Possible Multiple Choice Questions
What is a disadvantage of iPSC use? a)unlikely to match the donor's immune type, so immunosuppresive drugs are needed b)might contain reprogramming factors if a retrovirus was used for induction c)might not be similar enough to ESC in terms of gene expression, leading to unpredictable performance d)both B and C e) all of the above
d) both b and c
What kind of cell arrises from the ectoderm?
a neural stem cell
Why is c-myc not a good reprogramming factor for use in iPSC cells destined for transplant into humans
c-myc is an oncogene, meaning that it promotes tumor formation
How are human embryonic stem cells lines used for research typically derived?
cells are taken from the inner cell mass of unused embryos following in vitro fertilization
Which of the following is a common criticism of the FDA regulated clinical trial model for approving treatment in the U.S.?
Negative trial results are virtually never published, slowing progress
What were the four genes used to reprogram the first mouse and human induced pluripotent cells?
-sox2 -oct 3/4 -klf4 -c-myc
How are iPSC similar to ESC
-they are pluripotent, generating all the body's cell types -they can form adult chimeras, when put back into embryos that are then allowed to grow up into mice -they can form teratomas when injected into the gonads of an adult, immune compromised mouse
What are the stages of embryogenisis in order?
1. Fertilization 2. Cleavage 3. Blastulation 4. Gastrulation 5. Neuruation
In what year were the first human embryonic stem cells isolated?
1998
Stage of Embryogenesis matched with structures formed during stage
Cleavage - morula Fertilization - zygote Neurulation - the neural tube and neural crest Blastulation - trophoblasts and embryoblasts Gastrulation - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
A phase 3 clinical trial will typically a)enroll 1000's of patients b)Enroll 10's of patients c)Enroll 100's of patients d)be conducted following the approval of a drug to determine long term safety
Enroll 1000's of patients
Following FDA approval for an IND, most drugs/biologics will fail in what stage and what reason?
Phase 2 because they lack efficacy for humans
Who won the nobel prize for discovering iPSC?
Takahashi and Yamanaka
What is the reason to dismiss concerns over the possibility of human cloning in the immediate future? a)SCNT cannot recapitulate epigentic effects on gene expression that occur during normal development b)SCNT tends to be inefficient c)each organism cloned seems to present unique challenges that do not generalize to other organisms d)all of the above
all of the above
What is not a technique used in embryonic stem cell culture? a)passaging cells when they become too dense b)growing cells in a flask c)placing cells in the -20 C freezer for long term storage d)feeding cells a mixture of electrolytes, vitamins, and signaling molecules
placing cells in the -20 C freezer for long term storage
As defined in lecture, how is a progenitor cell different from a stem cell?
progenitors ultimately form only one type of differentiated non-dividing cell when they differentiate (more often unipotent)
What cell is totipotent and can go on to generate all cell types? a)the zygote and the cells formed one or two divisions later b)embryonic stem cells c)trophoblasts d)embryonic germ cells
the zygote and the cells formed one or tow divisions later
What statement about induced pluripotent stem cells is false? a)they are simply blank cells that haven't expressed proteins yet b)they act like embryonic stem cells c)they can be made from skin cells, blood cells, and immune cells d)they process they are formed by is rather inefficient, with less than 1/1000 cells becoming iPSC
they are simply blank cells that haven't expressed proteins yet
One commonality shared by the reprogramming genes is that
they are transcription factors
