POS Final War, Religion, and Politics.

Use of religion by politicians: ads, appeal to the base, shape & forward political agendas

Ads are used to show politicians as supporting God and even the second coming of Christ. This makes people believe they are religious and shaping the world in religious values. This is the concept of, vote for me, I am supported by God and am trying to install his values into our society.

Religion in America—denominations, divides, how it shows up in politics

Denominations: The protestants have Lutheran, Baptist, Anglicism, etc. There is a divide among Christians on abortion, LGBTQ, and the role of religion in government.

What is the religious affiliation of current members of Congress, and does it matter?

Protestant 247 members 56.9% / Catholic 122 members 28.1% / Jewish 24 members 5.5% / Mormon 6 members 1.4% / Orthodox Christian 8 members 1.8% / others 4.2% Christians have a stronghold

Religion and public policy

Religion and public policy refer to the intersection of religious beliefs and practices with the formulation, implementation, and impact of government policies. This field examines how religious values, traditions, and institutions influence or are influenced by public policies at local, national, or international levels. It encompasses a wide range of issues, including religious freedom, separation of church and state, ethical considerations in policy decisions, and the role of religious organizations in shaping or responding to government actions. The relationship between religion and public policy is complex, with discussions often involving considerations of individual rights, societal values, and the need for a pluralistic and inclusive approach in governance.

January 6th religious underpinnings

Religious rhetoric encouraged and justified the attack. It permitted rioters and created a psychological safety net to make their cause seem righteous"-- Peter Manseau, Lilly EndowmentCurator of American Religious History

Social science

Social scientists objectively examine how religion influences/ interacts with human political behavior. Focuses on how religion exists as a social phenomenon and institution that influences human behavior. They put their own beliefs aside when they do this.

Issue-Based

centers on whether the incompatibility of the armed conflict is focusing on religious issues.

Religious conflict: identity-based and issue-based, locations around the world Identity-based

conflict is seen as religious if the opposing groups come from different religious affiliations.

White Christian Nationalism: Threat To American Democracy

"A political ideology and identity that fuses white supremacy, Christianity and American nationalism, and whose proponents claim that the United States is a Christian Nation.'" The Southern Poverty Law Center: "White Christian nationalism is a key ideology that inspired the failed Jan. 6, 2021 insurrection and fueled multiple failed political campaigns in 2022. White Christian nationalism remains a persistent and growing threat to U.S. democracy." Adherents of white Christian nationalism are the drivers of antidemocratic conspiracy theories and election denialism, book banning, LGBTQIA denigration, "sanitized" black history curriculum, anti-female reproductive rights, gerrymandering, and attacking diversity, equity, and inclusion. Followers of the white Christian nationalism movement contradict the principles and norms of democracy and want to make America an authoritarian (theocratic) country while claiming 'freedom'—it's only freedom for themselves.

White Supremacy and Christian Nationalism

"Christian nationalism protects--and promotes--theManifest Destiny belief that Anglo-Saxon Protestants are God's sacred people and the only ones with citizens rights in the United States. It serves as a theological and ideological legitimation for a white supremacist narrative in this country" Dean Kelly Brown Douglas holds leadership positions at Union Theological Seminary, Washington National Cathedral, and Trinity Church Wall Street.

What is meant by the 'rise of the Nones'? Who are the 'nones,' and why are they important?

"Nones" =Unaffiliated Americans. The reason it's important is because the rise of unaffiliated people to religion has increased, creating a new era of churches/clergies detached from historical religious tradition

Spiritual warfare

"Spiritual warfare": demons and evil spirits are present and intervening in our daily lives. Sickness and poverty aren't physical, they are the result of being possessed by demons. Demons occupy places and institutions "strategically"—abortion clinics, the LGBT community, or the Democratic Party. These malevolent forces are evil personified and need to be cleansed.

7 Mountains Mandate (7 Mountains Dominionism): Christian Nationalist belief by C. Peter Wagner.

1. Government 2. Media 3. Arts & Entertainment 4. Business 5. Education 6. Religion - "Our country needs Jesus. Proverbs 27:6 says, "Faithful are the wounds of a friend," (KJV). In other words, a friend always tells the truth in love, knowing that it is the truth that makes you free (John 8:32). No—there is not more than one way to heaven. No—there are not many gods. No—it is not acceptable, true or right to participate in another religion. There is ONE way to heaven, ONE way to the Father—JESUS CHRIST." 7. Family - "Satan knows if he goes for the jugular—our family unit—he has us right where he wants us—crumbling and falling apart. Premarital sex, cohabitation, divorce, abuse, neglect, abortion and same-sex marriage are all against the Word of God and a direct assault on the family in America."

American religious leaders' participation in politics—examples of leaders, examples of participation

69% of Republicans are white Christians. Lance Wallnau predicted Trump would become president and writes how Trump is the modern day Cyrus. Andrew Whalen participates by trying to better society by making it more Christian. He has dreams of how he can make the world better for God. David Barton has long promoted the idea, now widely popular among the religious right, that the Founding Fathers never intended the separation of church and state but instead sought to construct a Christian nation.

Islamists

Advocate an increased role of Islam in society or the state.

Debate over national identity—what makes someone 'truly American'? Does it involve Christianity

Almost everyone agrees that being truly American involves believing in individual freedoms and believing every citizen should have the right to vote and that we should accept people with diverse backgrounds and we should respect the laws and political institutions. A large majority of Americans believe citizens should be able to speak English and that capitalism is the best economic system. Close to half of Americans think you need to believe in God. The minority thoughts are that you need to be born in America, be Christian, and be of Western European heritage.

Discuss the link between religion and political affiliation in America today, and explain why that link has gotten more polarized in the past 10 years.

Although institutionalized religion appears to be declining, religious influence remains extremely prevalent in today's society with the republican at the forefront of promoting religion affiliation The majority of the republican party has strong religious affiliations according to a pew research study 70% Mormon 64% Southern Baptist 60% Presbyterian Pew Research Study 2 233 Republican Member of Congress define as Protestant (53%)

Johnson Amendment

As a condition for maintaining tax-exempt status, churches and affiliated groups are forbidden from participating or intervening in "any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office. This stops churches from donating millions to political campaigns.

What are the dangers of believing political leaders are 'anointed by God'?

Believing that political leaders are anointed by God can carry various potential dangers, both on an individual and societal level. It is to note that these dangers are contingent on the extent of the belief and the actions taken based on such convictions.

New Apostolic Reformation (NAR):

C. Peter Wagner. Seeks to return church structures to the fivefold ministry of the Bible (defined roles of apostle, prophet, evangelist, pastor, and teacher).The key roles in this pecking order are prophets, who have the visions, and apostles, the anointed ones who put ideas and networks into practice and,critically, to whom everyone else must submit. Emerging from the Pentecostal and Charismatic movements, which account for Some 600 million Christians worldwide, the New Apostolic Reformation has arguably become the center of gravity in modern American Christianity. It's hell-bent on energizing believers for the End Times: Church is no longer something you attend on Sunday—it's a place to orchestrate the radical transformation of society.

Why do so many social science researchers conclude that Christian nationalism is a dangerous movement and a threat to American democracy?

Christian Nationalism is a threat to democracy because it goes against democracy's values. For example, they want to demand people to show respect for national symbols and traditions. They distrust religious minorities. Condone police violence toward Black Americans and distrust accounts of racial inequality in the criminal justice system. Believes racial inequality is due to the personal shortcomings of minority groups. They report being uncomfortable with interracial marriages. Hold anti-immigrant views and fear refugees. Oppose scientists and science education in schools. Want men to have leadership roles and leave women at home. All of these beliefs go against democracy and what makes our country great.

What is Christian Nationalism? What are the core Christian Nationalist beliefs according to the PRRI/Brookings Institute's and the Pew Research Center's studies?

Christian Nationalism is the belief that America was founded as a Christian Nation People must believe in God, We are christian nation, must speak english, must be born in America and of Western European heritage

Involvement in politics by religious groups—theological arguments for and against

Christian Nationalism: a cultural framework that idealizes and advocates a fusion of Christianity with civic American life. America has always been exclusively Christian and should be based on Christian values. This is the idea of making America God's kingdom and living by traditional religious values. This idea is rooted in nativism, white supremacy, authoritarianism, patriarchy, and militarism. These people hold anti-immigrant and anti-refugee views. Distrust minorities and want men in leadership roles. These groups include Kenneth Copeland Ministries, and Michael Flynn's "ReAwaken America Tour." C. Peter Wagner's New Apolistic Reformation: Demons and evil spirits are present and intervening in our daily lives. Sickness and poverty aren't physical, they are the result of being possessed by demons. Hamas: defines historic Palestine - including present-day Israel - as Islamic land and it rules out any permanent peace with the Jewish state.

Religion around the world: number, size, and location of various religious groups:

Christianity is the religion with the most adherents around the world, with more than 2 Billion followers. Mostly popular in North America and Europe but has strongholds everywhere. Islam is the 2nd most widely practiced religion in the world estimated at 1.8 billion followers. Mostly in Middle Eastern countries and Asia. Hinduism is the world's 3rd largest religion. Estimated 1.1 billion followers. One of the oldest religions, with beliefs and practices that date back at least as far as the 1500s BCE.Practiced primarily in India (80% of Indians identify as Hindu), Nepal, and Indonesia. Buddhism is The 4th most widely practiced religion. Approximately 500 million followers worldwide (250 million in China). Shinto: 104 Million, 8th century, Japan. Sikhism: 25 Million,16th century, India.Judaism: 14 Million, 8th century BCE, Middle East (today, Israel)

Cosmic War: Warriors, Martyrs, Enemies, Symbolic empowerment

Creating Martyrs. Martyrdom: sacrificing oneself for your faith/belief- to further the cause. Personal life struggles are part of a great struggle. Will end triumphantly though not easily or quickly. Point of the war is to overcome feeling defeated and humiliated—within every terrorist is the conviction that they are the victim. Creating Enemies. Can't have a war without an enemy. Will manufacture them if they don't exist. A cosmic war needs a satanic foe. Conspiracy theories (unseen enemies, everyone working against you, plot to keep you oppressed, to destroy what you value). Scapegoats (i.e. Jews or immigrants). Large, powerful amorphous forces that create chaos (i.e. "the deep state"). Dehumanize the 'other'—deny them personhood ('animals,' 'vermin'). Stereotype and categorize a whole people as an enemy (Blacks, Arabs, Jews). Primary and secondary targets ("Rhinos", people who don't see the war as a war, government leaders, America) the Symbolism. Religion prioritizes order (peace), which means it must overcome disorder, possibly through violence—only religion can conquer chaos/bring order. Violent images have been given religious meaning and domesticized—stripped of their horror by being invested with religious meaning. Martial images—waging war against forces of evil, fight the good fight, soldiers of the Cross, jihad, martyrdom. Foes may be spiritual or material, but they are all around us and only religion can help conquer them. Warriors: The people who fight for god

Different religions have different expectations or philosophies regarding the participation of believers in politics. Explain the basis of some of the differences between religious groups that encourage or mandate political activism and those that discourage or forbid it.

Discourage Amish Taught to respect and pray for governing authorities, and they pay the standard tax requirements When caught in conflict between conscience and civil law, they are taught to obey god rather than men Jahovah's witness They follow Jesus' example, who refused to accept political office They remain loyal to God's kingdom to solve the world's issues By remaining neutral, they can freely talk to individuals of all political beliefs about the power of God Promote it. Evangelicals Lutheranism

Political representatives in America and their religious affiliations

Evangelicals are becoming more Republican. Congress is 88% Christian and 6% Jewish. Nones are 0.2%. The only overtly non-religious members are U.S. Rep.Jared Huffman, D-Calif., who identifies as humanist, and Sen.Kyrsten Sinema, independent of Arizona, who says she's religiously unaffiliated.

Prophecy

God is in control over the course of event on earth: Strongly Agree (18.9), Agree (18.5), neither (31.5), Disagree (11.1), Strongly disagree (20) God's prophecies and laws are limited to those founding in the Bible: Strongly Agree (6.7), Agree (15.7), neither (38.9), Disagree (18.1), Strongly disagree (20.6) God has given some people the power to heal other prayer and the "laying on of hands": Strongly Agree (12.7), Agree (24.1), neither (30), Disagree (12.4), Strongly disagree (21.3) Modern-day prophets continue to reveals God's plans to humanity: Strongly Agree (9.1), Agree (18.9), neither (34.6), Disagree (15.9), Strongly disagree (21.5) God reveals his plans for the future to humans as prophecy: Strongly Agree (14.4), Agree (24.2), neither (33.2), Disagree (9.5), Strongly disagree (18.5)

Tax Exempt Status

In 2021, Americans donated $135.78 Billion to religious organizations and churches. None of that money was taxed at the local, state, or federal level. Churches have tax-exempt status & are considered non-profit organizations IRS Code 501(3)(c). Churches support their communities. Many provide social services, such as shelters, clothing drives, and food pantries. Often assist low-income families, such as free or inexpensive afterschool programs. May engage in service work such as rebuilding houses or cleaning up neighborhoods Exempting churches from taxation is seen as a separation of church and state.

Theocracy

Islamic theocracies are Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen. Twenty-seven countries enshrine Islam as their state religion. The only Christian theocracy is Vatican City, where the Pope is the supreme power and heads the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Vatican government.

How is religion manipulated or used for political purposes? Illustrate with examples. Why would someone 'use' religion in this way?

Mobilization of Support: Religion has a powerful influence on people's beliefs and values. Political leaders may use religious rhetoric to mobilize support, rallying followers around a common cause. This can be particularly effective in societies where religion plays a central role in shaping identity and community. Moral High Ground: By aligning political objectives with religious principles, leaders may portray themselves as moral and righteous. This can help deflect criticism and present their policies as part of a higher, sacred purpose, making it challenging for opponents to argue against them without being perceived as opposing religious values. Diversion of Attention: Manipulating religious sentiments can serve as a distraction from political or economic challenges. Leaders may use religious issues to redirect public attention away from problems or failures, creating a sense of unity around shared religious concerns. Cultural Identity: Religion often plays a significant role in shaping cultural identity. Political leaders may use religious symbols, narratives, or rituals to reinforce a sense of shared identity and distinguish their political group from others. Electoral Gain: In democratic systems, politicians may exploit religiou,s affiliations to garner electoral support. Appealing to religious sentiments can be an effective way to connect with a large portion of the electorate especially in societies where religious identity is a prominent factor in voting behavior. International Relations: Leaders may use religious affiliations strategically in diplomatic relations. Aligning with religious groups or appealing to shared religious values can foster alliances or garner support on the international stage.

Some people believe we should always put the modifier 'white' in front of 'Christian Nationalism' ("white Christian Nationalism")—why? What is an argument that it's appropriate, and why do they think we should use it?

Most christian nationalists are white and want to restore their white control over the country. We should use it because this group wants to have control and take power away from minority groups. They want to revert to times when Christians had more power and when whites had more control.

Nons

Nondenominational Protestants —"nons" — became a majority in 2021, signaling a new era of churches and clergies untethered from religious tradition.

I started the semester with the Hunter book as a frame. Identify 3 specific topics or concepts we discussed during the semester where this framework can applied (orthodox versus progressive, the divides within religion, differing sources and ideas of moral authority, public culture, cultural conflict/culture war, focus on cultural symbols, the language of public discourse, and the battle over the identity—what it means to be American.)

Orthodox v. Progressive Orthodox Commitment on parts of adherents to an external, definable and transcendent authority Defines a constant, unchangeable measure of value and purpose Tells us how to live our lives in all aspects Almost always conservative Progressive Moral authority and ultimate is ever changing Moral authority tends to reside in personal experience/ scientific rationality Almost always cultural liberal Orthodox within the separate religions have more in common than Progressives and orthodox within the same religion Culture war FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT conceptions of moral authority, over different ideas and beliefs about truth, the good, our obligations to one another, the nature of community, etc. Individuals can compromise on politics, they cannot compromise on matters of moral truth Ultimately about the struggle for domination, for your designated group to determine how all of the institutions function

Why is it sometimes difficult to identify the role of religion in specific conflicts around the world? In your response, use the example of Hamas's October terrorist attack on Israel and/or Osama bin Laden's Al Queda attack on the US on 9/11 (you can use other conflicts as well).

Political ideology with religious underlying which get overshadowed by violence The acts are planned, intentional, and symbolic-

More and more American Christians are identifying as 'non denominational'. Is this a positive or negative trend? Explain the potential impact of this trend on American religion and politics.

Positive Certain religious branches will end and more traditional views will stop. This will be one of the new majority groups in politics

What are the broad groupings on the World Values Survey (WVS)?

Protestant Europe (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, etc) is more secular and focused on self-expression values. English-speaking countries (USA, Northern Ireland, Australia). Confucian countries (Japan, China, South Korea) are incredibly secular and more based on survival. Latin America (Puerto Rico, Peru, and Haiti) has more traditional values and survival values. Orthodox Europe (Ukraine, Russia, Romania) is more secular but is focused on survival. African-Islamic (Egypt, Iraq, India) is extremely traditional and based on survival.

World Values Survey & culture maps:

Protestant Europe (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, etc) is more secular and focused on self-expression values. English-speaking countries (USA, Northern Ireland, Australia). Confucian countries (Japan, China, South Korea) are incredibly secular and more based on survival. Latin America (Puerto Rico, Peru, and Haiti) has more traditional values and survival values. Orthodox Europe (Ukraine, Russia, Romania) is more secular but is focused on survival. African-Islamic (Egypt, Iraq, India) is extremely traditional and based on survival.

Religion and political affiliation:

Religion and political affiliation refer to the connection between an individual's religious beliefs and their association with a particular political ideology or party. This intersection explores how one's faith or religious values can shape their political views, and conversely, how political ideologies may influence interpretations of religious principles. Individuals often align themselves with political parties or ideologies that reflect or resonate with their religious values, moral beliefs, or social convictions. However, the relationship between religion and political affiliation can be intricate and varies widely among people. Some may prioritize specific social issues, such as abortion or same-sex marriage, based on religious teachings, while others may emphasize economic policies or foreign affairs. The dynamic interaction between religion and political affiliation can significantly impact public discourse, policy debates, and voting behavior. It's essential to recognize the diversity of perspectives within religious communities and the complexity of factors influencing an individual's political stance, including cultural, socioeconomic, and regional considerations.

Not all religions are violent, but religion can make conflict and even violence more likely. Explain how and why.

Religion becomes violent when radical ideologies become popular. People believe that their religion should have all the control and others should not. As a result, people are willing to fight for their God and what they believe is right. For example, white Christians feel like the nation is losing its identity. Society is going to the Devil and it is their job to free society in any means necessary.

How is religion manipulated or used for political purposes? Illustrate with examples. Why would someone 'use' religion in this way?

Religion can be manipulated or used for political purposes in various ways, and individuals or groups may employ such strategies for several reasons. With legitimacy and authority, associating political actions with religious authority can provide a perceived legitimacy to political leaders or movements. By framing their agenda as divinely inspired, political actors seek to enhance their credibility and gain the trust of the population. Mobilization of Support: Religion has a powerful influence on people's beliefs and values. Political leaders may use religious rhetoric to mobilize support, rallying followers around a common cause. This can be particularly effective in societies where religion plays a central role in shaping identity and community. Moral High Ground: By aligning political objectives with religious principles, leaders may portray themselves as moral and righteous. This can help deflect criticism and present their policies as part of a higher, sacred purpose, making it challenging for opponents to argue against them without being perceived as opposing religious values. Diversion of Attention: Manipulating religious sentiments can serve as a distraction from political or economic challenges. Leaders may use religious issues to redirect public attention away from problems or failures, creating a sense of unity around shared religious concerns. Social Control: The influence of religious institutions over communities can be leveraged for social control. Political leaders may use religious doctrines to enforce conformity, discourage dissent, and maintain order within society. Religion often plays a significant role in shaping cultural identity. Political leaders may use religious symbols, narratives, or rituals to reinforce a sense of shared identity and distinguish their political group from others.

Does religion impact society more, or does society impact religion more?

Religion impacts society due its influential nature It brings communities together and also creates an "us vs them" ideology (amish, anabaptist, jehovah witness) It can influence public policy and has proven to have influence in the supreme court by the overturning of precedent (abortion laws, gun laws, gay rights) Religion also impacts politics beyond policy issues, as we have seen through various social media posts claiming trump was given to america by God

Giving some examples from some of the research organizations and data we have studied, how do social scientists study religion? Why is it helpful to adopt a social scientific approach to the study of religion and politics?

Religion seeks to understand the origins and nature of reality using supernatural answers/ influences the behavior of individuals and groups Objectively examine how religion influences/interacts with human political behavior/focus on how religion exists as a social phenomenon

How do religious beliefs impact public policy beliefs? Should public policy be determined by the religious beliefs of citizens, leaders, or judges? Why or why not?

Religious beliefs affect public policy because policy makers ultimately decide which issues they would like to tackle. Additionally, their personal beliefs and values ultimately play a role in the way they vote on policy options. Public policy should not be determined by the religious beliefs of any government personnel as it is a clear violation of the establishment clause. Specifically judges are to remain unbiased and adhere to constitutionality of laws without implementing their religious views.

After studying the way religion is shifting in America, and thinking about contemporary politics, revisit the secularization theory—is religion fading from the public sphere and less important in this modern age? Give evidence to support your view. Based on current trends, do you think religion will be more or less important in the public sphere 20-30 years from now?

Secularization theory predicts the decline of religion as a significant social force in the public sphere due to modernization. Decline of religion as a public influence. Religion is fading away but still has its strongholds on authority. According to the Pew Research Center, 88% of Congress is Christian. Meanwhile, Pew Research Reports that in 2007, 5% of adults identified with no religion and in 2021, 29% of adults affiliated with no religion. Religion will decline because the PRRI 2016 American Values Atlas shows that ages 18-29 are more unaffiliated than those who participate in Christian religions.

Explain the rationale for 1) tax-exempt status for churches and 2) the Johnson Amendment. What types of political activity are permissible? Do you think churches should maintain tax-exempt status? Do you think the Johnson amendment is appropriate, or is it a violation of freedom of speech/freedom of religion? Should churches and church leaders be permitted to participate in politics? If so, how much—should there be limits?

Tax-exempt status for churches are based off the notion that they are non-profit organizations and exempting them from taxes is viewed as a separation of church and state Johnson Amendment forbids churches/religious affiliated groups from intervening in any political campaign in support or opposition to any candidate. This is to prevent a candidate from having strict ties to a specific religion as a means of separation of church and state, as churches can easily claim it to be "god's will" to vote for a certain individual, or claim that the opposition is "the devil" Permissible religious activity: spend money on certain advocacy groups, which are inclined to pay taxes, partake in politically neutral events including voter registration drives and educational activities I believe the Johnson amendment is appropriate because I view intertwining politics with religion, which some people base their life ideals on, is a form of ultimate manipulation. It provides religious leaders the freedom to portray a political figure in a godly or satan-like manner or claim if an individual does not vote for a specific person they are not a "true believer" I do not believe church leaders should be permitted to partake in politics

The 7 Mountains Mandate and the New Apostolic Reformation are religious movements, but they are intrinsically political—why? What are their policy goals?

The 7 Mountains Mandate and the New Apostolic Reformation (NAR) are religious movements with a distinctive focus on influencing various spheres or "mountains" of society, including politics. These movements believe in the idea of shaping and transforming culture according to their interpretation of Christian values. While not all individuals within these movements share identical views, there are common themes that suggest intrinsic political implications: Political Engagement: Followers of these movements often emphasize political engagement as part of their religious duty. This may involve participating in electoral processes, advocating for policies aligned with their religious beliefs, and seeking to have a significant impact on the political landscape. Policy Goals: The policy goals of these movements are often influenced by their interpretation of Christian teachings. This can include advocating for conservative social policies, opposition to issues such as abortion and LGBTQ rights, and support for what they perceive as traditional family values. Economic policies may also be influenced by their understanding of biblical principles. It's crucial to note that these movements are diverse, and individuals within them may hold varying degrees of emphasis on political engagement. Additionally, their influence and impact can differ across regions and communities. While some critics express concerns about the potential blurring of the separation between church and state, supporters argue that their involvement is a legitimate expression of their faith in the public sphere.

What does an 'evangelical' believe? Using data and thinking about our contemporary politics (leaders, parties, political structure), why are evangelicals a powerful political force in America today?

The Bible is at the center of faith & they believe religion should be closely tied to politics They feel as though the evils of the world are taking over, they have become part of the minority; therefore, they are pushing for the reintroduction of christian values in our everyday lives (prayer in school, ban abortion)

Terrorism: nature of the violence, ties to religion

The Script: Divine warfare: good (truth, righteousness, god, religion) v. evil (lies, greed, malevolent intentions, Satan, secularism/anti-religion). Larger than life—beyond the worldly. Dichotomous opposition—all-or-nothing struggle—opponent must be Destroyed. Absolutism: No compromise is possible. The very existence of the opponent is a threat—until the enemy is either crushed or contained, one's own existence cannot be secure. Certainty of one's position and willingness to defend it or impose it on others. War is not the context for violence, but the justification for it—the world is already at war. This is a worldview. Holds out hope of victory—in fact, that's the only option. The Audience: Terrorism is the 'language of being noticed'—the ability to seize the attention of the public through news media—performed for CNN. Deliberate events—performed at such a time and place SO THAT they will be observed. The IMAGE of these acts is more important than the direct effect of the acts themselves—horror is manifested far beyond the number of people immediately affected by the act itself. Terrorists want to expand their audience—worldwide coverage/internet—global impact. Choice of targets. The terrorists themselves may be part of a global network. Timing: To capture the public's attention through an act of performance violence on a date deemed important to the perpetrating group is to force the group's sense of what is temporally important to everyone else. In many cases the days that are held sacred by an activist group are known only to a certain segment of society the 'Stage'

Describe the motives, methods, and strategies of groups that use terrorism to promote their religious beliefs.

The acts are SYMBOLIC—illustrate or refer to something beyond their immediate target—a graphic and easily understandable lesson. Destruction & bloodshed. Deliberately intense and vivid. Maximize the savage nature of the violence. beyond the worldly. Dichotomous opposition—all-or-nothing struggle—opponent must be Destroyed. Absolutism: No compromise is possible. The very existence of the opponent is a threat—until the enemy is either crushed or contained, one's own existence cannot be secure. The Audience: Terrorism is the 'language of being noticed'—the ability to seize the attention of the public through news media—performed for CNN. Deliberate events—performed at such a time and place SO THAT they will be observed. The IMAGE of these acts is more important than the direct effect of the acts themselves—horror is manifested far beyond the number of people immediately affected by the act itself. Terrorists want to expand their audience—worldwide coverage/internet—global impact. Choice of targets. The terrorists themselves may be part of a global network. Timing: To capture the public's attention through an act of performance violence on a date deemed important to the perpetrating group is to force the group's sense of what is temporally important to everyone else. In many cases the days that are held sacred by an activist group are known only to a certain segment of society the 'Stage': Symbolic targets—government buildings, normal government operations, the lifeblood of major cities or societies (transportation), symbols of stability. Reveals vulnerability. Touches everyone. Weakens the power of the government, and discredits authority while making it SEEM like the movements behind the destruction are highly powerful.

The religious landscape in America has changed dramatically since 2000. Identify at least 3 trends during this time and explain each regarding charts/graphs/or other data that we have discussed in class (this requires you to memorize some facts and their source). For each, explain why it is important for our understanding of both religion and politics in America.

The first trend is the rise of nons. According to the chart by Ryan Burge, nons overall went from close to 5% in 2000 to close to 15% in 2018. The second trend is the rise of nones. According to Ryan Burge, each generation is becoming more unaffiliated with religion. For example, religiously unaffiliated among boomers has gone from close to 10% in 2000 to 15% in 2018. For millennials, they want from about 20% in 2000 to 30% in 2018. The third trend is the decrease of White Christians: According to the General Social Survey, in 2000 80% of whites identified as Christian, in 2016, the number went to around 70%. It is decreasing until 2023.

Evangelicals

The label "evangelical," is a complex one It is a trans-denominational movement mostly within Protestant Christianity based on a set of personal cores. The Bible is at the center of faith. The atonement for sins through Jesus' death on the cross. Personal conversion and salvation.The sharing of the gospel, from which this movement takes its name.

PRRI/Brookings study on Christian Nationalism:

The percentage who identify as White Evangelical Protestants and mainline non-evangelical Protestants is decreasing while the number of religious unaffiliated is increasing. Fewer Americans are saying religion is the most important thing in their lives. Fewer Americans are also attending church.

Explain how American politicians use religion (whether they have sincerely held convictions or not), and why/when it's effective.

They use religion to gather support around a topic. More people will vote for them if they try to make it look like they are following the values of God. They pick and choose when to use it. For example, Trump uses it to make himself look like he is the only person fighting for religious values against an enemy that is against religious people.

What are some of the religious underpinnings of the January 6th insurrection? Why were there so many religious symbols in the crowd that day?

Trump supporters believe he was Anointed by God to be President; 33% strongly agree, 27% agree This belief makes people believe that if Trump lost the election it had to be due to the evils of the world, therefore it is their duty as good Christians to stand against this tragedy and get God back in office

Fusion of Religion & Politics by some religious leaders: Fusion of Politics & Religion in Some Churches

Worship for a new kind of congregation: a right-wing political movement powered by divine purpose, whose adherents find spiritual sustenance in political action and import their worship of God, with all its intensity, emotion, and ambitions, to their political life. Right-wing political activity itself is becoming a holy act. "We are seeing a spiritual awakening taking place," said Ché Ahn, the pastor of Harvest RockChurch in Pasadena, who became a hero to many when his church successfully sued Gov. Gavin Newsom of California for banning indoor worship during the pandemic: "Christians are becoming more involved, becoming activists. I think that is a good thing because the church has been slumbering." Worship service as political rally: "It is both. My understanding of Jesus' kingdom is that he is Lord, not just over the church, but every aspect of society. That means family, education, arts, entertainment, business for sure, and government." The infusion of explicitly religious fervor — much of it rooted in the charismatic tradition, which emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit — into the right-wing movement is changing the atmosphere of events and rallies, many of which feature Christian symbols and rituals, especially praise music.

Christian Nationalism

a cultural framework that idealizes and advocates a fusion of Christianity with civic American life.

Religious Freedom:

fundamental human right that encompasses the right of individuals to practice, express, and manifest their religious beliefs or non-beliefs without interference or coercion from the government, authorities, or other individuals.

Symbolic Targets (Terrorism)

government buildings, normal government operations, the lifeblood of major cities or societies (transportation), symbols of stability. Reveals vulnerability. Touches everyone. This causes us to look differently at the stability/security of things we take for granted. Control of territory = public authority. Target central spaces = expression of the power of the terrorist. Demonstrates that THEY have control over those spaces. Weakens the power of the government, and discredits authority while making it SEEM like the movements behind the destruction are highly powerful.

We spent some time looking at the Constitutional guarantee of religious freedom, the prohibition of the establishment of religion, and the resulting 'wall of separation'. Given what we have learned, do you feel as if the wall of separation is real? Is it 'tall' enough or too 'tall'? Support your response with evidence.

real, but not "tall enough" The establishment clause is the written law that formed the wall of separation Although the Johnson Amendment prevents direct participation, Churches can advocate/lobby to voters and government officials about issues or laws or candidates There is nothing stopping religious leaders from phrasing their teaches in a way to influence political views; "Your 7 duties As a Christian Citizen" says it is a christian duty to vote and elect "godly individuals" who keep God and religion at the center of their campaign

Nones

unaffiliated Americans who do not belong to a religion. By 2070, they will approach or exceed Christianity. They could be atheist, agnostic, or spiritual.

Jurgensmeyer describes the viewpoint of religious terrorists as one of 'cosmic war.' What is meant by this term, and how does it differ from 'regular' conflicts?

worldview that sees the world as a battleground between two fundamental forces: good and evil. Larger than life, beyond the world. Very existence of the opponent is a threat—until the enemy is either crushed or contained, one's own existence cannot be secure.

Identify and explain different ways governments can treat religion in their state.

Theocracies: a system of government in which a certain religion rules State religion: mandated state religion. Separation of Church and State

Where are there religious conflicts?

There are religious conflicts in Northern Ireland, the Holy Land, Nigeria, Civil War in Sudan, Kashmir, Rohingya, Yemen, Armenia-Azerbaijan, Ethiopia,

Political leaders anointed by God?

Was Trump Anointed by God to be President: 21% of white Protestants believe Donald Trump was anointed by God. 29% of Evangelicals, 53% of Pentecostals, Almost 50% of once-a-week attendees ("prophecy voters"), Charismatic Christians skew more politically conservative and theologically orthodox than other Christian groups. 65 million Americans could be counted as Pentecostals or charismatics.

What are the most prominent religious groups worldwide, and where are different groups primarily concentrated? What do we see about trends in world religions?

Christianity: over 2 billion followers (spread around the world through missionaries and colonizers) Islam: About 1.8 billion followers (Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Syria) Hinduism: 1.1 billion followers (India, Indonesia)

Religious Landscape in America—affiliation, church attendance, rising & declining denominations

The United States has moved from being a majority-white Christian nation to one with no single racial and religious majority. White Christians are declining. Every Christian branch is declining but the "nons" are increasing. Participation in non-denomination is increasing Young people 18-29 have low numbers of religious affiliation. Especially White Christians. Fewer people are going to church than ever before.

Religion & Violence

There are violent actions done in the name of religion. Examples: Crusades, 9/11, and Christian Nationalist shootings.