POLISCI 202 Midterm

There are three branches of government, constitutionally designed to balance one another. How is the Constitution designed to balance the three? Does it work?

1. Constitution designed: prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist, framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power. The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as Checks and Balances., Three branches are created in the Constitution. The Legislative, composed of the House and Senate, is set up in Article 1. The Executive, composed of the President, Vice-President, and the Departments, is set up in Article 2. The Judicial, composed of the federal courts and the Supreme Court, is set up in Article 3. 2. Does it work: Yes- 3. Problems: 4. Example:For example, the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries. But these appointments must be approved by the Senate. The Congress can pass a law, but the President can veto it. The Supreme Court can rule a law to be unconstitutional, but the Congress, with the States, can amend the Constitution.

The role of the media as the fourth estate has been lauded as one of the most important aspects of American Democracy. What is the contemporary role of the media as the fourth estate as compared to the role outlined in the Constitution? What does the Constitution say about the media? Does the media play the same role now? Why or why not? Be sure to ground this in the foundations of government

1. Contemporary Role of Media-where public gets info, what info public gets, connects people to gov, watchdog, shapes veiws 2. Role Outlined in Constitution-freedom of press and speech, no censors, cant restrain info before published, actions by the government could be scrutinized and so that the citizens could monitor the actions of its government without fear. The ultimate goal was to create a system of transparency so that those in leadership could be held accountable. 3. How do they differ/same -contemporary is much larger, mostly stayed the same, always act as watch dog as framers wanted, however media is biased so may only scrutinize some of gov, supposed to just monitor gov but now influences it, could distort truth 4. What has changed-so much information bad media undermines our political system with misleading views twisted by bias. So now, those intended to be the watch-dogs need watching

Direct Contributions

1. Federal Campaign Finance Law places legal limits on how much and what you can give-does not include volunteer work. As long as you are not compensated for it, you can perform an unlimited amount of volunteer work. 2. -interest group contributions help lobbyist gain access and favorable hearing, 3. no limit on money for candidates as long as not coordinate w official campaign 4. contribute to leg and hope for support back on issues

Congress, the Executive and the Legislature all have shared or overlapping powers. Imagine that the Congress has decided to propose a bill to fully fund Community College education in the United States. The Executive does not agree. Please take us through the process of a bill becoming a law, emphasizing the shared powers. How would the Executive be involved or able to stop this bill? What would the role of the Judiciary be in this case?

1. How bill becomes law 2. President vetoes, but congress can overrule. 3. Judiciary states if constitutional

Declaration of Independence

1. In mid-June 1776, a five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin (continental congress) was tasked with drafting a formal statement of the colonies' intentions. 2. "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed."- 3. Nations people asserting their right to choose their own government 4. landmark in the history of democracy 5. allowed Congress to seek alliances with foreign countries, and the fledgling U.S. formed its most important alliance early in 1778 with France

John Locke and Thomas Hobbs ask us to imagine a state of nature. Their fundamental beliefs about life in the state of nature and the role of government shape how the US was created. What is the fundamental role of the interpretation of human nature the creation of the US governmental structure? Explain Locke and Hobbs' approaches to government. Which was the basis for the US? How is this reflected?

1. Locke approach 2. Hobbs approach 3. Constitution based off locke, reflected in inalienable rights

A new bill has been introduced to reduce the US debt. Propose an outline for that bill. Take us through the process of acceptance. How long will this take? Why was the system designed that way?

1. Majority of bills written by lobbyists. Introduced by a rep or senator. Since bill is about money starts in the house as explained in consitution. 2. Introduced by a house rep and goes to floor for debate. Majority of house says yes then goes to committee and subcommittee. Then goes back to floor for another vote. Passes house goes to senate for a vote. Majority of senate vote yes, goes to committee then back to senate floor for vote on changes made. Goes to house for reconciliation, then to president. If president veto's it, congress can override with 2/3 both house and senate. 3. Designed to avoid radical change which could insight revolution. Few bills introduced rarely pass. designed so everyone agrees and no one branch has too much power. must be agreed on by everyone. 4. need to increase tax and decrase spending. Republicans will not like taxes. Increasing taxes may include increasing tax rates on ordinary income and gas and on corporate taxes. Some of these increases will be minimal individually but overall will have a big impact. Another option is to close tax preference loopholes, such as Eliminate Deduction for State and Local Taxes. Ways to reduce spending may include limiting military spending or reducing the number of government employess. Lastly, benefit cuts may help reduce debt. This may include rasising the retirement age by one or two years, or raising the federl tax on alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. This would in turn limit use and limit healthcare costs. Its important not to infringe on anyones rights in the process. Its more important to discuss this problem so that opportunities are still present.

Baron de Montesquie

1. Montesquieu believed that a government that was elected by the people was the best form of government 2. believe that the success of a democracy - a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power-argued that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials 3. called the idea of dividing government power into three branches the "separation of powers." 4. His ideas about separation of powers became the basis for the United States Constitution

Interest Groups

1. One chief means of influencing the American government 2. pressures elected officials to enact legislation favorable to its causes 3. claim to work not for self interest but for the best interest of the public 4. People who criticize interest groups for having undue power in government believe that the business groups get special privileges for people who already have more wealth and power than ordinary citizen 5. send representatives to state capitals and to Washington, D.C. to put pressure on members of Congress and other policymakers 6. Lobbyists also contact government officials directly or informally, present research results and technical information, talk with people from the press and the media, and sometimes even help to draft legislation.-involve themselves in political campaigns 7. It is generally conducted by political action committees (PACs), who serve as special political arms for the interest groups 8. Critics believe that they buy influence because more money comes from businesses and corporations than from any other source. This, they contend, gives them a connection to government that ordinary people do not have Critics believe that they buy influence because more money comes from businesses and corporations than from any other source. This, they contend, gives them a connection to government that ordinary people do not have VS everyone free to join 9. multiple contacts make the American democracy stronger, because they give the opportunity for all Americans to have better access to their government- individual can relate self effectively and meaningfully to political system-still feel power in mass society-reduce social conflict

Implicit social pressure is also present in our social media lives. Should social pressure influence voter identification and electoral choices? Please describe implicit social pressure as it manifests in social media. Explain the influence of social groups in identity formation. Finally, apply that information to voting behavior

1. Should social pressure influence voter identification and electoral choices: no, media is biased, doesn't always share all info. voters should learn for themselves and vote with their own knowledge 2. describe implicit social pressure as it manifests in social media: bias media spreads certain info, pressures people to vote for one side by positively or negatively showing people 3. Explain the influence of social groups in identity formation: people may not agree on all things, align self in certain group and are influenced to perform certain way 4. apply that information to voting behavior: based on media and people you are around, you will be pressured and influenced to behave a certain way

Congratulations! You have been elected to represent the State of Washington as the leader of the Cascadia Political Party (platform unannounced). Your first act is to spearhead a change to the US Constitution. The plan is to change the term limits of the US President to a one-term, 6-year presidency. What is the process to amend the Constitution? Take us through all possible paths and determine which process is most likely to be used

1. Step 1: Proposing An Amendment-Either Congress or the states can propose an amendment to the Constitution. Both houses of Congress must propose the amendment with a two-thirds vote. This is how all current amendments have been offered or Two-thirds of the state legislatures must call on Congress to hold a constitutional convention. 2. Step 2. Ratifying An Amendment-Regardless of how the amendment is proposed, it must be ratified by the States. Three-fourths of the state legislatures must approve of the amendment proposed by Congress, or Three-fourths of the states must approve the amendment via ratifying conventions. This method has only been used once, to repeal Prohibition with the 21st Amendment. 3. Most likely to propose in congress and Ratify in state leg: must be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures. All but one of the 27 amendments have been ratified this way. The Office of the Federal Register, a division of the National Archives and Records Administration, will circulate the joint resolution, along with legislative history notes and "red line" copies (changes made to the resolution), to every state's governor. The governor then submits the resolution to his or her state legislature.[21] generally both houses of the state legislature pass a ratification resolution. Read the resolution that proposed the amendment to see if there are any stipulations (like 7 year time limit). three-fourths of States to ratify the amendment

Committee

1. The House's committees consider bills and issues and oversee agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions 2. determine bills to consider ,issues for public hearing, interact w executive branch and elites, rare check and balances

Describe the Great Compromise. The federalist/ Anti-federalist debate sets up the structure of the Constitution. Please examine the process of reaching the structure of the Constitution including the Articles of Confederation and the major components of the Constitution.

1. Virginia plan 2. New jersy plan 3. Great compromise 4. Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified,Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. However, the central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce, issues that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws. how to balance power. based on federalist papers aka how country should be run different from Britain. system of checks and balances written in consititution.

Joint Resolution

1. When both houses adopt the same motion 2. approved by the president or a chief executive 3. has the effect of law 4. used to approve or initiate foreign policy actions, to grant a single appropriations proposal, and to propose amendments to the Constitution.

The framers intentionally left out the Bill of Rights when writing the Constitution only to add it 2 years later. Why? What were the sticking points? Why not include the Bill of rights in the original document?

1. Why was it left out: Constitution already limited the powers of government, many of the founders felt that the people's rights were already protected enough and that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary 2. Why was it added: added to the United States Constitution to guarantee the protection of the people from a strong central government. It served as a compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to achieve the ratification of the Constitution. specified the fundamental rights of the American citizens. original Constitution of the United States, which was proposed in 1787, provided very few individual rights for the people. During the Constitutional Convention, some delegates, known as the Anti-Federalists, clamored for the addition of a bill of rights to the Constitution. They feared that a strong federal government would abuse its citizens unless guarantees of basic rights and liberties were provided. limited the powers of the federal government. Federalists deemed the addition of the Bill of Rights unnecessary, they were forced to pledge their support so that the Constitution can be ratified. Recently freed from the despotic English monarchy, the American people wanted strong guarantees that the new government would not trample upon their newly won freedoms

Conneticut Compromise

1. also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman's Compromise-proposed by Roger Sherman-Connecticut's delegates to the Constitutional Convention) 2. agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution 3. established a two-house legislature-proposed a solution to the heated debate between larger and smaller states over their representation in the newly proposed Senate 4. The larger states believed that representation should be based proportionally on the contribution each state made to the nation's finances and defense, and the smaller states believed that the only fair plan was one of equal representation 5. provided for a dual system of representation. In the House of Representatives each state's number of seats would be in proportion to population. In the Senate, all states would have the same number of seats. 6. convention adopted the Great Compromise by a one-vote margin

Filibuster

1. an action such as a prolonged speech that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while not technically contravening the required procedures 2. Senate rules permit a senator, or a series of senators, to speak for as long as they wish, and on any topic they choose, unless "three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn"[1] (usually 60 out of 100) bring the debate to a close by invoking cloture 3. such brief delays can be politically relevant when exercised shortly before a major deadline (such as avoiding a government shutdown) 4. only in the Senate since the chamber's rules of debate place very few limits on Senators' rights and opportunities in the legislative process 5. minorities party most powerful weapon-minority defend itself against tyranny of majority

Grassroots Lobbying

1. attempts to influence legislation by attempting to affect the opinion of the public with respect to the legislation and encouraging the audience to take action with respect to the legislation. 2. Indirect lobbying 3. 1.Influencing the recipient of the communication to contact a legislator or staffer; 2.providing the address or telephone number of a legislator; 3.providing a petition, tear-off postcard, etc. addressed to a legislator. 4. lobby groups have chapters everywhere, mobalize "folks back home" affect leg home town to take action

Implied Powers

1. authorities that although are not specifically delegated in the constitution are still a power 2. allow Congress to draft new laws at will, especially if the legislation protects the general populace or is considered crucial for upholding laws defined by the expressed powers 3. founding fathers who were in favor of this policy wanted to ensure that the federal government could adapt its powers to changing needs and take action to address unforeseen problems 4. vague definition of the implied powers has created controversy when new laws threaten to impose upon civil rights 5. elastic clause

Continental Congress

1. convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies which became the governing body of the United States (USA) during the American Revolution 2. first met when britain imposed taxes 3. then met after Revolutionary War had begun 4. declaring America's independence from Britain 5. ratified the first national constitution, the Articles of Confederation which was replaced by US Constitution 6. structured with emphasis on the equality of participants, and to promote free debate 7. helped steer the nation through one of its worst crises, declared its independence and helped to win a war to secure that independence

Indirect Expenditures

1. costs are those that are incurred for common or joint objectives and therefore cannot be directly associated with a particular sponsored project-2. PACs spend money in indirect expenditures like ads and endorsements not paid for directly by candidate campaign org

Marshall and McCulloch v. Maryland

1. decided by the Supreme Court in 1819, asserted national supremacy vis-Ã-vis state action in areas of constitutionally granted authority 2. Maryland had placed a prohibitive tax on the bank notes of the Second Bank of the United States. When the Maryland courts upheld this law, the Bank, in the name of its Baltimore branch cashier James W. McCulloch, appealed to the Supreme Court-Marshall says Since the Bank was a lawful instrument of specific federal authority, the law creating the Bank was constitutional. he said that the states 'have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, or ... control' the laws of the federal government, affirmed the constitutional doctrine of Congress' "implied powers." The "Necessary and Proper" Clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank.-states did not want the National Bank competing with their own banks, and objected to the establishment of a National Bank as an unconstitutional exercise of Congress's power-Maryland argued that as a sovereign state, it had the power to tax any business within its borders. McCulloch's attorneys argued that a national bank was "necessary and proper" for Congress to establish in order to carry out its enumerated powers-national bank was not specifically delegated to national gov in constitution 3. court held that Congress had the power to incorporate a national bank 4. doctrine of implied powers became a powerful force in the steady growth of federal power

state of nature

1. denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence 2. examine the limits and justification of political authority and legitimacy of human society 3. establish objective norms of justice and fairness 4. best way to assess the value of social institutions is to imagine their absence

Resolution

1. done wo house, no force of law 2. express their consensus on matters of public policy: lawmakers routinely deliver criticism or support on a broad range of social issues, legal rights, court opinions, and even decisions by the Executive Branch-begins with a lawmaker making a formal proposal called a motion 3. The rules of the legislative body determine how much support must be given to the motion before it can be put to a general vote. The rules also specify what number of votes the resolution must attract to be passed. 4. If successful it becomes the official position of the legislative body 5. intended to be timely and to have a temporary effect, asserts an opinion that lawmakers want to emphasize 6. used when passage of a law is unnecessary or unfeasible 7. ex: War commonly brings resolutions in support of the nation's armed forces 8. indicative of the ideas and values of elected representatives and, as such, commonly mirror the outlook of voters

Supremacy Clause

1. establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land 2. The framers of the Constitution believed this was vital to create a strong and stable federal government, and to ensure there is a balance of powers between the federal and state governments 3. intended to prevent, or to deal with, conflicts of law that would undoubtedly occur between the federal and state governments 4. requires federal agents, delegates, and judicial officers to swear an oath to support the Constitution as a qualification to hold office

Consent of the governed

1. government 's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised 2. contrasted to the divine right of kings 3. All democratic governments today allow decisions to be made even over the overt dissent of a minority of voters, which in some theorists' view, calls into question whether said governments can rightfully claim, in all circumstances, to act with the consent of the governed

Necessary and Proper Clause

1. grants to Congress the flexibility to create laws or otherwise to act where the Constitution does not give it the explicit authority to act 2. grants Congress the powers that are implied in the Constitution 3. Constitution denies some [powers to states in order to safeguard national unity-states still have reserved powers-no state or gov can interfere with individual liberty

New Jersey Plan

1. group of proposals presented by William Paterson of New Jersey to the Constitutional Convention- made in rebuttal to the Virginia Plan, which provided for a very strong central government and representation by population. 2. provided for only one house of Congress, with each state having equal representation 3. proposed by delegates from the small states consisting of New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, and Delaware 4. detailed a legislature of only one house (proposed a unicameral legislation (one house) consisting of a single Congressional legislative body) and featured equal representation in which each state had the same number of representatives. The goal was for smaller states to have the same level of power in the legislature as the large states. 5. favored giving control of the federal government to the states, not the people through their representatives

Fourth Estate

1. in addition to the three official branches of government—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches—the press acts as a fourth branch of government 2. Acts as a watchdog 3. Protected by first amendment-freedom of speech and right to be biased 4. freedom of press-no censorship, little to no checks and balances-something wrong published its ok if they didn't kno "absence of malice" 5. media campaigns=decrease political party and party leadership power, support voting on candidate image, pro advertising, campaign cost increase, campaigns fought in media, media is now link between people and candidates not parties, a lot of journalists talking about candidates but not much candidates, tell what to think about and create and reinforce attitudes and values and reinforce behavior 6. controls major source of info, decide what is newworthy,enforce values of political participation

Tyranny of the Majority

1. involves a scenario in which decisions made by a majority place its interests above those of an individual or minority group, constituting active oppression comparable to that of a tyrant or despot 2. group may be deliberately targeted for oppression by the majority element acting through the democratic process 3. courts should invoke judicial review to overturn majoritarian legislation that threatens these most basic right 4. attempt to resolve the problem of majority tyranny by defining democracy so that it denotes certain rights that protect individuals from majoritarian abuses 5. Founders feared unrestrained majorities would threaten liberty and property and abuse minorities and individuals- 6. rule not by the masses but by consent of the masses through development of institutions of rep. (elections, interest groups)-connect individuals to gov., protect dem. values, leads to elitism

John Locke

1. laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism 2. His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect "life, liberty and estate" deeply influenced the United States' founding documents 3. king loses the consent of the governed, a society may remove him—an approach quoted almost verbatim in Thomas Jefferson's 1776 Declaration of Independence 4. suggested that governments should respect freedom of religion except when the dissenting belief was a threat to public order. 5. Limited Government 6. view on right to revolt inspired the revolutionaries influence and America 7. drew distinction between state, society and government 8. helped in development of the idea of a democratic state based on popular institutions and constitutional government 9. principle of majority that underlines the democratic mechanisms is Locke's contribution 10. influential in shaping modern politics, our view of human nature, the nature of individual rights and the shape of popular constitutions that exist today 11. sees that man is not only interested in self survival, but also the survival of his society because of these governing laws 12. First, that the sovereign power is governed by the natural laws and inalienable right and are not allowed to violate them. Second, because Locke advises that the legislative branch (or law making) and the executive branch (or law enforcing) be separated so as to prevent abuses and a sense of being above these laws 13. Gov protect people and people allow gov authority

anti-federalism

1. movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution- previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority- desire to establish a weak central government- corresponding desire for strong state governments 2. Having just succeeded in rejecting what they saw as the tyranny of British power, such threats were seen as a very real part of political life-The President's vast new powers, especially a veto that could overturn decisions of the people's representatives in the legislature, were especially disturbing 3. hinged on the lack of protection for individual liberties in the Constitution

John Adams

1. one of 5 to represent the colony at the first continental congress 2. resolution proposing that colonies each adopt independant governments, wrote preamble to this resolution, set stage for formal passage of Declaration of Independence 3. drafted declaration of independence 4. one of the American diplomats sent to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, which brought an end to the Revolutionary War.-arranged treaties of commerce with several European nations

Concurrent Resolution

1. passed in the form of a resolution of one house with the other house in agreement 2. does not require the approval of the president 3. lacks the force of law (is non-binding)

Standing Committee

1. permanent committee that meets regularly 2. dealing with a designated subject 3. recommend measures for bill/issue consideration by their respective chambers 4. exist beyond the adjournment of each two-year meeting of Congress 5. Most standing committees recommend funding levels—authorizations—for government operations and for new and existing programs.-house:rules committee, way and means-senate:arms service, budget and finance

Judicial Review

1. power of the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the constitution 2. Actions judged inconsistent are declared unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void. 3. constitutional review 4. exercised only in concrete cases or controversies and only after the fact 5. federal and state court too

Virginia Plan

1. proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch 2. based on a national and state government system with a Separation of Powers consisting of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. 3. A bicameral legislature (two houses) consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate would feature proportional representation 4. The Virginia Plan, also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan(proposed by Edmund J. Randolph), consisted of 15 resolutions that detailed reasons why the Articles of Confederation should be radically altered and plans for a strong National Government that could collect taxes and make and enforce laws. 5. supported by the larger states because of the resolution for proportional representation. This meant that the more people a state has, the more representatives it gets in the legislature 6. drafted by James Madison

Direct Lobbying

1. refers to communications with members or employees of a legislative body, or with any other government official or employee who may participate in formulating the legislation, if the principal purpose of the communication is to influence legislation 2. elected official does not have time to fully research every issue that develops. A lobbyist can educate the elected official on a particular issue that the legislator might not have thought very much about. 3. knowledge is resource (leg process, issue, position)-trade knowledge for congressional support, lobbyist must request leg vote-only have to report money spent on direct lobbying(underestimate)

Shared Powers (concurrent powers)

1. sharing of powers between the U.S. federal government and the individual state governments 2. states has its own constitution, all provisions of the states' constitutions must comply with the U.S. Constitution 3. certain powers are granted exclusively to either the national government or the state governments, while other powers are shared by both 4. Constitution grants those powers needed to deal with issues of overarching national concern exclusively to the U.S. federal government, while the state governments are granted powers to deal with issues pertaining to issues affecting the particular state only 5. states draw their powers under our system of federalism from the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution

federalist

1. system of government in which several states unite under a central authority 2. opposition to the Democratic-Republican Party 3. laying the foundations of a national economy, creating a national judicial system and formulating principles of foreign policy 4. tyle was elitist, and its leaders scorned democracy, widespread suffrage, and open elections 5. inability to broaden its geographic and social appeal eventually did it in 6. under Hamilton leadership 7. want commercial and diplomatic harmony with Britain, domestic order and stability, and a strong national government under powerful executive and judicial branches 8. Its emphasis upon banking, commerce, and national institutions, although fitting for the young nation, nevertheless made it unpopular among the majority of Americans who, as people of the soil, remained wary of state influence 9. principles gave form to the new government. 10. leaders laid the foundations of a national economy, created and staffed a national judicial system, and enunciated enduring principles of American foreign policy

Cloture

1. the closing or limitation of debate in a legislative body especially by calling for a vote- break a filibuster- Rule 22, is the only formal procedure in Senate parliamentary rules, in fact, that can force an end to the stalling tactic 2. invoked when three-fifths of all sworn-in senators vote for the cloture motion. Senate nearly always has 100 members, putting the magic number at 60-cloture vote is the stand-off between a filibustering minority and an annoyed majority 3. Senate must rise in order to get anything done

Thomas Jefferson

1. thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens' lives, favored state and local gov 2. promoted individual liberty, he was also a slaveowner 3. selected as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress 4. draft the Declaration of Independence 5. advocated for including a bill of rights and presidential term limits 6. co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose Hamilton's Federalist Party, which advocated for a strong national government with broad powers over the economy

Thomas Hobbs

1. viewed government primarily as a device for ensuring collective security 2. man desire for power, true nature of man is at war 3. one natural right, and that is the right of self preservation 4. equality makes it so that each man has the ability to consent to be governed and does for the sake of survival 5. rejecting limited government and push the need for absolute sovereignty because limited government fails to protect the individual's right to self preservation

Select Committee

a small legislative committee appointed for a special purpose

Thomas and Locke

favor of a popular contract or constitution, which is where the people give the power to govern to their government-key is that the people have granted this authority to the government and that authority rests in the people-Funnily enough, while Hobbes views humanity to be more individualistic and Locke's is that we are more communal, it is Locke's idea of inalienable rights that has helped to forward the individual rights movement and advance us to the point we are at today

bill

limited by nature, draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion-1. Bill is Drafted: Members of Congress, the Executive Branch, and even outside groups can draft (write or draw up) bills. 2. Introduced in House or Senate: Representative introduces the bill in the House. Only members can introduce bills to Congress. 3. Sent to Committee: The Speaker of the House sends the bill to a committee. after introduction move to standing committee of house or senate 4. Committee Action: Most bills die here. The committee may recc for adoption, rewrite, ignore, kill it, pigeonhole, table, amend, or vote on the bill. full house or senate may overrule committee decision. If bill passes, it goes to Rules Committee. 5. Rules Committee: kill bill, amend, substitute, It decides the rules for debate like how much time and how many amendments can be made, and when the bill will come up for debate. 6. Floor Action: House debates the bill, and may add amendments. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it goes to the Senate. 7. Introduced in Senate: A Senator introduces the bill, which is sent to a committee. 8. Committee Action: Same procedure as in the House. If the committee majority votes for the bill, it goes to the whole Senate. 9. Bill Called Up: Majority floor leader decides when the whole Senate will consider the bill. 10. Floor Action: The Bill is debated, and amendments may be added. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it is returned to the House. 11. Conference Committee: If the House rejects any of the changes, the bill goes to a conference committee of members from both houses. It works out a compromise. 12. Vote on Compromise: Both houses must approve changes made by the conference committee. If approved, the bill goes to the president. 13. Presidential Action: The president may sign (approve) the bill or veto (reject) it. If approved, it becomes law. 14. Vote to Override: If the president vetoes the bill, it can still become law if two thirds of both houses vote to override the veto.

The role of media was both accounted for in the Constitution and has also dramatically changed in a modern era. What is the role of media as defended in the Constitution? Why was that role accounted for in the Bill of Rights? How has it changed?

same as other prompt