POSI Test 3
Which states have partially closed/closed primaries?
Nevada, FL, NC
Which party benefited from the 1896 realignment, which was triggered by an economic depression following a banking crisis under President Grover Cleveland?
Republican party
__________ error (accuracy of a poll) is expressed as a plus-or-minus percentage.
Sampling
Democratic voters tend to live in which of the following regions?
West Coast, Northeast, northern Midwest
The main opposition to the Democratic Party in the 1830s and 1840s was the _____ Party, which eventually died out.
Whig
Are Americans often inconsistent in their government policy preferences?
Yes
Compared to non-Hispanic white Americans, blacks and Hispanics are more likely to support which of the following programs?
economic assistance programs and affirmative action
Senior citizens in the United States have a _____________ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.
much higher
Free societies thrive on the _____ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
participation
Party identification can affect ________ perception, the process whereby people choose from incoming information those elements that support the things they already believe.
selective
The strongest ideological party in the US was...
the Populist party
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as _________ _________.
voter turnout
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner-take-all system
Which of the following age groups' views are most likely to be influenced when a major political development occurs, such as war or economic depression?
young people
Research indicates that peer influence can...
encourage those without strong opinions to conform to the group.
Even if a third-party candidates fails to win an election, the candidate has still done which of the following to help the third party succeed?
encouraged the major parties to address issues introduced by the 3rd party; drawn attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates
Trump-era congressional Republican opinion (and policy support) regarding what issue is particularly representative of how abrupt shifts in opinion can change the boundaries of acceptable action?
free trade
To date, the internet has proven itself to be better than TV as a medium for...
fundraising and mobilizing supporters
In the United States, political opinions are affiliated more with ______ than with income.
occupation
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a US national election?
one or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful
Local party organizations operate...
only during campaign periods
Which of the following do policy makers rely on when they want to develop and implement policies that reflect the views of the public?
opinion polls
The highlighting of candidates' attributes is called _______.
packaging
Which method of sampling gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being interviewed?
random sampling
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called _________ voting.
retrospective
On a ______, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
split ticket
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
they operate at the local level; open to all citizens
According to the Department of Labor, roughly __________% of Americans participate in volunteer activities annually.
25
Over ____% of presidential campaigns spending is for media.
59
The clearest example of a party coalition are African Americans, nearly _____% of whom regularly vote for Democrats.
90
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
Americans face more voter registration requirements; class-based European organizations encourage participation
Support for poverty programs is highest among which religious denominations?
Catholics; Jews
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?0
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States?
Higher-income citizens are the most active because they have the resources to participate effectively
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School resulted in which of the following?
National School Walkout day; March for Our Lives demonstrations
Since 1968, has the Republican Party been weaker at the national level than it was in the decades after the Great Depression?
No
What problem has recently arisen in using telephone polling?
Nonresponse rates have increased sharply.
he party realignment tha tbegan in the 1960s was completed during what presidency?
Reagan's
Which of the following statements about political and community leaders are true?
The president has the greatest influence on public opinion; they influence people's opinions; their influence depends on their standing with the public
Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns?
They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates; they make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions
How did many of the founders of the US view political parties?
They viewed them with suspicion
___________ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
Welfare assistance has higher support among lower-income Americans than higher-income Americans; Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues
Which of the following statements describe the relationship between political leaders and political opinion?
When public opinion changes on a major issue, political leaders tend to change their positions in the direction of the opinion change; because they think public opinion is important, political leaders persuade the public to support the policies they wish to pursue.
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's "Strangers in Their Own Land?"
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream.
What is a social or political movement?
a way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy
Which of the following sum up the various functions of political consultants?
advising on how to run a successful campaign; production of promotional materials; gathering voter opinions
Generally, protests __________ have not been popular in the U.S.
against U. S. military action
The political socialization process takes place through ___________ of socialization.
agents
In order to have the best chance to win in a two-party system, political parties normally...
align themselves near the middle of the voting spectrum
Which of the following would be considered expressions of public opinion?
approval ratings for a city's mayor; turnout at a political rally; participating in a telephone poll concerning candidates for national election
How can Americand participate virtually in politics?
by using resources and joining discussions on the internet
Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead rolls in elections now lies with the ________.
candidate
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to ___________.
change in the same direction
People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in _________.
civic duty
What protest movement of the modern era has had the most lasting effect?
civil rights
Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?
crosscutting
In general, Americans who believe that the lifestyle choice is up to the individual are ____________.
cultural liberals
One characteristic of political socialization is that it is its effects are ________.
cumulative
The overlap between groups has _________ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
diminished
The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a __________ gap.
gender
Which of the following are true about political contributions called hard money?
given directly to candidate; money political parties give to candidates; spent as recipient chooses; subject to legal limits
The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?
government subsidies for health insurance; higher taxes
The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?
group attachments, partisanship, ideological leanings
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that...
help in forming a common cause; citizens use to evaluate issues and developments.
Which type of third party is highly organized around a framework concerning the nature and role of government in society?
ideologically oriented parties
Which of the following has the lowest voting rates?
independents
For a movement to succeed, it must...
institutionalize its goals.
Which of the following refers to how strongly people feel about their position on an issue- for example, "very important" or "not important at all."
intensity
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter ID card in order to vote?
it upheld the Indiana law
Which of the following characteristics of political campaigns have undergone change?
length, focus, and amount of money required for campaign
Today's political campaigns rely on which of the following to be successful?
media producers; pollsters; campaign strategists
The difference in the age of participating voters is more pronounced in....
midterm congressional elections
Although state parties do not work full time, they are ______ likely to have full-time employees than local parties.
more
Which of the statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true?
negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago when Thomas Jefferson ran for office; Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ...
political parties
In a proportional representation system, which of the following is true?
political parties win a number of seats in the legislature in rough proportion to the percentage of the vote each party receives
populism
political philosophy expressing support for greater economic equality and for traditional social values
economic liberalism
political philosophy that believes governments should aid those in need
economic conservatism
political philosophy that believes that the free market should dictate the workings of the economy
libertarianism
political philosophy that supports individual liberty in both social and economic areas of life
A public opinion ______ is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.
poll
The politically relevant opinions that people hold and express openly are known as __________.
public opinion
Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise blacks in the post-Civil War South despite the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?
publicized list of voters; literacy tests
Which of the following are part of the money chase of politics?
pursuing wealthy patrons and raising funds
Which of the following are ways that American children are taught patriotism in schools?
reciting the pledge of Allegiance; learning to admire the Founding Fathers
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered?
same parties are represented nationwide and candidates organize their own campaigns
Which of the following are primary socializing agents for children that can have a formative influence on children's beliefs?
school, religious organizations, family
over 70% of Americans' political participation via community activities takes place in which of the following?
school-related groups; civic organizations; church-related groups
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as ...
social capital
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of _________.
socialization
During the 1930s the Democratic Party became the party of federal power rather than the ______ party.
states' rights
What law did Congress enact in 1993 that required states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license or public assistance?
the Motor Voter Act
More people in the United States participate in the election campaigns than people in other countries do because.....
the United States has more elected posts than other countries do.
What sparked the Black Lives Matter movement?
the killing of unarmed young black men by police officers
Who oversees the day-to-day operations of the political party's national organization?
the national chair
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
Of the following factors, which has the greatest influence on people's political opinions?
their partisan loyalty
Which of the following statements are true regarding U. S. elections?
they allow voters to choose party nominees; they are held more frequently than in other countries
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of....
third parties
Which of the following are roles that national political parties have?
to raise money for presidential and congressional campaigns; to seek media coverage of party positions and activities
Current election laws in the US favor...
two-party system
Which of the following forms of political participation require citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources?
volunteering in a political campaign; demonstrating for political causes
Suffrage is the right to ________.
vote
Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in the United States?
19th
Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?
The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district