Politics Lec 3
What is a realignment?
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Fourth party system: 1896-1930 William Jennings Bryan
"You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." Populist leader and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee
maintaining elections
- Majority party wins -An election in which the traditional majority party maintains power based on the longstanding partisan orientation of the voters. -elections that continue the parties' popular support at the same level.
deviating elections
-elections that show a temporary shift in -popular support for the majority party. - Minority party wins, no permanent change - Often due to attractive candidate
First Party System: Electoral outcomes
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First party system: Coordination needed to win presidency
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First party system:Develop inside Congress
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What were the six historical party systems in U.S.?
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examples of maintaining elections
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First Party System: 1790-1824 • Electoral outcomes
1796 John Adams (Federalist) • Thomas Jefferson, Vice President - 1800 tied vote and 12th Amendment - Democratic-Republican Presidents • Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams
Sixth Party System: 1964 -Issues: Democrats
Civil rights • Government provide economic security • Progressive taxation • Diplomacy
Third Party System: 1856-1894 Republican Party
Combination of Whigs, northern Democrats, Free Soil, Know Nothing • Control presidency with Civil War heroes • Issues: industrial growth with high tariff laws, restrictions on labor, tight money policy, Homestead Act, land grants to railroads
First party system : federalist party (what they believed)
Committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government Favored a National Band, Tariffs, and Good Relations with Britain Supported Implied Powers - those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, seem to be implied by powers expressly stated. More conservative views Composed of the elite class
First party system :(Jeffersonian) Republicans (what they believed)
Committed to the rights of states, the primacy of yeoman farmers, and the principles of republicanism (liberty and inalienable rights) Opposed the Jay Treaty, wanted good relations with France, not Britain Opposed the ideas of a National Bank or implied powers Predominately "Anti-Administration" The (Jeffersonian) Republican Party outlasted the Federalist Party, which had been seen by the people as too elitist. Jefferson's party came to be the foundation for both the modern Republican and Democratic parties, although these current forms are both are vastly different from the early sect.
First party system: Constituencies, Federalists:
Constituency (a body of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body) - Limited electorate - Weakly organized • Federalists: New England, English ancestry, commercial interests • Democratic-Republican: South and Mid- Atlantic, Irish/Scot/German ancestry, farmers and artisans, prosperity through western expansion
Fifth Party System: 1932 - 1960 Changes in 1960s and beyond
Dealignment - More independents - More split ticket voting - Voters less need for parties • Realignment - Critical election - Secular realignment
Second Party System: 1828-1852 Constituencies
Democratic Party • Small farmer, frontier • Foreign-born • Catholic Whig Party • Middle/Upper class • Native-born or British • Evangelical Protestant
Fifth Party System: 1932 - 1960 majority/ minority
Democratic majority party but split between liberal North and conservative South factions • Republicans minority - Only President Dwight Eisenhower in 1950s - Control Congress only twice
First party system: Constituencies, Democratic-Republican:
Democratic-Republican: South and Mid- Atlantic, Irish/Scot/German ancestry, farmers and artisans, prosperity through western expansion
Sixth Party System: 1964 -
Evenly matched parties • Rise of independent voters & split-ticket voting • Frequent divided government • Frequent switch of presidential party • Candidate-centered campaigns • Presidential nominations through primaries
Sixth Party System: 1964 -Changing Constituencies
Exit of southern Democrats to southern Republican party • Strengthening loyalties of African Americans to Democratic party • Emergence of gender gap • Religious conservatives to Republican Party • Ideological sorting
End of Second Party System
Failure of compromises over slavery - Divides North and South and splits both major parties • Number of third parties - Free Soil (anti-slavery) - American or Know-Nothing (anti-immigrant) • Whig party disappears, Democrats transformed
Fourth party system: 1896-1930
Failure to realign along class lines • Economic strains in 1890s, urban & rural • Populist movement - Use government to aid "little guy" - Silver standard - For income tax - 8 hour day for labor
First Party System: 1790-1824
Federalist Party: Alexander Hamilton Strong national government -Democratic-Republican Party: Thomas Jefferson James Madison Strong state governments -No parties in Constitution • Develop at elite level • Issues * National bank * Relations with France and England Develop inside Congress - Loose coalition of supporters or opponents to Hamilton versus Jefferson/Madison • facilitates passage of legislation - Coordination needed to win presidency
Fifth Party System: 1932 - 1960
Great Depression • Hoover blamed • 1932 Democratic Franklin Delano Roosevelt won by "default"
First party system: Democratic-Republican Party
In United States history, the Democratic-Republican Party, the Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republicans was a political party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1791-93, which opposed the Federalist Party and controlled the Presidency and Congress, and most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It split after the 1824 presidential election into two parties: the Democratic Party and the short-lived National Republican Party
Fifth Party System: Changes in party structures
Increasing decline in party machines • Rise of politician more independent from party • Media & technology • Mixed presidential nomination system • Multiple leadership positions in Congress
Second Party System: 1828-1852 Whig Party
Issues - economic development, reform • Presidents:Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, Fillmore - mostly nonpolitical military heroes • Congressional leaders - Daniel Webster - great orator - Henry Clay - compromise leader
First party system
It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and usually called at the time the "Republican Party." The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800.
Second Party System: 1828-1852 Democratic party
Jackson wins presidency 1828 • Issues - limited federal government, hard money policy • Other presidents (Van Buren, Polk, Pierce, Buchanan) • Congressional and organizational leaders (Calhoun, Van Buren)
Fifth Party System: 1932 - 1960 New Deal Realignment
Large Democratic majority allow dramatic new policies to be passed • Benefits cement loyalties of new voters - recent immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe, Catholic or Jews, northern blacks, union members, poor • Retained conservative southern Democrats
realignments
Long-term (30 years) change in nature of parties • Critical election, increased turnout • Change in constituencies • Change in issues • Change in majority status • Later years decay in alignment - new issues - conflicts between constituent groups
Fourth party system: 1896-1930 Progressive Movement
Middle class reform movement • Clean up abuses of power in politics and business • Registration laws • Primaries • Civil service rather than patronage • Nonpartisan local elections & city managers
Sixth Party System: 1964 - Issues: Republicans
Moral issues • Less government regulation • Free trade • Lower taxation, fewer services • Strong military
Second Party System: 1828-1852
Old Democratic-Republican party split into factions in 1824 - four factions nominate different president - No majority in Electoral College, House selects J.Q. Adams • Andrew Jackson comes to dominate one faction • Another faction eventually becomes the Whig party First real party organizations • First mass-based parties • Professional politicians
Fourth party system: 1896-1930 Changing Competition
One party control in many states • Regional split in party constituencies - Conservative southern Democratic party - Republican party of business in the North • Decline in voter turnout
Third Party System: 1856-1894 Democratic Party
Party of the South • Only won presidency once (Cleveland) - deviating election • More competitive in Congress • Toward turn of century add urban immigrants, who were locked out of the Republican party
First Party System: 1790-1824Federalists disappear by 1820
Policy disputes within party • Failure to organize public support • Burr-Hamilton duel, 1804 • Opposition to War of 1812 • Republican-Democrats co-opt issues
First Party System: Federalists disappear by 1820
Policy disputes within party • Failure to organize public support • Burr-Hamilton duel, 1804 • Opposition to War of 1812 • Republican-Democrats co-opt issues
Third Party System: 1856-1894
Post Civil War party system • Era of business expansion more than political leaders • Current Republican versus Democrats, but different issues and constituencies
Changes in Parties in 2nd Party System
Recognition of legitimacy of parties • Patronage • Mass-based parties • Party convention to nominate president
Fourth party system: 1896-1930 Republican Party
Republican William McKinley won in 1896 • Reemerges as a much stronger party • Control presidency 1896-1932, except for Wilson elected due to split in Republican party
Third Party System: 1856-1894 Republican Presidents:
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877- 1881) • James A. Garfield (1881) • Chester A. Arthur (1881- 1885) • Benjamin Harrison (1889- 1893)
First party system : federalist party
The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, between 1789-1797 it was built mainly with the support of bankers and businessmen, to support his fiscal policies.The Federalist policies called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers, and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution.
First party system: Issues - National bank - Relations with France and England
The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a limited reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program -Britain and France were at war from 1793-1815, with only one brief interruption. American policy was neutrality, with the federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The Jay Treaty of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President George Washington, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero.[3]
second party system (on-line)
The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by Election Day turnout, rallies, partisan newspapers, and a high degree of personal loyalty to party.[1][2] The major parties were the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and other opponents of Jackson. Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, which was an important innovator from 1827 to 1834; the abolitionist Liberty Party in 1840; and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party in 1848 and 1852. The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic and cultural currents of the Jacksonian Era, until succeeded by the Third Party System.[3]
