POSC 344 Hulsey JMU Politics of the EU

Direct Actions

***Grounds to take case DIRECTLY to ECJ (EU Inst. is sued by Indiv., Corp., Mem. state or vice versa) - 3 types: Annulment: Overturn decision of an EU body Uniform Application: Ruling on uniform app. of the Rule of Law within the EU Infringement: EU Body/Member state has violated EU Law or Treaty

The European Parliament

SIMILAR TO THE HOUSE OF REPS. Elected EU body (766 members) that provides consultation on issues proposed by European Commission, Only inty. assembly in the world (France/Belgium/Lux.) MEP's: (5-yr), elected @ member-state parties but join EP party groups once elected*** - Party Groups: Organize EP work, but don't select candidates (voters vote for national parties*) President: An MEP (Speaker of the House), - Rotates to diminish power (every 2.5 years) - Chosen by majority party - Budget, handles proposals, represents them Parliamentary Committees: MEPs discuss proposals - Seats based on party affiliations/seniority/nat'l interests How they Act: 1. Censure/oversight/appointment 2. Confirmation 3. Assent (yes or no to council unanimous vote) - Weakens power*, obligated to accept motion 4. Consultation 5. Codecision (Ordinary Leg. Procedure) - Both Parlia./Council can amend - Dominant EU Mode ***LEADERSHIP is SHARED among the LEADERS OF THE PARTY GROUPS

European Commission

SUPRANATIONAL conscience of EU and representation (similar to exec. branch) - Body responsible for proposing EU legislation, implementing it, and monitoring compliance - Bureaucracy (not very democratic) - Trade deals are assigned with EU AS A WHOLE - 1 rep. from each member state/ jointly nominated*

Credible Commitment

Structural agreement in which there is a safeguard to force both parties to carry out their respective duties - QMV serves this purpose in the E.U.

Van Gend en Loos (1962)

*Established DIRECT EFFECT - Court of Justice of EU, EU law applies to all member states - 1963 Van Gend en Loos Decision: Dutch transport company sued (@ EEC Treaty) for increased tax imported from Germany, Loos RECOVERED THE $ PAID UNDER THE TARIFF - Benelux countries increased tariff price of formaldehyde

Costa vs. ENEL (1964)

*Established SUPREMACY Court of Justice of EU, EU Law > National Law when EU has responsibility 1964 Costa vs. ENEL: Costa's electric company was nationalized, said he wouldn't pay bill/hurt by nationalization - Can't nationalize businesses/ECJ overruled Italian Court, making the relinquishment of sovereignty permanent

European Court of Justice

*Greatly facilitate integration process (most important body), SUPRANATIONAL A judicial arm of the European Union, based in Luxembourg. The court has actively established its jurisdiction and its right to overrule national law when it conflicts with EU law. - Interpret meaning of treaties/resolving disputes - 28 judges (6yr) w/ President (judges @ majority) appointed by MEMBER STATES - Can't promote home-state interests - Secret votes (unanimous or simple majority), NO DISSENTING OPINIONS General Court: Handles less-complicated cases, made workload easier (after SEA) It's a HYBRID court - Handles International/Administrative/ and Constitutional Disputes

Democratic Deficit (EU)

*LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY/LEGITIMIZATION - No PR for EU (people don't know what's going on) 1. High Exec. Power vs. Low Nat. Parliament Power 2. EP is too weak 3. No EU "elections" (EU citizens can't vote for EU policies) 4. EU too distant from parties (diff./confusing/secretive processes) 5. High distributive consequences 6. NO electoral contest/never talk a/b EU Policy 7. EU referendums pose many constitutional issues

Root Problems of the E.U.

1. 2008 Financial Crisis 2. Backlash to Neo-liberalism 3. Euro/Lack of Central Treasury 4. Populism 5. Losers from Neo-liberalism 6. Monetary Union w/o Fiscal Union

Why is the EP different from typical Parliaments?

1. Can't initiate legislation 2. No coalition/government 3. Relies on consensus voting

How does it work? Council of Ministers (Council of the European Union)

1. Commission Proposal 2. Council - Depending on complexity, goes to: 3a. COREPER Working Parties (complex) or 3b. COREPER itself 4. Relevant Council *Most issues decided by QMV (prevents big-state power/encourages coalitions)

What can be done a/b EU's lack of democracy?

1. Council of Ministers - Needs to be more transparent (public to media) 2. More power to the EP, since it is the MOST DEMOCRATIC institution 3. Mechanism for Debate/political contestation (especially for commission president) 4. Ratification of Constitutional Treaty (promotes contestation over EU agenda)

Policy-Making Method in EP

1. Decided @ Community Method or Open Method of Coordination 1a. Community Method - Deals with CFSP/Internal Security - Intergovernmental Consensus Processes OR QMV (Ordinary Leg. Procedure) 1b. Open Method of Coordination - Usually social protection/poverty/healthcare - No voting, used w/ controversial issues ???Enhanced cooperation?

How did the EU evolve, and what has it become?

1. Motive for Peace - Council of Europe (1946) created by the EU of Federalists 2. Spillovers Currently, the EU is more than a conventional International Org., but less than a European superstate

Moravcsik (counterargument to democratic deficit)

1. Nat. Gov's are directly accountable 2. EP is strong/has more powers now (@ Lisbon Treaty, made = to the Council in decisions, gave MEPs more power to decide who runs the EU) 3. EU system is more transparent (very centrist policies)

What makes Democracy work?

1. Participation (Representation/choosing reps.) 2. Competition 3. Debate/Communication 4. Electoral Choice (put people in power like you/put someone majoritarian and see how they do)

Pillars of the European Union

1. Single Market 2. Justice/Home Affairs 3. Foreign Policy These are informal names

Morgenthau Plan

1944, REJECTED proposal to Demilitarize and Deindustrialize Germany - Allies fed Germans, didn't rebuild what was burned - Germany divided w/o plan (Cold War failure) - Wanted to use nuclear deterrence to prevent German militarization

First Monnet Plan

1945 Top-down/state-led recovery of French Economy - Realized need for Germany (industrial goods)

Marshall Plan (ERP)

1947, $13 Billion over 5 years offered to all countries except those with Soviet Influence - Most goods from the U.S., then E.U. countries sold them for cash and reinvested the money - 1948 OEEC

Schuman Plan

1950, added to Morgenthau plan - Called for control/integration of ALL European coal and steal production (France/W. Germ. already) - CREATED the ECSC - "Europeonize" Germany, where France benefits and doesn't feel threatened

ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)

1951; Coal/Steel put under SUPRANATIONAL control - Hoped to have strong HIGH AUTHORITY (supranational bureaucracy) + Council of Ministers (represent members) *Triangle trade of Coal (Belgium), Steel (France), and Iron (Germany) The French (Monnet) wanted to keep an eye on Germany and make sure they weren't re-militarizing and a way to control their products LITTLE EFFECT (*But crucial first step/precedent)

Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty)

1992 Economic/Trade Deal that formally created EU on top of the EC CREATED PILLAR SYSTEM (umbrella terms for EU): 1. EEC - European Econ. Community (Changed to EC***) 2. CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) 3. JHA (Justice and Home Affairs Council) AND 4. Expanded QMV to all matters related to a single-market 5. OPT-OUT CLAUSE (Mainly for the Econ. Monetary Union) 6. LAID FOUNDATION FOR THE EURO***

European Constitutional Treaty

2004 Draft rejected by the French/Dutch that would have created a Constitution - Meant to ADDRESS DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT - Idea to simplify EU and make it more democratic - Would have replaced existing treaties, and expanded QMV into policy areas that were normally unanimity-based among member states - Provisions that were left out were picked up in the Lisbon Treaty, complaints that it was too complicated

Directorates General

= U.S. Cabinet positions in exec. branch The Commission is organized into over 30 distinct departments, each of which is responsible for specific tasks (collecting statistics) or policy areas (employment, environment, internal market, regional policy). Some commissioners lead more than one DG, especially if the DG is small and closely related to another task or policy area such as taxation, customs, statistics, audit, and anti-fraud

Constructive Abstention

@ Lisbon Treaty, in Council of Ministers/European Council A country can abstain from voting but allow the others to take a decision on the basis of unanimity. This principle is inserted ONLY in the Common Foreign and Security Policy.

"Configurations" of the Council

@ Treaty of the EU, how the Ministers fill legislative AND exec. decisions Each council configuration deals with a different functional area, for example agriculture and fisheries. In this formation, the council is composed of ministers from each state government who are responsible for this area - The chair of this council is held by the member from the state holding the presidency

Lisbon Treaty

A European Union agreement that amends the fundamental treaties of the EU 1. Increased power of the EP - Equal footing w/ Council on Trade matters 2. Clarified/increased EU powers - Dealing with trade 3. QMV for most trade issues (Council) for ALL aspects of trade policy

Common Market

A group of countries that acts as a single market, without trade barriers between member countries ***HARMONIZATION of PRODUCT STANDARDS/LEVEL OF FUEL EFFICIENCY IN CARS I.E.

Open Method of Coordination

A procedure by which EU member states are encouraged to cooperate and agree on voluntary action in policy areas where the EU institutions have limited formal competence. - Contrast with the Community Method - Used more w/ CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES (social protection, poverty, health care) - NO VOTING/PEER-REVIEW between countries

Neo-liberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

Neo-Functionalism (Haas)

A theory that holds that economic integration (functionalism) generates a "spillover" effect, resulting in increased political integration, plus elite socialization - Predicts integration will get deeper in a slow/systematic way - Actors can be supra. officials, member-state govs., parties, or interest groups - SOVEREIGNTY is transferred to SUPRANATIONAL institutions* - Once one piece is integrated there is pressure to increase the rest of the pieces *Fall out in 1970s because of... 1. Failure of EC (Main executive body) 2. Spillover theory needs more elaboration

Supranational Institutions

A view that emphasizes the common good or goals of the EU, as opposed to the separate interests of the member states. - Decisions are made by a process or an institution that is independent of national governments. - Often used to describe the work of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice - Contrast with Intergovernmentalism.

Collegiality in the Commission

All College of Commissioners support decision @ majority vote

Treaty of Nice (2001)

Amended Maastricht Treaty - Supposed to fix enlargement issues (OG in Amsterdam Treaty) with new Eastern States - ***Expansion of QMV for nominations/Policy-making and enhanced cooperation

Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

Amended the Maastricht Treaty - Member states agreed to transfer certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas, - CSFP increased power, added a "High Representative" - The JHA is moved under Pillar 1 (for QMV) - ***Created closer cooperation for "opt-in" integration policies Ultimately didn't help w/ enlargement - Addition of new shared policies deterred applicants (required more change)

Single Market

An area within which there is FREE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE/$/GOODS/SERVICES. Also known as a "common market" or "internal market." The term can be applied to a single state (such as the United States) or to a group of states that have removed barriers to commerce (such as the EU).

Free Trade Area

An arrangement by which the barriers to trade between two or more states are either reduced or removed.

Monetary Union

An intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market). European Monetary System - A process launched in 1979 under which attempts were made to encourage exchange rate stability and to control inflation within the Community. - Characterized by CRISES until 1995

Europe in 1947

Arguably worse than the war - Food scarcity, no EU economy w/o Germany, Europe had no money to buy U.S. goods - 36.5 million Europeans died, 1/3 men born in 1918 in Germany survived, 87k women raped after fall of Vienna (Red Army) - Production goes down (except in Germany)

European Economic Community (EEC)

BECOMES THE EC (European Community) in 1992 Free trade zone in Western Europe created by Treaty of Rome in 1957. - SUPPOSED TO CREATE "Common Market," w/ France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (W. Europe) - Cooperation necessary for exports/econ. transformation/infrastructure/investment ***1. Tariff reductions/harmonization (tax on consumers) ***2. Currency Alignments ***3. Progress for free movement of goods/currency/labor In actuality, it really just creates a Customs Union - Only solved part of #3

Ordinary Legislative Procedure

CO-DECISION legislative process under which the Council of Ministers cannot make a final decision on new laws without giving the European Parliament the opportunity for a third reading. Under the Treaty of Lisbon it was extended to almost all policy areas, making the European Parliament a co-legislature with the Council of Ministers. ************* 1. Starts at Commission 2. Sent to EP for amendments 3. Sent to Council for approval 3a. If not approved, then it goes to the Conciliation committee (Council + EP)

Council of Ministers (Council of the European Union)

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS IS THE OLD NAME/Represents MEMBER STATE GOVS. Ministers are made of member states' head of states, make decisions on EU policies - POWERFUL, INTERGOVERNMENTAL - Multiple councils for each policy area/has legislative and exec. functions - Can accept/reject proposals w/ help from EP* - Has gained power/influence since member states DECLINE TO GIVE UP POWER *Similar to the U.S. Senate 1. Council of Ministers: 10 councils (different subjects) 2. Permanent Representatives - Powerful/secretive Committee of Perm. Reps. (COREPER) - Where 90% of work is resolved before meeting - PROBLEMS: a) protect member states nat'l interest, and b)Also promote interests of the community 3. Presidency (held by country every six months EXCEPT when trade is on agenda) - Agenda setting, represents councils, builds consensus w/ member-states 4. General Secretariat - Bureaucracy, prepares meetings/advises/manages budget

College of Commissioners (EU Commission)

Captain of EC (27 members of EC including President/Vice Presidents) - Ensure independence of Commissioners from their home state - Nominated @ Nat'l Gov. suggestions, but DON'T REPRESENT THEIR STATE - INSULATED once nominated - Power of each Commissioner depends on their portfolio (i.e. Competition or Education Commissioner)

Intergovernmentalism (Hoffman)

Coincidence of individual interest of member-state govs. - Limited integration, more like cooperation - Actors are MEMBER-STATE GOVS. and retain sovereignty i.e. Council of Ministers

Beer Purity Law

Commission v Germany (1987) - EU law case, concerning the free movement of goods in the European Union. - Reinheitsgebot ("Beer Purity Law") originally from 1516, banned marketing of beer with any additives - ECJ held that the rule could not be justified

Elite Socialization

Compliment to Neo-Functionalism, integration is increased as upper class members of society interact/recognize benefits of increased integration i.e. MEPs, once elected are expected to shed their national identities and are regrouped into multi-national political parties. Thus, it is their political and economic positions, and not their nationalities which define the individual actors in the European Parliament

What does the European Commission consist of?

Consists of: 1. College of Commissioners (Captain of EC) - Ensures no bias among commissioners from their home state, INSULATED after nomination - OFTEN seek member-state interests - BOUNDED BY COLLEGIALITY (all support decision @ majority vote) 2. President (Current: Ursula von der Leyen) - Voted @ Council of Min. (QMV), confirmed by Parliament (majority), 5-year term - *citizens don't have direct vote* - Most powerful individual office in the EU (can nominate/remove commissioners and choose commissioner portfolios) 3. Directorates General

Transnational Institutions

Contacts, coalitions, and interactions across state boundaries that are not controlled by the central foreign policy organs of governments.

Supremacy

Court of Justice of EU, EU Law > National Law when EU has responsibility 1964 Costa vs. ENEL: Costa's electric company was nationalized, said he wouldn't pay bill/hurt by nationalization

Direct Effect

Court of Justice of EU, EU law applies to all member states - 1963 Van Gend en Loos Decision: Dutch transport company sued (@ EEC Treaty) for increased tax imported from Germany

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

Created by the European Union (EU) in 1999 to create STABILITY IN EXCHANGE RATES - 1944: Bretton Woods, everyone pegged to U.S. - BUT Nixon left Gold Standard, which allowed market to determine value, left the economy struggling until the Maastricht Treaty - Creation of Euro very controversial, and an example of deep integration in one area w/ shallow integration in other areas

Political Spillover (Neo-Functional Theory)

Creation of supranational governance models - Solving problems through shared policy - Interest groups start lobbying regional institutions, but are still involved at the National Level

technology spillover

DISPARITIES IN STANDARDS will cause states to rise/sink their standards to states with tight/loosest regulations

Deep vs. Shallow Integration

Deep: Agriculture - Trade agreements tend to be deeper Shallow: Foreign Policy

Deeper Integration (Deepening)

Deeper: i.e. Policy areas - argument that the EU should focus on consolidating integration among existing members before allowing new members to join. - Although this seems to contradict arguments in favor of enlargement (see Widening), the two are now seen less as alternatives and more as two sides of the same coin.

Preference for Consensus

Despite the use of qualified majority voting (big lack of QMV in leg. procedures), a high percentage of decisions in the Council of the European Union are still made by consensus. *Mainly b/c there is a very SMALL REQUIREMENT FOR OPPOSITION 1. Consensus might simply reflect common agreement about the desirability of policy change 2. Governments might try to make sure that everybody is 'on board' because of concerns about the correct and timely implementation of EU policies at the national level 3. Vote trading between member states across issues or proposals allows the creation of larger compromise packages.

Customs Union

ELIMINATES TRADE BARRIERS between member countries and adopts a *COMMON EXTERNAL TRADE POLICY

Preliminary Reference

EU Court of Justice Member-state courts ask for ECJ opinion on interpretation of EU Law - One way things are brought to the ECJ

Schengen Area

EU area, named after small city in Luxembourg, where freedom of transnational movement without border controls was first agreed in 1985. - Implementation around 2000 - Fast-track removal of border controls between opt-in countries - Eventually gets built into EU, but slow process for new countries

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

EU goal of creating a single foreign policy for its fifteen member states; one of the three pillars

TOR Issue Areas/State Preferences

Established the Customs Union, QMV, and a small amount of supranational delegation, also favored France > Germany Preferences b/w Germ./France/UK/Jean Monnet and the Action Committee - France had more leverage than Germany - UK wanted to balance German power while protecting the econ. advantages of the commonwealth 1. Industrial Trade - Germ./France want CU, but UK wants larger FTA - Ends up w/ Customs Union 2. Agriculture - Postponed (10 years later) b/c too many diff. preferences - France wanted more Ag. openness than industrial openness** 3. Atomic Energy - UK/Germ. wanted minimal program, France wanted no compromise (this area was weak) 4. Transport 5. Institutions - All wanted diff. levels of QMV in certain areas

Euratom

European Atomic Energy Community established by the treaty of Rome to regulate and research nuclear energy merged with the EEC - Does less than intended - FAILURE - Nuclear energy is under control by the National Government

EDC

European Defense Community (1952), NEXT STEP after ECSC - Extension of cooperation to DEFENSE, U.S. wanted to re-arm Germany - France REJECTS in the end (b/c of Germ. rearmament) - "Too much integration, too little England"

Franco-German alliance

France and Germany determine where the EU goes - Foundation of EU is a bargain b/w France/Germ.

In order to join the Eurozone...

Have to harmonize your economy* - <3% GDP Deficit, within 1.5% of avg. inflation of lowest 3 countries, etc. - *Wealthy countries didn't manage reqs. well, but Euro was still created* - led to failure to converge economies*

Political Integration

Integration of DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES across national borders

Economic Integration

Integration of production/trade policies across national borders (an economic arrangement between different regions marked by the reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the COORDINATION OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES The aim of economic integration is to reduce costs for both consumers and producers, as well as to increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement)

Functional Spillover (Think of it as Economic Spillover)

Interconnected Economies are tight, so that if one state integrates one sector, it leads to integration of other states' sectors

Decision

Legally binding, where a specific group/person is involved - EU decision-making

Regulation

Legally binding, where all member states regarding substance and implementation

Directive

Limited but legally binding - Every member state does "insert" in some way, but states decide how to implement it (i.e. block grant)

Germany in NATO/Rearmament

Limited rearmament (halfway) of 500k troops and British/U.S. troops on Germ. soil - U.S. just did it without France

European Settlements Union

Money used b/w EU countries couldn't be used w/ U.S. - Reduced dependence on $, encouraged more trade - One of first instances of EU cooperation/integration

CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy)

NATO for the EU - Chairperson: The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

Liberal Intergovernmentalism (Moravschik)

National Preference Formation as driver (econ. interests rising from interdependence), interstate bargaining, and institutional delegation - More integration than regular intergovernmentalism, but less than Neo-functionalism - Actors are member-state govs. acting in a two-level game - Pooled sovereignty, but only when it benefits member states (The theory that regional integration proceeds mainly as a result of agreements and bargains among the participating governments, moved by the pressures of domestic politics.)

Sources of EU Law

No constitution, so it's based on treaties - Paris Treaty (until 2002), TOR, Merger Treaty, SEA, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon)

European Council

Official quarterly meeting of the heads of government from each member state - BIG questions/strategies, only the most important issues* - Lisbon Treaty introduced a new President (high authority in charge of directing EC meetings)

Cultivated Spillover

Once created, supranational institutions serve as natural mediators between member states and by their nature tend toward supranational solutions

Enhanced Cooperation

Opt-In Clause*** - New countries can add economic cooperation first (then Schengen, then Euro) - But UK isn't a part of Schengen or Euro - BUT, this can create a 2ND-CLASS EUROPE*

Treaty of Rome

Pact, created in 1957, that set up the European Economic Community (4 FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS) - All about NATIONAL PREFERENCE FORMATION - France/Germ. wanted Free-Trade Agreement, needed each other economically after WWII (different levels of industrialization) - Economic policy headed by Industrialists/Farmers - Adenauer (Germany), Monnet (France) - Commercial Interest > Geopolitical Interests - Removed restrictions b/w member states - ***POOLED SOVEREIGNTY @ QMV: Supposed to give way to CREDIBLE COMMITMENT*** 1950s actions leading to integration: - Suez Crisis (especially France), desire for Nuclear Program (didn't work), oversupply from farmers ***Set up a CUSTOMS UNION, and NOT a Single Market like many had hoped (would come w/ the SEA/Maastricht Treaty) ***10 years later: Set-up the COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY***

COREPER (Council of Ministers)

The Permanent Representatives Committee - Responsible for preparing the meetings of the Council in its relevant fields - Member States are represented in the Committee by ambassadors - Chaired by the Member State holding the 6-month presidency.

The Single European Act (SEA)

The first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The Act set the European Community an objective of establishing a SINGLE MARKET by 31 December 1992, and codified European Political Cooperation, the forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. - Jumpstart to next set of treaties after underwhelming TOR 1. Expanded range of policies, but too many "should's"*** - Transpo., Environmental Standards, Research/Devel. 2. QMV - Implemented for serious votes, like Agriculture - Designed to push towards consensus 3. Hard Timeline

Intergovernmental Institutions

The phenomenon by which decisions are reached as a result of negotiation between or among governments - Usually applied to the work of the Council of Ministers and the European Council. - Contrast with Supranationalism.

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

The principle that decisions by int'l organizations are made by weighted majority votes, as in the EU today. - ***REQUIRES 55% of Member states, 65% of the E.U population - Blocking Minority: requires only 4 member states to oppose leg. ***Advantageous to smaller countries - RARE b/c of the norm towards consensus(>90% of time)

Sovereignty

The right to own and control. In relation to states, the term is usually used to connote jurisdiction over a territory, but it can also refer to the rights of one person or group relative to those of another (for example, the sovereignty of the people over government).

Pooled Sovereignty

The strengthening of a country's resources/DECISION-MAKING POWERS by combining them with those of partner countries. - Pooling sovereignty is the conceptual answer to a realization of weakened and permeated sovereignty.

Jean Monnet

The visionary but practical French economist/ businessman (Founded the ACTION COMMITTEE after EDC failure) who recognized that European unity had to start with economics - Leader like Schumann (France), Spaak (Belgium), Adenauer (Germany) and De Gasperi (Italy) were in favor of economic integration - Monnet's 1952 plan finally led to the ECSC(European Coal and Steel Community).

Transnational Party Groups vs. Member State Parties

Transnational parties that function in conjunction with the E.U. are rarely talked about/advertised to voters - Instead, they correlate w/ national party groups and their ideologies - Voters choose nat'l party that they support/know, and that vote goes toward the corresponding transnational party

National Preference Formation

What the TOR was about, consisting of different... 1. Ideologies 2. COMMERCIAL INTERESTS (primary concern) 3. Geopolitics

Why did EU Integration begin/problems it could fix?

Why? 1. What to do with Germany after WWII (Prevent another war/economic recovery) 2. Wanted to avoid catastrophe in Cold War Potential Fixes: 1. Destruction/dislocation of Europe 2. Future of Germany 3. Threat of Communism (USSR) 4. European countries had no cash

Wider Integration (Widening)

Wider: Geographical (i.e. argument that EU membership should be extended to other EU states) - Can also describe the expansion of EU powers/policy interests - More entities/different cultures make it more difficult - Poor countries screw everything up - Southern EU countries democratized later than the Northern countries

How do parties represent themselves in the EU?

You can run for position under a party, but voters don't know what they will be once they are in the EU - Parties (like Social Dem. Party) want consensus on EU decisions *Voters vote for Party @ PARTY LIST, but top candidates are the focus Criticisms: People bypassed EU/only worried a/b National Gov. - Now, national interest support is wanted on EU Topics/many pro-Europe ads

Externality

an economic side effect of a good or service that generates benefits or costs to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume

Transnational

extending or operating across national boundaries - Groups/ideas represented across member-state boundaries - MNC's/Interest Groups i.e.

Supranational

having power or influence that transcends national boundaries or governments - BODY REPRESENTS EU AS A WHOLE - European Commission, College of Commissioners

Intergovernmental

relating to or conducted between two or more governments. - NATO/World Bank i.e.