POLS Midterm

Which of the following statements about political socialization is true? a. Genetics may explain one-third of the differences in people's political attitudes. b. Peers play the most important role in people's political socialization. c. The media play no role in people's political socialization. d. Opinion leaders are not agents of political socialization. e. Political parties and the candidates they support are the primary agents of political socialization in America.

a. Genetics may explain one-third of the differences in people's political attitudes.

__________ refers to the conflicts and decisions found at the federal, state, and local levels regarding the selection of decision-makers, the structure of institutions, and the creation of public policy. a. Politics b. Government c. Ideology d. Eminent domain e. Pluralism

a. Politics

__________ was defined by political scientist Harold Lasswell as "who gets what, when, and how." a. Politics b. Government c. Institution d. Social Contract e. Initiative

a. Politics

Which of the following statements best describes the tension, as outlined in the First Amendment, between the establishment and the free exercise clauses? a. Public universities must allow religious groups to form on campus under the free exercise clause but may decide not to fund the groups because of the Supreme Court's prohibition, under the establishment clause, against supporting religion. b. Private universities must allow religious groups to form on campus under the free exercise clause and may decide to fund the group. c. School vouchers have repeatedly been found to be unconstitutional because they are used to fund private parochial schools with state tax dollars, a clear violation of the free exercise clause. d. Teaching evolution has been found to be unconstitutional because it violates the establishment clause. e. The Supreme Court has ruled that, under the free exercise clause, students can use the public address systems at graduations and sporting events to lead school prayer.

a. Public universities must allow religious groups to form on campus under the free exercise clause but may decide not to fund the groups because of the Supreme Court's prohibition, under the establishment clause, against supporting religion.

Which of the following statements is true? a. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. b. The Fourteenth Amendment abolished slavery. c. The Fourteenth Amendment became binding on the states. d. The Fifteenth Amendment allowed women to participate in all elections. e. The Sixteenth Amendment allowed all women to vote.

a. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery.

Which of the following statements is true of the Second Civil Rights Act? a. The law mandated that state and local governments provide public accommodations to all citizens, including African Americans. b. The law prevented private institutions from discriminating on the basis of race. c. The law mandated that public and private institutions provide public accommodations to all citizens, including African Americans. d. The law established the separate-but-equal doctrine. e. The law allowed former slaves to participate fully in the political system.

a. The law mandated that state and local governments provide public accommodations to all citizens, including African Americans.

__________ theorized that without government and the rule of law, people would revert to a state of nature and people would be left to fight over basic necessities. a. Thomas Hobbes b. Thomas Jefferson c. John Locke d. Harold Lasswell e. Alexander Hamilton

a. Thomas Hobbes

The Declaration of Independence was written by __________. a. Thomas Jefferson b. Thomas Paine c. Patrick Henry d. Paul Revere e. James Madison

a. Thomas Jefferson

General agreement among the citizenry on an issue constitutes __________. a. a consensus b. a divisive opinion c. majority rule d. a reconciliation e. public aggregation

a. a consensus

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution __________. a. abolished slavery and involuntary servitude b. compelled states to alter their own constitutions to end slavery by emancipating the children of slaves c. mandated that all persons "will be treated as total equals from this date forward" d. allowed slavery to continue but mandated that, after 20 years, slaves could not be imported e. allowed slavery to continue but mandated that slaves could not be imported any longer

a. abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

The Defense of Marriage Act __________. a. allows states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states b. requires states to define marriage exclusively as the union of a man and a woman c. provides that same-sex marriages would be recognized at the federal level but allowed the states to decide for themselves whether to recognize these marriages d. requires states to recognize same-sex marriages e. requires states to recognize same-sex marriages if states also allowed polygamy in their jurisdictions

a. allows states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states

Studies suggest that the influence of parents on the political socialization of their children is due to two factors, __________. a. communication and receptivity b. communication and reason c. nature and nurture d. paternalism and listening e. maternalism and paternalism

a. communication and receptivity

A Gallup poll that indicates that 89 percent of adults believe that birth control is morally acceptable represents a __________ of opinion. a. consensus b. divisive c. judgmental d. majority e. patriarchal

a. consensus

Eliminating tax increases may result in __________. a. cuts to state and local government budgets b. increases to state and local government budgets c. decreases in the national debt d. increases in foreign trade e. improvement to services that people have come to expect

a. cuts to state and local government budgets

Federalism allows the existence of political subcultures that have proved instrumental in __________. a. driving reform at the national level b. preventing most reforms at the national level c. preventing most reforms at the state level d. driving reforms that are efficient and speedy e. preventing modification of major reform programs

a. driving reform at the national level

The Second Continental Congress, which met in 1775, __________. a. established an army and named George Washington as commander in chief b. established a navy and named John Paul Jones supreme commander c. entered into an agreement with France to go to war with Great Britain d. declared war on Great Britain, France, and Spain e. drafted a peace treaty that was rejected by Great Britain

a. established an army and named George Washington as commander in chief

What shapes the true nature of the civil liberties and rights we possess? a. judicial interpretation b. presidential signing statements c. congressional veto overrides d. law review articles e. ethical court rulings under natural law

a. judicial interpretation

The Affordable Healthcare Act (AHA) includes provisions for __________. a. providing access to insurance for people with pre-existing conditions b. allowing children to stay on their parents' insurance until age 30 c. government funded healthcare that provides coverage for all citizens d. requiring free prescriptions for all citizens e. downsizing programs for Medicare and Medicaid

a. providing access to insurance for people with pre-existing conditions

If the Supreme Court were to declare the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional, the full faith and credit clause would __________. a. require states to recognize that a couple married in Massachusetts is also married in Kansas b. ensure that all U.S. citizens, regardless of where they live, receive equal government benefits c. permit a state to ignore marriages performed in other states d. permit the federal government to ignore marriages performed in some states but prohibit states from doing the same e. establish civil unions as equal to marriage for purposes of government benefits

a. require states to recognize that a couple married in Massachusetts is also married in Kansas

Which of the following clauses or doctrines prohibits the national government from supporting an official religion? a. the establishment clause b. the free exercise clause c. the religious conviction doctrine d. the noncreation clause e. the separation doctrine

a. the establishment clause

The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and the women's movement were significant because __________. a. they produced legislation that secured important rights for all Americans b. they limited government power over individuals' liberties c. they produced legislation that secured important liberties only for African Americans and women d. both groups finally got the right to vote e. both groups were finally recognized in the Constitution as citizens

a. they produced legislation that secured important rights for all Americans

Most countries today operate under a(n) __________ form of government. a. unitary b. confederal c. federal d. authoritarian e. bicameral

a. unitary

Ultimate authority is assigned to the national government and subnational governments exercise only the powers the central government chooses to delegate in a(n) __________ system. a. unitary b. confederal c. federal d. authoritarian e. bicameral

a. unitary

__________ refer to the rights of all Americans to equal treatment under the law. a. Civil liberties b. Civil rights c. Common rights d. Inalienable rights e. Natural rights

b. Civil rights

Which statement is best supported by the information provided in the figure below? a. Overall, faith in most institutions in the U.S. is on the rise b. Confidence in the military and the criminal justice system showed little change. c. Increases in confidence were highest for banks, the presidency, and Congress. d. Confidence levels in newspapers and the television news increased significantly. e. Confidence in church and religion declined slightly over the decade.

b. Confidence in the military and the criminal justice system showed little change.

If the constitutions of most states included bills of rights, why was it important for the Bill of Rights found in the Constitution to be applied to state law? a. Naturalists believed it was important to have a single, unified system of rights. b. Each state's judicial system interpreted the rights differently. c. It was necessary to prevent states from claiming preeminence in this area. d. The supremacy clause in state constitutions made it necessary. e. Each state's legislature continued to change these rights and liberties.

b. Each state's judicial system interpreted the rights differently.

The __________ were imposed on the colonists by the British government to help pay the costs of the French and Indian War. a. Coercive Acts b. Sugar Act and Stamp Act c. Tea Act and Coffee Act d. Tea Act and Sugar Act e. War Debt Acts

b. Sugar Act and Stamp Act

Under the Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court ruling in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, __________. a. a child born in the United States to non-citizens does not have birthright citizenship b. a child born in the United States to non-citizens has birthright citizenship c. a child born in the United States to non-citizens does not have birthright citizenship because of a subsequent ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka d. a child born in the United States to non-citizens of Asian descent does not have birthright citizenship e. two different types citizenship were recognized: one for children born to American citizens and one for those born to non-citizens

b. a child born in the United States to non-citizens has birthright citizenship

When examining the Constitution __________. a. references to the establishment of a federal system of government are made in the Preamble b. a systematic division of governmental authority between the national and state governments is not defined c. the powers specifically granted to the state governments can be found in Article IV d. the powers specifically granted to the state governments are addressed in subsections under the division of powers to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches e. the power and authority is held by the state and local governments

b. a systematic division of governmental authority between the national and state governments is not defined

Thomas Paine's work, Common Sense, was important for both his ideas and his __________. a. continuing loyalty to aristocratic ideals b. ability to make the arguments in plain language for the readers c. ties to Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and George III d. orations in local speeches e. command of the armies of Rhode Island

b. ability to make the arguments in plain language for the readers

In response to the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, Southern states passed ___________ to limit the civil rights of African Americans and developed labor regulations that resembled slavery. a. abolition codes b. black codes c. blockade codes d. Jim Crow laws e. resistance codes

b. black codes

Restraining the government's actions against individuals is defined as __________. a. civil liabilities b. civil liberties c. civil rights d. individual liberties e. societal liberties

b. civil liberties

The system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers, and a central government with limited powers is known as a(n) __________ system. a. unitary b. confederal c. federal d. authoritarian e. bicameral

b. confederal

Because there is no single "public," but rather many different publics, surveying public opinion actually means __________. a. focusing on one identifiable opinion among competing opinions b. describing attitudes typically shared by some portion of the adult population c. identifying the issue where opinions aggregate d. polling only influential individuals e. persuading people to support the policies of the administration in power

b. describing attitudes typically shared by some portion of the adult population

Theoretically, the colonies were governed by England, but the colonists were able to exercise a large measure of self-government because the __________. a. British Crown had little interest in the activities in the colonies b. distance between mother country and the colonies allowed more freedom c. British were more concerned with colonies in India d. colonial representatives in Parliament had lobbied for more freedom e. British had not issued a charter to each of the colonies thus allowing greater individual rights

b. distance between mother country and the colonies allowed more freedom

The following is an example of a(n) __________ opinion: To reduce the threat of terrorism, would you be willing or not willing to allow government agencies to monitor the telephone calls and e-mail of ordinary Americans on a regular basis? (Willing: 41%; Not willing: 52%; Don't know/No answer: 7%) a. consensus b. divisive c. dubious d. favorable e. unified

b. divisive

The Declaration of Independence was necessary to __________. a. establish a framework for a new system of government that would allow representation without taxation b. establish the legitimacy of the new nation in the eyes of the governments in Europe and those of the colonists c. create for a delicate balance of federal and state power d. identify the reasons the British saw separation from the colonies as necessary e. demand a separation of church and state

b. establish the legitimacy of the new nation in the eyes of the governments in Europe and those of the colonists

The institution in which decisions are made that resolve conflicts or allocates benefits and privileges is known as __________. a. social contract b. government c. democratic resolution d. politics e. separation of powers

b. government

The view that most of the liberties and rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are protected from state government actions is known as the __________. a. assimilation doctrine b. incorporation theory c. state restrictions exclusion d. supremacy theory e. systemic exclusion scheme

b. incorporation theory

The transfer of political attitudes and beliefs __________. a. is more likely to occur from children to parents b. is more likely to occur from parents to children c. is just as likely to occur from children to parents as it is to occur from parents to children d. is exceptionally rare in families e. never occurs from children to parents

b. is more likely to occur from parents to children

Federalism was one of many compromises that __________. a. prevented cities and states from being dominated by a single group or faction b. maintained state traditions while creating a strong national government to handle common problems c. allowed Americans to gain uniform benefits as they moved from state to state d. permitted states to nullify actions of the national government e. made the national government the focal point of dissatisfaction

b. maintained state traditions while creating a strong national government to handle common problems

African Americans, women, Native Americans, and white men who did not own property were __________. a. not conferred rights in the Constitution because the founders chose to follow precedents set in the Articles of Confederation b. not conferred rights in the Constitution because the founders believed equality required independent thinking and the capacity for rational action, which they believed these groups did not possess c. not conferred rights in the Constitution because the founders were focused on advancing their own positions as men of power and wealth d. conferred rights, including civil liberties, as outlined in Article IV of the Constitution e. conferred rights in the Constitution on ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment

b. not conferred rights in the Constitution because the founders believed equality required independent thinking and the capacity for rational action, which they believed these groups did not possess

The Bill of Rights addressed the powers of the national government because __________. a. states did not possess the right to act directly on the people b. people feared the potential tyranny of the national government c. state laws were supreme over those of the national government d. state governments possessed absolute power e. political parties had not yet been created

b. people feared the potential tyranny of the national government

In __________, children, without much instruction, easily adopt democratic decision-making tools such as "taking a vote" and democratic procedures such as "the majority wins." a. preschool b. primary school c. middle school d. high school e. college

b. primary school

The national government is very responsive to the public's demand for action when __________. a. public opinion shifts slightly b. public opinion shifts dramatically c. the majority of Americans express opinions at the extremes of an issue d. public opinion shows that a majority of Americans has a nonopinion e. the issue concerns religious rights

b. public opinion shifts dramatically

The theory that individuals form government by mutual consent, giving up some of their individual liberty in order to gain the protection of government is known as __________. a. divine right of kings b. social contract c. political culture d. political socialization e. elitism

b. social contract

If the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, __________. a. abortion would be illegal in the United States b. the authority to regulate abortion would be left to each state c. the justices who voted to overturn the case would probably not be reelected d. a national referendum would be held to allow voters to determine if abortion should be allowed in the United States e. Congress could pass a law that permitted abortion to continue

b. the authority to regulate abortion would be left to each state

Between __________, the Republican majority in Congress adopted a series of civil rights acts, extending full citizenship to anyone born in the United States, giving African Americans full equality, authorizing the president to enforce the law with the armed forces, designating specific criminal sanctions for interference with the right to vote as protected by the Fifteenth Amendment, and making it a federal crime to deprive an individual of rights, privileges, and immunities secured by the Constitution. a. 1820 and 1830 b. 1789 and 1791 c. 1865 and 1875 d. 1941 and 1945 e. 1960 and 1970

c. 1865 and 1875

The Civil Rights Act of ___________ is known as the Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act. a. 1866 b. 1869 c. 1872 d. 1875 e. 1964

c. 1872

Which court case held that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states? a. Marbury v. Madison b. Gibbons v. Ogden c. Barron v. Baltimore d. McCulloch v. Maryland e. Virginia v. Maryland

c. Barron v. Baltimore

Which of the following statements is true? a. Civil liberties and civil rights are essentially identical. b. Civil liberties can be linked to specific provisions in the Constitution, whereas civil rights cannot. c. Civil liberties specify what government cannot do, whereas civil rights specify what government must do to ensure equal protection and freedom from discrimination. d. Civil rights specify what government cannot do, whereas civil liberties specify what government must do to ensure equal protection and freedom from discrimination. e. Governments must honor civil liberties, whereas they have the option to honor civil rights.

c. Civil liberties specify what government cannot do, whereas civil rights specify what government must do to ensure equal protection and freedom from discrimination.

The Supreme Court's decision in __________, which held that slaves were not citizens of the United States and thus not entitled to the rights and privileges of citizenship, contributed to the inevitability of the Civil War. a. Bakke v. California b. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka c. Dred Scott v. Sanford d. Lincoln v. Douglas e. Plessy v. Ferguson

c. Dred Scott v. Sanford

Which amendment to the Constitution allows for portions of the Bill of Rights to be applied to the states? a. First Amendment b. Tenth Amendment c. Fourteenth Amendment d. Eighteenth Amendment e. Twenty-seventh Amendment

c. Fourteenth Amendment

Which statement is correct regarding health care and health insurance? a. Health insurance costs have decreased for the past decade. b. Health insurance costs have remained stable for the past decade. c. Health insurance costs are rising faster than wages or inflation. d. Health care costs are decreasing at the current growth rate. e. Resources spent on health care are improving the economy.

c. Health insurance costs are rising faster than wages or inflation.

__________ theorized that government is formed to protect life, liberty, and property, but if government violates the social contract with the people, the people have the duty to end the abusive government and establish a new government. a. Thomas Hobbes b. Thomas Jefferson c. John Locke d. Harold Lasswell e. Alexander Hamilton

c. John Locke

The __________ represented a willingness of the first New England colonists to submit to the authority of a government and established a prototype for other agreements that depended on the consent of the governed. a. Waterfront Protocol b. Articles of Confederation c. Mayflower Compact d. Constitution e. Declaration of Independence

c. Mayflower Compact

Which of the following statements is true? a. The Thirteenth Amendment established the income tax. b. The Fourteenth Amendment ended slavery. c. The Fourteenth Amendment asserted that no state shall deny a person due process of law. d. The Fifteenth Amendment asserted that no state shall deny a citizen due process of law. e. The Sixteenth Amendment allowed African Americans to vote.

c. The Fourteenth Amendment asserted that no state shall deny a person due process of law.

A current issue facing the government today is __________. a. a decrease in the national debt b. a decrease in global competition and foreign trade c. an increasing gap in income and wealth of individuals d. an increasing rate of home ownership e. an increasing high school graduation rate

c. an increasing gap in income and wealth of individuals

The guarantee of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment is a(n) __________. a. affirmative right b. civil liberty c. civil right d. common law e. protective right

c. civil right

The United States employs a(n) __________ system. a. unitary b. confederal c. federal d. authoritarian e. bicameral

c. federal

Civil liberties mainly serve to __________. a. protect government from abuse of power by the people b. protect people from abuse of power in the private sector c. protect people from abuse of power by the government d. ensure that all people get treated equally by the government e. ensure that all people get treated equally in the private sector

c. protect people from abuse of power by the government

The Constitution defines the structure of the national and state governments and __________. a. restricts the power of county or parish government b. outlines the nomination process for selecting the executive officer c. regulates the relationship between government and each individual citizen d. restricts the power of the individual citizen e. promotes the formation of a confederation of states

c. regulates the relationship between government and each individual citizen

In 1973, the draft was repealed and __________. a. all persons between 18 and 22 residing in the United States were required to engage in military service for at least 18 months b. all persons between 18 and 22 residing in the United States were required to engage in domestic service for at least 18 months c. the U.S. military became an all-volunteer force d. the Selective Service System requiring all men between 18 and 25 to register with the government was eliminated e. replaced by AmeriCorps, a military training program

c. the U.S. military became an all-volunteer force

The divine right of kings was the belief that __________. a. the people had the ultimate authority over the monarch b. the church had the ultimate authority over the monarch c. the monarch had ultimate authority and that authority had been conferred by God d. ultimate authority was in the hands of the church, an extension of God e. ultimate authority was held by the Catholic Church

c. the monarch had ultimate authority and that authority had been conferred by God

Critics of federalism maintain that __________. a. the system allows too much power at the state level b. the system allows too much power at the local level c. there is no check on the powers of the national government d. Americans suffer as a result of the inequalities across the states e. Americans often are unaware of the differences that exist from one state to the next

d. Americans suffer as a result of the inequalities across the states

Which Supreme Court case held that the Fourteenth Amendment protected freedom of speech and applied that liberty to the states? a. Terminello v. Chicago b. Dennis v. Yates c. New York Times v. United States d. Gitlow v. New York e. Brandenburg v. Ohio

d. Gitlow v. New York

The advantages of a federal system of government include which of the following? a. All Americans gain the benefit of uniform policies in every state, ensuring the same level of educational spending and achievement as well as crime prevention efforts for every person no matter where they live. b. The federal government is the focal point of political dissatisfaction for the people of the nation, thus sparing lower levels of government from criticism. c. Given the changes and developments in transportation and communications systems, it is more practical to locate power in one place. d. State governments are frequently testing grounds for new governmental initiatives. e. Smaller political units, such as cities and states, are less likely to be dominated by a single political group.

d. State governments are frequently testing grounds for new governmental initiatives.

Public opinion regarding gay marriage had shifted over the past decade with a __________. a. a majority of Americans now being opposed to same-sex marriage b. a majority of Americans now supporting states creating laws to address same-sex marriage c. a majority of Americans now supporting the federal government creating laws to address same-sex marriage d. a majority of Americans now favoring same-sex marriage e. a minority of Americans now favoring same-sex marriage

d. a majority of Americans now favoring same-sex marriage

The Declaration of Independence reflects the philosophy of John Locke, who argued that __________. a. government must pledge its allegiance to God before it can claim legitimacy b. government cannot interfere with the reality that life is nasty, brutish, and short c. government must be divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches in order to be effective d. all people possess certain natural rights and that it is the duty of the government to protect those rights e. people possess only those rights that government grants to them

d. all people possess certain natural rights and that it is the duty of the government to protect those rights

Democracy in the United States derives its powers from __________. a. the constitution b. the Declaration of Independence c. the U.S. Supreme Court d. citizens e. natural law

d. citizens

Authority is divided, usually by a written constitution, between a central government and constituent (state) governments in a(n) __________. a. monarchy b. unitary system c. confederal system d. federal system e. duopoly

d. federal system

Peer groups are more likely to influence political opinions when __________. a. peers are over the age of 50 b. it is not an election year c. peers do not strongly identify with any political party d. peers are actively involved in political activities e. peers are all of the same gender

d. peers are actively involved in political activities

The colonists at Jamestown instituted a __________ and set a precedent in government that would be duplicated in later colonies. a. authoritarian leader b. democratic republic c. direct democracy d. representative assembly e. welfare state

d. representative assembly

Which provision in the original draft of the Declaration of Independence had to be removed to gain the unanimous approval of all the colonies? a. Calling for the separation of church and state b. Establishing that the United States would be a Christian nation c. Arguing the necessity of allowing all citizens to vote d. Calling for the assassination of King George e. Condemning the slave trade

e. Condemning the slave trade

The __________ identified the causes that compelled the colonists to separate from Britain. a. Waterfront Protocol b. Articles of Confederation c. Mayflower Compact d. Constitution e. Declaration of Independence

e. Declaration of Independence

Which case invalidated the Missouri Compromise of 1812? a. Bakke v. California b. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka c. Lawrence v. Texas d. Plessy v. Ferguson e. Dred Scott v. Sanford

e. Dred Scott v. Sanford

Which of the following is true? a. The significance of the slavery issue at the Constitutional Convention is greatly exaggerated, given the fact that there were less than 50,000 slaves in the United States in 1787. b. James Madison characterized slavery as "evil" and argued that there would be nothing worse than allowing it to continue. c. Benjamin Franklin, the president of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, insisted that the Constitution be written to prohibit slavery. d. George Washington, a slave owner from Virginia, was one of the few delegates to state firmly and unapologetically his support for the institution of slavery. e. It was feared that the delegates from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Virginia would withhold their support if the Constitution threatened the existence of slavery.

e. It was feared that the delegates from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Virginia would withhold their support if the Constitution threatened the existence of slavery.

Which of the following statements is true of political socialization? a. Parents disaffected from the political system are more likely to provide political information to their children than parents who are not similarly disaffected. b. Although more sources of political information have become readily available in recent decades to most Americans, these sources are not as readily available to most young people. c. Sources of information about politics have been steadily decreasing in the United States for decades. d. The family has become the only meaningful source of political socialization in the United States. e. Scholars believe that greater access to political information may explain why young Americans are more liberal than their parents on many social issues.

e. Scholars believe that greater access to political information may explain why young Americans are more liberal than their parents on many social issues.

The United States under the Articles of Confederation was a confederal system, but today __________ is one of the few examples that exist. a. Canada b. France c. Germany d. Mexico e. Switzerland

e. Switzerland

Which of the following statements best describes the Bill of Rights? a. The rights guaranteed to all citizens in the Bill of Rights are self-executing and have required little interpretation. b. The Bill of Rights has always been equally applied to both the national and state governments. c. The Bill of Rights consists of additions to the civil liberties initially discussed in the Constitution. d. The Bill of Rights narrowly defines basic freedoms, requiring great consideration by the Supreme Court in interpreting them. e. The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights change over time, depending on interpretation by the Supreme Court.

e. The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights change over time, depending on interpretation by the Supreme Court.

What do Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming have in common? a. They collect both a state sales tax and a state income tax. b. The collect neither a state sales tax nor a state income tax. c. They collect state sales tax on groceries. d. They have no state sales tax. e. They do not collect a state income tax.

e. They do not collect a state income tax.

Common Sense, written by __________, argued in favor of declaring independence from Great Britain and establishing a new government for the citizens of a new country. a. James Madison b. Patrick Henry c. Paul Revere d. Thomas Jefferson e. Thomas Paine

e. Thomas Paine

The First Continental Congress, which met in 1774, __________. a. approved a declaration of war against England b. called for King George to step down from the throne c. approved a resolution calling for a declaration of independence from England d. called on the colonies to raise armies but encouraged colonies to continue trade with England so as to improve economic conditions e. called for individuals to watch their neighbors and report violations of the ban on trade with Britain

e. called for individuals to watch their neighbors and report violations of the ban on trade with Britain

Originally, the Bill of Rights limited only the power of the __________. a. state governments b. regional governments c. president d. Supreme Court e. national government

e. national government

A Gallup poll that indicates that 22 percent of respondents approve of the goals of the Occupy Wall Street movement, that 16 percent disapprove, and that a majority doesn't know enough to answer exemplifies a __________. a. bystander opinion b. disengaged opinion c. fringe opinion d. mute opinion e. nonopinion

e. nonopinion

Which of the following is a form of political expression? a. purchasing an American-made automobile b. viewing a campaign ad for a candidate for Congress c. reading a political blog d. watching television e. participating in a demonstration

e. participating in a demonstration

The process by which people acquire political beliefs and attitudes is known as __________. a. agenda setting b. consensus building c. opinion leadership d. peer grouping e. political socialization

e. political socialization

The struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges is known as __________. a. aristocracy b. authority c. government d. legitimacy e. politics

e. politics

The Boston Tea Party, Whisky Rebellion, and California's Proposition 13 were all popular rebellions that were related to __________. a. freedom of press b. freedom of speech c. prohibition of alcohol d. property rights e. taxation

e. taxation

The 1833 case of Barron v. Baltimore held that __________. a. the city of Baltimore was forever part of the state of Maryland, not Virginia b. Barron was a citizen of the United States, but not of either Maryland or of the city of Baltimore c. the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction in cases involving cities d. the Bill of Rights applied to state law, but not in this case e. the Bill of Rights did not apply to state law

e. the Bill of Rights did not apply to state law