Positive Psychology quiz 3
How are goals Emotional-motivational (HINT pg. 127-128)?
- Positive & negative thoughts thinking about achieving or failing to achieve, progress, & successful or unsuccessful attainment. -goals may be defined as desired outcomes that people expend energy trying to achieve
What are intrinsic goals vs. extrinsic goals?
-Intrinsic goals connected to important psychological needs -Self-acceptance, affiliation, community feeling, health & safety. -Extrinsic goals express desire for external rewards, praise & admiration from others. - Financial success, image, popularity, & conformity.
Know application of the "Stages of Change" Model and the constructs related such as "ready, willing & able." (HINT a) intentions & decision b) importance of values, c) skill-efficacy/confidence.
Building Motivation for Change Examine the Pros and Cons of change Boosting self-efficacy Locus of control Internal control versus external control Visualization and self-talk Role models and social support Identify and overcome key barriers to change. A contemplative individual is aware that a problem exists and is seriously thinking about overcoming it but has not yet made a commitment to take action Intention to change in the next six months Ambivalence related to the pros and cons. preconception The "Not Now" stage May be because they are uninformed or feel discouraged about their ability to change. The "resistant", "unmotivated", "rationalizing", "rebellious The "not ready" for health promotion programs Increase awareness of need for change and concern about the issue. avoid thinking about the problem. Maintenance The individual works to prevent relapse and build on the gains s/he achieved during the action phase. Work is focused on preventing relapse, less on accomplishing additional change. Over time the individual is less tempted to relapse and increasingly more confident that s/he can maintain/continue the change Stage of Change Tasks Precontemplation - Awareness, concern, confidence Contemplation - Decision making Preparation - Commitment, effective/acceptable plan Action - Adequate implementation of plan Maintenance - Integration into lifestyle
- What are traits?
traits are internal dispositions that color how we see and interpret the world. Traits influence the meaning we give to life events, the choices we make, the goals we select and the actions we take.
Importance in "delay gratification" abilities?
Delay Gratification- the ability to delay immediate pleasure/temptation for future outcomes/goals. MARSHMELLOW EXPERIMENT WITH CHILDREN Tied to academic success, social competence, better mental health (stress, anxiety, mood), healthier relationships, fewer behavior/risk problems, fewer drug/alcohol, sexual risks.
What is the relationship of each of the Five Factors to SWB?
Extraversion vs. introversion - strong connection to SWB Neuroticism vs. emotional stability - strong to SWB Agreeableness vs. antagonism - less connection Conscientiousness vs. undirectedness - less Openness to experience vs. non-openness - somewhat
Review the Five Factor Model of Personality—what is most tied to negative affect?
Neuroticism
What are physical goals vs. self-transcendence See figure 7.1 on pg. 135 and related research (Grouzet et al., 2005)?
goals associated with the physical vs self-transcendence showed less internal consistency and some overlapping intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Physical goals are defined by hedonism and safety good health etc. self-transcendence included spiritual/ religious understanding of life, improving the world, and community feeling promoted by benefiting others. Grouzet, Lasser, Ahuvia, Dols, Kim, Lau, Ryan, Saunders, Schmuck, Shedlon (2005) 2000 college students -Western & Eastern Europe, Australia, East Asia, South America, United States & Canada - 15 cultures. Based on previous research developed questionnaire assess the individual importance of 11 different goals. Good internal reliability & validity. Strongly endorsed across all cultures - i.e., evidence of universality and cross-cultural validity.
How can goals be grouped into 4 categories for comparison or research study (HINT pg. 129 1. Importance, 2 conflict, 3 commitment, 4 perceived attainability).
goals can be grouped in categories among individual. focused on a particular life stage, time span, circumstance, or more general goals that endure over time.
What is meant by an "online command center in reference to goals (Karolyi, 1999)?
goals provide a glimpse into each person online command center. it involves the individualized translations of general needs and motives into specific expressive forms that categorize individuals. ex the need for belongingness
How is the "Matching Hypothesis" explained?
1. Measure personal goals. 2. Measure needs, values, self-concept. 3. Measure well-being - often longitudinal. Assess degree of match and correlate with well-being. More match = more well-being = matching hypothesis. 1. Personal Goals and Self-realization Goals express needs, values, defining personal qualities likely to produce feelings of intense involvement and meaningfulness. Expressing "true" self. Waterman: personally, expressive activities evoke feelings that: "This is who I am" & "this is what I was meant to do." Eudaimonic happiness - may not be "fun" but deeply rewarding & meaningful. E.g., being a parent of small children. 2. Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Goals Matched goals likely to be intrinsically enjoyable rather than pursued for extrinsic rewards like money or praise from others. Emphasis is on enjoyment of the doing rather than reward at the end. Domination of activities by extrinsic rewards often decrease enjoyment. and satisfaction.... "Doing it just for the reward."
What are some of the 10 Universal Values?
1. Power - status, prestige, control, dominance Goals - social power, wealth, authority 2. Achievement - success in showing competence Goals - success, capable, hardworking, efficient 3. Hedonism - sex & beer, pleasure, sensual gratification. Goals - pleasure, leisure, enjoyment of food, sex & beer 4. Stimulation - excitement, novelty, challenge in life Goals - Adventure, risk taking, new experiences. 5. Self-direction - independence, self-direction Goals - creativity, freedom, own choices 6. Universalism - understanding, appreciation, protection of people & nature. Goals - wisdom, justice, fairness, safeguarding environment. 7. Benevolence - enhancing welfare of people care about responsible 8. Tradition - acceptance of ideas that culture & religion provide the self. tradition 9. Conformity - restraint of action/impulses likely to harm others & violate social norms. Goals - politeness, courtesy, obedience in meeting obligations, honoring parents & elders 10. Safety - safety, social stability of society, relationships, self. Goals - security of loved ones, social order, national security, cleanliness, neatness, avoiding indebtedness.
- Know two theories: Control Theory & Self-Discrepancy Theory.
1.Control Theory - Where at relative to future goal -in progress. Feedback loops like furnace and thermostat @ 68 degrees. TOTE test - operate - test - exit --- endless feedback loop. Monitor - compare - adjust in relation to future goal. People's future personal goals: By definition always falling short of future goals...not achieved yet. Rate of progress towards goal... How rapidly reducing discrepancy... 1. Clear standard/goal- Fuzzy, unclear & abstract goals difficult to regulate. "Be better person.;" "Drink less.;" etc..... no clear criteria for marking progress or achievement. Image of self-want to be. 2. Monitoring system- No monitoring, low awareness, clueless - no regulation. Effective monitoring, self-awareness, keeping track. How much eat, drink, smoke, grades in a class. 3. Strength and Self-Discipline Giving in to short-term temptations - procrastination. Difficult - dieting failure rate - high. Maintaining motivation & interest over four years of college. 2.Self-Discrepancy Theory - Were at now relative to ideal. Usually falling short of ideal self. Goals as self-guides to evaluate present self in relation to ideal self. - Achieve the "ideal" - feel good - Otherwise...falling short of ideals feel bad. Size of discrepancy - ideal versus actual determines emotion. Negative emotion - discrepancy - major motivator.
What are candidates for "universal needs? (Sheldon et al., 2001)"
10 needs self-esteem, relatedness, autonomy, pleasure stimulation, physical thriving, self-actualization, security, popularity/influence, money/luxury Sheldon, Elliot, Kim & Kasser - 2001 - Americans & South Koreans. Tested 10 "candidate needs" derived from research/theory. In order of "universality" - least & most satisfying activities: *Self-esteem - positive self-image & sense of worth *Relatedness - intimate caring connections to others *Autonomy - freely-made choices expressing "true" self. *Competence - successful & capable in facing challenges. Pleasure-stimulation - sex & beer, novelty, change, pleasure Physical thriving - good health & vitality Self-actualization-meaning - fulfilling potentials, growth. Security - safety, coherence, control in life Popularity influence - feel admired, respected, affect others. Money-luxury - money to buy what want, have nice possessions.
What is meant by "having" vs. "doing" related to goals (Canter & Sanderson, 1999)?
Adaptation Issues (Allport, 1937) TRAIT THEORIST—we have consistent traits that make up our personality. (Having connects with Doing) Back in 1937: Allport said the one's adaptation to their world via TRAITS help. One needs social skills, develop one's personal resources, optimistic attitude, develop a strong support system. GOALS CONNECT THE HAVING SIDE WITH THE DOING SIDE OF THINGS... Having - resources - material & personal - personality traits, social skills, talents, social support, finances, optimistic attitude, etc. Doing - developing meaningful goals - pursuing personally significant activities. Goals as the action side of personality. Goals combine who we are with who we want to become through intentional, consciously controlled actions. Major vehicle for self-change. Antidote to mindless, reactive, rudderless life. Infuse life with own purposes, directions, & desires. (personal ownership)
Research on parental influences and self-regulation, & approach vs. avoidance issues?
Approach-Avoidant Approach Goals—positive outcomes that people desire to move towards Avoidance Goals- negative outcomes people want to avoid. Approach goals are easier to monitor and regulate. Avoidance goals (harder) as people need to identify and block all possible paths to undesirable consequences. Cannot see always problem paths. Anxiety increased. Decreased feelings of competence, self-esteem, enjoyment & self-determination. Less seen as "freely chosen" or "intrinsically enjoyable" Often vulnerable to life experience issues (here now problems) Pressure to avoid goals increases as goal approaches...
What are autonomous vs. controlled motivation (internal? Introjected motives? Identified motives? Intrinsic motives?).
Autonomous - freely chosen, sense of ownership, "my" goals. Associated with enhanced well-being. Controlled - not "my" goals - have to do this, others want me to, need the money, feel guilty if I don't, imposed by me, others, or circumstances. Associated with diminished well-being. Goals that match more likely to be freely chosen. internal: internal drive to do. introjected: reasons refer to the negative inner emotions that we may experience if we don't try to attain certain goals. identified motives: involve valuing a goal because its personal importance. though people may sometimes come to value a goal because of the influence of others. intrinsic: reasons refer to the emotional pleasure and enjoyment that pursuing the goal provides.
What happens when there is goal conflict or goal ambivalence?
CONFLICT Goal Conflict (often due to unrealistic goals or thwarted goals) are related to LOWER Subjective Well-being. AMBIVALENCE is when someone fells more than one way about something (usually an action to be taken). Goal Ambivalence is tied to goals. On the one hand I like getting drunk with my friends on weekends, yet on the other hand I feel terrible the later... and it is getting in the way of my studying and goals for good grades. NEGATIVE AFFECT Lower SWB Higher overall Neuroticism Higher Depression Higher Anxiety Related to increases in Physical Illness. RUMINATION •RUMINATION ABOUT GOALS •Seems to IMMOBILIZE ACTION and this can go on for very long periods of time (years—lifetimes) •Rumination related to lower SWB
What is the "contingency of self-worth?" What is meant by the "darker side of self-esteem?"
Crocker - Contingencies of Self-Worth - more complex view of SE Each person's sense of self-worth is based on different life domains or contingencies of self-worth. Whether we are motivated, take pride in an activity, try to enhance, protect, or maintain SE (i.e., whether SE matters) depends on its source. Approval of Others - respect of others central to SE Appearance - feeling attractive Competition - need to win, being better than others Academic Competence - grades get basis of self-respect Family Support - quality of relationships with family Virtue - following morals God's Love - close relation to God Pursuit of self-esteem - feeling good about self: Self-worth needs to be your "own" and based on actual competence. Protecting GPA to maintain image as "good " student may sacrifice learning - avoiding hard classes. SE built on others' approval may sacrifice autonomy and self-directed life. Like materialism - important needs that are the basis of happiness - unfulfilled in pipe dream of belief in money-happiness connection.
What are goals?
Energize action. Provide meaning. Provide direction. Provide purpose. They explain the WHY's of ACTION.
What are the five factors and their opposites?
Extraversion: extraverted people are social, outgoing, and actively engaged with the world. Introversion is the opposite of this dimension and is indicated by a low score on the extraversion scale, describes people who are relatively detached from others, withdrawn, unassertive, contemplative and reserved in their emotional expression. Neuroticism: People high in neuroticism tend to tense, anxious, moody, and more emotionally reactive to events than most people. They experience more frequent negative emotions like anger and depression and are more impulsive, self-conscious, and vulnerable. Emotional stability is the opposite of neuroticism and is characterized by calmness, emotional control, feelings of security, low reactivity, and reactive freedom from persistent negative feelings. Agreeableness: Agreeableness reflects a person's concern with getting along and cooperating with others even if it means compromising their own interests. Antagonism or disagreeableness is the opposite end of this continuum and is characterized by suspicious and distrust of others. Conscientiousness Conscientiousness refers to people's level of discipline self- control and organization. Highly conscientious people are organized, competent self-disciplined, deliberative, persistent, and dutiful and have strong striving for achievement. Un directedness is characterized by less competence, lack of achievement orientation, disorganization. Openness to experience describes the difference between people who are imaginative and creative and those who are more conventional and down to earth openness to experience includes specific traits related to fantasy preference for variety and novelty Non-openness is characterized by practical-mindedness, preference for routine over variety, preference for the straightforward over the complex and grater conformity.
How are goals cognitive?
Goals are Cognitive: -Representation: mental representation of future desired states. - Need or desire: visual image - thought - if/ then story scenarios. -Memory/experience from past - approach or avoid.
How are goals the "windows to well-being?"
Goals as Windows to Well-Being What people are about - goals and life purposes? Satisfaction with life - some better than others. Improving life - change begins with goal to be different.
How are goals the WHY of our behavior?
Goals explain the "whys" of our behavior - theory. Almost all actions (behavior) have purpose. •Goals reflect needs, values, motives, personality, experience. They reflect "who we are?" Goals define and express the particulars of who we are and why we do what we do. Many general motives are shared, e.g., belongingness - fulfill differently.
Know Maslow's hierarchy and relationship of needs and goals.
Goals reflect needs, values, motives, personality, experience. They reflect "who we are?" Human needs underlie personal goals. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - theory & critique -Physiological Needs -Safety & Security -Belongingness -Self-esteem -Cognitive -Aesthetic -Transcendence -Self-actualized & fully functioning individual
What is the "Matching Hypothesis?
Goals that match, fit, express, or fulfill individual needs, values, self-conception, personality are most satisfying to pursue and achieve. Opposite also true: mismatched goals and needs or goals and achievement = dissatisfaction. E.g. Academically gifted - wants but has few friends. Lots of friends - wants but struggling academically.
If having a "good goal matches" are the "why" then what is the "how?"
Good Resources Choose Realistic Goals Three steps to success: 1. Resources + 2. Goals (Right Goals/Motives) + 3. Self-regulation over time to goal attainment. Otherwise: goals simply wishes and desires with little chance of becoming a reality. How do we succeed in goals? Having necessary resources and match is not enough... We need to self-control & self-regulate our actions toward GOALS. This explains why people FAIL just as it explains how people follow through toward SUCCESS.
Infants that are reactive vs. non-reactive—defined, and then trends later in life?
Kagan found that about 20% of infants fell into one of the two extreme temperament types called reactive and non-reactive. Highly reactive infants are easily upset by anything new in their environment. Whether it is a new babysitter, a loud noise or group of new kids to play with, reactive children are likely to respond with more timidity, shyness, and fear than most kid. Nonreactive children are Moe laid back and comfortable with new situations and environmental changes. They are more outgoing, curious, and eager to explore the world and the people in it. Reactive infants were more likely to become shy, anxious, and reserved adults, while non-reactive infants tend to become extraverted, easy going and talkative people with a ready smile.
What is the Level of Self-esteem vs. the Basis of Self-esteem?
Levels of self esteem and too little attention to the basis of self-esteem People hang their self-esteem on different activities, competencies and areas of life evaluative component of self. How you judge yourself - sense of personal worth, value in your own eyes. Related but not identical to how viewed by others. Self esteem is Highly correlated with happiness across many cultures. Self esteem is related to confidence, initiative, perseverance in face of challenge, and resisting influence from others. SE highly sensitive to acceptance, approval, & rejection. Social anxiety high negative correlation with SE. Traits associated with high SE are same that make us likeable to others - attractive, competent, morality, outgoing, etc.
What makes a trait positive?
Make us happy - increase SWB. Make us psychologically healthy - eudaimonic well-being. Make us physically healthy. Some traits considered virtuous/good/moral whether happy or not.
What are the issues with "avoidance motives (BAS vs. BIS systems) and traits (pgs. 183-184)?
May underlie biology of happiness (animal models). Behavioral Activation System (BAS) - reward - incentives + emotions. Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) - threat/punishment - emotions. Approach Orientation = positive attitude towards self & world and more positive emotional experiences. Opposite for avoidance orientation. These Two built-in systems control approach and avoidance behaviors. People may vary in the relative strength or ease of activation of two systems....may be basis for affectivity, temperament & personality. Measures of approach-avoidance orientation predictive of outcomes in lots of life domains. The BAS sensitivity scale assesses an overall approach tendency involving a persons active interest in positive goals, strong response too rewards, and eagerness The BIS scale evaluats a general avoidance tendency that reflects persons over response to nad ongoing worry about bad outcomes Approach motivated individials appear to be attracted in terms of seeking out being differently sensitive to rewarding and positive emotional experiences Avoidance-motivated indiviudals are probably not attracted in terms of seeking out unpleasant emotions
Primary Control vs. Secondary Control?
PRIMARY CONTROL Attempt to change or mold the external environment to FIT the NEEDS and GOALS of the SELF SECONDARY CONTROL Changing the SELF to FIT the external environment.
- What is the role of Planning? -
Planning Overcoming limited self-control resources Goal conflict Concrete versus abstract goals (trivial pursuits to magnificent obsessions) Goals difficult to monitor and regulate (Approach & avoidance goals) Ironic backfire effects of mental control (thought suppression & rebound) Excuses for failed control Procrastination Knowing when to give it up. planning is critical for hard tasks.
What links genetics to positive affect vs. negative affect (pg. 179)?
Positive Affect & Negative Affect are INDEPENDENT of each other (ORTHOGONAL CONSTRUCTS). These two constructs (affects) need to be studied SEPARATELY. To eliminate NEGATIVE AFFECT would not necessarily create POSITIVE AFFECT Positive affect and Negative Affect on NOT on the same measurement continuum! To get rid of sadness and/or anxiety will not necessarily leave a state of happiness. Temperament refers to a genetically determined physiological disposition to respond to the environment in a stable and typical manner.
- What is the relationship between our capacities for positive/negative emotions such as Positive affectivity? Negative affectivity?
Positive affectivity: Is a trait that reflects stable individual differences in positive emotional experience; high levels of the trait are marked by frequent feelings of cheerfulness, enthusiasm, and energy. Negative affectivity Is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness.
What is meant by "the wellspring of positive life?"
Robert Emmons called GOALS ". the wellspring of positive life." The answer to WHY? What are you doing and WHY is this important to you? The goals we pursue are intimately connected to our happiness and wellbeing. The importance of goals is clear in case where people do not have reasonably clear, personally people do not reasonably clear, personally meaningful, and attainable goal. Both goal conflict and unrealistic goals have consistently been linked to lower well-being and higher distress
What is important about self-esteem and happiness
Self esteem is consistently found to be a powerful predictor of happiness and life satisfaction Diener and Diener reported across the board correlations of .47 between self-esteem and life satisfaction This correlation was even higher in individualistic cultures Self-esteem is also related to people's confidence and initiative in rackling new endeavors, whether this is striking up conversations with others, preserving at challenging tasks, speaking in front of groups. People with low self-esteem are not as happy, noy confident and adventuresome, and may give up rather than try harder when faced with a difficulty challenge of intimal failure at a task.
According to models of self-regulation/self-control what are some of the main reasons why people fail at their goals (or succeed with goals)?
Self-Control & Self-Regulation The ability to initiate and navigate/guide actions toward the achievement of a desired goal. Major Vehicle for Change Self-control major vehicle for changing self. Ability of self to change by controlling & regulating thoughts, feelings, and actions to achieve personally significant goal/outcome basis for self-growth & development. To be in control of your life means directing life according to your personal goals and conscious self-image of who want to be. Overspending Gambling Drug addictions Obesity School failure Criminal behavior
-What are issues related to conflict & ambivalence regarding self-regulation/control toward goals? Commitment issues?
Self-Efficacy—having the skill/ability and being CONFIDENT you can succeed in this skill/behavior in any situation, setting with any person(s). Commitment-committed to their goals to be the driver/director of self-regulation/self-control. When goal pursuit runs into problems, failure, and lowered SWB. 1. Lack of clear plan...good intentions not enough. How is as important as what. 2. Lack of commitment or confidence - both required. Important goal & confidence to achieve vs. going through motions & losing confidence in face of challenge. 3. Dominance of avoidance orientation in personal goals. Too many avoidance goals - negative emotions, regulation difficulties, underlying motive 4. Goals overly focused on trivial pursuits or abstract goals. 5. Ready, Willing, Able Problems--- STAGE OF CHANGE issue Goals--Not matching place where person in in stage of change. 6. Dealing with ironic effects of mental control efforts when self-control resources are depleted - stress - too much going on
Self-esteem and social problems? Self-esteem and cause of behaviors?
Self-esteem is evaluative component of self. How self judges self - sense of personal worth, value in own eyes. Related but not identical to how viewed by others. Simple measure - feel worthy, positive attitude versus not proud of myself, wish had more self-respect, etc. - overly sensitive to external feedback. Both trait & state - baseline & circumstantial fluctuations. Stable level - ages 6 to 83.
What is the Sociometer Theory (pg 188)?
Sociometer Theory - SE and social relationships Helps fulfill biological need for connections to others. Evolution - need others - SE internal index for monitoring our standing with others and making changes when might be rejected or excluded from important groups. Makes sense humans would have built into them a way to monitor relationships important to survival - like hunger, fear. When feel best & feel worst about self? SE is a "gas gauge" or meter that monitors extent of inclusion & exclusion from most important relationships. Causes us to do right thing to maintain or repair relationships. Research support: SE highly sensitive to acceptance, approval, & rejection. Social anxiety high negative correlation with SE. Traits associated with high SE are same that make us likeable to others - attractive, competent, morality, outgoing, etc.
What does research say about materialism and its discontents?
can be blamed for any number of macro level social and environmental ills. from the great divide between the haves and have nots, to global warming and environmental degradation. Freud (1930) discussed conflict between one's self-centered needs and the self-sacrifice/cooperative requirements of a civilized society. (Kasser & Ryan, 1996) Three studies demonstrate that if financial success is the central life aspiration...then those individuals may have LOWER SWB Goals may be too EXTRINSIC... •Low Self-Acceptance •Low Affiliation •Low Community Contribution/Connectedness
What are goals and: personal projects? Personal strivings? Life tasks?
current goals planned for every day. Things youre trying to do in everyday behavior... trying to persuade others what is right and helping others in need. Personal Projects (Little, 1989): "We are interested in studying the kinds of activities and concerns that people have in their lives. We call these personal projects. All of us have a number of personal projects at any given time that we think about, plan for, carry and out, and sometimes (but not always) complete." Personal Strivings (Emmons 2003) "The things you are typically or characteristically trying to do in your everyday behavior." May be positive objectives or things negative events trying to avoid. Focus on recurring goals not one-time goals. LIFE TASKS (Cantor, 1990; Cantor and Sanderson 1999): "LIFE TASKS STUDY "One way to think about goals is to think about 'current life tasks.'" For example, imagine a retired person. The following three life tasks may emerge for the individual as he or she faces this difficult time: CANTOR gave example of a Retired Person. (1.) being productive without a job. (2.) shaping a satisfying role with grown children and their families. (3.) enjoying leisure time and activities. "These specific tasks constitute important goals since the individual's energies will be directed towards solving them." Participants in the study are then asked to describe all their current life tasks.
Diener & Fljita 1995 discuss the relationship of goals and resources—what is important here?
depend on congruence with personal goals. included skills, abilities, personal traits, social support, and material resources. having resources related to higher SWB. vice versa
What is a future possible self?
encompass all the potential futures we can imagine for ourselves they also may be positive in the form of ideal selves we want to become and negative in the form of selves we are afraid of becoming. Future selves may be positive in the form of ideal selves that we want to become or negative, in form of selves that we are afraid of becoming. Possible selves we hope to become might include a physically fit self we hope to become might include a physically fit self, a wealthy self, a popular self. Selves we fear becoming might be an overweight self, and unemployed self, a depressed or anxious self, a lonely self, a lazy self, or an academically failing self.
Hedonic capacity is tied to what personality trait?
neuroticism
What are findings of Cantor and Sanderson's Life Tasks Study 1990 & 1999?
one way to think about goals is to think about life tasks. Putting your energies towards tasks will solve your goals. The following three life tsks may emerge for the individual as he or she faces this difficult time. 1) being productive without a job 2) shaping a satisfying role with growing children and their families 3) enjoying leisure time and activities
What is Schwartz's Value Theory and how do goals express one's fundamental values?
values are conceived as cognitive representations of 3 universal requirements for human existence. Biological, coordinated social interactions and the needs related to the welfare of groups and social institutions. Schwartz's Value Theory Value = broad & general goal - function as "principles of living." Reflect three universal needs of human existence: Individual biological needs Coordinated social interaction - group needs. Welfare of communities & institutions Cultures have different value priorities - i.e., ranked important, but content of 10 values shared by all cultures. Values expressed in choices we make & life we live. Whether we value power, hedonistic pleasures, excitement.