POWERPLANT CPE REVIEWER
FIXED GEAR
Gear attached to the housing to ensure the correct movement of the rotor within the housing.
Two complete revolutions (720°)
How many revolutions of the crankshaft is required for the four strokes
inverted engine
If the engine is designed to operate with the cylinders below the crankshaft, it is called an
Ignition
Taking the compressed mixture from the previous stroke, the third stroke, ignition, ignites the mixture creating the exhaust and the energy used to move the rotor.
Primer
Used to pump fuel directly into the intake system prior to engine start;
Radial Engines
Has proven to be very rugged and dependable.
Starter
an electromechanical mechanism capable of developing large amounts of mechanical energy that can be applied to an engine, causing it to rotate.
Spark Plugs
an ignition system is to conduct a short impulse of high-voltage current through the wall of the combustion chamber.
Wankel engine
an internal combustion engine that uses the four strokes of a typical Otto cycle (intake, compression, combustion, exhaust) to create kinetic energy.
Bearings
any surface which supports, or is supported by, another surface.
Knuckle Pins
are of solid construction except for the oil passages drilled in the pins, which lubricate the knuckle pin bushings. These pins may be installed by pressing into holes in the master rod flanges so that they are prevented from turning in the master rod.
pressure-type carburetor
discharges fuel into the airstream at a pressure well above atmospheric.
Pressure Injection Carburetors
distinctly different from float-type carburetors as they do not incorporate a vented float chamber or suction pickup from a discharge nozzle located in the venturi tube.
Camshaft
driven by a gear that mates with another gear attached to the crankshaft.
float-type carburetor
most common of all carburetor types, has several distinct disadvantages.
Carburetor Heat
mounted on the engine so that air to the cylinders passes through the barrel, the part of the ________ which contains the venturi.
SPARK PLUG
Provides the electric energy used to combust the compressed fuel.
FUEL STRAINER
Removes moisture and other sediments that might be in the system;
COMPRESSION STROKE
After the intake valve is closed, the continued upward travel of the piston compresses the fuel/air mixture to obtain the desired burning and expansion characteristics.
Exhaust Pipes
An aircraft's exhaust system is critical to flight safety. Defective exhaust systems can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning, fire, or loss of engine performance.
Inline Engines
An engine confined to low- and medium-horsepower engines used in very old light aircraft.
Power stroke
As the piston moves through the TDC position at the end of the compression stroke and starts down on the__________,
Exhaust stroke
As the piston travels through BDC at the completion of the power stroke and starts upward on the _________
HOUSING
Contains the combustion reaction and guides the motion of the triangular rotor.
Peanut oil
Diesel engine was fuelled by ____________ - the "original" biodiesel.
TRIANGULAR ROTOR
Divides the chamber into intake, compression, and combustion areas and supports the energy of the system and the engines gear set.
Opposed or O-Type Engines
Engine is generally mounted with the cylinders in a horizontal position.
Opposed or O-Type Engines
Engine that has low vibration characteristics
OUTLET PORT
Exit area for ignited gasoline.
Crankcase
It contains the bearings and bearing supports in which the crankshaft revolves.
Inline Engine
It has a small frontal area and is better adapted to streamlining.
BATTERY
Main purpose is to provide a means of starting the engine; Source of standby or emergency electrical power in case of alternator malfunction.
Oil Pressure Gauge
Measures temperature of the oil as it enters the engine.
high-grade cast iron
Most piston rings are made of
OUTPUT SHAFT
Moves the rotational kinetic energy from the rotor to the rest of the car.
Coal dust
The Diesel engine was initially Intended to run on
INTAKE, COMPRESSION, IGNITION, and EXHAUST
The engine functions in a four-step process:
INTAKE PORT
The entry point for the gas into the engine.
Intake
The first stroke in the cycle. During this phase, a drop in pressure caused by the rotor's motion draws in an air/fuel mixture. This mixture is drawn around the rotor and forced into the second stroke of the cycle.
Crankcase
The foundation of an engine
Exhaust
The fourth and final stroke of the Wankel engine process is the expulsion of the exhaust through the outlet port. The sudden expansion of the now gaseous fuel mixture forces the rotor back around to its initial position. The exhaust is drawn from the engine to the exhaust system of the car.
Ignition Harness
The ignition lead directs the electrical energy from the magneto to the spark plug. This contains an insulated wire for each cylinder that the magneto serves in the engine.
aluminum alloy forgings
The majority of aircraft engine pistons are machined from
induct, compress, ignite, and burn
The operating cycle of an internal combustion reciprocating engine includes the series of events required to
Cylinders
The portion of the engine in which the power is developed is called the
V-Type Engines
This type of engine was used mostly during the second World War and its use is mostly limited to older aircraft.
Camshaft
The valve mechanism of an opposed engine is operated by a
TWO-STROKE CYCLE Engines
There is no valve in this type of engine. Gas movement takes place through holes called ports in the cylinder. The crankcase of the engine is air tight in which the crankshaft rotates.
Rotary Cycle
These engines can be single rotor or multi rotor and can be air or water cooled. They are used mostly with experimental and light aircraft. Vibration characteristics are also very low for this type of engine.
Radial Engines
This engine is used in some older cargo planes, war birds, and crop spray planes. Although many of these engines still exist, their use is limited.
Dynamic Dampers
To reduce vibration to a minimum during engine operation, this are incorporated on the crankshaft.
1876
When was Gasoline engines invented
internal combustion engine
a device for converting heat energy into mechanical energy.
Vacuum pumps
a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum.
Magneto
a special type of engine-driven alternating current (AC) generator, uses a permanent magnet as a source of energy.
Cam rings
can be designed with teeth on either the inside or outside periphery.
Crankshafts
carried in a position parallel to the longitudinal axis of the crankcase and is generally supported by a main bearing between each throw.
Float-Type Carburetors
consists essentially of six subsystems that control the quantity of fuel discharged in relation to the flow of air delivered to the engine cylinders. These systems work together to provide the engine with the correct fuel flow during all engine operating ranges.
Radial Engines
consists of a row, or rows, of cylinders arranged radially about a central crankcase. This type of engine has proven to be very rugged and dependable.
Accessory Gear Trains
containing both spur- and bevel-type gears, are used in the different types of engines for driving engine components and accessories.
Diesel Cycle
depends on high compression pressures to provide for the ignition of the fuel/air charge in the cylinder. As air is drawn in the cylinder, it is compressed by a piston and, at maximum pressure, fuel is sprayed in the cylinder.
Rudolf Diesel
developed the idea for the diesel engine and obtained the German patent for it in 1892. His goal was to create an engine with high efficiency.
Oil Sump/Oil Tanks
generally associated with a dry sump lubrication system, while a wet sump system uses the crankcase of the engine to store the oil.
Inline Engine
generally has an even number of cylinders, although some three-cylinder engines have been constructed. This engine may be either liquid cooled or air cooled and has only one crank shaft, which is located either above or below the cylinders.
Rotary Cycle
has a three-sided rotor that turns inside an elliptical housing, completing three of the four cycles for each revolution.
TWO-STROKE CYCLE Engines
has re-emerged being used in ultra-light, light sport, and many experimental aircraft.
Opposed or O-Type Engines
has two banks of cylinders directly opposite each other with a crankshaft in the center
Cam rings
is a circular piece of steel with a series of cams or lobes on the outer surface.
Pistons
is a cylindrical member which moves back and forth within a steel cylinder. Acts as a moving wall within the combustion chamber.
Intake valve
is opened considerably before the piston reaches TDC on the exhaust stroke, in order to induce a greater quantity of the fuel/air charge into the cylinder and thus increase the horsepower.
Exhaust stroke
it begins to push the burned exhaust gases out the exhaust port. The speed of the exhaust gases leaving the cylinder creates a low pressure in the cylinder.
Power Stroke
it is pushed downward by the rapid expansion of the burning gases within the cylinder head with a force that can be greater than 15 tons (30,000 psi) at maximum power output of the engine.
Piston Pin
joins the piston to the connecting rod.
Four-Stroke Cycle
majority of certified aircraft reciprocating engines operate on the ___________, sometimes called the Otto cycle
Generator or Alternator
output ratings prescribed by the manufacturer should be compared with the electrical loads that can be imposed on the affected generator or alternator by installed equipment.
Piston Rings
prevent leakage of gas pressure from the combustion chamber and reduce to a minimum the seepage of oil into the combustion chamber.
Cylinders
provides a combustion chamber where the burning and expansion of gases take place, and it houses the piston and the connecting rod.
OIL FILTERs
provides a large filtering area in a compact unit. Dirt, sediment, and other foreign matter are removed and settle to the bottom of the housing.
Oil Control Rings
regulate the thickness of the oil film on the cylinder wall.
TWO-STROKE CYCLE Engines
require only one upstroke and one down stroke of the piston to complete the required series of events in the cylinder. Thus, the engine completes the operating cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft.
Oil Scraper Ring
retains the surplus oil above the ring on the upward piston stroke, and this oil is returned to the crankcase by the oil control rings on the downward stroke.
Accessory Section
section usually is of cast construction and the material may be either aluminum alloy, which is used most widely, or magnesium, which has been used to some extent. On some engines, it is cast in one piece and provided with means for mounting the accessories, such as magnetos, carburetors, fuel, oil, vacuum pumps, starter, generator, tachometer drive, etc., in the various locations required to facilitate accessibility.
Crankshafts
the backbone of the reciprocating engine.
V-Type Engines
the cylinders are arranged in two in-line banks generally set 60° apart. Most of the engines have 12 cylinders, which are either liquid cooled or air cooled.
Connecting rod
the link that transmits forces between the piston and the crankshaft.
INTAKE STROKE
the piston is pulled downward in the cylinder by the rotation of the crankshaft.
COMPRESSION
the second stroke in the cycle. In this phase, the rotor forces the mixture into a tighter area of the housing, creating a pressurized air/fuel mixture. It is important that the fuel be compacted at this stage, because it will not ignite if it isn't at the correct pressure.
Cylinder Barrels
which the piston operates must be made of a high-strength material, usually steel. It must be as light as possible, yet have the proper characteristics for operating under high temperatures.
Compression Ring
to prevent the escape of combustion gases past the piston during engine operation.
Cylinder Heads
to provide a place for combustion of the fuel/air mixture and to give the cylinder more heat conductivity for adequate cooling.
Rocker Arms
transmit the lifting force from the cams to the valves.
Étienne Lenoir
was a Belgian engineer who developed the internal combustion engine in 1858.
Nicolaus Otto
was a German engineer who successfully developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine which ran on petroleum gas and led to the modern internal combustion engine.
John Barber
was an English coal viewer and inventor. He was born in Nottinghamshire, but moved to Warwickshire in the 1760s to manage collieries in the Nuneaton area.
Leonardo da Vinci
was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time
John Barber
was the first man to describe in detail the principle of the gas turbine, and in recent years a working model