projects that have not passed an impartial evaluation by agencies of the executive branch
Whiskey Rebellion
(GW) In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
Republic
(Latin for "A public idea") This is the idea that a country should not have a King at all but that people should be directly in charge of themselves by picking a representative to run the government.
Amendment 22
(Presidential Term Limits) Limits the president to two terms or a maximum of ten years
Andrew Jackson (D) v. John Quincy Adams (R)
(R) represented merchants, bankers, and some large planters
James Madison
(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Montesquieu
(1689-1755) Major enlightenment philosopher, introduced the theory of the separation of powers. french social commentater and political (executive, legislative, judicial
Committees
(The Committees system in Texas are very important in your career), Committess can do all of the following to a bill: Weaken it, amendment it (add things to it), Fix technical errors in the bill, but they cannot pass it)
Common Law
(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions
Plurality
(in an election with more than 2 options) the number of votes for the candidate or party receiving the greatest number (but less that half of the votes)
Due Process
(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles
Anarchy
(n) a lack of government and law; confusion
Communism
*A type of government in which the state designs and controls the economy under the power of an authoritarian party. *It eliminates private ownership of property or individual apical in order to create a classless society where all goods are shared equally by all individuals
The state government has explicit powers:
--run elections --regulate intrastate commerce --protect public health and safety --establish state and local government
Shared powers b/w state and federal govt.?
--tax --borrow money --enforce laws --take property
What are some ways that political parties influence policy opinion?
-Act as cues or "short-cuts" -They take advantage of the public's lack of knowledge -Effective mental short-cut
Distribution of Power in U.S. [Both (State and National)]
-Create and enforce laws -Set taxes -Borrow money
Distribution of Power in U.S. [National Government]
-Declares war -Manages foreign relations -Oversees international, foreign, and interstate trade -Mint money in a treasury
1932-1964; The new deal condition
-Made by the democrats; relied on urban working class, ethnic groups, the poor, and southerners.
1828-1856; Jacksonian Democrats v. Whigs
-Modern party founded by Jackson -Whigs were formed to oppose the democrates
Distribution of Power in U.S. [State Government]
-Oversees export and import within its boundaries -Manages public health and safety -Ratifies amendments
What are some of the tasks of Political Parties?
-Pick candidates -Run campaigns -Give cues to voters - Articulate policies -Coordinate policy making -Works as a linkage institution.
What are the ways through which State party organizations affect how presidents are selected.
-Primaries or caucus -When nominating elections will be held -Variations in delegate selection procedures by state. *Texas uses the "Texas Two-Step (caucus)"
Why is public opinion so important to American government?
-Remember, our government is not only a democracy but a representative democracy in which people elect reps to rule on their behalf.
1860-1928; The two republican eras
-Republicans rose as the antislavery party -1894 depression kept republicans in power
What are some characteristics of whats going on politically from 1968- Now?
-The Era of a divided party gov -Party dealignment and party neutrality: people are indifferent toward and disengaged from the two parties through the 1980s. -Since 1994 there has been increased polarization, may have entered a new party era of divided gov. and polarization.
How did the Progressives undermine party machines?
-The direct primary -The secret ballot -Civil service reform -Direct election of senators -Recalls, initiatives, and reforms
What does the government look like today? (President, Congress, etc.?)
-The president is a Democrat -Congress is controlled by hella lot of Republicans (Both in the Senate and the House) -NOT the best combo unfortunately.
What are some the basic features of current immigration policy in the US?
-citizenship as a privilege -focus to bring in relatives, family members, and skilled workers
What are some of the major provisions of Obamacare?
-requires most individuals to have health insurance -expansion of medicaid -employers must provide qualifying coverage or pay an 8% of payroll tax -must provide contraceptive services
Article 5
-talks about how to amend the Constitution: 2 ways to amend: 2/3 Senate and 2/3 House, or 3/4 States
Appellate Court
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Capital murder
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District attorneys
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Filibuster
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First degree Felonies
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George W. Bush
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Interest groups
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League of Nations
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Merit Selection Plan
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Missouri Compromise
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Multimember Districts
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Original Jurisdiction
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Partisanship
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Penal Code
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Plea Bargaining
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Plural Executive
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Quorum
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Redistricting
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Republicans
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Speaker of the House
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Special Sessions
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State Board of Education
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State government Employees
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Sunset advisory committee
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Texas Bureaucracy
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Texas Executions
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Texas Governor
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Texas House of Representative
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Texas Legislators
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Texas Municipal Courts
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Texas Secretary of State
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Texas Senate
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Texas State Judges
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Texas State Tresasurer
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Texas Supreme Court
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Texas attorney general
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U.S. Bill of Rights
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Veto
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What are the three components of Parties?
1) Electorate 2) Organization 3)Government
Leaks and Scoops
1- Disclosures of information that officials want to keep secret. 2- This is what you get when leaks enable reporters to break stories before their competitors can report them.
7 Articles (principles) of the Constitution
1.) Legislative Power (Popular Sovereignty) 2.) Executive Power (Republicanism) 3.) Judicial Power (Federalism) 4.) States' Powers and Limits (Separation of Powers) 5.) The Process of Amendments (Checks and Balances) 6.) Federal Powers (Limited Government) 7.) Ratification (Individual Rights)
Congress is divided into two parts
1.) House of Representatives - permits representatives from the states based on population 2.) The Senate - allows for two representatives from each state
Dred Scott v. Sanford
1857 court case that ruled that a slave had no right to sue for his freedom and that Congressional prohibitions against slavery in U.S. territories were illegal
14th
1868 amendment that prohibits states from denying civil rights and individual liberties to their residents, "equal protection" clause
Filibuster
A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.
Recall
A procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired
Liberalism
A set of beliefs that includes the advocacy of positive action to improve the welfare of individuals, support for civil rights, and tolerance for political and social change
Nation-state
A sovereign state consisting of people who identify with a common identity or nation.
Conference committee
A special joint committee appointed to reconcile differences when bills pass the two chambers of Congress in different forms.
Provide Public Services
Abraham Lincoln identified this purpose of government in 1854 by saying that the government should do for a community whatever they need to have done to promote the general welfare.
Legitimacy
Acceptance by a community that those in power have the right to govern the people.
Laswell, Harold
According to HAROLD LASSWELL, Politics is "Deciding who gets what, and how."
An interest group primarily organized around voluntary members: often a nonprofit or public advocacy organization.
According to the text, which of the following is an example of a membership group?
Politics
Activity related to making or affecting decisions for a community.
Sugar Act
Actually lowered the duty on molasses to deter smugglers bringing goods into the colonies from the West Indies.
Fourteenth Amendment 1868
Addresses the question of citizenship for recently freed slaves by providing them with rights and priviliges, state and national citizenship. Applied the "equal protection of laws". Voided the three-fifths clause.
Reconstruction
Admittance of the Confederate States back into the Union. Four basic concerns: role of the states, government control, status of former slaves, preventing similar events in the future. Resulted in the Ten Percent Plan.
twelfth amendment (12th)
Adopted in 1804, an amendment to the Constitution that requires the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college.
Aristocratic System
Afraid of giving more power to the people.
Amendment 15
African American males could vote
Lutherans
After stopping to seek reform in the Catholic Church, Luther and his followers became this separate religious group.
Fascism
Aggressive nationalism with a dash of elitism, belief in inequality and an opposition to democracy and communism.
Direct democracy
All citizens participate in making decisions instead of electing representatives
Gideon v. Wainright
All defendants in serious criminal cases were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were too poor to afford it
Constitutional
All of Aristotle's governments would be considered ______ government.
The Equal Protection Clause
All people are entitled to equal rights and treatment before the law. Supreme Court uses three tests--rational basis, suspect classifications, and fundamental rights--to determine violations of equal protection. Part of the 14th amendment and the basis for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).
Fifteenth Amendment 1870
Allowed all male U.S. citizens the right to vote including former slaves.
What does freedom of expression do?
Allows citizens to influence government and act to protect their rights
Eminent Domain
Allows the govt to take property for public use but also requires the govt to provide just compensation for that property
Great Compromise
An agreement made to provide for a presidency, a Senate and a House of Representatives (bicameral legislature).
Conservative coalition
An alliance of Republicans and southern Democrats that historically formed in the House or the Senate to oppose liberal legislation and support conservative legislation.
state of the union message
An annual message to Congress in which the president proposes a legislative program. The message is addressed not only to Congress but also to the American people and to the world
Logrolling
An arrangement in which two or more members of Congress agree in advance to support each other's bills.
Plain Folks
An attempt by a candidate to appeal to the average voter as just "one of the people"
Band Wagon
An attempt to convey a sense of momentum and to generate a positive mentality
Democratic-Jeffersonian Rebuplicans
An early political party formed in opposition to the Federalists. Interpreted the Constitution in a narrow, limited sense. Sympathetic to the needs of the common man.
executive agreement
An international agreement made by the president, without senatorial ratification, with the head of a foreign state.
Truman Doctrine
Claimed that the US would not start a war with the Soviet Union but would support all free peoples in countries that were resisting communism. Articulated a policy of "containment".
Townshend Acts
Claimed that the colonists were only allowed to buy from Great Britain and taxed the colonists for a number of manufactured goods and materials (e.g., paint, tea, paper, glass). As a result, the British sent troops to Boston the enforce customs duties raising tensions with colonists who felt they were among other fears, competing with jobs for soldiers needing a second job. Bostonian laborors threw rock-filled snowballs at the red coats, five townspeople were killed and the event was coined the "Bloody Massacre".
What are the special courts?
Claims court Court of international trade Court of military appeals
Establishment Clause
Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.
Necessary and Proper Clause
Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government
Federalism
Clear line between national and state powers
Democrats
During the 2nd Party System (alignment), which political party favored a bloody policy of Indian (Native American) removal?
Totalitarianism
Extreme form of authoritarianism and depends on it to function Tolerates NO pluralism Guided by an ideology
Reactionary
Extremely conservative people
Revolutionary
Extrtemely liberal people
Equal Time Rule
FCC rule requiring media stations to offer advertising time to all candidates if they offer it to one candidate.
Authoritarianism
Government is controlled by a ruler; oppressive
LEGITIMACY
Government laws are Generally accepted as necessary, proper, and legally binding.
Limited Government
Government may only do things that the people give them the power to do; i.e., the government must follow the law.
Socialism
Government owns the basic means of production, decides how to use resources, distributes the products and wages, and provides social services such as education, health care, and welfare.
Recall Referendum
Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.
Checks and balances
Limits imposed on all branches of government by giving each he right to amend acts of the other branches.
Campaign Contributions
Limits imposed to campaign contributions to tribical candidates in Texas did not stop incumbents from receiving 4million
appropriation
the passage, by Congress, of a spending bill specifying the amount of authorized funds that actually will be allocated for an agency's use
government
the preeminent institution within society in which decisions are made that resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges; unique because it has the ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values
speaker of the house
the presiding officer in the House of Representatives; the Speaker is always a member of the majority party and is the most powerful and influential member of the House
oversight
the process by which Congress follows up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended
political socialization
the process by which political beliefs and values are transmitted to new immigrants and to our children; the family and the educational system are two of the most important forces in the political socialization process
Constitutional Interpretation
the process of determining wether a piece of legislative or government action is supported by the constitution
lawmaking
the process of establishing the legal rules that govern society
politics
the process of resolving conflicts and deciding "who gets what, when, and how." More specifically, the struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges
redistricting
the redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within each state
authority
the right and power of a government or other entity to enforce its decisions and compel obedience
universal suffrage
the right of all adults to vote for their representatives
Social Compact
the social concept of a group of autonomous individuals living in a state of nature, making a common agreement about the sort of political world they want to live in
president pro tempore
the temporary presiding officer of the Senate in the absence of the vice president
filibuster
the use of the Senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill
dominant culture
the values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society
SECULARISM
there is a Wall of Separation between church and state.
civil liberties
those personal freedoms, including freedom of religion and freedom of speech, that are protected for all individuals; the civil liberties set forth in the US Constitution, as amended, restrain the government from taking certain actions against individuals
unconstitutional
to declare illegal, null and void, of no force and effect
Trade reciprocity
treatment of foreign traders same way foreigners treated US
supply-side economics
trickle down tax incentives and cuts reduce spread of productivity and investment
Article 1 Sec 3
two senators from each state terms for 6 years, the classes of terms, 30 years old, 9 year citizen, VP- President of The Senate, Senate chooses Pro tempore in absence of VP, try impeachments 2/3 votes of members present
Generality
vague statement; general statement which is not detailed; quality of being general; greater part; most; Ex. generality of people
what were the problems with the articles of confederation?
very weak powers to the federal govt. (no taxation powers). All powers in the legislature - no executive branch or judicial branch. To pass anything 9/13 of the state delegates needed to agree. *The was no power to regulate interstate commerce (trade) → resulted in trade wars.* Amending the articles required unanimous consent.
advantages of the Union in the Civil War
wealth, industry, manpower, naval command, railroads
Churches
what is another institution that makes decisions to resolve conflicts?
wide dispersion of power
what is the cause of amplified agreements, negotiation and compromise as well as being slow in government actions?
Alcohol consumption
what's an example of what a church cannot force you to comply to?
churches cannot use force
what's the difference between churches and government?
Oligarchy
when a small group of people has all the power. It can also mean rule by a few.
Joseph Schumpler
who states "government is mostly about means, not the end result"?
it's the only institution that uses coercion to enforce laws or decisions
why is government unique?
Federalist papers 10
written by James Madison: outlines the need for and general principles of a democratic republic. Also provides a political and economic analysis of the realities of interest group or faction politics (considered one of most important documents in American History)
1781-1787
years of Articles of Confederation / often called the "critical period"
Members of Parliament (MP's)
People who work for us in Parliament are called what?
FEDERALIST STRATEGY
Promise of a Bill of Rights, gaining the approval in the large states and speedy ratification in the willing states to create a snow ball effect. The Founders stipulated that the Constitution was to take effect when ratified by CONVENTIONS IN NINE STATES.
Propaganda
Promoting ideas through pictures, ads, commercials, etc.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949
Prompted by the soviet blockade in Berlin.
Amendments 5-8
Protect citizens who are accused of crimes and brought to trial; impartial jury, defended by a lawyer, and speedy trial.
civil rights
Protect individuals from discrimination.
civil liberties
Protect the sanctity of the person from government interference.
Fourth Amendment
Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.
Federal Trade Commission
Protects consumers by looking into false advertising and antitrust violations
Securities and Exchange Commission
Protects investors by monitoring the sale of stocks and bonds
What does affirmative action aim to do?
Provide full and equal opportunities to all minorities
What role did the Federal Reserve play in the financial/housing crisis in 2008?
Provided $700 billion in expenditures
Judiciary Act 1789
Provided for a Supreme Court of six justices
Nineteenth Amendment 1920
Provided for women's suffrage.
Fifth Amendment
Provisions concerning prosecution. Persons cannot be punished unless indicted by a Grand Jury; no double jeopardy (cannot be charged twice for the same crime); does not have to serve as witness against himself; due process; compensation for private property taken for public use
VIRGINIA PLAN
Randolph's large state plan proposed population as the basis of representation in the legislature and called for the election of the executive by the legislature.
There are multiple theories on how people form opinions:
Rational choice theory → self interests: weigh cost / benefit analysis Online processing - individuals have opinions that are updated as new information arrives Memory-based processing → consult your memory for relevant data for or against an issue
Miranda vs. Arizona
Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police.
Stamp Act
Required the use of stamped paper for all legal documents. Funds from this were to be used for the provisioning of British soldiers.
Article VII
Requires 9 of 13 states must ratify an amendment before it is put into the Constitution.
Alien
Residen of another country who has not yet become a citizen of the country where the person currently lives.
What is the dennis decision?
Restricted the speech of the communist party which was advocating the overthrow of the government
Brown v Board of Education 1954
Resulted in an overturning of Plessy v Ferguson by claiming "separate but equal" were inherently unequal.
REPUBLICANS
Revolutionaries who championed supreme power to the people and influenced the creation of state governments during the American Revolution and vested most (CONCENTRATION OF POWER) governmental authority in state legislatures.
Fifth Amendment
Right against self-incrimination and double jeopardy
Fourth Amendment
Right against unreasonable search and seizure
Amendment 7
Right of a jury trial; no decision by jury can be overturned by state court
Fourth Amendment
Right of search and seizure regulated. People and their property shall not be searched without probable cause supported by oath or affirmation.
Amendment 2
Right the bear arms
Sixth Amendment
Right to a speedy and public trial. Also right to defensive counsel.
Seventh Amendment
Right to a trial by jury.
Second Amendment
Right to bear arms.
Seventh Amendment
Right to jury trial for civil action Civil Trials - right to a jury trial to settle lawsuits over money or property worth more than $20 - common law
Amendment 2
Right to keep and bear arms
Second Amendment
Right to keep and bear arms
Legal-rational Authority
Right to rule based on the law, resting in official positions rather than the individuals within them.
Sixth Amendment
Right to speedy trial A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.
Tenth Amendment
Rights of the states under the Constitution. The powers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Preferred freedom doctrine
Rights provided within the first amendment are fundamental and courts have greater obligations to protect different rights than others
Inalienable Rights
Rights that can never be taken away, rights that the government does not have the power to take away.
Civil Rights
Rights that may be described as privileges and rights guaranteed by the US Constitution and subsequent amendments and laws regarding citizens' liberties.
Oligarchy
Rule by a few
Socialism
Rule by all
Republic
Rule by law
Democracy
Rule by majority
Oligarchy
Rule by minority
Anarchy
Rule by no one
Autocracy
Rule by one
Popular sovereignty
Rule by the people
Democracy
Rule by the people (The people should have some say in government.)
Popular Sovereignty
Rule by the people. The government is based on the consent of the governed. If the government abuses their power, the people have the right to overthrow the government and change it.
Ninth Amendment
Rule of construction of Constitution. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Prospectivity
Rule of law principle that states laws must apply to future action and not past action
Monarchy
Ruled by a monarch (a non-elected, usually hereditary leader) A king, queen, emperor, empress, etc Modern example: Great Britain
Sweatt v Painter 1950
Ruled that an all-black school built in a different part of the state did not provide an equivalent to the University of Texas because of its isolation and accessibility.
Plessy v Ferguson 1896
Ruled that segregation laws were legal as long as there were separate but equal facilities. Eventually overturned by Brown v Board of Education 1954.
Nixon Doctrine
Said the US would withdraw from commitments overseas and rely on alliances with local governments to check the spread of Communism.
Haratio Gates
Saratoga He provided the Continental Army's first disciplinary code, supply procedures, and camp sanitation regulations. attempted to discredt and replace George washington, Took Part in failed campaign to wrestle control of the Continental army from Washington
How are immigration pressures in Europe similar to immigration pressures in the US? How are they different?
Similarity - need people for jobs Difference - don't have as many issues
What consequences will the "war on terrorism" likely have on the nation's federal system?
Size and power of the national government has increased to try to combat terrorism. Homeland security is a new federal agency that was created. USA Patriot Act was passed. Laws have been passed to train and equip police, fire and emergency personnel, increase transportation security and counter bio terrorism. Cost billions of dollars. Privacy for people is being watched each and every day.
Which tax is the largest for most american taxpayers?
Social Security
Democratic Socialism
Socialist societies should be achieved by democratic means rather than revolutionary ones, and democratic in nature, containing rights and freedoms.
Party Papers
Some of the earliest papers were ____________s. They included all of the positive things about one party and the negative things about the other party.
Third Party Candidate
Sometimes force one or both of the two dominant parties to shift their political platforms.
Earmarks
Special provisions in legislation to set aside funds for projects that have not passed an impartial evaluation by agencies of the executive branch. Also known as "pork".
Where does the 14th amendment apply?
Specifically to the federal government
What kind of speech can the government not prohibit?
Speech/Ideas that society finds offensive or disagreeable
Amendment 6
Speedy and public trial; impartial jury; right to legal council
History of presidential press conferences
Started by Theodore Roosevelt when he talked to reporters while getting shaved. Roosevelt held frequent informal session around his desk and provided a steady stream of news, which editors felt obligated to publish. This news publicized his policies at the same time that editors were ranting against them.
Thomas Jefferson
State govt should be stronger than the federal govt Thought the Bank would give too much power to wealthy investors Interpreted the Constitution strictly and claimed nowhere did it give the federal government the power to create a national bank Believed that the common people, esp farmers, were the backbone of the nation. Democratic-Republicans Supporters: Small farmers, craft workers, and some of the wealthier landowners.
Amendment 11
States have a degree of sovereign immunity; individuals may not sue states in fed courts
Confederate States of America
States seceding in 1860 beginning with South Carolina.
Historical Background of the Constitution
Successful revolt of the British colonies in N. America against imperial rule --> Articles of Confederation (weak and ineffective; 1781-1787; unicameral)
Federal Reserve Board
Supervises the banking system, sets interest rates, and controls the money supply
Libertarian
Support both social and economic freedoms--unrestricted speech and free markets.
Miranda v. Arizona
Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
Plessey vs. Ferguson
Supreme court decision that basically advocated segregation under the term "separate but equal"
What kind of speech can the government prohibit?
Symbolic speech that threatens public interest
Political Socialization
The process by which people acquire political beliefs and values
Selective incorporation
The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.
Appeals Process
The process for seeking protection from the court for violations of constitutional protections.
Lawmaking
The process of establishing the legal rules that govern society
Globalization
The process of increasing the interconnectedness of the world.
INITIATIVE
The process of proposing legislation by citizens through an election.
Politics
The process of resolving conflicts and deciding "who gets what, when, and how". It is the struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges
What does the race-to-the-bottom mean?
The progressive movement of capital and technology from countries with relatively high wages, taxation, and regulation to countries with relatively lower levels
Redistricting
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
Redistricting
The redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within each state.
Authority
The right and power of a govt. or entity to enforce its decisions and compel obedience
Universal suffrage
The right of all adults to vote for their representatives
Right to Remain Silent
The right of all persons not to testify against their own interests when suspected of or charged with a crime. The ____________ is rooted in the belief that it is the government's obligation to prove guilt.
Nineteenth Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.
What are civil rights?
The right of every person to equal protection under the law and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities
Executive privilege
The right of executive officials to withhold information from or to refuse to appear before a legislative committee.
Head of state
The role of the president as ceremonial head of the government.
Chief executive
The role of the president as head of the executive branch of the government.
Commander in chief
The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United
Chief legislator
The role of the president in influencing the making of laws.
Chief diplomat
The role of the president in recognizing foreign governments, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements.
Lawrence Vs Texas
This court case over turned previous ones and made it to were government cannot regulate or control sexual actions no matter the orientation
Brandenburg vs. Ohio
This court case showed that it is legal for a kkk member to have freedom of speech no matter how controversial as well as created the imminent lawless action test
McDonald vs Chicago
This court case showed that right to bear arms applies to states as well as federal government
Griswold Vs Connecticut
This court case upheld the notion of "right of privacy" dealing with couples using contraceptives
Freedom
This is how to express human dignity
Communist Manifesto
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.
Wealth of Nations
This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.
Legal Precedent
This means that they use previous court decisions to help decide how they should rule on the current case. In some cases, the court may overturn a previous legal precedent.
Civil Liberties
Those personal freedoms, including freedom of religion and freedom of speech, that are protected for all individuals
DELEGATED OR ENUMERATED POWERS
Those powers that are enumerated in the constitution as powers vested in the national government such as power to issue money and power to conclude treaties.
What were the main barriers for blacks when fighting for equality?
Those stemming from slavery
Separation Of Powers
Three branches of gov have different powers.
How is the government allowed to assist religion?
Through faith based initiatives
How have most disadvantaged groups achieved equality?
Through struggle
What about public assembly can be regulated?
Time, place and conditions
Amend
To change the wording or meaning of a motion, bill, constitution, and so on by formal procedure.
What do popular majorities tend to try?
To diminish the freedoms of those who hold minority views
Checks and Balances.
To fix the problem of one person (or a group of peoples) being able to gain total control what concept was invented?
Terrorism
To inflict violence and fear as well as to achieve a political goal.
Making Changes to the Constitution
To maintain stability, framers created a difficult process for making any changes No amendment can be valid without 3/4 of states ratification
True or False: Voters not really attached to a party can be easily confused.
True, Voters who do not have a solid basis for a party can more easily be confused.
The constitution does not mention political parties and the founders were generally opposed to them.
True. Political parties were though of as searching for profit, not for the common good.
Prisoner's Dilemma, Example
Two people are running for President. They could both agree to not do any attack ads, which will give them both a better chance at being elected. However, the temptation to get ahead is too much for both of them. Bob thinks Jane will create attack ads and make him look bad, and she thinks the same thing as well. So, they both selfishly decide to run attack ads. Now they are both suffering money loss and image slander.
Two-party System
Two political parties compete for power.
De facto discrimination
Type of discrimination that exists in real life
De jure discrimination
Type of discrimination that is set forth in law
Liberals
Type of radical that believes individual liberty is key
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
Divided government
What is the term that signifies at least one house of Congress is controlled by a party different from the party in control of the White House? checks and balances party division separation of powers divided government
Making compromises of the majority and minority can tolerate
What is the whole point of democracy?
Formal Amendments, Custom and usage; executive, judicial, legislative interpretation
What are the ways the constitution has changed?
Alaska and Hawaii as well as utah
What areas had political conflicts?
Article 4
What article implies that States cannot enforce criminal laws of other states
Policy analysis
What can be done. Ways to resolve problems. Alternative solutions. Consultants, commentators.
The Great Depression
What caused the national spending to triumph over state spending?
Selective incorporation on case-by-case basis
What did the Supreme Court adopt dealing with "due process"?
Political freedoms of parties outside of office
What do parties in control of the government have to recognize?
Makes it hard to detain anyone
What does "due process of law" really do?
Selective incorporation on case-by-case basis
What does Justice Felix Frankfurter believe in for "due process"?
Those with power are the elite and those without power are the masses.
What does elitism believe referring with people with power?
Facts
What does empirical mean?
Supporting with parties and knowledge or interests
What does ideology help with?
A matter of opinion
What does normative mean?
Each individual has paradoxical rights of an equal opportunity to become unequal
What does the U.S aim to achieve with it's democracy?
Limits governmental powers
What else does a constitution do besides rules?
One that protects natural rights and able for those citizens to strive for them.
What is a "good government" in Madison's eyes?
Basic rules and guidelines for exercising political authority
What is a constitution?
Elitism
What is a unrealistic view of power?
Direct democracy
What is also called pure democracy?
Canada.
What is an example of a Democracy that has a King/Queen?
America.
What is an example of a Republic?
Political parties and operation if electoral college
What is an example of custom and usage?
An alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a single issue in government policy.
What is an issue network?
A shifting alliance of public and private interest groups, lawmakers, and other stakeholders all focused on the same policy area.
What is an issue network? An organization run by the White House staff. A shifting alliance of public and private interest groups, lawmakers, and other stakeholders all focused on the same policy area. The cozy relationship in one issue area between interest group lobbyist, congressional staffer, and executive branch agency. The relationship between the president and the cabinet.
Rulers for themselves not interests of the governed
What is bad government in Aristotle's eyes?
Common Good
What is believed to be good for the whole community.
Rulers exercise power in interest for the governed
What is good government in Aristotle's eyes?
People are all selfish by nature
What is human nature?
Majority Rule
What is in relation to plurality where 50% of the population plus 1 equals type of rule?
The House Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee.
What is known in Washington, DC as D-Trip? The House Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. A meeting at the president's retreat in Delaware. The three major networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC). Free trips back to their districts for incumbent House members.
Plurality
What is the conflict between democratic principles?
Differences are by how power is divided not just division of power.
What is the difference between the 3 ways to divide government?
Party Platform
What is the document called that contains a political party's core convictions and issue priorities?
Platform
What is the document called that contains a political party's core convictions and issue priorities?
To coincide with human natire
What is the goal of government?
Prime Minister
What is the leader of the Federal government called?
Supreme Court
What is the only court specifically mentioned in the Constitution?
Unitary government
What is the opposite of a confederation?
Fragmentation of power by dividing it
What is the pluralist answer?
3/4 38
What is the ratio for ratifying amendments? And how many is that?
2/3 34
What is the ratio of states and congress proposing amendments? And how many states is that?
Divided Government
What is the term that signifies at least one house of Congress is controlled by a party different from the party in control of the White House
Divided Government
What is the term that signifies at least one house of Congress is controlled by a party different from the party in control of the White House?
Political Equality
What is typically focused out of the 3 qualities of popular sovereignty?
War, taxes, the environment
What issues are the Federal government in charge of?
Sidewalks, garbage removal, sewers.
What issues are the Municipal government in charge of?
Education, health care, roads.
What issues are the Provincial government in charge of?
Elitism
What model of American democracy believes there is no such thing as democracy?
Nevada
What state has the highest growing state percentage?
Two party system
What type of party system does the United States have, today?
They did not like one person having all the power.
What was the biggest reason ancient people wanted to change government?
All of the good governments (monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy)
What was the constitution a mix of?
Health needs
What was the main priority of governmental spending after 1979?
Income Security
What was the main priority of governmental spending before 1979?
It was a written document
What was unusual about the constitution?
Classical Liberalism
What we now know as conservatism. - Limited government - Free marketplace
Reform Liberalism
What we now know as liberalism. - Individual freedom - Government assistance of the individual may be necessary.
Coordination and communication, expensive, and threatens states authority
What were some of the problems of cooperation federalism?
World War One and two as well as the great depression
What were the reasons for the increase in governmental spending?
Unemployment, foreign policy, etc
What would be a few of the reasons that direct democracy isn't practical?
Great Britain as well as states dealing with their counties
What's an example of unitary government?
Self interested people administering strong governmental powers and not using them for themselves
What's the dilemma that Madison faced?
Congress forms territory, Residents petition, Enable act is allowed, approved by congress and president
What's the process for new states?
Monarchy
When a king or queen (or both) rules a country. Monarchs usually come to power through their family line. (Being an "heir")
Free Rider Problem
When an individual can enjoy the benefits of group action without contributing, essentially getting a free ride from the system.
[USE COMMON SENSE ON TEST]
When an issue arises in Washington that is of interest to a group, the group tends to
Constitution
When congress enact laws it must interpret the ____
1901
When did primary election first take place?
All of the above
When interest groups mobilize the public to do something on their behalf, this includes actions such as all of the above protesting. contributing funds. letter writing.
When does a state case get appealed to the federal court system?
When it involves federal issues
When can states restrict free speech?
When it will result in imminent lawlessness
Trial Balloon
When officials in the administration leak information about a potential policy and then gauge the reaction to it without committing themselves in case it is shot down.
Dual Federalism
When the states govern the people directly and the national government governs foreign affairs. This type of governing eventually led to the Civil War because there was a disagreement among the states as to division of powers. -As a direct result of the Civil War, a series of Amendments was passed that outlined the authority of the federal government over social and economic policy and the protection of citizen rights. These include the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
When may government officials restrict free-assembly rights?
When there is a "clear and present danger" or an "imminent incitement of lawlessness".
Power Elite Theory
__ is the view that a handful of wealthy, influential Americans exercise extensive control over government decisions.
Super Tuesday
___ is the date on the primary calendar when the most states hold multiple primaries and caucuses on the same day.
Critical Election
___ refers to a dramatic election that realigns the political system by changing the relative strength of the two parties and has consequences for future elections.
Winner-Takes-All
___ refers to a system under which the winning candidate receives all the delegates for that state.
Incumbency Advantage
___ refers to the tendency for members of Congress to win reelection in overwhelming numbers.
Stare decisis
___________ _________, "Let the decision stand," or allowing prior rulings to control the current case
Agenda Setting
___________ is when the press tells us what the most important story/issue of the day is. It is the relative importance the media places on one issue vs. another. This is also called a gatekeeping bias.
The United States
___________________ is the longest-lived two-party state in the world.
majority rule
a basic principle of democracy asserting that the greatest number of citizens in any political unit should select officials and determine policies
ideology
a comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of people and about the role of an institution or government
franking
a policy that enables members of Congress to send material through the mail by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage
islamism
a political ideology based on a radical and fundamentalist interpretation of Islam; the rejection of all Western democratic values and often the call for a worldwide Islamist political order; radical Islamists have provided the membership of many recent terrorist groups
libertarianism
a political ideology based on skepticism or opposition toward most government activities
socialism
a political ideology based on strong support for economic and social equality, in which a society is envisioned where major businesses were taken over by the government or by employee cooperatives
majoritarianism
a political theory holding that in a democracy, the government ought to do what the majority of the people want
enumerated power
a power specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution; the first 17 clauses of Article I, Section 8, specify most of the enumerated powers of Congress
recall
a procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired
discharge petition
a procedure by which a bill in the House of Representatives can be forced (discharged) out of a committee that has refused to report it for consideration by the House; the petition must be signed by an absolute majority (218) of representatives and is used only on rare occasions
initiative
a procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment
justiciable question
a question that may be raised and reviewed in court
democratic republic
a republic in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies
first budget resolution
a resolution passed by Congress in May that sets overall revenue and spending goals for the following fiscal year
second budget resolution
a resolution passed y Congress in September that sets "binding" limits on taxes and spending for the following fiscal year
conservatism
a set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change
liberalism
a set of beliefs that includes the advocacy of positive government action to improve the welfare of individuals, support for civil rights, and tolerance for political and social change
George Rogers Clark
a soldier form virgins and highest ranking american militia during American Revolutionary war leader of Kentucky militia throughout the war famous for his capture of britsh's kaskaska and Vinennes "Conqueror of the old Northwest" George Washington of the northwest
Privilege
a special favour, right, or advantage given to a person or group
conference committee
a special joint committee appointed to reconcile differences when bills pass the two chambers of Congress in different forms
rules committee
a standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the House
order
a state of peace and security via the protection of members of society from violence and criminal activity
democracy
a system of government in which political authority is vested in the people
direct democracy
a system of government in which political decisions are made by the people directly, rather than by their elected representatives; probably attained most easily in small political communities
continuing resolution
a temporary funding law that Congress passes when an appropriations bill has not been decided by the beginning of the new fiscal year on October 1
select committee
a temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose
pluralism
a theory that views politics as a conflict among interest groups; political decision making is characterized by compromised and accommodation
fiscal year (FY)
a twelve-month period that is used for bookkeeping, or accounting, purposes; usually, does not coincide with the calendar year (i.e. the federal government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30)
authoritarianism
a type of regime in which only the government itself is fully controlled by the ruler; social and economic institutions exist that are not under the government's control
John Winthrop
a wealthy englsh puritan lawyer and one of the leading founders of massachusetts bay colony led the 1st large wave of migrants in 1630 govenor for 12 years city upon a hill
CONCURRENT POWERS
are those powers that are concurrently exercised by the national government and the states such as taxation, administration of justice, and amending the constitution.
RESERVED POWERS
are those powers that are not granted to the nation and are not prohibited to the states but are RESERVED to the states (and the people) according to the 10th Amendment.
equality
as a political value, the idea that all people are of equal worth
US v. Darby Lumber Co.
fair labor standards
theocracy
literally, rule by God or the gods; in practice, rule by religious leaders, typically self-appointed
Classical economic theory
market as self adjusting mechanism
Comte de Rochambeau
marshal of France/commander in chief helped Americans win freedom in the american revolutionary war, Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.
35
minimum age to be President
25
minimum age to serve in House of Representaitves
30
minimum age to serve in Senate
majority
more than 50 percent
Robert Brown
my last duchess; his mom had a strong influence on him, very christian, but questioned it, toured russia, (not sure need to do research)
what is the problem with american govt. (separate institutions competing for shared power)
no one can be held directly accountable
15
number of Cabinet departments
9
number of Supreme Court justices
13
number of federal district courts
CHARTER COLONIES
of Connecticut and Rhode Island enjoyed greatest amount of autonomy in internal affairs.
FEDERALIST PAPERS
of PUBLIUS
PROPRIETARY COLONIES
of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware were owned by proprietors and enjoyed religious freedom.
EXTRADITION
of person to face legal charges, shall be granted by a state if requested by another state.
Three Strikes Laws
on 3rd serious felony, you are sentenced to life without parole
constituent
one of the persons represented by a legislator or other elected or appointed official
Dictatorship
one powerful ruler has a strong control over laws with freedoms being limited for citizens
President, Vice President, speaker of the house,
order of succession
Federalism
organization of government where the different levels of government ( national, state, and local)
executive agreement
pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state
casework
personal work for constituents by members of Congress
Locke
philosopher who agreed with Hobbes' social contract and wrote that people naturally endowed with life, liberty, property. Stated that people have right to break contract and rebel when government fails to preserve rights of people
Hobbes
philosopher who theorized that in a natural state no government exists; people surrender power in an unbreakable contract to maintain order
Article 1 section 9
places certain limits on Congress. Certain legal items, such as suspension of habeas corpus, bills of attainder, and ex post facto laws are prohibited. No law can give preference to one state over another; no money can be taken from the treasury except by duly passed law, and no title of nobility, such as Prince or Marquis, will ever be established by the government.
What are some arguments to be made that China's dramatic growth will not continue unabated?
political issues, environmental issues, resources, economic issues (outpacing itself)
nature of government
politics occurs in all forms, but this is what determines differences in government
legitimacy
popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority
judicial review
power of court to determine whether what government does is in accord with what the constitution provides
causes of the Cold War
power vacuum, decolonization, failure of diplomacy, atomic diplomacy, U.S./USSR suspicions
Amendment 9
powers reserved to the people
Amendment 10
powers reserved to the states
concurrent powers
powers shared by state and national government
separation of powers
powers that are distributed among three distinct and independent branches of the government
Rule of Law
principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
The Great Compromise
proposed population as basis of representation in the lower house and equal representation for each state in the upper house.
The main purpose of government
protect citizens and establish order
Amendment 4
protects against unlawful searches/seizes
veto
reject
Flat Taxes
require all income groups to pay the same percentage of income in their taxes
Progressive Taxes
require high income groups to pay larger percent of their income tax than low income groups
politics
resolves conflicts about what people want, also make collective decisions that bind society
Amendment 7
right to a jury trial
Amendment 6
right to a speedy and fair trial
Amendment 3
right to not to be forced to house troops
oligarchy
rule by a few
aristocracy
rule by the "best"; in reality, rule by an upper class
Aristocracy
rule by the "best"; rule by upper class society
Article III
section of Constitution dealing with Judicial Branch
Article I
section of Constitution dealing with legislative branch
Preamble
short noteworthy introduction to the Constitution
advantages of the Confederacy in the Civil War
size, troops fighting on home turf (defensive)
oligarchy
small elite of power based on wealth, status or military
John Locke
social contract people agree to obey just laws and in return they get protection to pursue life, liberty, etc.
Connecticut
state who offered the Great Compromise between NJ Plan and VA Plan
HOBBES, THOMAS
stated in THE LEVIATHAN that the life of an individual in the STATE OF NATURE was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
full faith and credit clause
states must honor the final civil rules of other states found within the constitution
The Virginia Plan
strong central govt. with a House of Representatives in proportion to state population. The Senate was chosen by the House.
block grant
sum of money given by the Nat. Gov. to a state to be used for specific purpose
CIVILIAN SUPREMACY
supremacy of elected civilian public officials over the military. The elected President is the Commander-in-Chief
Impeachments
suspicion of misconduct investigation and recommendation by house of reps trial in senate, removal from office
Congregationalism
system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing
Wall of Separation
term for the separation of church and state, coined by Thomas Jefferson. According to Jefferson, the freedom of religion articulated in the First Amendment to the Constitution could best be articulated with the image of a "_____ ___ ______" between the state and the church. This view of the First Amendment has been criticized by some.
Parliament
the British legislature
Abrogation
the abolishing of something, the doing away with
reapportionment
the allocation of seats in the House of Representatives to each state after each census
fall review
the annual process in which the Office of Management and Budget, after receiving formal federal agency requests for funding for the next fiscal year, reviews the requests, makes changes, and submits its recommendations to the president
spring review
the annual process in which the office of management and budget requires federal agencies to review their programs, activities, and goals and submit their requests for funding for the next fiscal year
what won over the anti-federalists?
the bill of rights (9th and 10th amendment)
Executive Branch
the branch of government that carries out laws
Judicial Branch
the branch of government that interprets laws
executive budget
the budget prepared and submitted by the president to Congress
senate majority leader
the chief spokesperson of the majority party in the Senate, who directs the legislative program and party strategy
popular sovereignty
the concept that ultimate political authority is based on the will of the people
anarchy
the condition of no government
Federal District Courts
the courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress
keynesian economic theory
the creation of demands through spending and lowering taxes
bicameralism
the division of a legislature into two separate assemblies
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundary lines for the purpose of obtaining partisan or factional advantage; a district is said to be gerrymandered when its shape is manipulated by the dominant party to maximize electoral strength at the expense of the minority party
bill of rights
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution
Theocracy
the form of government in which a deity is officially recognized as the civil ruler and official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely guided
representation
the function of members of Congress as elected officials representing the views of their constituents
Paradox of mass politics
the gap b/w the expectation of an informed citizenry and the discomforting reality revealed by survey research.
liberty
the greatest freedom of the individual that is consistent with the freedom of other individuals in the society
consent of the people
the idea that governments and laws derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed
Legislative Branch
the lawmaking branch of government
minority leader of the house
the party leader elected by the minority party in the House
senate minority leader
the party officer in the Senate who commands the minority party's opposition to the policies of the majority party and directs the legislative program and strategy of his or her party
Name Calling
Attack ads where candidates talk trash about each other
Freedom is not arbitrarily denied to citizens
Civil rights ensure what?
Where do women still suffer from inequality?
Job related situations
The 5th and the 14th
Which two amendments contain information about "due process"?
An organization whose goal is to influence government
An interest group is defined as
Sheild
Civil liberties are considered the ____
Individuals are free to make choices
Civil liberties ensure what?
Reince Priebus
During the 2012 election cycle, who was the chair of the Republican National Committee?
Testimonial
Endorcements from celebrities and other well-known people.
Powers of Executive Branch
Enforces the law
Nat Supremacy
Fundamental principal in US constitution where central gov is supreme within legal authority.
Lieutenant Governor
Leader of the Texas Senate (David Doherst) is picked by the people of Texas
Gentlemen's Agreement
A deal between Roosevelt and Japan agreeing to limit the number of Japanese unskilled workers they sent to the US.
The federal government has explicit powers:
--regulate commerce --make treaties --declare war --make laws --coin money --regulate post office
Party machine
"A hierarchical arrangement of party workers, often organized in an urban area to help integrate immigrants and minority groups into the political system" is the textbook's definition of what? state party organization party machine party boss national party organization
Amendment 20
"Lame-Duck" Amendment (A person still in office after he or she has lost a bid for reelection)
Virginia Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
Party Base
"Party members who tend to vote loyally for their party's candidates in most elections" is the textbook's definition of
Nathaniel Green
"The Fighting Quaker" [not to be confused with A. Mitchell Palmer (Chapter 32)]. The number two man in the Continental Army. Led the Continental Army on many campaigns against the British forces led by Lord Charles Cornwallis in the South.
10th amendment
"The powers not delegated to the U.S by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states, or the people." (Amendment)
4th Amendment
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
No there are many different contexts
"You can exercise your rights as long as it does not interfere with someone else's" Is this quote true?
Daniel Morgan
"morgan's sharpshooter" a sniper group he formed was captured in quebec but after being released was promoted to colonel & later Brigadier General. fought with Harato Gates and later nathaniel green Battle of coupons morgan ignored greenes orders to avoid direct battle he stood up against colonel tarlton defeated tarlton his tactics is considered most successful
Coalition:
A group of people with a common interest upon which e very political party depends.
What is the cost of illegal immigration to the average Texan taxpayer?
$1200
Amendment 24
Abolition of Poll Tax in National Elections
national security council (NSC)
An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on national security.
ASSUMPTIONS OF MAJORITARIAN MODEL OF DEMOCRACY
are that people are informed, active, and act rationally in politics.
The first 10 amendments to the constitution (Bill of rights)
*Amendment 1 - Freedom of religion, press, assembly, expression *Amendment 2 - Right to keep and bear arms *Amendment 3 - Conditions for quarters of soldiers *Amendment 4 - Right of search and seizure *Amendment 5 - Provisions concerning prosecution *Amendment 6 - Rights of accused in criminal prosecution *Amendment 7 - Rights in civil cases *Amendment 8 - Bail, fines, and punishment *Amendment 9 - Rights retained by the people *Amendment 10 - States' rights
lobbying coalition
*a collection of lobbyists working on related topics or a specific legislative proposal
issue campaign
*a concerted effort by interest groups to arouse popular support or opposition for a policy issue
trade association
*a lobbying group that represents a collection of related businesses, like the American Petroleum Institute (oil and natural gas companies)
single-firm lobbyist
*a lobbying professional empaled by a specific company, like Apple or ExxonMobil
K Street
*a major street in downtown Washington, DC, that is home to the headquarters for many lobbying firms and advocacy groups *synonymous with interest group lobbying
special interest
*a pejorative term, often used to designate an interest group whose aims or issue preferences one does not like
lobbyist
*a person who contacts government officials on behalf of a particular cause or issue
gift ban
*a regulation that eliminates (or sharply reduces the dollar amount of) presents from interest groups to lawmakers
public interest lobbyist
*a representation of an organization that seeks to benefit the population at large, not a specific client or small collection of people
fly-in
*a series of Washington meetings, usually on Capitol Hill, organized by lobbyists for their out-of-town clients
advocacy explosion
*a vast and relatively swift increase in interest groups active in Washington, D.C., beginning in the mid-1960s
astroturf lobbying
*an attempt by interest groups to simulate widespread public engagement on an issue
membership group
*an interest group primarily organized around voluntary members *often a nonprofit or public advocacy organization
pluralism
*an open, participatory style of government in which many different interests are represented
interest group
*an organization whose goal is to influence government
Gucci Gulch
*areas outside the White House Ways and Means and Senate Finance Committees *deal with lucrative tax and revenue issues *hallways are lined with high-priced lobbyists wearing expensive clothes
reverse lobbying
*attempts by government officials to influence interest groups on behalf of their preferred policies
intergovernmental lobbying
*attempts by public officials in one part of the government to influence their counterparts elsewhere - in another branch, or at a different state/local level
material benefits
*items distributed by public interest groups as incentives to sign up or remain a member
bird-dogging
*posing tough questions to an elected official, often at a public event *advocacy groups often engage in this tactic to advance their cause and win attention
drop
*set of brochures and position papers left behind a lobbyist after visiting a legislator's office
issue network
*shifting alliances of public and private interest groups, lawmakers, and other stakeholders all focused on the same policy area
independent lobbyists
*sometimes called "hired guns" *individuals are paid by several different clients to promote their interests *seasoned lobbyists or former high-profile government staffers
Demosclerosis
*the collective effect of the sheer number of Washington lobbyists in slowing the process of American democratic policymaking
iron triangle
*the cozy relationship in one issue area between interest group lobbyist, congressional staffer, and executive branch agency
solidarity benefits
*the feeling of shared commitment and purpose experienced by individuals who join a public interest group
Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act
*the initial U.S. statute spelling out requirements on lobbyists active in Congress, passed in 1946
revolving door
*the tendency of Washington's most seasoned lobbyists to move from government work (like a presidential advisor) to lobbying and back again
power elite theory
*the view that a small handful of wealthy, influential Americans exercises extensive control over government decisions
expressive benefits
*values or deeply held beliefs that inspire individuals to join a public interest group
game orientation and horse race coverage
1- a consequence of commercial bias. It's used in reporting about competing candidates, officials, or parties. Appeals to journalists because it generates human interest and because it is easy and relatively free from charges of partisan or ideological bias. If journalists seriously examined politics instead of using THIS, they would be less able to offer human interest and would be more vulnerable to charges of bias. 2- for elections, game orientation results in this with front-runners by commercial organizations but they also conduct polls themselves
Narrowcasting v Broadcasting
1- appeal to small segments of the audience in conrast to major networks ------2- appeal to the overall audience
Photo Ops and Sound Bites
1- frames the politician again a backdrop that symbolizes the points the politician is trying to make 2- these have shortened over the years
3 Major Types of Economic Systems
1. Capitalism; 2. Socialism; 3. Communism
How are state governments different from the federal government?
1. Governors are not technically commanders-in-chief but can call the National Guard into action 2. State supreme court decisions can be appealed to federal courts 3. Terms of state representatives and senators vary 4. Judgues, even of the state supreme courts, are elected by popular vote 5. Governors and legislators have term limits that vary by state.
Political Orientations
1. liberal; 2. conservative; 3. moderate; 4. libertarian
3 Basic Types of Government
1. long-standing democracies; 2. nations in transition to democracy; 3. authoritarian government
Powers shared by State and Fed govt
1. Taxing, borrowing, and spending $ 2. Controlling the militia 3. Acting directly on individuals
Components of the U.S. Constitution
1. The preamble 2. Seven original Articles 3. Twenty-Seven Amendments 4. Certification of the enactment
Ways to Be Nominated for Public Office
1. caucus; 2. nominating convention; 3. primary election; 4. petition
Three components that are important to citizenship education:
1.) Content - Knowledge that helps promote good citizenship 2.) Values - Set standards of human behavior 3.) Processes - The practice of citizenship through activities and opportunities
Six Major Principles of Government in the U.S. Constitution
1. popular sovereignty; 2. federalism; 3. separation of powers; 4. checks and balances; 5. judicial review; 6. limited government
5 Characteristics of Pure Capitalism
1. private ownership and control of property and economic resources; 2. free enterprise; 3. competition among businesses; 4. freedom of choice; 5. the possibility of profits
Two Views of Federalism
1. state's rights position: favors state and local action in dealing with problems; 2. nationalist position: favors national action in dealing with problems.
Goals of Socialism
1. the distribution of wealth and economic opportunity equally among people; 2. society's control, through its government, of all major decisions about production; 3. public ownership of most land, factories, and other means of production
The Purpose of Government
1. to maintain social order; 2. provide public services; 3. provide national security and a common defense; 4. provide for and control the economic system
Subfields of Political Science
1.Political theory: historical exploration 2. American govt and Politics: origins and development of the political system in the US 3. Comparative government and Politics: study of the structures of two or more political systems 4. International Relations: how nations interact with each other within the frameworks of law, diplomacy, and international organizations, such as the UN
Bill of Rights
10 amendments to the Constitution that were ratified in 1791 to protect the rights of the people.
What percent of non-citizen Latino make-up the US workforce?
13%
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. Calvinism influenced American
House of BUrgesses
1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.
Massachusetts Bay
1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.
Peace of Westphalia
1648 treaty that ended the authority of Roman Catholic popes to exert their political dominance over secular leaders / gave birth to modern nation-state
Bacon's Rebellion
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
Pontiac's Rebellion
1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
Stamp Act
1765, A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies
Tea Act
1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.
Annapolis Convention
1786 - effort to regulate interstate commerce 12 delegates from 5 states met in Annapolis, Maryland. The convention met from September 11 to September 14, 1786. The commissioners felt that there were not enough states represented to make any substantive agreement. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to get to the meeting in time to attend it, while Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia had taken no action at all.
Great compromise
1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.
Constitutional Convention
1787; convened in Philadelphia; drafted the Constitution
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt., "founding father," and author of the Federalist Papers, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and the architect of the first fiscal plan for the United States after ratification of the Constitution. He is most popular for losing a duel with Aaron Burr that eventually cost him his life.
Federalist Party
1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans. Pro-British
Marbury vs. Madison
1803 case that established judicial review
Karl Marx
1818-1883. German philosopher and economist who was a socialist advocating violent revolution; believed that in industrialized nations, the population was divided into capitalists (the bourgeoisie) who own the means of production and workers (the proletariat) who work to produce the goods. He believed that the capitalist system would collapse, because over time smaller and smaller groups of capitalists would control all means of production and, therefore, all wealth.
emergency power
An inherent power exercised by the president during a period of national crises.
Near v. Minnesota
1931 court case in which states were barred from using the concept of prior restraint to discourage the publication of objectionable material
The New Deal
1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette
1943 court case that ruled that compulsory saluting of the flag was unconstitutional
Korematsu vs. United States
1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japaneese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.
Korematsu v. United States
1944 court case that upheld the legality of the forced evacuation of persons of Japanese ancestry during WWII as a wartime necessity
Everson v. Board of Education
1947 case, the state can use taxpayer money to reimburse students who take the public bus to religious schools, because it benefits students, not religion.
Brown vs. Board of Education
1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
1954. Overruled the separate-but-equal doctrine.
Slavery
1954: Those opposed to slavery, the Whigs, and some Northern Democrats opposed to slavery united to form the Republican party Democratic party was more heavily represented in the South and was thus pro-slavery for the most part.
Gideon v. Wainright
1963 court case that ruled that courts must provide legal counsel to poor descendants in all felony cases / later extended to all defendants facing possible prison sentences
Escobedo v. Illinois
1964 case that extended the right to counsel to include consultation prior to interrogation by authorities
23rd Amendment
1965; Amendment to the Constitution that gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote (18 years old)
Freedom of Information Act
1966 Act allowing citizens to inspect all government records with the exception of classified military or intelligence documents, trade secrets or private personnel files.
Miranda v. Arizona
1966 case that mandated that all suspects be informed of their due process rights before questioning by police
Tinker v. Des Moines School District
1969 case that defined black arm bands as "symbolic speech" protected by 1st Amendment
New York Times v. United States
1971 case that allowed publication of Pentagon Papers during the Vietnam War (under 1st A)
Roe v. Wade
1973 case that legalized abortion
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
1978 case that declared university's quota system unconstitutional and upheld legitimacy of affirmative action
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
1988 case that ruled that freedom of press does not extend to student publications that might be construed as sponsored by the school
Bill of Rights
1st 10 amendments
John Jay
1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington
Articles of Confederation
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
Party Machine
29) "A hierarchical arrangement of party workers, often organized in an urban area to help integrate immigrants and minority groups into the political system," is the textbook's definition of what?
Lemon Test
3-part test for Establishment Clause cases a law must pass to be constitutional. (Lemon v Kurtzman
What percent of gun deaths in the World occur in Latin america?
40%
Number of seats in Senate and House of Representatives
435 seats.
First Amendment
5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
Due Process
5th and 14th amendment. requiring government to act in accordance with procedural Law.
What percentage of the nations cases are decided in state courts?
95%
The top 50% of all taxpayers pay ____ of what the government takes in with regards to the income tax.
98%
The "Downs Model":
: -Voters maximize chances that policies that they favor are -Parties want to win elected office.
Party Identification:
: A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or another.
National Party Organization:
: The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket.
Precinct convention:
:1st Tuesday in march (even numbered years)
Patronage:
:A job or contract given to someone for political reasons as opposed to merit. *Usually party machines.
Critical Election:
:A massive change in electoral politics where new issues and coalitions emerge in one election.
Party Eras:
:Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power.
County Conventions:
:Last Saturday in March following the precinct conventions.
Grass Roots Organizations:
:Local people who work for the party *Really important in the early presidential primaries
National Committee:
:Party Organization that keeps the party operating between conventions. *Fundraising
Party Machines:
:Political Party organizations that rely a lot on material inductions to win votes and elections.
Precinct chair:
:Selected by voters in in precinct; party organizers for the precinct. ?
Party Realignment:
:The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election.
Ticket Splitting:
:Voting with one party for a office and with another party for other offices.
Populist Party
A "third" political party championing the causes of farmers and workers, impacted the mainstream parties with its reform agenda in the 1890s.
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
twenty fifth amendment (25th)
A 1967 amendment to the Constitution that establishes procedures for filling presidential and vice presidential vacancies and makes provisions for presidential incapacity.
Miller v. California
A 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value.
Free Exercise Clause
A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.
Sam Adams
A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797.
William Bradford
A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
Lobbying coalition
A ____________ is a group of lobbyists working on related topics or a specific legislative proposal. special interest lobbying coalition membership group faction
Majority rule
A basic principle of democracy asserting that the greatest number of citizens in any political unit should select officials and determine policies
Seniority system
A custom followed in both chambers of Congress specifying that the member of the majority party with the longest term of continuous service will be given preference when a committee chairperson (or a holder of some other significant post) is selected.
W.E.B. DuBois
A black who represented an urban view for black consciousness and should fight for social and political rights. Founded the NAACP.
John Smith
A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter. He also initiated attacks on Natives. He was the council president of Jamestown beginning in 1608
popular sovereignty
A central feature of the Kansas-Nebraska Act a favored policy of Democrats in the 1840s. Averted an immediate crisis allowing individuals living within a territory or state to decide for themselves rather than Congress making the decision for them, whether or not to allow slavery. Did not provide a long term solution.
Investiture
A ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office.
Executive Order 8802
A civil rights measure by FDR providing for the employment of blacks in defense-related industries during WWII as well as outlawing racial discrimination in these spheres.
Horse Race
A close contest; by extension, any contest in which the focus is on who is ahead and by how much rather than on substantive differences between the candidates.
Public Opinion
A collection of the opinions of many individuals. In political science, we are interested in opinions about government, elected officials, and policies. An opinion is a reflection of three things: a person's beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Civil service
A collective term for the body of employees working for the government. Generally, ___________ is understood to apply to all those who gain government employment through a merit system.
Writ of Certiorari
A common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case
Revolution:
A complete overthrow of the govt. and political and social structure.
Prisoner's Dilemma
A complex decision where two people acting in their own best interest pursue a course of action that doesn't result in the best outcome. Basically, they both pick to act selfish and as a result, they both go to jail.
Ideology
A comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of people and about the role of an institution or government
Predictable
A con of the old political system was that the system was not fair or ______________.
virtual representation
A concept asserted by the British proclaiming their right to govern subjects of the Empire.
Actual Malice
A condition that exists when a person makes a statement with either knowledge of its falsity or a reckless disregard for the truth. In a defamation suit, a statement made about a public figure normally must be made with ______ _____ for liability to be incurred.
Fourteenth Amendment
A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.
Justiciable question
A controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic.
Isolationism
A country avoids involvement in world affairs.
Internationalism
A country involves itself in world affairs.
Interdependence
A country is expressly concerned with global issues, such as global economy and global terrorism.
Soveregnty
A country that can rule itself by establishing its own policies and determining its own course of action
Habeas corpus
A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
A court order requiring the government to produce the person held in prison bodily in court and state the charges against that person or let the person go free. Dates back to 1678.
Ben Franklin
A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies and diplomat sent to france to get help during revolution, A writer, scientist, diplomat, political philosopher, and a printer. He was influential in the American Revolution, Continental Congress, Declaration of independence, and was influential in creating the America as we know it.
WILSON, JAMES
A delegate to the Constitutional Convention who was considered to be the Father of the American Presidency as he was instrumental in designing the Electoral College System.
Constitution
A detailed, written plan for the government. What we currently follow in the United States.
Safe seat
A district that returns a legislator with 55 percent of the vote or more.
office of management and budget (OMB)
A division of the Executive Office of the President. The OMB assists the president in preparing the annual budget, clearing and coordinating departmental agency budgets, and supervising the administration of the federal budget.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same
Natural Law
A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.
FRAGMENTATION OF POWER
A feature of the American Constitutional system designed to have the government control itself through such principles as separation of powers and checks and balances.
Where do appeals go from district court?
A federal court of appeals
Media Malaise(general feeling of discomfort)
A feeling of cynicism and distrust, perhaps even despair, toward government and officials.
Oligarchy
A few powerful families or people run the government. The rest of the people have little to no power.
Multilateralism
A foreign policy that encourages the involvement of several nation-states in coordinated action, usually in relation to a common adversary, with terms and conditions usually specified in a multicountry treaty, such as NATO
Representative Democracy
A form of democracy in which people elect representatives and given them the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government.
Direct Democracy
A form of democracy in which the people govern themselves by voting on issues individually as citizens.
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
Representative Democracy
A form of government in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies, may retain the monarchy in a ceremonial role
Republic
A form of government in which sovereign power rests with the people, rather than a king or monarch
Oligarchy
A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.
Tyranny
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Totalitarianism
A form of government that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation
Bureaucracy
A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniforms, rules and procedures. (A career employee of the government, 300,000 State Government Employee, (Higher education, public safety, prisons, social services, - Account for 80% of state government Employees.))
Authorization
A formal declaration by a legislative committee that a certain amount of funding may be available to an agency. Some _________ terminate in a year; others are renewable automatically without further congressional action.
reprieve
A formal postponement of the execution of a sentence imposed by a court of law.
Indictment
A formal written statement from a grand jury charging an individual with an offense; also called a true bill.
Booker T. Washington
A former slave who embraced the rural view and ideals of accommodation rather than aggression as a form of black acceptance and equal rights. Founded the National Business League to help blacks pick themselves up by their own bootstraps.
Legislature
A government body primarily responsible for the making of laws
Monarchy
A government ruled by a person of royalty.
Federal System
A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments
Unitary System
A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
A government with limited powers. Government officials are bound by the limits imposed on their power by the Constitution, customs, and laws of the land.
Limited Government
A government with powers that are limited either through a written document or through widely shared beliefs
Grand Jury
A group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to charge someone with a crime.
Nation
A group of people with a common identity.
Reformed Church
A group of protestants that agreed with Luther on important doctines like "Justification by Faith" and opposition to Rome. They ony followed the practices directly commanded in Scripture and not Roman Catholic pracites like Luther and the "Lutherans" did. Their services were much plainer and simpler than "Lutheran" services.
Arete
A humble and constant striving for perfection and self improvement combined with a realistic awareness that such perfection cannot be reached.
Majority Opinion
A judicial opinion agreed to by a majority of the members of a court. A majority opinion sets forth the decision of the court and an explanation of the rationale behind the court's decision.
Grand Jury
A jury of 12 to 23 persons who, in private, hear evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons shall be required to stand trial. If the jury believes there is sufficient evidence that a crime was committed, it issues an indictment.
War Powers Resolution
A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval.
Bills of Attainder
A law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court
Ex Post Facto
A law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed
Ex post facto law
A law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed. These retroactive laws are not allowed.
Consent
A legal defense that claims that the acts in question were committed with the persons consent or permission (IN023.4.A.13)
BICAMERALISM
A legislative body consisting of two chambers ( Senate, representing the states and the House of Representatives, representing the people). The only body directly elected by the people under the original Constitution was the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Bicameralism
A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.
Joint committee
A legislative committee composed of member from both chambers of Congress.
Majority Leader of the House
A legislative position held by an important party member in the House of Representatives. The majority leader is selected by the majority party in caucus or conference to foster cohesion among party member and to act as spokesperson for the majority party in the House.
Trustee
A legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society.
Instructed delegate
A legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him or her and who votes according to the views of constituents regardless of personal beliefs.
Treaty of Tordesillas
A line dividing the land in the New World between Spain and Portugal.
Compromise of 1820
A line dividing the north and the south where slavery was prohibited and allowed, respectively.
Proclamation of 1763
A line drawn by the British west of the Appalachian rivers signifying where colonists were not able to settle past. Attempted to prevent conflicts between the colonialists and the Indians as a result of Pontiac's Rebellion.
What is the majority opinion type?
A majority of justices agree
Caucus
A meeting of all Democrats and Republicans in either house is commonly known as a
First Continental Congress
A meeting of the colonies who made a goal of enumerating American grievances and finding a strategy to resist the British in the wake of the Intolerable Acts. They started an economic boycott (no imports/exports of British goods) and, for the first time, endeavored to convince people that they had different interests than English, that they were not English but "American". Most importantly they expressed the right to tax and legislate themselves.
Whip
A member of Congress who aids the majority or minority leader of the House or Senate.
Presbyterians
A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox
Proletarian
A member of the working class (not necessarily employed)
Junta
A military group that rules a country after taking power by force.
Reform Party
A minor party founded by Ross Perot in 1995. It focuses on national government reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability. It has recently struggled with internal strife and criticism that it lacks an identity.
Amendment
A modification, addition, or deletion to the law or bill; amendments are incorporated into the meaning of the constitution.
Temperance Societies
A movement seeking to reduce alcohol consumption, embraced in particular by women and the Female Moral Reform Society. Similar movements to eliminate prostitution, assist orphanages, and those in prison.
Second Great Awakening
A movement sparking a wave of evangelicalism in the South drawing women in particular to its views of true womanhood and suffrage.
Isolationism
A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
French and Indian War
A nine year war from 1754 to 1763 fought between the French and the British in the attempt to settle land in the Ohio River Valley. British victory resulted in France losing it's foothold in the New World and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Also referred to as King George's War or "Seven Years War".
republic
A non-monarchical government in which supreme power belongs to the people and the people choose through a carefully drawn elaborate filtered process a small number of gifted individuals to govern them and to make public policies
perestroika
A package of liberal reforms by Gorbachev intended to open relations with the West, a policy called glasnost.
Common Sense
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.
Due Process Clause
A part of the 14th Amendment that expands the restrictions of the bill of rights places on the federal government to state and local governments and states "NO STATE SHALL MAKE OR ENFORCE ANY LAW WHICH SHALL ABRIDGE THE PRIVILAGES AND IMMUNITIES OF CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATE; NOR SHALL ANY STATE DEPRIVE ANY PERSON OF LIFE, LIBERTY OR PROPERTY, WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW. nor deny any person within it jurisdiction of equal protection of the laws.
Preamble
A passage or speech which introduces another longer passage or speech
Political Culture
A patterned set of ideas, values and ways of thinking about government and politics
Treaty of Paris of 1783
A peace agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States.
Fourteen Points 1918
A peace plan drafted by Wilson outlining freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction and colonial claims after the war, adjustment of boundaries and a proposal to preserve the peace.
isolationism
A period between WWI and WWII where the US went into a period of economic and cultural isolation. Though initially marked by a recession, this time was pro-business, welfare-capitalism, corporate consolidation, mass consumption and social polarization. Suburbs grew as a result of easier and more affordable private transportation, birth control became available, the Harlem Renaissance gave way to a new era of black culture and a continued concern about immigrants (Sacco-Venzetti Case).
Standing committee
A permanent committee in the House or Senate that considers bills within a certain subject area.
Populist
A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)
Conservative
A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.
Liberal
A person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties, a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets.
Ombudsperson
A person who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies.
Party identifier
A person who identifies with a political party.
Trustee
A person who is entrusted by the voters to make the right decisions, to use his or her own judgment to decide what is best for the people he or she represents
Delegate
A person who makes decisions based solely on what his or her constituents want
Attitude
A person's judgments—their likes and dislikes.
Elite Theory
A perspective holding that society is ruled by a small number of people who exercise power to further their self-interest
HYPER PLURALISM
A perverted form of pluralism in which groups are too strong and government is too weak resulting in the government catering to the demands of the groups at the expense of the public interest.
Judicial activism
A philosophy that judges should strike down laws that are inconsistent with norms and values stated or implied in the constitution.
Marshall Plan 1947
A plan for containment providing more than $12 billion in aid to Europe over three years.
Ten Percent Plan
A plan of reconstruction stating that when 10% of the registered voting population had sworn an oath to the Union, the state would be readmitted. Former Confederates returned to Congress in December 1865.
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.
Franking
A policy that enables members of Congress to send material through the mail by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) postage
Libertarianism
A political ideology based on skepticism or opposition toward most government activities
Socialism
A political ideology based on strong support for economic and social equality. Socialists traditionally envisioned a society in which major businesses were taken over by the government or by employee cooperatives
Liberalism
A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.
Republican Party
A political party gaining notriety in 1850s, championing the interests of business, farmers, workers, and newly emancipated slaves of post-civil war era.
Whigs
A political party strongest in the 1840s organized from the remnants of the Federalists. Gave leeway to the Republican Party in the 1850s.
Fascism
A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism), a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.
Socialism
A political theory advocating state ownership of industry. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Majoritarianism
A political theory holding that in a democracy, the government ought to do what the majority of the people want
Theocracy
A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
statutory power
A power created for the president through laws enacted by Congress.
inherent power
A power of the president derived from the statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and that the president should "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"; defined through practice rather than through law.
expressed power
A power of the president that is expressly written into the Constitution or into statutory law.
Constitutional power
A power vested in the president by Article II of the Constitution.
What is an executive order?
A presidential decree, carrying to force of law, used most frequently to establish executive branch agencies, modify rules or actions, change decision-making procedures, or give substance ad force to statutes
big business and progressive reform in the form of fair pay and better working conditions.
A primary tension during the fourth party system was between big business and progressive reform in the form of fair pay and better working conditions. those advocating the admission of new states and those who felt the country had grown too large. all of the above pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.
Enforce or Execute
A pro of the old political system was that the old way was very efficient. The King simply made the rules and asked the nobles to _____________ them.
Discharge petition
A procedure by which a bill in the House of Representatives can be forced (discharged) out of committee that has refused to report it for consideration by the House. The petition must be signed by an absolute majority (218) of representatives and is used only on rare occasions.
initiative
A procedure by which voters can propose a law or constitutional amendment
Cloture
A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.
Vote of no Confidence
A process in a parliamentary system where a majority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office.
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Federal register
A publication of the U.S. government that prints executive orders, rules, and regulations.
Libel
A published report of a falsehood that tends to injure a person's reputation or character.
pardon
A release from the punishment for, or legal consequences of, a crime; a _______ can be granted by the president before or after the conviction.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay., A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.
Great Awakening
A religious movement spreading from the 1730s to the 1740s in the Southern Colonies reacting against the established churches.
Republic
A republic belongs to the people. The people elect reps who rule the country. the right to vote is held by citizens
Democratic Republic
A republic in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies
First budget resolution
A resolution passed by Congress in May that sets overall revenue and spending goals for the following fiscal year.
Second budget resolution
A resolution passed by Congress in September that sets "binding" limits on taxes and spending for the following fiscal year.
Exclusionary Rule
A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct
Exclusionary Rule
A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.
Dred Scott
A ruling stating that residency in a free state did not make one free. Nullified the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Compromise. Slavery could be anywhere in the states.
Second New Deal 1935
A second wave of programs aimed at economic recovery by social reform.
State
A self-governed political community led by a government with the authority to govern its people.
Neutrality Acts 1934-1939
A series of acts aimed at prohibiting and thereby preventing aid to any belligerent nation through arms or cash.
Intolerable Acts
A series of acts passed by the British as a result of the Boston Tea Party.
Criminal offense
A serious Criminal offense punishable by inprisonment or fine and is classified in the penal code as a felelony
Conservatism
A set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change
pocket veto
A special veto exercised by the chief executive after a legislative body had adjourned. Bills not signed by the chief executive die after a specified period of time. If Congress wishes to reconsider such a bill, it must be reintroduced in the following session of Congress.
Rules Committee
A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the House.
Order
A state of peace and security; Maintaining order by protecting members of society from violence and criminal activity is the oldest purpose of government
Failed State
A state that cannot enforce its laws, cannot take care of its people, and loses sovereignty.
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Dissenting Opinion
A statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her opinion
Baron Von Steuben
A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British in Vally Forge
Interventionism
A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the United States in various parts of the world.
Neo-liberalism
A strong belief in the free marketplace and disapproval of governmental economic regulations.
crop lien
A system devised that reduced the value of crops and, when combined with high interest rates, force sharecroppers to borrow more and more money.
Checks and Balances
A system in which each branch of government is able to check, or restrain, the power of others
Laissez-faire Economic System
A system in which enterprise functions without government regulations.
Proportional Representation
A system of ___, allocating delegates based on the proportion of the vote a candidate wins.
Oligarchy
A system of government in which a small group holds power. The group derives its power from wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these elements.
Democracy
A system of government in which political authority is vested in the people. The term is derived from the Greek words demos ("the people") and kratos ("authority")
Direct Democracy
A system of government in which political decisions are made by the people directly, rather than by their elected representatives, probably attained most easily in small political communities
Democracy
A system of government in which rule is by the people. May take two forms: direct and representative.
Parliamentary System
A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.
Autocracy
A system of government in which the power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual. The oldest and one of the most common forms of government. Includes totalitarian dictatorship and monarchy.
Autocracy
A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual
ecomiendas
A system of large manors and estates run by the Spaniards, managed by Indian slaves for the benefit of the conquistadors. Once the indian populations died off from overwork and diseases, the Spanish began importing African slaves for labor needs.
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Federalism
A system that is based on geographic division of power. Nat. government and Regional government.
Communism
A system where everything is owned by the state and everyone contributes, and gets out of society what they need.
Filibuster
A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.
Three-Fifths Compromise
A tactic proposed to affect direct taxation on states by altering the population count. Slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person.
Continuing resolution
A temporary funding law that Congress passes when an appropriations bill has not been decided by the beginning of the new fiscal year on October 1st.
Select committee
A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose
detente
A term coined by Nixon and Kissinger which called for countries to respect each others' differences and to cooperate more closely. Relaxing of tensions lasted until Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Led to Carter's boycott of the Olympics in 1980.
Pluralism
A theory that views politics as a conflict among interest groups; Political decision making is characterized by compromise and accommodation
Treaty of Paris 1783
A treaty negotiating peace between England and the United States recognizing the US as an independent nation, setting its boundaries (Canada remains British but Florida goes to Spain). Signed at the same time as the Treaty of Versailles.
Fiscal year (FY)
A twelve-month period that is used for book-keeping, or accounting, purposes. Usually, the fiscal year does not coincide with the calendar year. For example, the federal government's fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.
Monarchy
A type of autocratic government in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises the supreme power of government.
Totalitarian Dictatorship
A type of autocratic government in which the ideas of a single leader are glorified and the government seeks control over all aspects of social and economic life.
Theocracy
A type of government in which a deity is a ruler and the laws are interpreted by religious clergy.
Dictatorship
A type of government in which a single ruler or small group has absolute power, not restricted by constitution or law, where citizens have no choice in the leadership.
Authoritarian Government
A type of government in which citizens lack most civil rights, human rights abuses occur, and government criticism is restricted.
Monarchy
A type of government in which supreme and absolute power resides in the hands of a single monarch who rules over the lands for life through hereditary right.
Totalitarian
A type of government that controls all political aspects, economic matters, attitudes, values, and beliefs of the population keeping the individual subordinate to the state.
Confederation
A voluntary association of sovereign member states
First New Deal 1933-1935
A wave of programs aimed at restoring employment, the banking system, farming and housing collapse and reduced factory production. Unemployment dropped and the economy improved but did not recover.
Bad Tendency rule
A way to determine under the first amendment that decides whether consequences would conduce a negative consequence
Second Amendment
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
Manifest Destiny
A widely held and multifaceted ideology touching on the themes of religion, money, race, patriotism and morality with the belief that the American nation was destined to spread all the way to the Pacific Ocean, sharing American ideals of liberty. Land acquired through purchase, diplomacy, legal appropriation, and war.
signing statement
A written declaration that a president may make when signing a bill into law. Usually, such statements point out sections of the law that the president deems unconstitutional.
CRITICISM OF THE CONSTITUTION: ANTI-FEDERALIST VIEW
A. Absence of a Bill of Rights in the Constitution B. Undemocratic as people could not elect most public officials C. Illegal as the delegates were not authorized to write a constitution, and D. Dangerous as the governmental power would gradually shift from the states to the nation and from Congress to the President.
Realism
Also known as political realism, is a school of international relations that prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. This term is often synonymous with power politics.
Benedict Arnold
American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.
William Patterson
American Revolutionary leader (born in Ireland) who was a member of the Constitutional Convention (1745-1806), Proposed New Jersey Plan, delegate of New Jersey, proposed an alternative to the Virginia Plan, whose plan changed little about the government system, and was rejected at the convention.convention. Associate Justice
Thomas Paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) Author of "Common sense"
Roger Sherman
American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793)
Henry Knox
American bookseller from Boston became chief artillery officer of the continental army and the nations 1st secretary of war Boston massacre sons of liberty battle of bunker hill george washingtons arm big man- good freainds with washingtion
First
American judges were also ___ to face the voters, more than a century ago.
John Paul Jones
American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."
Paul Revere
American silversmith who became a hero after his famous ride to warn of the British advance on Lexington and Concord.
Crime
An act against a law of the state that may also harm an individual or a person's property.
Impeachment
An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing, "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."
Cabinet
An advisory group selected by the president to aid in making decisions. The _______ includes the heads of fifteen executive departments and others named by the president.
Federalists
An early political party who favored the Constitution i.e., advocates of centralized power. Supported by James Madison, Hamilton. Advocated a strong central government, pro-British in their foreign policies. Supported programs benefiting banking and commercial interests.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by the private ownership of wealth creating assets, free markets, and freedom of contract
Capitalism
An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
Mixed System
An economic system that includes both private ownership of property and government control (or regulation) of some services and industries
Command Economy
An economy in which the government decides how much to produce, what to produce, and how to distribute the goods and services provided.
REFERENDUM
An election on a policy issue.
Proportional Representation
An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.
Referendum
An electoral device whereby legislative or constitutional measures are referred by the legislature to the voters for approval or disapproval
Plurality system
An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections
South Africa
An example from history of oligarchy
What is an example of a Party Era?
An example of a Party Era would be that of 1860, the "Rise of the Republicans."
What is an example of a Critical Election?
An example of a critical election would be that of the Civil War and the Great Depression.
Good Faith Exception
An exception to the Supreme Court exclusionary rule, holding that evidence seized on the basis of a mistakenly issued search warrant can be introduced at trial if the mistake was made in good faith, that is, if all the parties involved had reason at the time to believe that the warrant was proper.
Good faith exception
An exception to the exclusionary rule that allows evidence obtained with a flawed warrant to be admissible as long as the officer believed it was valid
Presidential Pardons
An executive grant releasing an individual from the punishment or legal consequences of a crime before or after conviction; restores all rights and privileges of citizenship
NEW FEDERALISM
An expanded role for state and local governments by having them assume greater responsibilities to determine their own policies and to exercise greater discretion in allocation of federal grants on social and economic programs which are within their sphere of jurisdiction under the Constitution. This is also called DEVOLUTION of responsibilities from the national government to state and local governments.
separate spheres
An ideology born out of the cult of true womanhood championing marriage and motherhood tthrough print culture, religion and discourse. Elevated the importance of education in the hopes of raising sons to be good citizens. Gave birth to the nascent women's rights movement in the 1840s.
Libertarianism
An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.
Dictatorship
An individual or small elite group of individuals (oligarchy) that centralizes all political control in itself.
Intergovernmental organizations
An international organization compose of two or more members of state or national governments to carry out plans or projects in common interest. The United Nations is the most significant example.
Nongovernmental organizations
An international organization made up of a voluntary group of individuals and organizations outside the scope of government; formed to provide services or to advocate a public policy. The International Red Cross is an example.
Realism
An international theory that holds the nation-state as the basic unit Recognizes no international authority above individual nations Based on the assumption that nations act only in their own self interest to preserve their own security International relations are based on the relative military and economic power between nations and that nations are inherently aggressive
Judicial Activism
An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)
Speaker of the House
An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
Speaker of the house
An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
Nominating Convention
An official public meeting of a party to choose a candidate for office.
Institution
An ongoing organization that performs certain functions for society
What is the plurality opinion type?
An opinion held by more judges than any other opinion but not an overall majority
What is the concurring opinion type?
An opinion that agrees with the majority but for a different reason than the majority
Concurring Opinion
An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.
executive office of the president (EOP)
An organization established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to assist the president in carrying out major duties.
Aristocracy
An upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another.
Nobles
Ancient rulers often chose some of their friends and relatives to help them rule in exchange for special privileges - what were these people called?
First President to be impeached
Andrew Johnson
Impeached Presidents
Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton
Anti-Federalist
Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states
What is the strict scrutiny test?
Any law that discriminates against race is unconstitutional unless overwhelming evidence exists that the law is necessary
Tenth Amendment
Any powers not explicitly listed are automatically given to the states.
Mass Media
Any way you can communicate with the general public; includes all different types of media: news, sports, entertainment, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc.
Property
Anything that is or may be subject to ownership. As conceived by the political philosopher John Locke, the right to property is a natural right superior to human law (laws made by government)
Courts of Appeal
Appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts, except in rare cases. In addition, they also hear appeals to orders of many federal regulatory agencies. Compare district courts.
Prima Facie
At first glance; without investigation or evaluation. That which, if not rebutted, is sufficient to establish a fact or case.
Interest Groups
Are aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda, in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues.
Federal Block Grants
Are given to state governments w/regulations that they be used for specific purposes, Block grants give the states more discretion in that they provide federal funds for general areas of use but allow the states to implement the specifics of the programs.
No there are limits
Are rights and liberties absolute?
Not really
Are the odds good for a amendment that lasts longer than 2 years?
Anti-Federalists
Argued that the Constitution failed to uphold basic rights for which the revolution was fought and that, in its current draft, would weaken the states, favor the wealthy, increase taxes and diminish individual liberty. Objected in particular to lack of Bill of Rights. Supported by Henry and Sam Adams.
Anti-federalists:
Argued that the federal government was too strong.
Legislative Branch
Article 1 of the Constitution established the law-making branch Senate + House of Representatives = "Congress"
Executive Branch
Article 2 of the Constitution Headed by the President
Judicial Branch
Article 3 of the Constitution Headed by the Supreme Court Includes lower federal courts (federal district courts) established by the Congress - try lawbreakers and review cases referred from other courts.
Article 7
Article of the Constitution that addresses ratification and declares that the constitution should take affect if 9 out of 13 states ratify.
Article 2
Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, it's powers, duties, and means of removal.
Article 4
Article of the Constitution that regulates the states' powers, and their interaction with the National government.
Article 6
Article of the Constitution that sets the status of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, to which leaders must be loyal.
Article 3
Article of the Constitution that sets up the Judicial Branch and defines treason.
Article V
Articulates how the Constitution may be amended.
Article IV
Articulates state-federal relationships, outlines how new states are admitted to the Union.
Articles I, II, III
Articulates the separation of powers and a system of checks and balances including Legislative, Executive and a Judicial Branch respectively.
Equality
As a political value, the idea that all people are of equal worth
Obscenity
As defined by the Supreme Court, the representation of sexually explicit material in a manner that violates community standards and is without redeeming social importance or value
Monroe Doctrine
Asserted that American would intervene anywhere in the Western Hemisphere where it felt its interests or security were at stake.
Enumeration
Attacker will try to gain access to users and groups, network resources, shares, applications and banners, or valid user names and passwords. Can be obtained through social engineering, network sniffing, dumpster diving, or watching a user log in
Compromise of 1850
Attempted to settle the problem of balancing slave states by admitting California as a free-state byt allowing slavery in the rest of the area acquired from Mexico.
New federalism
Attempts to return power and responsibility to states
EXAMPLES OF FEDERALISM
Australia, Canada, The United, India, States, South Africa, and Nigeria. CHINA, a unitary state, is an exception.
Federalist Papers
Authored by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. Instrumental in bringing about the ratification of the Constitution.
Charismatic Authority
Authority based on a belief that a leader has extraordinary qualities. Hero worship in many cases.
Traditional Authority
Authority based on customs that establish legitimacy. Monarchies are the classic examples. Chosen by God, all that.
Appellate
Authority of court to review a decision of a lower court or administrative agency.
Interventionism
Avoid alliances with other nations in order to avoid being drawn into a war not related to their own territorial defense.
Eighth Amendment
Bail should not be excessive, but fitting to the crime. Cruel/unusual punishments cannot be inflicted.
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
Banned entry for ten years to all Chinese except those who had valued professions or skills. Extended in 1892 and, in 1902, extended indefinitely. Lifted in 1943.
Voting Rights Act 1965
Banned literacy tests as a prerequisite for voting, resulting in a jump in black voter registration.
8th Amendment
Banning cruel & unusual punishment, however was based on torture where death wasn't the worse thing
Thirteenth Amendment 1865
Bans slavery.
That the bill of rights only applied to the federal government
Barron vs Baltimore showed what?
What is the exclusionary rule?
Bars the use of evidence obtained through violation of the 4th amendment
North States
Based on commerce, shipping and industry.
Coordination Problem
Basically, when a group of people want the same outcome, but individually they have different ideas on how to reach it. For example, two parties want to create wealth, but both have different ideas on how to get it. The republicans want to cut welfare programs, and the democrats want to cut military funding.
treason
Because a constitution is so difficult to change we only put VERY important ideas in them, things we will always feel the same about like __________, elections, and job descriptions.
governor
Before Jimmy Carter won in 1976, no ___ had won the presidency since Franklin Roosevelt in 1932.
When did the United States follow protectionist policies?
Before WW2
What did schools start to do to overcome residential segregation?
Began to bus students from one neighborhood to another
Conservatives
Believe in social order of politics and abides by the laws and customs
Conservative
Believes in limiting the role of government, except in supporting traditional moral values. Believe private individuals, not the government, should solve social problems. Oppose government limitations on businesses and believe free markets ensure the best economic outcomes.
Liberal
Believes that government should actively promote health, education, and justice. Willing to curtail economic freedom in order to increase equality. In social matters, this political orientation believes the government should not restrict most individual freedoms.
Anglicans
Belonged to church of England and came to America; "purified" version of Catholics
he oldest delegate at the Philadelphia Convention
Ben Franklin
What are some of the benefits to greater international trade for the US? Disadvantages?
Benefits: economic growth, foreign investment, and productive employment Disadvantages: jobs lost, forcing other states hands, and loss of industry
BARON V. BALTIMORE (1833)
Bill of Rights applied only to the national government and protected the rights of the people against actions of the national government but not from the actions of the states.
What are concurrent powers of the federal government and states?
Both Congress and states may tax, both may borrow money, charter banks and corporations, establish courts, make and enforce laws, take property for public purposes, and spend money to provide for the public welfare.
Who favors a tougher stance on crime?
Both the courts and the people
COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM
Both the nation and the states exercise responsibilities together in many areas resembling a marble cake. National government emphasized cooperation in achieving common national and state goals.
Civil liberties vs. Civil rights
Civil rights = identified with the ideal of equality Civil liberties = identified with the ideal of freedom Really inseparable and interacting
Muckrakers
Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the passage of reform legislation. Also called "yellow" journalism.
How is judicial interpretation restricted?
By the US Constitution, federal statutes, and administrative regulations
The Greeks invented Democracy and the Romans invented Republicanism.
By the time of the Greeks and Romans people decided to fix the system of politics. The Greeks and Romans invented two very important political ideas, what were they?
Amendments 2, 3, and 4
Came out of the colonists' struggle with Great Britain
Prohibition Party
Campaigned for Abolition of Alcohol, supported women's suffrage, economic reforms, and improving race relations.
Yes it can.
Can democracy still produce undemocratic decisions?
Authoritarianism
Can exist in all forms of govt Ex: In the US, national security Usually undemocratic - no consent of those they govern Will tolerate some pluralism (a system in which two forms of authority coexist)
Who is the US's largest trading partner?
Canada
Federal, Provincial, and Municipal.
Canadian government has three levels, what are they?
Veto
Cancel or postpone a decision, bill, and so on.
Plessy vs ferguson
Case in 1896 that deemed that public facilities could be separated and be legal under the 14th amendment
Marbury vs. Madison
Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
Sword
Civil rights are considered the _____
Probable Cause
Cause for believing that there is a substantial likelihood that a person has committed or is about to commit a crime.
Confederation
Central government is subordinate to state governments within what type of governmental power?
Ninth Amendment
Certain rights not mentioned in the constitution may still be protected
Congress has the power to...
Change the Constitution Impeach (bring charges against) the President - brought by the HoR and tried by the Senate.
Communism
Characterized by the ideology of class conflict and revolution, one party state and dictatorship, repressive police apparatus, and government ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and services Red flag with stars and hammer and sickles (represents workers)
Which country has the lowest homicide rate in Latin America?
Chile and Cuba
Between which two nations does the largest trade imbalance in the world exist?
China and US
Electoral College
Chosen group of people by state to elect president and VP.
Catholics
Christian followers of the Roman Catholic Church, The first group of formally established Christians in Europe under the pope
Church of England
Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
National
Citizen of a nation who is entitled to its protection.
Amendment 9
Citizens and states have rights beyond those in the Constitution
True
Citizens cannot use federal laws to use states, True or False?
Democracy
Citizens have the right to certain freedoms as well as the ability to elect their leaders. There is most like a system of checks and balances seen through different branches of government.
Civil Liberties
Civil liberties - the state has a positive role to play in assuring that all its citizens will have equal protection and justice under the law with equal opportunities regardless of race, religion, sex, color, or creed.
Plymouth
Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.
Commercial Speech
Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.
Connecticut compromise
Compromise between NJ plan and Virginia plan for a bicameral legislature where number of reps in lower part determine by population and each house equal rep within the senate.
Third Amendment
Conditions for quarters of soldiers. No soldier shall, in time of peace or war, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner.
Liberty, social orders
Conflicts between ____ & _____ are involved in protecting our rights.
Collective Dilemmas
Conflicts between individuals and group goals. There are 3 types of collective dilemmas: - Collective action problem - Prisoner's dilemma - Coordination problem
Amendment 27
Congress cannot accept a pay raise until next term.
What is the judicial branch responsible for?
Determining if a law (legislative) or act (executive) is illegal or unconstitutional
Necessary and proper clause:
Congress has the authority to make laws it deems necessary and proper for carrying into action the powers granted to it by the Constitution.
What if we don't like the Constitution? -We amend it. How do we amend it?
Congress has to pass it + ¾ of the states have to agree
First Amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Legislative Oversight
Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings, the power of Congress to oversee how laws are carried out.
Regulation of Interstate Commerce
Congress- majority rule
Right
Conservatives are on the ___ side
Whigs
Consisted of those who favored strong national growth Named after a similar party in Great Britain United around then-President John Quincy Adams Supporters: business people in the NE and some wealthy planters in the South
Supreme Court
Consists of nine justices, each appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress. Appointment is for life. Supreme Court exercises the power to determine constitutionality of statutes
Interest Group
Consists of people who share common goals and organize to influence government. Includes labor groups, agricultural groups, environmental groups, public-interest groups, government groups, and professional associations.
Foreign Policy
Consists of the strategies and goals the guide a nation's relations with other countries and groups in the world. The president and the Congress make American foreign policy.
Habeas Corpus
Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment
Bill of Rights
Constitutions first ten amendments 1789 - Written by James Madison Said the Bill of Rights do not give rights but prevent the government from taking them away. By Dec 1791, 3/4 of the states had ratified them Majority rules minority but the Bill of Rights protects the minority from the majority
Stock Market Crash 1929
Contributing factors of overproduction and underconsumption, corporate debt, bank failures and international trade difficulties resulting in Black Thursday and Black Tuesday.
Constitutional Convention
Convened in 1787 to consider and revise the ineffective Articles of Confederation. The results of these meetings produced the Constitution.
CRITICISM OF DEMOCRACY
Costly, complex, slow, and unsuitable to most people.
Counties
Counties in Texas are required by the constitution to have at least one of the justice of the peace
Schneck Vs. United States
Court case that involved a socialist rationing out anti-war letters and established the "clear and present danger" test
Texas Vs Johnson
Court case that showed freedom of expression is allowed to burn the American flag
Sullivan Rule
Court guideline that false and malicious statements regarding public officials are protected by the 1st Amendment unless it can be proven they were known to be false at the time they were made or were made with "reckless disregard" for their truth or falsehood.
what were the framers' goals?
Create a functional democracy to counter the Articles of Confederation. Protection against tyranny of the majority - limit the power of the majority will. Protect against tyranny of the minority - or the government itself → create some limitations on the government.
First Bank of the United States
Created in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of Treasury, the Bank of the United States was chartered for 20 years and was to have $10mil, 1/5 of which was to be owned by the federal government.
What are on-going problems in trying to reduce poverty throughout Latin America?
Creation of dependency and concerns of loss of revenue.
Democracy
DESCRIPTION: A form of government in which the people hold certain liberties and freedoms and retain the power and rule either directly or through representatives. EXAMPLES: Republicanism, Parliamentary system, and Democratic Socialism.
Authoritarianism
DESCRIPTION: A form of government that demonstrates strict control and may coerce and use oppressive measures to ensure obedience. EXAMPLES: Autocracy, Communism, Oligarchy, Aristocracy, Dictatorship, Monarchy, Fascism, and Tyranny
Anarchism
DESCRIPTION: A lack of government based on the political philosophy by people who hold beliefs that the state is unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful and have attitudes that reject compulsory government. EXAMPLES: Isocracy and Tribalism
Federal Courts
Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.
Debates and Compromises of Constitution
Debate: role of the executive Comp: checks and balances Debate: representation (small/large states) Comp: the Great Compromise (split Congress into Senate and House) Debate: slavery Comp: 3/5 Compromise (each slave was 3/5 of a person for purposes of determining population -> taxation Debate: selection of president Comp: Electoral college (to prevent popular but unqualified ruler) Debate: Limits of state power and extent of control the fed government had on states. Comp: all laws must conform to the Fed Constitution; however, all power not explicitly given to the fed govt belonged to the states.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Currency Act
Deemed American money worthless, colonies could not print their own currency.
Citizenship
Defined as the way we act and live our lives. It includes how an individual makes decisions that may affect others and how individuals demonstrate their concern about the community or nation.
What arguments did the Anti- Federalists make against ratification of the Constitution?
Demand for Bill of Rights Federalist Papers
Elected Dictatorship
Democracy and Republicanism were not enough to prevent one person having all the power, as they could lead to an ________________________.
Balance
Democracy requires delicate _____
What are the two options of government officials?
Democratic and Aristocratic..
Which US political party has tended to a favor protectionism in the recent past?
Democrats
Liberals
Democrats are considered what?
Article 5
Describes the amendment process
Article 7
Describes the ratification process
Article 4
Describes the relationships between states.
Jim Crow Laws
Designed to segregate southern whites from blacks.
Democracy
Direct: functions when the population involved is relatively small and will usually involve all the voters in a given area coming together to decide on issues (i.e. Town Meetings) Indirect: involves much larger areas and involves the sending of representatives to a legislative body to vote on issues affecting the people. (US)
What is the dissenting opinion type?
Disagrees with the majority
What is de facto discrimination?
Discrimination based on social or economic basis
What is de jure discrimination?
Discrimination based on the law
Federalism
Distribution of powers on a territorial basis; power is divided between national and state governments. Determines whether public policy originates at the local, state, or national level. Affects public policy making in two ways: how and where new polices are made in the U.S. and introduces limits on policy making. Lessens the risk of one political party monopolizing power and increases opportunities for citizens to participate in politics at the local, state, and national level.
Amendment 23
District of Columbia gets 3 electoral votes
Checks and Balances
Dividing the government up into three parts with different people in charge of each part, this was called Branches of Government (Or Organs of State).
Federalism
Division of power between Nation and States.
Congressional district
Division or part of a state; each district elects one person to the House of Representatives.
Example of What is Political Science
Do women tend to support Democratic candidates? If you apply the scientific study of politics, you would try to figure out why women tend to support democratic candidates.
Declaration of Indepemdence
Document that declares our independence from Great Britain.
No it isn't mentioned
Does the constitution say anything about how long states have to ratify amendments?
Sweden
Douglas Hibbs, a political scientist at the University of Gothenburg in ___, developed the model of running for political office by promising "Bread and Peace".
gerrymandering
Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party
To what can we attribute more deaths in Latin America?
Drug trafficking
Dual Federalism continued until the ____________ ___________ of 1930.
Dual Federalism continued until the (Great) (Depression) of 1930.
Amendment 5
Due process; cannot be held for a crime without being indicted; right against self-incrimination; double jeopardy
Granting certiorari
During coference, justices review petitions. If four of nine judges agree to review a case this is called _________ __________.
Seperation of Powers
Each branch has powers defferent from the other branches
Federation
Each level has power independent of each other
How does the electoral college work?
Each state gets a certain amount of votes based on their congressional district + the two senators. You need 270 votes to win.
Direct democracy
Each voter participates directly in the decision making process.
Mixed-Market Economies
Economies in which free enterprise is combined with and supported by government decisions in the marketplace.
Lend-Lease Act 1941
Effectively ended the pretense of American neutrality by offering arms to Britain in exchange for goods and services after the war. Patrols were set up to watch out but not attack German subs.
New Look
Eisenhower's plan of "liberation" saying that, should there be war, it would result in massive retaliation with nuclear weapons. Meant to be a deterrent for any Soviet Action. Pushed the war to edge of "brinkmanship".
Do federal judges or elected officials have more discretionary power?
Elected officials
United States Senator
Elected to the Legisilative Branch of the U.S. government for a term on 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.
Amendment 12
Electoral college; pres and vp must be on the ballot together
Electoral College
Elects the college via electors for each state
Anarchism
Eliminate all government and replace with a cooperative community of individuals Black flag
Holocaust
Elimination of six million European Jews by the Third Reich of Germany.
What does "comparative advantage" mean?
Elite benefits while the working class does not
Empirical Normative
Elitism sets ____ Vs. ____
Democrats and Republicans
Emerged as the two dominant parties after the Civil War.
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
Emphasizes individual freedom and contains elements of modern conservatism and modern liberalism.
Communism
Emphasizes no social classes, all property is held in common, and government is not necessary.
Capitalism
Emphasizes the freedom of choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers, and business enterprises.
Fact by observation
Empirical theories are what?
Fugitive Slave Law
Enabled southerners to seize individuals who they claimed were fugitives living in the North. Northerners disliked this and established a number of personal liberty laws providing alleged fugitives right to an attorney and trial.
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
Separatists
English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers, People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.
Pilgrims
English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society.
Montesquieu
Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas included the separation of powers and checks and balances
What does the National government control?
Entire territory.
THE UNAMENDABLE CLAUSE
Equal representation guaranteed to each state in the U.S. Senate cannot be altered through a constitutional amendment without the consent of the state concerned.
Griswald v. Connecticut
Established right of privacy through 4th and 9th Amendments. Set a precedent for Roe v. Wade.
Article VI
Establishes the Constitution and the federal law as the supreme law of the land, and that state law must yield to federal law.
Article 2
Establishes the executive branch, the president is part of this branch
Article 3
Establishes the judicial branch
Article 1
Establishes the legislative branch
why is the american govt. smaller in comparison to other govt. around the world?
Europe has the equality of condition (the belief that everyone should share a common basic condition) whereas the US believes in the equality of opportunity / anyone can succeed. Result: We get an American govt. that is relatively small compared to most other governments around the world.
Yes it is. Both are parallel
Even with an increase in governmental spending is states funding increasing as well?
Normative analysis
Examines ideas of how a community should be governed. Relates to different ideas of the common good.
Egypt
Example of a recent revolution (2011) that helped overthrow an abusive and corrupt government
France
Example of a violent revolution from history that was influenced by the United States revolution. In this instance, the people overthrew their monarchy through uprisings.
Eighth Amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment 8
Excessive bails or fines cannot be imposed; cruel and unusual punishment; challenges to death penalty laws (1791)
Article 6
Explains the Constitution is the supreme law of the land
Political socialization, focus groups, push polls
FOCUS GROUPS- small groups of average men and some brought together to share their reactions to candidates or policies or to language used to refer to them. These consultants search for the language, whether positive toward their side or negative toward the other side, that produces the desired effect on the participants. PUSH POLLS- example of misuse. Seek to manipulate opinion and often distort facts including the candidates' records.
Fiction. Decisions were quick and could be changed easily, this was a pro.
Fact or Fiction: A con of the old political system was that decisions took quite a bit of time to make, and were difficult to change.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: A con of the old political system was that most people had not say in what their country was doing and on any day the King could change his mind.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: Early governments were very simple but not very fair.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: In America and Canada the Judicial branch is the Supreme Court.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: In ancient times usually one person (a king, pharaoh, or warlord) ruled alone through fear, violence, heredity, or divine right.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: MP's are the people who work on federal issues.
Fiction. Once created a constitution is difficult or even impossible to change.
Fact or Fiction: Once created a constitution is easy to change.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: The House of Commons is run out of Ottawa by the Prime Minister.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: The constitution defines the role of government and grants specific inalienable rights.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: The leaders of the Municipal government are called Mayors.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: The legislative branch is made up of the politicians who we vote for.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: The police do not create laws like the speed limit, they just enforce them.
Fact
Fact or Fiction: With Democracy, a King was still possible but they had to follow the rules of the people.
Moderate
Fall between liberals and conservatives. Example: May want the government to regulate business and support traditional values.
Characteristics of Citizens
Family: affiliation is passed down generations Race: Black - more liberal than whites on economic, social, and public policy issues Gender: women tend to be more liberal than men Class: middle and upper classes tend to be more politically involved; low-income --> more liberal Religion: Protestants are more conservative than Catholics and Jews Education: grad-level education --> liberalization Region: Southerners --> more conservative; Coastal --> most liberal Media: major influence
Commercial Bias
Far more pervasive & important in understanding media coverage of politics. This in the media results in no coverage or superficial coverage of many important stories.
Corporate State
Fascist Italy, business and labour work to achieve goals established by the state.
The new Democratic party
Favored slower growth More oriented toward workers and farmers First leader and president: Andrew Jackson
Fairness Doctrine
Federal Communications Commission policy that required holders of radio and television licenses to ensure that different viewpoints were presented about controversial issues or persons; largely repealed in 1987
Why is the upper court myth wrong?
Federal district courts hear the most federal cases and most of their decisions are not appealed to a higher court
Alexander Hamilton
Federal government should be stronger than state govt Supported the creation of the first Bank of the US Interpreted the Constitution loosely and thought it gave Congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its duties. If Congress had the right to collect taxes, then it could create the Bank Favored growth of trade, manufacturing, and the rise of cities. Favored business leaders and feared the common people. Federalists (favored a strong federal government) Supporters: merchants and ship owners in the NE and some planters in the South
CRITICISM OF FEDERAL GRANTS
Federal interference in state affairs, wastefulness, delays by bureaucracy, diversification of state funds to programs favored by the federal government, and centralization.
What are the main principles embodied in the U.S Constitution?
Federalism Separation of powers Checks and Balances National Supremacy
Election of 1800
Federalist Party was torn by internal divisions and began suffering a decline President --> Thomas Jefferson
Espionage Act/Sedition Act 1917-1918
Fines imposed for those aiding the enemy, forbidding criticism of the government. Upheld by Schneck v United States 1919 which stated congress could limit free speech when the words represented a "clear and present danger".
District of Columbia Vs. Heller
First court case that showed that second amendment protects individual rights to carry a firearm.
Everson Vs. Board of Education
First court case to apply the difficult articulation between the separation of church and state
Election of 1796
First election in which political parties played a role
Anti-Masonic Party
First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.
Senate Majority Leader
First-ranking party position, held by a distinguished senior member of the majority party in the Senate. The Senate majority leader schedules floor actions on bills, and helps guide the majority party's legislative program through the Senate.
South States
Focus on agriculture, slave labor and exports on farm goods.
Third Amendment
Forbids the government to order private citizens to allow soldiers to live in their homes.
Quartering Act
Forced colonial assemblies to raise taxes to provide housing and provisions for British troops (veterans from the Seven Years War) who were unable to return to England. This further exacerbated colonists' fear of standing armies, especially an army they did not need and were, as they suspected, there to control them.
Indictment
Formal accusation through a legal process.
The President
Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Formed in the late 1700s. Prior to the Civil War, conflicts over issues such as slavery led the D-Rs to split into the Democrats and Whigs.
Fighting Words
Forms of expression that "by their very utterance" can incite violence. These can be regulated by the government but are often difficult to define.
The Whigs
Founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the party ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issue.
Grenville Acts
Four pieces of legislation meant to exact more taxes on the colonists to pay back Britisch debts from the Seven Years War. Includes the Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act
Constitution
Framework for our government.
Why have campaign spending limits been rejects?
Free speech protections
What is NAFTA?
Free trade among countries in North america
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all slaves in the areas of the rebellion.
What is one of your most basic democratic rights?
Freedom of Expression
What has supreme court protected from action by state and local governments?
Freedom of expression
What is the preferred position doctrine?
Freedom of expression is given a preferred position when it clashes with other amendments of the constitution
First Amendment
Freedom of religion (the establishment clause prevents Congress from creating a state-sponsored religion and the exercise clause prevents the government from impeding the religious beliefs of Americans); freedom of speech (seditious speech, defamatory speech, and "fighting words" are not protected); freedom of press; and freedom of assembly
Amendment 1
Freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly
Amendment 1
Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and press
Marquis de La Fayette
French military officer & a major general in the american revolutionary war (under washington) Served in the battles of Bradywine, Glouster, Barren Hill, monmouth, rhode island, greespring and the sage of york town returned to france to fight in his french revolution, volenteered service without pay, influenced french aid for america
Tort reform
Frivolous law suits drive up the cost of healthcare
Political Parties
Functions include recruiting candidates for public office, education the public about issues, running and staffing the government, rewarding party loyalists with favors, watching over the party in power, and encouraging compromise and moderate government policies.
Inalienable rights
Fundamental rights inherent to being human that every person therefore possesses that cannot be taken away by government or another entity. This phrase was used in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Declaration of Independence.
What did the war on terror give authorities the perceived right to do?
Gather intelligence on US citizens as well as name and detain terrorists
Demand for Bill of Rights
George Mason would not sign the Constitution because it did not protect people against the central government. Kept people away from monarchy / aristocracy.
Constitution of the United States
George Washington - 55/65 appointed members attended Written in four months "Fundamental law of the republic" established as the highest governmental authority. Unique and advanced far beyond other systems of its day - designed to meet the needs of a single federation yet sovereign in their own local affairs. Based on the Magna Carta (1215), Petition of Right (1628), and the Bill of Rights (1689)
Hessians
German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.
Commerce clause:
Gives Congress the ability to regulate commerce between states and countries.
Democratic System
Gives greater authority to the people.
What is DACA?
Gives illegal immigrants children amnesty
Literary Digest poll
Good example of a unrepresentative poll. This magazine conducted polls of presidential preference between 1916 and 1936. As many as 18 million ballots were mailed out to persons drawn from telephone directories and automobile registration lists.
How is freedom of religion interpreted?
Government cannot favor one religion over another or support religion over no religion
District courts
Have orignal Jurisdiction, The primary court in Texas is the District Court (Texas has 900 District courts)
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions
Government regulations that place restrictions on free speech. These regulations, specifying when, where, and in what way speech is allowed, are applied when unrestricted free speech will conflict with the rights of others.
Provide National Security
Government should protect the people against attack by other states or from threats such as terrorism.
Make Economic Decisions
Governments use their power to reduce conflicts such as material scarcity, pass laws that shape the economic environment of a nation, and make choices that distribute benefits and public services among citizens.
What did the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 do for illegal aliens?
Granted Amnesty to illegal immigrants before the act and promise from federal govt. to crack down on illegal immigrants.
Federal Categorial Grants
Grants that earmark the funds for specific uses and oten require that the states meet a number of other requirements to receive and used these funds.
three disagreements of early Consitution
Great Compromise, slavery, nature of the presidency
The Left
Greater equality, based on universal human rights rather than traditional morals and separation of church and state.
What exists more among the political elite?
Greater support for individual rights
Prior Restraints
Greatly disfavored. Must be necessary to prevent direct, immediate, and irreparable harm. Presumed unconstitutional; burden is on government.
Political parties
Groups which support certain candidates for office based on their ideas of what government should be doing.
1804
Hamilton was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr and the Federalist party began to collapse Jefferson was re-elected and James Madison was elected in 1808
Laissez-faire
Hands off. No government intervention in business.
No
Has states ever used the 2/3 petition to propose amendments?
Congress
Has the power to make laws for the United States
Congress
Has the power to ratify treaties and delcare war, and the powere to make laws.
What hate acts can be limited and cannot be?
Hate speech cannot be silenced, however, hate crimes can be prosecuted and are considered felonies
Tea Act
Having 18 million pounds of unsold tea in its warehouses, British merchants were allowed a monopoly on the colonial tea market, pushing out local merchants, thereby ensuring the tea was sold and the taxes from the purchases going to the crown. Ironically, the tea would have been cheaper for the colonists than Dutch tea.
James Wilson
He thought up the idea of the Constitution's Executive Branch. Wilson made the decision to have the Electoral College elect the President.
George W. Busch and the media
He was decent on script but not effective or confident on the fly. 9/11 gave him a boost and he used the media to help him rally support for the war in Iraq making him sound like a wild west general but that confidence quickly disseminated as support for his policies in Iraq diminished.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
American Women's Suffrage Association
Headed by Susan B. Anthony, a group seeking to amend the constitution in favor of women's suffrage. A movement born out of the industrial revolution in the late 19th century.
Why do grants- in - aid play such an important part in the operation of the American federal system?
Help get projects done. A way that national and state governments cooperate to get important things accomplished that benefit the people. Has specific categories they help create. EX: highways. Lower government has to match a certain percentage of the grant amount provided.
Anti-Federalists
Henry and Sam Adams - argued that the Constitution failed to uphold some of the basic rights for which the revolution had been fought Weaken states Favor the wealthy Increase taxes Diminish individual liberty Objected to the lack of Bill of Rights to protect the people
What is protectionism?
High tariff on foreign imports to protect US domestic production.
Which country has the highest homicide rate in Latin America?
Highest - Honduras
Nazism
Hitler's Germany's version of fascism. Superiority of the "Aryan race," and the emphasis of racial conflict.
Judicial Restraint
Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution
Institutionalism
Holds that there is a structure to the interactions of nations that determines how they will act Rules they follow are called institutions - give structure, distribute power, and provide incentives for international cooperation
What percent of the national income do remittances from the US back to countries like Honduras and El Salvador represent?
Honduras - 6% El Salvador - 20%
Gettysburg Address
Honored the dead on both sides of the war, expressed determination to readmit the Southern states as quickly as possible.
Connecticut Compromise:
House according to the population, Senate appointed equally to each state.
Article 1 sec 2
House of Reps chosen every 2 years, qualifications which are 25 years of age, 7 years of citizenship, be from the state he was chosen, sole power of impeachment
State or states allow it as well as congress
How can boundaries of states be changed?
very different with the Republicans much more likely to support Israel.
How do people around the world view the difference between the two major parties in the US?
U.S constitution to Federal laws to state constitution to state laws
How does hierarchy of laws trickle down?
Checks and balances as well as federalism
How does national government fragment power?
Not based on how many rule but how they exercise power
How is a constitution based dealing with Aristotle's Classifications?
4
How many Supreme Court justices does it take to grant certiorari? This is called the rule of _____.
Four
How many times in US history has the popular-vote winner lost in the Electoral College?
Socialism
Human beings are social in nature, and capitalist systems undermine the ability for humans to form cooperative communities. Strives for equality of peoples.
Articles I-III in the Constitution (LEJ)
I: establishes legislative branch, the Congress, as a bicameral entity (House + Senate) that makes laws II: establishes executive branch (Pres + vp + cabinet + departments serving under each cabinet member) III: Judicial branch (Supreme Court and lower courts)
Articles IV-VII
IV: State has the power to carry out its own laws V: Constitutional amendments (2/3 vote from each house of Congress AND 3/4 of the state legislature) VI: Constitution and federal laws supersede state law VII: 9 of 13 states needed to ratify it in order for it to go into effect
Wilsonianism
Ideals of democracy, internationalism, American exceptionalism, and diplomacy.
What are justices required to do?
Identify the facts, determine legal principals, apply them to the case
-Most people (voters) fall into 1 of 4 categories
Ideologues → well aware & understand what their ideology is Group benefits → Nature of the times → are you better off than you were 4 years ago. Apolitical / no issue content →
Amendment 25
If President dies or cannot serve, VP takes over. If both die, Speaker of the House takes over
Illegitimate Authority
If government is removed from power by force or involuntarily, it could be known as this
Jury duty
If you don't show up you will be charged with contempt of court
Adam Smith
In 1776, this Scottish philosopher and economist provided a philosophy for the system of a free market, also known as laissez-faire. Buyers and sellers are free to make unlimited economic decisions in the marketplace.
GOP
In 2012, most ___ primaries shifted to proportional representation.
Parliament
In Canada, the King/Queen takes advice from a group of people's representatives called _________________.
House of Commons
In Canada, the _____________________ is our legislature.
Police, Soldiers, Teachers, & Doctors.
In Canada, the executive branch is made up of government workers who enforce rules, like...?
Magistrates
In Rome, the executive were well educated and capable Patricians known as the _________________. They were elected by the Senate.
Plyler v. Doe
In Texas; gave illegals k-12 education
Democracy
In a democracy, like a republic, the people hold the ruling power. the difference is that the people rule and make the decisions directly in a democracy
Politics
In a nut shell, politics can be defined as 'collective decision making'. Political systems manage politics, or group decision making.
Legitimacy
Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.
Political Party Leadership
In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.
have access to financial resources
In order for an interest group to be successful they must _____________________________.
Why the U.S. Constitution was written
In order to . . . 1.) Avoid the power of one single figure 2.) Create a strong centralized government away from Great Britain
When did the courts start to treat blacks equally?
In the 1930s
Rwanda
In this country there are two ethnic groups that have been fighting with each other for many years. Over 500,000 people have been killed and there has also been ethnic cleansing. This is an example of genocide.
Mass Media
Include all the means for communicating information to the general public.
Amendment 16
Income tax
What is the largest source of federal revenue?
Income taxes
How did political parties form?
Ironically, it was disagreements between two of Washington's chief advisers, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, that spurred the formation of the first political parties in the newly formed USA.
Representative style
Is U.S a direct or representative style of government?
Washington community
Individuals regularly involved with politics in Washington D.C.
Institutions
Institutions are constraints on behavior/decision making. Basically, they are rules that dictate who can do what, when, and how.
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement in the mid eighteenth century. The power of humanity to understand and better the world around them.
Clear and Present Danger Test
Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a certainty that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.
Clear and Present Danger Test
Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.
Powers of the Judicial Branch
Interprets the laws
Judicial Branch
Interprets the laws--settles arguments about the meaning of laws, how they are applied, and whether they break the rules of the Constitution. Made up of the court system, of which the Supreme Court is the highest in the land. Article III establishes the Supreme Court and allows Congress to set up lower courts.
Where does state aid given to religious schools go?
Into secular, educational initiatives
Roe Vs Wade
Involved regulating abortions
Isolationism
Is a policy of national isolation from world affairs by generally abstaining from alliances and other types of international political relations.
Two Treatises of Government
Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.
No it isn't
Is amending the constitution a democratic process?
No it is not clear
Is line between national and state governments 100% clear?
Comptroller of Public Accounts
Is responsible for all tax revenues generated in Texas
No it's rare
Is success of direct democracy often?
Idealism
Is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas.
Coverage Bias
Issue framing is what type of bias?
Political Agenda
Issues that are considered important and given plenty of consideration.
What is equality of result?
It aims to eliminate discrimination so that minorities can have the same advantages as majorities
U.S. Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002
It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
It contains rules for countries to follow in order to provide basic human rights to their citizens. The declaration most importantly believes that all human beings are born equal in dignity and rights.
When did the Progressive Era occur?
It occurred from 1896-1916, during the two republican eras.
What caused party machines to lose a lot of their power?
It was due to Progressive Reforms.
What are some arguments given for a flat tax?
It will e simpler, universal with no loopholes, and will be very fair.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Its chief author was Thomas Jefferson and it was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. People have Natural Rights like life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which must be maintained by the government when a government fails to do so, the people have the right to abolish that government even by a revolution and replace it with a new one. Thomas Jefferson borrowed several phrases from John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government.
who was responsible for the Virginia plan?
James Madison
PUBLIUS
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay authored a series of essays known as the FEDERALIST Papers in support of the Constitution under the pseudonym, Publius:
Roles in the Constitution
James Madison: recorded the debate proceedings Washington: president of the body Morris: wrote the final version of the document and its famed preamble (We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union...") Hamilton: one of the authors of the Federalist Papers (1787-1788), along with Madison and John Jay.
Who is the current chairman of the Fed?
Janet Yellen
Party Development 1790s
Jefferson - Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of the Treasury Disagreed on form of government --> political parties
1791
Jefferson and James Madison went to New York to meet with several important politicians such as governor George Clinton and Aaron Burr, a strong critic of Hamilton to ask for voters support.
Natural Rights
Jefferson used Natural Rights in the declaration of Independence and he gave his appeal universality by invoking "natural rights" not just British rights., Life, Liberty, and Property
Maintain Social Order
John Locke's (1632-1704) social contract theory claims that people need government to maintain social order because they have not yet discovered a way to live in groups without conflict.
On Liberty
John Stuart Mill, essay, plead for the pratical and moral value inherent in safe guarding individual differences and popular opinion.
Total incorporation of 1-8th amendments
Justice Hugo Black believed in what part of "due process"?
lifetime
Justices can be removed/impeached for bad behavior; however, it is a _________ appointment.
Gadsden Purchase 1853
Land purchased making Arizona and New Mexico American territories.
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Land spanning from modern-day Louisiana up to Idaho purchased from France. Napoleon offered it for $15 million after the revolution in Haiti.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
Land succeeded by Mexico
Constitutional Disagreement - Large and Small States
Large and Small States: the large states wanted power proportionate to their voting strength; the small states opposed this plan Compromise --> All states should have equal voting power in the Senate but House of Rep members were proportionate to population
More greater the challenges
Larger the society means...
Harris county
Largest county in Texas, 59 district courts,90% of case end with plea agreements
Shield Laws
Laws passed by state legislatures that are designed to protect reporters from being forced to reveal their news sources.
What is the executive branch responsible for?
Leading the country, recommending new laws, and vetoing bills passed by the legislative branch Appointing federal judges Commander-in-Chief for the military
V.I. Lenin
Led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia (wrote What Is to Be Done?)
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Left the fate of slavery up to residents without specifying how or when they were to decide. Repealed the Missouri Compromise. Led to the existence of the Republican Party who were committed to excluding slavery from the states. Suggested by Stephen A Douglas who was pushing for the laying of a railroad in the area.
What is due process?
Legal actions established to preserve the rights of persons accused of a crime
What do justices' rulings reflect?
Legal and political influences
The Connecticut Compromise
Legislative branch would have two parts: 1. a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and 2. a Senate, with two members from each state.
Parliamentary System
Legislature that usually involves a multiplicity of political parties Often called coalition politics Head of government - Prime Minister Head of state - Usually an elected president A government may fall when a majority in parliament votes "no confidence" in the government.
What Is to Be Done
Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.
Leninism
Lenin's version of Marxism that believed capitalist systems could only be overthrown by force by the means of a very disciplined party. Keep a tight grip on society.
What is not protected as free speech?
Libel, slander and obscenity
Left
Liberals are on the _____ side.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Licenses and inspects nuclear power plants
Amendments 9 and 10
Limit the powers of the federal government to those that are expressly granted in the Constitution.
What did the Red Scare impose?
Limits on freedom of expression
Theocracy
Literally, rule by God, or the gods; in practice, rule by religious leaders, typically self-appointed
Nationalism
Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals, the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.
What was the Smoot-Hawley act?
Lowered tariffs after WW2
What was the Sedition Act of 1789?
Made it a crime to print false or malicious stories about the president and other national officers
Equal Pay Act 1963
Made it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than what a man would receive for the same job.
Federalist papers 51
Madison wrote in 1788. agreed that Three seperate, independant branches with the same amount of power( except the legislative branch would be bigger). Government should control people, but also its self, and individual rights should be protected. also stated that ideal society wouldnt need government and people have ultimate power
Coalition of minorities
Majority is what? Under the pluralist answer
Power of Legislative Branch
Makes laws
Legislative Branch
Makes laws for the country. Called Congress, which is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Article I, Section 8, states the powers of Congress.
Executive Branch
Makes sure laws are obeyed and carries out the acts of Congress. President is the head of this branch. Article II grants the president broad but vaguely described powers.
Human dignity
Makes us all equal
Governance
Making and implementing decisions. Often a collaboration between states and non-state organizations.
What is the legislative branch responsible for?
Making laws, raising and printing money, regulating trade, postal service and federal courts, approving the President's appointments, declaring war, and supporting the armed forces.
Why might some argue that US domestic policy is partially behind some of the violence in Mexico?
Marijuana is illegal
Shays Rebellion
Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran led farmers against tax collectors and banks in 1786
Yalta Conference 1945
Meeting attended by Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt in 1945 setting out a plan to divide Germany into zones of occupation.
Meeting at Potsdam 1945
Meeting attended by Stalin, Churchill and Truman over the fate of Germany, and calling for a Japanese surrender.
Citizen
Member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection.
Joseph Warren
Member of the Sons of Liberty who observed the British army leaving Boston on the night of April 18, 1775; notified Paul Revere and the riders by using the lantern signal system "one if by land, two if by sea".
House of Representatives
Members must be < 25 years, US citizen for < 7 years, and be a resident of the state sending them to Congress Reapportionment Act of 1929: House is fixed at 435 members and serve two year terms
Senate
Members must be < 30 years, US citizen for < 9 years, and must live in the state they represent; 6 year terms President of the Senate is the VP
Citizens
Members of a political society/nation.
How and Why is migration used as an economic policy for Latin American nations?
Migration is used for economic opportunities such as jobs so people can have better lives for their families.
Why in the late 1990s did the United States experience budget surpluses?
Mild tax increase, spending cuts, and burgeoning tax revenues
Community Standards Test
Miller v. California 1973 - The definition of obscenity is determined by the community.
Monaco
Modern day example of a monarchy
Neo-fascism
Modern fascist revivals.
What do we mean by remittances to Latin America from the United States?
Money people send back to their families in their home counries
Interstate Commerce Commission
Monitors surface transportation and some pipelines
Limited Government
More control is given to the citizens allowing them to participate
20 Years Compromise
Mr. Madison composed this compromise that stated that the legislative branch would have to leave slave trade untouched for twenty years, but then may impose taxes on the trade in 1808. His compromise ruled that these taxes were not to exceed ten dollars per slave. 20 years of slavery guaranteed to get southern states to sign.
Treaty Ratification
Must be made by a two thirds majority vote of the senate. Where each state has equal representation.
What issues most divided the delegates to the Constitutional Convention?
National Government vs. State's Rights Large States vs. Small States North vs. South Selecting Government Officials
BLOCK GRANTS
National government granting funds for a general program and allowing states discretion in spending it in that area.
SUPREMACY CLAUSE
National law is supreme over state law provided the former is constitutional and states MUST OBEY federal laws.
Prior Restraint
National security and private personal information are reasons a _____________ might be approved. Examples: If people's lives are going to be put at risk or spies are going to be exposed.
Ethnic Nationalism
Nationalism based on common ancestry, language and culture.
Civic Nationalism
Nationalism based on shared values and political history.
How often are presidential court nominees approved by the senate?
Nearly 80% of the time
Social Contract
People give up absolute freedom (anarchy ) in return for the safety and security they gain from forming a government and living by its laws.
Presidential System
No division between head of state and head of government - President serves as both
COMMERCE AGREEMENT
No duty on exports to be levied by Congress.
SLAVE TRADE AGREEMENT
No importation of slaves from abroad after 1808. Agreement also was reached on a "FUGITIVE SLAVE CLAUSE" under which Congress assumed responsibility on legislation dealing with fugitive slaves.
Is freedom of expression absolute?
No, but the courts tend to protect it
How are federal court members appointed?
Nominated by the president and confirmed by the senate
Opinionated
Normative theories are what?
Anarchy
Not really a form of government. It is the absence of a central government.
Incorporation doctrine
Notion that the bill of rights applies to state governments as well as the federal government through the 14th amendment?
What are some of the leading causes of death in the US?
Obesity
Duties of Citizens
Obeying the law, paying taxes, and being loyal to the government and its basic principles. Have the responsibility to be informed, vote, respect the rights and property of others, and respect different opinions and ways of life.
Primary Elections
Occur when party members select people to run in the general election; most commonly used method today.
Liberalism
Often though of as being opposed to realism in philosophy. Allows for the cooperation of several states working in common interest Holds that states act based on their preferences (not their capabilities) International theories of Woodrow Wilson
Jeffersonian Republicans
One of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong state rights.
Constituent
One of the persons represented by a legislator or other elected or appointed official.
The State Department
One of the smallest Cabinet-level departments in terms of employees, it carries out foreign policy; keeps the president informed of international issues, maintains diplomatic relations and negotiates treaties with foreign governments, and protects the interests of Americans traveling abroad.
Constitutional Disagreement - Choosing the Presidency
One side argued for election by direct vote of the people. The other side thought the president should be chosen by Congress. One group feared ignorance of the people; the other feared the power of a small group of people. Compromise --> The Electoral College
Libertarian
One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties, strong support for civil and political liberties but reject government regulation of the economy.
When can federal judges issue decisions?
Only in cases that come before them
When is freedom of speech limited prior to the thing spoken about?
Only in military operations
What practices of religion does the court restrict?
Only those that endanger public health, or safety
What does the Regional government control?
Only within the parameter of "its" territory.
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Opponents of the Constitution who favored a Bill of Rights, States Rights, and a weak central government.
Fascism
Opposed to Communism though similar in structure Tolerates private ownership of the means of production though it maintains tight overall control Central to its belief is the idolization of the leader, a "Cult of the Personality", and often expansionist ideology Examples: German Nazism and Italian Fascism
The Right
Opposition to social and economic equality, traditional (mostly religious) values and morality.
5 FUNCTIONS AND PURPOSES OF GOVERNMENT
Ordain and Establish the Constitution to Ensure: Maintain Law and order, Provide defense, Promote general welfare, Secure the blessings of liberty, and equality.
Federal Mandate
Orders that induce responsibility, action, procedure, or anything else that's imposed by constitutional or administrative action.
Representative Democracy
Ordinary citizens choose representatives to make policy
Interest groups
Organizing common interests and communicate those rules
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Outlined a three-step process for statehood centered on the number of people settled and the establishment of a state constitution.
18th
Prohibition amendment
Amendment 18
Prohibition of alcohol
Concurrent powers
Overlap in powers for national and state government
The Fourteenth Amendment
Overruled the portion of the Dred Scott v. Sanford ruling that African Americans were not citizens.
National Labor Relations Board
Oversees labor and management practices
Amendment 17
Part of the Progressive Movement; senators were elected by the people
News Media
Parts of the Mass Media that tell the public what is going on in the country and the world.
Ethics rule
Passed in 2003 in Texas requires any person who donates more than $500 must be identified by occupation and employer.
What did congress do to aid minorities in the private sector?
Passed the civil rights acts of 64 and 68 as well as the voting rights act of 65
New Jersey Plan
Paterson's small state plan proposed the granting of equal representation for each state in a unicameral (one house) legislature.
Maximize
People always try to _____ their own utility
Popular Sovereignty
People are the main source of legal power in a nation.
Census
Periodic official count of the number of persons living in a country.
What is the intermediate discrimination test?
Permits justifiable different treatment based on sex
Delegate
Person who acts for or represents another or others.
Liberal
Person who believes in a strong government presonce to protect peoples rights and help meet their needs.
Conservation
Person who believes that the government should stay out of private citizens lies as much as possible
Constituent
Person who is represented by an elected official.
Immigrant
Person who moves from one country to another to live permanently.
Casework
Personal work for constituents by members of Congress.
An open, participatory style of government in which many different interests are represented.
Pluralism is defined as
Empirical
Pluralists and elitists believe in _____
Federal Communications Commission
Polices the airwaves by licensing radio and TV stations and regulating cable and TV companies
Popular sovereignty
Political authority resides with the people, also Democratic government must be responsive and accountable to the people
What is the clear-and-present danger test?
Political expression can be restricted if there is a clear and present danger to the US security
In what way do political parties and politicians work together?
Political parties make platforms for the politicians, of which the politicians promise to uphold and act out if elected.
Pluralist System
Political system where many groups that represent many interests can influence government decisions. No group has a dominant influence, and the government tries to keep all the groups content.
Liberal Democracy
Political system. - Limited government - Individual freedom - Rule of law - Democratic system
The process that decides who gets what and what laws we live by
Politics is what?
Pseudo polls
Polls conducted by giving one-sided information and then asking questions based on that one-sided information. It naturally has an influence on how people answer the questions.
Legitimacy
Popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority
Direct democracy
Populism is in comparison to...?
Either you are elite and have power or you don't have any power at all.
Power as a continuum means?
Unitary government
Power in concentrated within single central government
What are the main features of a federal form of government?
Power is divided by states and national government. Somewhere between a unitary or centralized government and a confederation. Federalism is a system in which decisions and functions are divided by 2 levels of government.
Checks and Balances
Power of gov is shared by 3 branches (leg, exec, jud) to make each branch dep on the other.
Judicial review
Power of the court to declare something unconstitutional
RESERVED POWERS
Powers RESERVED TO THE STATES (and the people) according to the 10th Amendment.
Expressed Powers
Powers directly expressed or stated in the Constitution by its founders found in Article I, Section 8. Include power to levy and collect taxes, coin money, make war, raise an army and navy, and regulate commerce among the states.
Federal Powers
Powers held exclusively by the federal government. Include foreign and interstate commerce, minting money, immigration, copyrights and patents, waging war and peace, admitting new states, and maintaining an army.
Implied Powers
Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions
Amendment 10
Powers not delegated to the US shall be reserved for states, or the people
Checks and Balances
Powers over the other branches of government to help limit each branches power
Police Powers
Powers possessed by the states as part of their inherent sovereignty. These powers may be exercised to protect or promote the public order, health, safety, morals, and general welfare.
Enumerated power
Powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution. The first seventeen clauses of Article 1, section 8, specify most of the enumerated powers of Congress.
Inherent Powers
Powers that the government may exercise simply because it is a government. Include the power to control the country's borders, to give or refuse diplomatic recognition to other countries, to acquire new territories for national expansion, and to defend the government from revolution.
Implied Powers
Powers that the national government requires to carry out the powers that are expressly defined in the Constitution. Also known as the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Elastic Clause, these powers help the national government strengthen and expand its authority to meet many problems the founders did not foresee.
Delegated Powers
Powers the Constitution grants or delegates to the national government. Three types: expressed, implied, and inherent.
Custom and usage
Practices and institutions that evolve in response to political needs
Impeachment
Pres, VP and other gov officials can be removed from office.
New Jersey Plan
Presented by William Patterson. Congress made of one house. (unicameral).All states equal.
President Roosevelt's ________ _________ brought forth a system of cooperative federalism in which national, state, and local governments would work together on programs rather than assigning specific functions to each level.
President Roosevelt's (New Deal) brought forth a system of cooperative federalism in which national, state, and local governments would work together on programs rather than assigning specific functions to each level.
Who are the members of the executive branch?
President, Vice President, Various cabinet members and other members the President might appoint - ambassadors, advisers, members of the armed forces, and civil servants of government agencies, departments, and bureaus.
Declaration of Independence
Primarily the work of Thomas Jefferson, articulating the grievances against the Crown recognizing individual liberty and the governments responsibility to serve the people.
Sovereignty
Principle that the state has the final word on all decisions related to their territory and population.
Caucus
Private meeting of party leaders, used early in U.S. history and still in some states, to nominate someone for public office.
EMINENT DOMAIN
Private property can be taken away by the government for public purposes ONLY after paying just compensation.
Returning powers to states and federal statues required on states
Problems with new federalism include what?
What is procedural due process?
Procedures that authorities must follow before a person can be legitimately be punished for an offense
Eighteenth Amendment 1919
Prohibited the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Repeated by the Twenty-First Amendment 1933.
Shays Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
SHAYS' REBELLION
Rebellion of debtor farmers against creditors and courts in Massachusetts led by Captain Daniel Shays and was organized to prevent court foreclosure of mortgages on farms.
Amendment 14
Reconstruction or Civil War Amendment (w/13) Voided 3/5 clause in Article 1 Rights of citizens: 1)all persons born in the united states are granted citizenship, 2) no state can deny any person the equal protection of the laws, 3)no state can deny any person life, liberty, property without due process of law
Amendment 13
Reconstruction or Civil War Amendment (w/14) Bans slavery and involuntary servitude
Twenty-Sixth Amendment 1971
Reduces the voting age from 21 to 18.
episcopal
Refers to the system of church government which is overseen by bishops
Old Northwest
Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota
What powers are reserved to the states?
Regulate intrastate trade, establish local governments, protect general welfare, protect life and property, ratify amendments, conduct elections, and make state and local laws.
The Federal Communications Commission
Regulates media content and ownership.
COMMERCE CLAUSE
Regulation of Interstate commerce by Congress by majority vote.
Unfunded mandate
Regulation that requires state or local to perform certain actions with no money provided for filling the requirements.
Civil
Relating to citizens, occurring within the community.
Amendment 21
Repeal of Prohibition
Reagan's relationship with the media
Reporters dubbed him the 'Great Communicator'. He used television. By the time he reached the White House--after a career as an actor in movies & TV--he had mastered the art of speaking & performing in from of live audiences & on camera. By alternately using & avoiding the media, his administration managed the news more than any previous administration.
Be able to describe the factions that support and oppose a tougher policy on illegal immigration.
Republican Lax - business interest (guest worker program or even amnesty) Harsh - policies would alienate hispanic voters from republic party Democrat Lax - opportunity for everyone, they want voters Harsh - organized labor decreases wages for everyone, backlash from voters is amnesty plan goes through
Conservative
Republicans are considered what?
Separation of Powers
The government is divided into three branches that have their own responsibilities: legislative, executive, and judicial.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790),he wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.
Adam Smith
Scottish moral philosopher "wealth of nations" "the theory of moral sentiment" modern free market division of labor
David Hume
Scottish philosopher"Treatise of Human nature" Examined the psychological basic of human nature concluded that desire not reason governed human behavior association of ideas
Specific
Search warrants must be _______ and not general.
Amendment 3
Security from quartering troops during war or peace
Federalist Papers
Series of 85 essays that appeared in newspapers throughout New York and designed to gain support for the New Constitution and were discussed between judges and scholars.
The Federalist Papers
Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
Free Press
Serve as societal and governmental watchdogs mean to showcase what kinds of brilliant and terrible things the rich, powerful, and elected are doing.
Articles of Confederation
Served as the national government from 1781-1787. Provided for a weak central government in favor of a confederation of states. Unicameral legislature. Each state had one vote in congress. Weaknesses include inability to levy taxes, draft troops, regulate foreign trade, lacked an executive chief, national court system, and its rule that amendments must be approved by unanimous consent, and had no ability to enforce state legislation. Was weak and ineffective.
House Representative
Serves a 2 year term
Quota Act 1921
Set immigration quotas at 3% total number of immigrants registered in 1890 for those who came from southern and eastern Europe.
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Sets standards of safety for manufactured products
Constructivism
Similar to Liberalism but recognizes the roles that ideas and perceptions play in international relations There are relations between countries and their goals, identities, and perceived threats (Ex: building an army is considered more of a threat to enemies than allies)
Separation of powers
System of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches.
corporate consolidation
Tactics developed in the wake of industrialization and falling profits. Pools, trusts (horizontal integration), holding companies (vertical integration) meant prices could remain low, production would expand and wages were kept low.
What are the powers delegated to the federal government?
Tax, borrow and coin money, establish postal service, grant patents and copyrights, regulate interstate and foreign commerce, establish courts, declare war, raise and support the armed forces, govern territories, define and punish felonies and piracy on the high seas, fix standards of weights and measures, and conduct foreign affairs.
Imposts
Taxes on imports or general taxes
Advice and consent
Terms in the Constitution describing the U.S. Senate's power to review and approve treaties and presidential appointments.
What is narcoterrorism?
Terrorist activity associated with trade of drugs
What is the rational basis law?
Test whether a government action is reasonable for discrimination i.e. age based restrictions
Constitution
Texas in most categories is considered to have a normal constitution except for two issues ( 1: Constitutional limits on the Legislator, and 2: Legislative pay)
What is the upper court myth?
That the court of appeals is the only truly significant court
1796-1824; The first party system
The "first party" - The Federalists
What amendment applied the Bill of Rights to the states?
The 14th amendment
What amendment is used to protect minorities from discrimination?
The 14th amendment's equal protection clause
Lemon v. Kurtzman
The 1971 Supreme Court decision that established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion.
Roe v. Wade
The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.
United States vs. Nixon
The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of exceutive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.
What principals was the US founded on?
The belief that individuals have the right to personal liberty; i.e. the ability to speak their mind, worship as they choose.
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
The biggest-spending groups of corporate donors are FIRE companies. What does the abbreviation of FIRE stand for?
Where are these procedures covered?
The 4th 6th and 8th amendments
Appellate Jurisdiction
The Authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts.
What necessitated the passage of the 15th and 16th Amendments?
The Bill of Rights did not include blacks in the definition of a citizen.
WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
The Constitution is the Supreme law describing the powers of the government, the rights of the people, and relations between the two
Execute
The Executive Branch takes the laws that the Legislature makes, and makes sure that the people follow them - they __________ the laws.
Diplomatic recognition
The Formal acknowledgement of a foreign government as legitimate.
Connecticut Compromise
The Great Compromise
Which of the 3 main political parties is most likely to partake in Ticket-Splitting?
The Independent party.
Referees
The Judicial Branch is in charge of making sure that legislative branch does not abuse the people by passing illegal laws or that the executive branch does not abuse the people be breaking the law. They are Canada's _______________.
Court
The Judicial Branch is the _________ system.
GEORGIA
The LAST of the thirteen colonies established.
The head of the Executive Branch
The President of the United States, who also commands the liberty. The president has assistance from the Vice President, Cabinet members, Department members, and federal agencies, all of whom help in arraying out policy and providing special services.
Bull Moose Party
The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.
Third Amendment
The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner
The Highest court in the land
The Supreme Court
President, Senate
The Supreme Court members are nominated by the _________ and confirmed by a majority of the _________.
Tenure of Good Behavior
The Supreme Court serves under Article 3 - a ______________ of __________.
$2,500
The US system sets strict limits on individual donations (no one may contribute more than ___ to any individual candidate).
Eisenhower Doctrine
The US would provide military and economic assistance to any Middle Eastern countries who resisted communist insurgents.
First
The United States was the ___ nation to choose its chief executive by popular election—even if the Founders circumvented by adding the Electoral College.
Party Organization
The __ provide(s) support for a party's candidates and elected officials.
Plain View Exception
The _____ ______ _________ validates a warrantless seizure where there is a prior valid intrusion and an item is seen in plain view that is immediately apparent as evidence of a crime.
FCC's
The ______'s regulatory powers extend only to over-the-air broadcasters, who transmit their programs via the publicly owned spectrum. Cable, on the other hand, travels to American homes via privately built and maintained hardware. (The same goes for satellite services like the DISH Network, whose orbiting hardware is privately launched.)
Takings
The ________ Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that the government may take private property for public use, but only if it provides just compensation.
Supreme Court
The ________ is the court of last resort in the Federal system. It is the highest court in the land.
Issue Framing
The ability of the media to structure the debate (e.g. Abortion - if you are pro-Choice, you want the issue to be about freedom of choice and not about killing babies) This is also called coverage bias. It is the perspective from which the story is told - from which view point.
What is discretionary power?
The ability to make decisions without the approval of another part of the government
Power
The ability to make someone do something, especially something they wouldn't usually do.
Majority
The age at which a person is entitled by law to the right to manage her or his own affairs and to the full employment of civil rights. Or more than 50 percent
Reapportionment
The allocation of seats in the House of Representatives to each state after each census.
Spring Review
The annual process in which the Office of Management and Budget requires federal agencies to review their program, activities, and goals and submit their requests for funding for the next fiscal year.
Fall review
The annual process in which the Office of Management and Budget, after receiving formal federal agency requests for funding for the next fiscal year, reviews the requests, makes changes, and submits its recommendations to the president.
Scientific Polling
The application of mathematical principles of probability were important in the development of this...
Public Opinion
The attitudes and ideas that a significant number of Americans hold about government and politics.
Appointment power
The authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position. Positions filled by presidential appointment include those in the executive branch and the federal judiciary, commissioned officers in the armed forces, and members of the independent regulatory commissions
Judicial Branch
The branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice, the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states
Legislative Branch
The branch of the United States government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.
Checks and Balances
The branches of the government are separate, yet not independent of each other. Each branch of government holds some control over the other two branches.
Executive budget
The budget prepared and submitted by the president to Congress.
Majority
The candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election.
Senate majority leader
The chief spokesperson of the majority party in the Senate, who directs the legislative program and party strategy.
Symbiotic and Adversarial relationship between press and politicians
The close relationship between the media and politicians is both a -------- -------- meaning they use each other for their mutual advantage, and an -------- --------, meaning they fight each other.
Popular Sovereignty
The concept that ultimate political authority is based on the will of the people
Anarchy
The condition of no government. No authority
Fifth Amendment
The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.
Thirteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the United States.
Double Jeopardy
The constitutional prohibition under the Fifth Amendment against a person being put on trial more than once for the same offense.
PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION OF 1787
The convention was called for the "sole and expressed purpose" of proposing revisions to the Articles of Confederation so as to make the government effective to deal with exigencies (problems) of the union.
Bush vs. Gore
The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation statdards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.
What does the protection of individual rights depend on?
The courts and a tolerant society
Judicial Supremacy
The courts had the authority to determine constitutionality of the pres. and congress. maybury v madison.
Genocide
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Political Spectrum
The differences in ideology between the major parties in the U.S.
Bicameralism
The division of a legislature into two separate assemblies.
Executive Branch
The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.
Internationalism
The doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences.
Gerrymandering
The drawing of legislative district boundary lines for the purpose of obtaining partisan or factional advantage. A district is said to be gerrymandered when its shape is manipulated by the dominant party to maximize electoral strength at the expense of the minority party.
What constrains justices when ruling on a case?
The facts as determined by trial courts existing laws that apply to the situation
Bill of rights
The first 10 Amendments ratified in 1791. These amendments outline the rights of citizens and visitors, according to the law of the land, expressing the freedoms and culture oft his country.
Straw Polls
The first attempts to measure popular sentiments on a large scale. Developed by newspapers in the nineteenth century
Thurgood Marshall
The first black Supreme Court justice and chief counsel of the NAACP.
Articles of Confederation
The first federal form of government prior to the Constitution.
The first founding document of the United States of America that dissolved any connection of the 13 Colonies with Great Britain is the _________ of ___________, adopted on July 4, _______
The first founding document of the United States of America that dissolved any connection of the 13 Colonies with Great Britain is the (Declaration of Independence), adopted on July 4, (1776)
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution
The Preamble
The formal introduction to the constitution. It summarizes the basic premises and explains the purpose of the constitution.
Representation
The function of members of Congress as elected officials representing the views of the constituents
Liberty
The greatest freedom of the individual that is consistent with the freedom of other individuals in the society
Electoral College
The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President
Freedom of Religion
The guarantee of _______ of _______ is both a protection of religious thought and practice and a command of separation of church and state. The guarantees of freedom of speech and press assure to all persons a right to speak, publish, and otherwise express their views. The guarantees of the rights of assembly and petition protect the right to join with others in public meetings, political parties, interest groups, and other associations to discuss public affairs and influence public policy. None of these rights is guaranteed in absolute terms, however; like all other civil rights guarantees, each of them may be exercised only with regard to the rights of all other persons.
What did Brown v Board of ED combat?
The idea of separate but equal
Consent of the People
The idea that governments and laws derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed
Internationalism
The idea that nations should cooperate to promote common aims.
National Self-determination
The idea that nations should determine their political status and have the choice to become sovereign states of their own.
Rule of Law
The idea that people are all equal under known and impartial laws. Rulers and those under them are equally subject to laws, and said laws aren't arbitrary orders.
Citizenship
The idea that permanent residents of a country have rights and duties as members of the community.
Nationalism
The idea that the nation-state is the best form of state and that a nation should be self-governing so it can promote its own culture and values.
Which of the 3 main political parties are considered as "Leaners?"
The independent party is considered as such.
Kitchen cabinet
The informal advisors to the president.
The interaction between state, local, and national governments is complex, yet clearly and concisely outlined in the __________ in order to maintain a productive democratic country.
The interaction between state, local, and national governments is complex, yet clearly and concisely outlined in the (Constitution) in order to maintain a productive democratic country.
Preamble
The introduction to our Constitution.
Original Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case.
The Department of Defense
The largest of all the executive departments both in terms of money spent and people employed, it looks after the national security of the U.S. by supervising the armed forces and assisting the president in carrying out the duties of commander-in-chief.
1828
The last president to come directly out of the House of Representatives was Andrew Jackson back in ___.
Authority
The legitimate right to use power.
Bourgeoisie
The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.
QUORUM
The minimum number needed to conduct business.
True
The modern congressional "work week" in Washington D.C. is less than 3 days (T or F)
UNITARY SYSTEM
The most common form of organizing governments. Refers to Concentration of governmental powers in a single, central, national government
Parliamentary Government
The most widespread form of democratic government in which executive and legislative functions both reside in the elected assembly.
One-party System
The party is the government. The decisions of party leaders set government policy.
Minority Leader of the House
The party leader elected by the minority party in the House.
Senate minority leader
The party officer in the Senate who commands the minority party's opposition to the policies of the majority party and directs the legislative program and strategy of his or her party.
Appropriation
The passage, by Congress, of a spending bill specifying the amount of authorized funds that actually will be allocated for an agency's use.
Samuel Prescott
The patriot, along with William Dawes and Paul Revere, warned the colonists that the British were coming before Lexington and Concord.
Chief of staff
The person who is named to direct the White House Office and advise the president.
White House Office
The personal office of the president, which tends to presidential political needs and manages the media.
Individualist Perspective
The perspective that humans are all ultimately in it for themselves, and will act accordingly.
Impeachment
The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.
Democracy
The political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
What does the right to freedom of expression take precedence to?
The possibility that excessing that right may have undesirable consequences
line-item veto
The power of executive to veto individual lines or items within a piece of legislation without vetoing the entire bill.
Judicial Review
The power to declare unconstitutional, illegal, null, and void any government action that violates some provision of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the final authority on the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution.
ELASTIC CLAUSE
The powers of the national government are elastic because the national government has every power that can be reasonably implied as useful and necessary and proper for it to carry out its constitutionally granted powers
The Concurrent Powers
The powers shared by state and federal governments. Includes taxing, borrowing and spending money, controlling the militia and acting directly on indiviuals.
Government
The preeminent institution in society in which decision are made that resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges. It is unique because it has ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values.
Public Opinion:
The preferences of the adult population in reference to government.
Constitutional Disagreements - Presidency
The presidency: Some wanted a strong, centralized, individual authority while others feared autocracy or the growth of a monarchy Compromise --> Give the president broad powers but limit time through term of office and appointments and treaties required consent of the Senate.
Veto message
The president's formal explanation of a veto when legislation is returned to Congress.
Speaker of the House
The presiding officer in the House of Representatives. The Speaker is always a member of the majority party and is the most powerful and influential member of the House.
If someone were to appeal their sentencing, who has the burden of proof?
The prisoner
Oversight
The process by which Congress follows up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended.
Miranda Rule
The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)
What do courts try to balance?
The safety of society and the freedoms of the individual
What is Political Science?
The scientific study of politics. Trying to understand how it works in a systematic way.
Political Ideology
The set of values and beliefs about the economy, government and society that inspire political actions. What you want the world to be like.
Federalism
The sharing of power between the national government and the individual state governments. State governments have their own constitution, similar to the u.S. Constitution, but the laws of the individual state cannot conflict with the federal constitution. Every state constitution reflects its individual history, needs, philosophy, and geography and is uniquely different from all other states.
Propaganda
The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or hurting an institution (organization), a cause, or a person. It can be done using different forms of media such as video, posters and newspapers or books.
Political Propaganda
The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or hurting an institution (organization), a cause, or a person. The main goal of the propaganda is usually something political and has something to do with government or world affairs.
How are states judges selected?
The state decides
McCulloch vs. Maryland
The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.
Socialism
The state takes a guiding role in the national economy and provides extensive social services to its population Usually promotes democracy but heavy state involvement = excessive bureaucracy + inefficiency Variant of Marxism Symbol = red flag
Who controls capital punishment?
The states. 8th amendment extend into this realm
Political Science
The study of politics
Government
The system that makes decisions and implements those decisions for the state.
Boston Tea Party
The tea from British warehouses had gone unsold, the vessels holding the tea were prevented from leaving the harbor. Law dictated that after 20 days the cargo would be sold at auction, thus ridding the British of the tea and taking the tax they wanted from it. 50 Bostonians disguised as Mohawks snuck into the boats and threw the tea overboard.
President pro tempore
The temporary presiding officer of the Senate in the absence of the vice president.
Original intent
The theory that justices should surmise the intentions of the Founders when the language of the Constitution is unclear.
United Nations
The three main goals of this organization are to maintain international peace, to develop friendly relations among nations, and to seek solutions to global problems
Dictatorship
The unlimited use of power by an individual or group over an entire nation or group of nations. The people have no power.
Filibuster
The use of the Senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill.
Statutory Interpretation
The various methods and tests used by the courts for determining the meaning of a law and applying it to specific situations. Congress may overturn the courts' interpretation by writing a new law; thus it also engages in _________ ______________.
Multi-party system
The vast majority of the world's democracies are governed by which type of party system?
How do political parties work in the Electorate?
The voters identify themselves with a political party.
Divine Right Theory
Theory that a god or gods have chosen certain people to rule.
Living Constitution
Theory that assumes the Constitution was meant to be a dynamic document whose meaning has to account for contemporary social and political context.
Force Theory
Theory that government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group.
Social Contract Theory
Theory that in a natural state, no government exists. By contract, people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was the first to come up with this theory, but John Locke took it a step further by saying that people were naturally endowed with the right to life, liberty, and property. To preserve their rights, they willingly contracted to give power to a governing authority. When government fails to preserve the right of the people, the people had the right to break the contract.
Political Evolutionary Theory
Theory that state evolved from the family. The head of the primitive family was the authority that served as the government.
9
There are ___ members of the Supreme Court.
What does the Supreme court say about church and state?
There must be a wall of separation between the two.
Bill of Attainder
These are illegal in the US. Result in convicting and sentencing someone for a crime without a trial
3/5's Compromise
This compromise said that slaves count both as 3/5 of a person when counting population for representatives and for taxation. This was based on saying that a slave worked only 3/5 as well as a free worker.
Candidates are less dependent on parties to get elected, but they still need help through-?
They can get help through- -money -recognition
Institutions Are Important, Man.
They shape political outcomes, for one thing. For another, they solve collective dilemmas.
What was the main goal of the Progressives?
They wanted to undermine party machines by legislating away patronage and voting corruption.
What do people do at national party organizations?
They: -Do a formal send-off for president and vice-president -Approve the party platforms
What do people do at county conventions?
They: -Have delegates vote resolutions -Have selected delegates attend the state convention.
What do people do at precinct conventions?
They: -Select delegates to county convention -Adopt resolutions for consideration @ county convention.
Judicial Branch
This branch of government contains the court system. The highest in the land is the Supreme Court, and included in they system are federal Courts. -Courts must ensure that the rules of the Constitution are upheld, so members of the courts interpret the meaning of laws and how they should be applied.
Executive Branch
This branch of government ensures that the laws of the United States are followed.
Legislative Branch
This branch of government is comprised of Congress and government agencies that provide support the Executive Branch.
Mapp vs ohio
This case extended exclusionary rule to states
Citizens united vs federal election commissioning
This case showed that freedom of speech is always allowed and labor unions can spend frivolous amounts of money with no repercussions
Miranda Vs Arizona
This court case established criminal suspects right against self-incrimination and right to council during interrogation
Gideon Vs Wainwright
This court case established where criminals are allowed under the 6th and 14th amendments to have a lawyer from the states if poor
What is the main goal of Political Parties?
To win Elections
TOTALITARIANISM
Total control of every aspect of human life by government and the absence of individual liberty.
Democrats
Traditionally, which party has adhered to the proportional representation system?
Republicans
Traditionally, which party has adhered to the winner-take-all system?
Governor Ann Richards
Tried to increase the power of the Governor by attempting to appoint the heads of state agencies
What is TARP?
Troubled Asset Relief Program
Enumerated, implied and inherent powers
What are the types of powers that are interpreted from the constitution?
Democratic Socialism
Under this system, people have basic human rights and have some control over government officials through free elections and multiparty systems.
The New Jersey Plan:
Unicameral legislature where each have equal power.
Amendment 4
Unreasonable search and seizures; probable cause and a search warrant
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Updated regulations on cost, competition, and program content of telecommunications.
Equal Rights Amendment 1972
Upheld the equality of all regardless of sex.
Social Darwinism
Use of Darwin's theory of evolution to argue that humans also were subject to the idea "survival of the fittest".
Transfer
Use of popular symbols to create a positive view of the candidate or the use of negative or controversial symbols to create a negative view of one's opponent
Card Stacking
Use of statistics, often in a one-sided manner
Shays' Rebellion
Veteran Daniel Shays led a rebellion of farmers against the tax collectors and the banks that were seizing their property. Symbolized the inability to maintain order under the Articles
Historical Materialism
View that development and the dynamics of society and politics can be understood in terms of the way society is organized to produce goods, in relation to feudal systems, slave-owning systems, etc.
Anarchism
Views the state as oppressive, seeks to replace the state with voluntary co-operation. (The commons???)
George Washingtion
Virginian General for the american rebels and delegate in the Constitutional Convention. 1st President of the U.S. , leader of Virginia militia sent to try to get the French to leave the Ohio Valley; later took command of British troops in French and Indian War, first leader of the continental army
Amendment 26
Voting Age Set to 18 Years
Niccolo Machiavelli
Was an Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote,The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.
George Mason
Was one of the strongest supporters of the bill of rights.(was from Virginia) In 1776, he had written the bill of rights for Virginia's constitution. After the Constitutional Convention refused to include a bill of rights, Mason joined the Anitfederalists.
Federalists (supported the new Constitution)
Washington, Franklin, James Madison
Geographic
We divide power by ___________ area, and not just topic.
Why might it be said the US and China have a symbiotic relationship?
We need them for exports as much as they need us for imports
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more ________ ________, establish Justice, insure __________ __________, provide for the common __________, promote the general ________, and secure the ___________ of _________ to ourselves and our __________, do __________ and _________ this Constitution for the United States of America.
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more (perfect) (Union), establish Justice, insure (domestic) (Tranquility), provide for the common (defense), promote the general (Welfare), ands secure the (Blessings) of (Liberty) to ourselves and our (Posterity), do (ordain) and (establish) this Constitution for the United States of America.
Any evidence obtained through unreasonable search cannot be used in court
Weeks Vs United States showed that...
Pluralism
What Deals with minority not being okay with the majority, such as civil war
Premiers
What are leaders of the Provincial government called?
Moderate
What are most Americans now dealing with political parties?
Plurality
What are most elections decided by?
Plessy vs Ferguson and Brown vs. board of education
What are some court examples of judicial review?
Articles of confederation, E.U, confederate states of America
What are some examples of confederation?
U.S, Mexico, Canada and maybe china
What are some examples of federation?
Ability to tax and borrow money
What are some expanded of concurrent powers?
Over emphasis of restraining the majority and is conservative
What are some of the criticisms of pluralism?
Assumes full participation, ignores intensity as well as ability for majority tyranny
What are some of the criticisms toward populism?
Levy and collect taxes, raise an army and regulate interstate commerce
What are some of the enumerated powers of the national government?
"necessary and proper clause" and "general warfare"
What are some of the implied powers that the government has?
Who can vote, more control of senators, states petitioning
What are some of the reforms in representative democracy?
Protection against insurrection, republican form of gov, equal representation in the senate, equality of each state, as well as able to agree on amendments
What are some of the states rights?
Political Freedom, Political Equality, Majority Rule
What are the 3 principles to achieve popular sovereignty?
Tyranny, oligarchy, democracy
What are the bad forms of government?
Confederation, unitary government, federation
What are the different ways to divide governmental power?
Executive priveledge and dismissal of high ranking members of executive branch
What are the examples for executive interpretation?
Monarchy, Aristocracy, constitutional democracy
What are the examples of good form of government?
Recognize the constitution, "full faith and credit", extradition of criminals
What are the obligations of states?
MLA's (Members of the Legislative Assembly)
What are the people who work on provincial issues called?
The Legislative Branch, The Executive Branch, & The Judicial Branch.
What are the three branches of government?
Functions of Government, Structure, Procedures
What are the three fundamental components of a constitution?
Populism, Pluralism, and Elitism
What are the three models of American democracy?
Direct and Representative Democracy
What are the two basic forms of democracy?
Collective Action Problem
When there is a problem between the individual interest and the group interest. For example, a new law said paying taxes was optional. It would be in your best interest to simply not pay taxes and pocket the extra money. However, it would be in the groups best interest for you to pay the taxes, because if you don't, then that means whoever is paying will have to pay more than they would have if everyone pitched in.
Constitutional democracy
Where an individual places written legal limits on the power of a certain majority to act upon.
Legitimacy
Where certain principles and rules are right. Max Weber said based on tradition, charisma and legality.
Representative democracy
Where officials who represent the people are chosen through popular vote in free elections.
Elected Dictatorship
Where one person (King or President) or a group of people (Parliament) still had all the power and could still abuse the people.
Minority Rights
Where the minority is given specific freedoms.
Separation pf Powers
Where the writers of the US Constitution separated the national gov operations into the 3 branches of government.
What is a concern of racial profiling?
Whether proper adherence to legal procedures produces reasonable outcome
Progressive Democrats
Which Democratic Party faction, generally, opposed US intervention in Iraq?
Third Way proponents
Which Democratic Party faction, generally, seeks to reduce the number of abortions while preserving a woman's right to choose?
Moderates
Which Democratic Party faction, generally, supports tax increases along with spending cuts?
Ralph Nader
Which Green Party candidate in the 2000 presidential election upset the results in the state of Florida?
Paleoconservatives
Which Republican Party faction, generally, supports US intervention in world affairs to spread democracy?
Social conservatives
Which Republican Party faction, generally, supports a return to what they believe to be American's strong Christian culture?
Puerto Rico
Which area has had recent discussion about being admitting as new state?
Gatekeeping Bias
Which kind of bias is agenda setting?
FOX + MSNBC
Which media outlets are noted for pandering to conservatives and liberals, respectively?
All the popular, well organized and wealthy ones
Which minorities are protected under pluralism?
Political rights of former slaves
Which of the following was an issue position of the Radical Republicans in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Democrats
Which political party dominated in the 5th party system?
Republican
Which political party had the largest number of registered voters in 2012?
Iowa and New Hampshire
Which states have the first two presidential caucuses and primary contests every four years?
Reverse lobbying
Which term refers to attempts by government officials to influence interest groups on behalf of their preferred policies? intergovernmental lobbying judicial precedent bureaucratic rule making reverse lobbying
Imminent lawless action test
Which test took over "clear and present danger" by ranging broader range of speech?
Nixon + Reagan
Which two Republican presidential candidates developed a "southern strategy" that, in the end, converted the South into a republican stronghold?
Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan
Which two Republican presidential candidates developed a "southern strategy" that, in the end, converted the South to a Republican region of the country?
What is Politics?
Who gets what, when, and how. An authoritative allocation of values.
States
Who has control over internal affairs?
Ballot access rules
Who or what determines ballot access in American elections?
The States
Who or what determines ballot access in American elections?
Winston Churchill
Who stated: "Democracy is the worst form of government except for all those other forms we've tried"?
Franklin D Roosevelt
Who was president during the New Deal? Theodore Roosevelt William McKinley Woodrow Wilson Franklin D. Roosevelt
Only the national government
Who was the bill of rights originally intended for?
William McKinley
Who won the election of 1896, which marks the beginning of the 4th party system in the United States?
Empirical analysis
Who, what, where, when, why, how. Explaining events. What is. Collect data and make hypotheses.
Plural marriage and party politics
Why did Utah have controversy on being admitted?
To have freedom
Why do Americans put up with the inefficiency of government?
A lot of gridlock and inefficiency
Why do Americans still find democracy objectable?
Iowa's laws require their caucus to occur 8 days before any other states'. Both states are small, which means candidates can appeal to individual citizens, which opens up their personalities to the general public.
Why do Iowa and New Hampshire get the first crack at deciding each party's presidential nominee?
To protect the innocent
Why do we even have "due process"?
Texas was a Independent country
Why was Texas different when being admitted?
LARGEST MINORITY IN AMERICA
With 14% Hispanic Americans are the largest minority now and are projected to become 26% of the population by 2050.
Inalienable rights
With Democracy, people got rights to vote on issues, and they also got rights such as the rights to life and freedom, what where these rights called?
Less representation for Smaller states
With growing population of California and Texas what does that mean for smaller states?
What sect of people have been treated as second class citizens though not technically a numerical minority?
Women
Amendment 19
Women's Suffrage (right to vote)
What is the WTO?
World Trade Organization- global reduction of tariffs
Democracy in America
Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.
Leviathan
Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.
The Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Stated that economic events would lead to communism.
Bill of Rights
Written my James Madison in response to anti-federalist failure to support the adoption of the proposed constitution. Promoted a limited government. The first ten articles/amendments of the constitution. Includes the guarantee of freedom of speech, religion and press.
Federalist Papers
Written to win popular support for the new proposed Constitution Provided an explanation of the philosophies, concerns, and compromises that were made Often called the most effective marketing and public relations campaign in human history
John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers.
Constitutional Disagreement - Slavery
Yes vs. No Compromise --> (a) fugitive slaves should be returned by states to which they might flee for refuge, and (b) no law would be passed for 20 years prohibiting the importation of slaves
seniority system
a custom followed in both chambers of Congress specifying that the member of the majority party with the longest term of continuous service will be given preference when a committee chairperson (or a holder of some other significant post) is selected
Edmund Randolph
a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional convention. He proposed the large state compromise of a bicameral legislature
safe seat
a district that returns a legislator with 55 percent of the vote or more
Revolution
a forcible overthrow of a government in favor of a new system
Direct Democracy
a form of democracy in which people vote firsthand
representative democracy
a form of government in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies; may retain the monarchy in a ceremonial role
republic
a form of government in which sovereign power rests with the people, rather than with a king or a monarch
totalitarian regime
a form of government that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation
authorization
a formal declaration by a legislative committee that a certain amount of funding may be available to an agency; some authorizations terminate in a year; others are renewable automatically without further congressional action
Representative Democracy
a government in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their behalf
limited government
a government with powers that are limited either through a written document or through widely shared beliefs
legislature
a governmental body primarily responsible for the making of laws
joint committee
a legislative committee composed of members from both chambers of Congress
majority leader of the house
a legislative position held by an important party member in the House of Representatives; he/she is selected by the majority party in caucus or conference to foster cohesion among party members and to act as spokesperson for the majority party in the House
trustee
a legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society
instructed delegate
a legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him or her and who votes according to the views of constituents regardless of personal beliefs
senatorial courtesy
a long-established custom that the Senate will approve only those presidential appointees who are acceptable to the senator or senators of the President's party from the State involved
whip
a member of Congress who aids the majority or minority leader of the House or the Senate
political culture
a patterned set of ideas, values, and ways of thinking about government and politics
standing committee
a permanent committee in the House or Senate that considers bills within a certain subject area
ombudsperson
a person who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies
party identifier
a person who identifies with a political party
elite theory
a perspective holding that society is ruled by a small number of people who exercise power to further their self-interest
How many legal immigrants does the US admit every year?
about 1 million immigrants a year
Autocracy
absolute monarchs and dictators
Federalists:
advocated for the ratification (acceptance) ex. → Madison and company.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sibelius
affordable care act is constitutional; power to tax for not having health care is constitutional; obamacare
democracy
all people have opportunity to participate in governmental deisions
8th
amendment that banns "cruel and unusual punishments" (Supreme Court has ruled that death penalty is allowed)
22nd
amendment that established two term limit for President
4th
amendment that outlawed "unreasonable searches and seizures" and mandated that warrants be granted only "upon probably cause," affirming the "right of the people to be secure in their persons"
1st
amendment that protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition
10th
amendment that reserves powers to the states
5th
amendment which calls for a grand jury, outlawed double jeopardy, and states that a person may not be compelled to be a witness against himself
conservative coalition
an alliance of Republicans and southern Democrats that historically formed in the House or the Senate to oppose liberal legislation and support conservative legislation
logrolling
an arrangement in which two or more members of Congress agree in advance to support each other's bills
capitalism
an economic system characterized by the private ownership of wealth-creating assets, free markets, and freedom of contract
referendum
an electoral device whereby legislative or constitutional measures are referred by the legislature for approval or disapproval
Stop and Frisk Exception
an exception to the warrant requirement. Authorities may perform a "pat-down" search of a person, without a warrant, as long as there in reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.
direct primary
an intraparty election in which the voters select the candidates who will run on a party's ticket in the subsequent general election
institution
an ongoing organization that performs certain functions for society
property
anything that is or may be subject to ownership; as conceived by the political philosopher John Locke, the right to property is a natural right superior to human law (laws made by government)
Connecticut Compromise
appeases both big and small states. Congress has the power to: Declare war, maintain a military, tax, and borrow money.
What is necessary to assess the presence and direction of political bias in the media?
assess the differences in coverage by the advocacy media and the mainstream media, the differences in coverage of elections and issues, as well as the differences in coverage of domestic policies and international policies.
SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT
authorized the national government to tax income and thereby expanded national power.
Calvinsts
before 1800 believed that God determined which people were going to heaven and hell
Article 1 section 7
bills related to taxes must be proposed by the house, describes how a bill becomes a law, explains what happens if the president vetoes a bill, congress can override the veto with a 2/3 vote in congress
amendment
changes in its written words
formal amendment
changes or additions that become part of the written language of the constitution itself
Federalist 51:
checks and balances
articles
constitution that is broken up into 7 numbered sections
Adam Smith
creator of laissez-faire economic
1945
date of United Nations charter
Amendment 8
deals with bail and punishment
Amendment 5
deals with right of the accused
sovereignty
determines type of government by using authority to wield coercive power to allocate values
So how do we measure public opinion?
different types of polls (academic, public, commercial)
federalism
division of power among a central government and several regional government
checks and balances
each branch is subject to a number for Constitutional checks(restraints) by the other branches
Modern Liberalism
embodies the notion that government can be a p o s i t i v e and constructive force in society, responsible for assisting individuals, businesses, and communities in dealing with social and economic problems
Modern Conservatism
encompasses the notion that individuals and communities are better off w i t h o u t government assistance and regulation in economic areas
John Locke
english philosopher * government with the consent of the governed (social compact) state of nature knowledge by experience rights of life liberty and property influenced my enlightenment thinkers and american revolutionaries, BELIEVED IN NATURAL RIGHTS: LIFE, LIBERTY & PROPERTY
Article 1 sec 8
enumerated powers- taxes, barrow money, regulate commerce, coin money weights and measures, post office' and roads copy rights, created courts, declare war, provide a militia.
colonial societies in the 18th century
farming, urban seaport, frontier, plantation
cooperative federalism
federalism forms cooperation btw. state and nat. gov. to meet goals created by the nat. gov.
monetary economics
fine tuning the economy through regulation of the money supply
Bill of Rights
first ten amendments
CATEGORICAL GRANTS
for a category specified purpose and to be expended in accordance with prescribed standards of requirement. and to be expended in accordance with prescribed standards of requirement.
treaty
formal agreement between two or more sovereign states
John Adams
found himself elected to serve at the First Continental Congress, where, again, he found himself serving as drafter of important documents-his earnest demeanor impressed his fellow delegates. Adams nominated a delegate named George Washington to command a new Continental Army. Second President As well drafted important documents for the government as well
Patrick Henry
founding father governor of Virginia "Give me liberty or give me death" speech a leader of the anti-federalist in Virginia feared the constitution endangered the rights of states and freedom of individuals helped gain adoption of the bill of rights
Thomas Jefferson
founding father, principle author of the declaration of independence, 3rd president, served in continental congress, governor of Virginia, purchased the Louisiana territory sent the Lewis and clark expidition
What is DAPA?
gives illegal immigrants children's parents amnesty
rule of law
government and its officers are always subject to- never above -the law
constitutionalism
government must be conducted according to constitutional principles
electoral college
group that makes the formal selection of the nation's President
causes of the Civil War
grown of sectionalism, unfair taxation, states versus federal rights, proslavery versus nonslavery proponents, 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln
US v. Lopez
gun free school zone act of 1990
Cabinet
heads of the 15 executive departments, an advisory body to the President
What are the top three nations in the world in dollar amounts in imports and exports?
imports - US, China, Germany exports - China, US, Germany
THOMAS PAINE
in his pamphlet "COMMON CAUSE" called for independence from British rule.
due process clause
in the 14th ammendment stating no state can deprive a person of life, liberty, or property w/out the due process of law
Necessary and proper clause
in the constitution implies that the national government has all the powers which are necessary and proper for it to carry out the powers delegated to it by the Constitution.
CAUSES OF REVOLUTION
included increased taxation, greater administrative restrictions, and regulation of trade with foreign countries.
government
institution that has authority to make binding decisions
PLURALIST DEMOCRACY
is a government of the people operating through multiple interest groups where government acts as a broker mediating and moderating the diverse and conflicting demands of the diverse groups.
Grand jury
is a group of jury with evidence that decides if the people will be arrested( The original purpose of a grand jury is to provide save guards against criminal proceedings.)
Democrats
is the group who lost the greatest group of members in 1964-2005
why is polling so important?
it determines who gets the $
What are some arguments given for national sales tax?
it will be simple, penalizes spending and encourages saving, gets an underground economy and encourages activities that produce income.
Federal judges
judges appointed by a federal level of government as opposed to the state / provincial / local level.