PPR Exam

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Punishment

A penalty given in response to a behavior

File

a collection of data

Auditory learning

learning primarily by hearing things Ex: lecture

At the beginning of the school year, a fourth-grade teacher takes a collaborative approach to setting rules and expectations by asking students for their input. The students and teacher work together to establish a set of agreed-upon expectations for their classroom. Which of the following teacher statements helps to convey a sense of shared responsibility, respect, and high expectations for behavior?

"In this classroom, these are the expectations for how we will interact. This applies to how you treat one another, how you treat me, and how I treat you." - This statement demonstrates to students that everyone in the classroom is held to the same set of established behavior expectations and that everyone is responsible for treating each other with respect based on the agreed-upon standards.

Which of the following statements would not help build a positive classroom culture? Select all answers that apply.

"I know it isn't the most fun, but you need to learn quadratic equations if you're going to do well next year." - This approach tells students that the material is dull and reinforces that they are only learning this material to succeed in school rather than to help achieve their own goals or better their lives. When a teacher shows a lack of enthusiasm for the topic, students will also struggle to connect to the material. If this teacher wants students to succeed, they should find a more engaging or real-world approach to the content. "Okay, you should have it by now. So, go ahead and do the rest on your own." By telling students where they should be instead of asking students how they're feeling or allowing room for varied levels of comprehension, the teacher is likely alienating students who are struggling. This is likely to harm the teacher's relationship with some students and make those who are struggling less likely to ask for help or admit that they aren't understanding the concept. Instead, the teacher might say, "Okay, now that I've explained the process, go ahead and try it on your own for the next one and we'll come back as a whole group in 5 minutes to answer clarifying questions."

A first-grade teacher is planning a lesson on story elements. As part of the lesson, the teacher plans to read a story that takes place on a farm. Which of the following questions should the teacher consider to increase the likelihood of an effective lesson?

"What background knowledge do my students have about farms?" - It is important that teachers consider the background knowledge of their students when planning a lesson or unit.

Which of the following teacher statements creates a positive atmosphere in which students feel supported and encouraged to meet the expectations set for them?

1) "I am proud of you for trying your hardest." - To create a positive climate of high expectations, effort should be rewarded even more than results. By rewarding student effort, students become more confident that they can accomplish a task. 2) "This is not the quality of work that you are capable of." - To create a positive climate of high expectations, a teacher should not accept less than they know a student is capable of.

Which of the following strategies helps to build positive, trusting relationships with students and, consequently, leads to the development of a positive learning environment?

1) Implementing fair and consistent discipline policies 2) Having conversations with students about their personal interests 3) Being a good role model for students

Mrs. Clark finds that some of her students are not engaged in class discussion. Which of the following would be the most effective way to set up the space to encourage student engagement in class discussions? A Arrange desks in a circle so all students face each other. B Require each student to provide at least one comment to the discussion. C Arrange students' desks into rows where each row faces the front of the classroom. D Have each student provide a topic for a classroom discussion.

A (Arranging the desks in a circle is the most likely strategy to increase student participation in class discussions, because all the students can see and be involved in the conversation.)

Mr. Watson's seventh-grade Language Arts class is completing the unit on grammar, and he has noticed that several students in the class who normally excel are not completing homework. In order to encourage them to complete the unit with the same engagement as the beginning, he offers classes with 100% homework completion a reward. Why would Mr. Watt make this decision? A He knows that incentives can help students who have lost motivation to complete tasks they find less interesting, and he strives to create a positive classroom assignment. B Mr. Watson understands that students need intrinsic motivation. C Mr. Watson needs more grades to input for the grading period. D Mr. Watson wants competition to motivate students.

A (Offering a reward for positive work is a method for creating a positive classroom environment and motivating students.)

The human body has many parts that work together as a person develops. Which of these examples correctly expresses a delay in one area that impacts growth in another?

A child with developmental delays is socially delayed because he struggles to relate to peers. - This is often true as children with developmental delays will have interests different than typical peers.

Which of the following scenarios describes an example of a teacher activating students' background knowledge?

A first-grade teacher guides students as they complete the "K" column on a KWL chart. KWL (Know, Want to know, Learned) charts are an effective way to activate background knowledge as they ask students to list what they already know about a topic before a lesson begins.

Mr. Everett teaches a class of first-grade students with very mixed ability levels. Based on the flexible grouping model, which of the following would be the most appropriate way to group students?

A mix of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups of varied sizes - With flexible grouping, students are put into temporary groups. Depending on the activity and concept being taught, teachers should choose the grouping strategy that they believe will be the most effective.

According to Piaget's theory on stages of cognitive development, which of the following thought processes best distinguishes a student at the formal operational stage?

A student creates a story about how winter would be better if snow were green and not white. - Creating a story about how snow would be better green best reflects a child in the formal operational stage. The student uses a scenario that is contrary to reality and forms an argument about the benefits. This line of thinking requires logic and reasoning.

Conner is a sixth-grade student who consistently forgets to bring his homework and the necessary school supplies (paper, notebook, pen or pencil) to his classes. Repeated reminders and grade penalties have not changed his organizational skills, but he readily admits that he needs to get organized. His language arts teacher meets with him to develop a system and checklist for keeping track of his assignments. She has him report to her, at first daily and then weekly. What is the best reason that this plan would likely help Conner?

A system will help him learn how to monitor his own progress and performance more effectively. - Establishing a system that will help the student learn to monitor his own progress and performance over time is the best option to help Conner.

Spreadsheet

A tabular view of data with columns and rows; the intersection of a column and row is called a cell.

Which of the following scenarios would fall under Maslow's level of belonging and love needs?

A teenager establishing his first relationship with a girlfriend - A romantic relationship falls under Maslow's belonging and love needs.

Non-Verbal Response

A way to communicate without speaking - The teacher taught the students the non-verbal response of setting their pencils down when they were ready for the next question

Active engagement in the instructional activities greatly increases students' learning ability. - The experiment allows students to be actively engaged, which research suggests greatly increases students' learning ability.

Mrs. Brunson notices that many of her English language learner students understand the beginning of what she says but become lost as she progresses in her lectures. She decides it will be helpful to pause as she speaks. What is the most appropriate time to pause during her instruction?

After every complete thought - Once a thought is complete, a pause allows the listeners to process the information in its entirety to promote the ability to use context clues and the main ideas to define the words.

Mrs. Dobbs is teaching students to skip-count by 2s, 5s, and 10s in her second-grade class. Earlier in the year, she evaluated her students learning style and assigns them one task based on this evaluation. Visual learners have been given a number line and they are to draw the hops across the top. Auditory learners have been given a list of the even number to 20, numbers divisible by 5 to 50 and numbers ending in 0 up to 100. They are told to say them over and over aloud to memorize the skips. Kinesthetic learners have been given a large number line on the floor. They are jumping to the next number as they skip-count. What can Mrs. Dobbs do to improve her teaching?

Allow all students to participate in all three activities by rotating through them. - This encourages students to exercise different parts of their brain and strengthen different learning styles.

Which of the following is a factor in students from diverse cultural backgrounds' education that is not influenced by a teacher's own cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes? A classroom management style B standards and curriculum C teaching style D interactions with parents

B (Learning standards and curriculum for each grade level are typically mandated by the state and school district. These factors of education are not affected by a teacher's cultural beliefs.)

Ask students how they would like to be greeted with a visual menu by the door - Asking students how they would like to be greeted gives them control and allows them to share how they traditionally greet someone. The visuals can help students who are learning English.

Which of the following activities would be most suitable for an auditory learner during a unit on animal behavior?

Ask students to write a song or rap about different social systems and make a music video to go along with it. - Auditory learners learn best by using music and rhythm. This activity would allow students to use music to relate information.

Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial for a visual learner who is struggling to differentiate between DNA and RNA?

Ask the student to color a picture of the DNA molecule and RNA molecule. Ask the student to highlight the differences. - This intervention will give the student a visual product that they can reference in the future to easily see the differences between DNA and RNA.

A kindergarten teacher has set up a center where students can choose to work with crayons, paint, clay, stamps, or scissors and glue to create their own artwork. Which of the following skills will this center most likely support?

Autonomy and Fine Motor Skills - Allowing students to choose what materials they use for their art will promote autonomy. Creating artwork with any of the listed materials will help develop students' fine motor skills.

A student is having difficulty using appropriate language and regulating emotions. The student frequently argues with the teacher and peers and starts conversations that are not appropriate for class. The teacher works with the student to develop a plan that outlines expected language and behaviors, consequences for inappropriate language and behaviors, and rewards for demonstrating appropriate language and behavior. The plan that is developed is individualized for this student.

Behavior Contract - This is an example of a behavior contract because it was developed for the student and outlined rewards and consequences.

Each day, a teacher either puts a sticker or a behavior note in her student's take-home folder. At the end of each month, the teacher reviews each student's behavior record to determine whether there is an overarching issue that needs to be addressed. This teacher is applying which theory of learning?

Behaviorism - Watson's theory of Behaviorism focuses on recognizing and evaluating behaviors. In this example, the teacher is recording student behaviors for further reflection and analysis.

A second-grade teacher is trying to build positive relationships with each of her students during the first week of school. Which of the following is the most effective way to do this?

Briefly speak one-on-one with each student during the first two days of school, discussing their interests. - this will help the teacher establish and build positive relationships with each student

When Miss Sanchez, a preschool teacher, resolves a dispute between two students, what is the best non-verbal tool to achieve an agreeable resolution between the two parties?

Bring herself down to the students' level to communicate. This action establishes that the teacher is not there to chastise the students, but to listen. By lowering her body, she can better establish eye contact and make the students feel she is not above them.

At the beginning of the school year, a middle school teacher gives students note cards and asks students to write one thing they would like to share about themselves and one question they have for the teacher. The teacher responds to one question from the note cards at the end of each class period without sharing any of the personal information of the students. Which of the following describes the primary purpose of this activity?

Building a sense of community - This activity shows students that the teacher is interested in them but respects their privacy while building a sense of community as the teacher responds to questions.

Which of the following is not necessary when creating a positive classroom environment? A Teachers should use open-ended questions to promote collaboration and supportive, risk-free communication. B Teachers should create lessons that allow for students with different abilities to show their skills, and vary activities and assessment for all learning styles. C Teachers should be nice to students and always show a positive demeanor. D Teachers should model respectful actions and communication to all students.

C (Being nice is a good policy, but it is not required all the time in order to create a positive learning environment. Teachers can be firm and respectful and instill a positive environment. Students tend to recognize when a person is acting in a manner that is not authentic and they will typically not respond to that.)

A teacher would like to increase student participation during a review activity. Which of the following strategies would best accomplish this?

Calling on students at random after providing ample wait time, and allowing peers to expand upon answers. - This would be the most effective strategy since students will have time to formulate answers, and peers can still volunteer if they have ideas to expand upon a response.

Modifications

Changes to the curriculum to allow a student to access material at their level (Changes WHAT they learn) - a student learns only capitalization and periods, rather than all grammar concepts

Clearly outline expectations for student behavior and performance. - Clear behavioral expectations combined with a well-organized classroom reduces students' stress because the students then do not have to guess what a teacher expects from them in terms of behavioral and academic expectations.

Which of the following strategies best supports a teacher's goal to promote positivity in the classroom?

Contacting each parent with a message about their child's strengths - Contacting each parent with a message about their child is a way to promote positivity, as children will feel proud after parents tell them about the message that was received from their teacher.

Create heterogeneous groups with a defined goal, where all students have a specific, unique role in achieving the goal. - Groups should have students of different and varied ability. Because of these differences, the goals of the group and each group member should be clearly defined so each member knows their responsibility and the teacher can ensure each student's responsibility is aligned with the student's strengths.

Mrs. Pontian is concerned about Julio because his fine motor skills seem to be lacking compared to the other students in her class. He struggles with using scissors and holds a pencil with an odd grip. What should be her first step in addressing this issue?

Discuss the concerns with Julio's parent. This is the first step to take, as the parent must give permission prior to an evaluation.

Mr. Daubert is doing his best to create a culturally responsive classroom. In order to do this, which of the following facts should he be aware of? Select all answers that apply

Cultures are heterogeneous. - Cultures are not uniform. Differences within cultures (based on class, ethnicity, region, gender) are sometimes profound. Cultures are dynamic - cultures can and sometimes do change rapidly individuals within cultures differ - people are different, and you can always find differences within cultural groups

A new teacher is setting up her classroom and wants to ensure the space is ideal for learning. Which of the following is the least important question this teacher should ask when determining the layout of the room? A Are there any things in the space that might hinder a students ability to perform in the space? B Are all students able to access what they need in the space? C Do all students have a clear view of the teacher if needed? D Are the colors matching in the space and does it look appealing?

D (While it is nice to have a lively and appealing classroom with colors and patterns that match, this is not the most important question a new teacher should ask when setting up the classroom. Sometimes, teachers forget about the basic layout and importance for all students to have access when setting up a room. This can cause issues for students.)

Of the following, which would be most beneficial to students using the Internet for research purposes?

Demonstrate the most efficient ways to search for topics, identifying the best words to use and how punctuation can influence search results. - Students need to be taught the best way to identify and search keywords on a research topic, as this will yield more effective search results in a shorter amount of time.

Physical Development

Development of the body and coordinated movement

Which of the following behaviors would not be developmentally appropriate for a 7-year-old student?

Does not care about peer relationships and does not understand teamwork - Children at this age pay more attention to friendships and enjoy working as a team. This is a developmentally appropriate skill for a 7-year-old and would raise concern if a child did not care about peer relationships or understand teamwork.

A teacher is setting up the classroom at the beginning of the school. The teacher will have two students with physical impairments. Which of the following questions is the most important point for the teacher to consider?

Does the classroom layout allow students to easily navigate the room? - The teacher should ensure that all students, including those with physical impairments, can navigate the room independently and with minimal disruption. Ensuring access to all students is the most important point for the teacher to consider.

A teacher uses simple sentences and familiar vocabulary to instruct the class. Which type of students would particularly benefit from this style of instruction?

English language learners (ELL) - English language learners (ELL) have been shown by research to achieve better outcomes when instructed with simple sentences and familiar vocabulary.

Paraprofessional

Educators who are not certified teachers, but who provide direct instruction, behavior management, and other related educational services under the direction of the classroom or special education teacher.

A positive learning environment requires the teachers to have high academic expectations, students that are developmentally responsive, and which of the following to perform successfully?

Equitable resources - When planning lessons, teachers should be aware of the availability of resources to students. Instruction and course requirements can be accommodated for students who do not have equal access to outside resources (such as internet access at home), by designing projects that can be completed using school resources. Students should have equal access to all school resources, and thus have an equal opportunity to fulfill instructional requirements.

Establish a consequence for each time Carmen speaks without being called upon and consistently enforce the consequence. - Carmen needs to be aware that she is not in charge of the class and that she needs to be respectful of her peers. Establishing a consequence for each time she answers without being called upon conveys to Carmen and the class that such behavior is not acceptable.

Which of the following is the most foundational aspect of positive and effective classroom management?

Establishing a sense of community - When students feel they are part of a community within the classroom, they are more likely to feel responsible for helping ensure their behavior supports the mission of success for all. When teachers collaborate with students to create guidelines for behavior, students are more likely to manage their own behavior to achieve the common goal of learning together.

A teacher overhears a conversation between two children during center time. J'Mari: "I don't want you to play with me!" Emily: "But I want to play with the blocks too!" In this situation, the teacher should:

Give options to the two students, such as playing in different areas of the center or choosing a collaborative activity together. - By giving options, the teacher is engaging the student's executive functioning skills and helping them to grow in their social/emotional skills.

Mr. Jolly wants to create a positive climate for his classroom. Which of the following actions would best promote a positive classroom climate?

Greeting each student as they enter the classroom - This is the best answer option, as it allows Mr. Jolly to make one-on-one contact with his students.

Homogenous Group

Group comprised of individuals working on the same level - A small group of students reading a book together on the same reading level is a homogeneous group.

Heterogenous Group

Group comprised of individuals working on various levels - A small group of students with varying academic abilities working together on a science project is a heterogeneous group.

Flexible Grouping

Grouping students based on their learning needs or interests - After reviewing the student test results, a teacher can use flexible grouping to organize groups based on students' areas of weakness.

Which of the following focuses is most appropriate for supporting a culture of high expectations?

Growth - Placing a focus on growth and helping students set ambitious goals for themselves is an equitable focus for teachers and students. Growth can be measured in a variety of ways and on a variety of scales, which makes it appropriate for all students, regardless of ability. For example, an ELL student may have a very different goal from a native English-speaking student, but if they are both making progress, they can both feel proud and confident in their academic abilities.

Which of the following does not accurately describe an aspect of physical development during adolescence?

Growth slows, but proportions become less childlike and more like an adult. After a period of very rapid growth, growth slows and children begin to shed their childlike appearance during the early childhood stage (ages 3-8).

Mr. Popov is teaching his second-grade class about the benefits of the metric system. Which of the following activities is the most effective way to convey its ease of use to second graders, as compared with the U.S. customary system of measurement?

Hand out objects of varying length and ask students to measure the lengths in centimeters and in inches. Discuss the results. - Measuring length with rulers is an appropriate task for second grade students. Second grade students can learn to use a metric ruler to measure and record tenths of a centimeter, and quickly accomplish this task on their own. Measuring and reporting lengths that are not multiples of ½ inch will be more difficult with the U.S customary system.

Following an exploratory science activity outside, a prekindergarten teacher transitions her class into center time. The students are having issues with sharing, begin arguing, and are moving constantly from center to center. What strategy can the teacher use to redirect her classroom?

Have all of the students pause what they are doing and quietly review the expectations for center time. - By addressing behavior in the moment and at a reasonable volume, the teacher is modeling appropriate volume and providing effective group management.

A teacher wants her fifth-grade students to learn that some tasks require persistence to complete, and to experience the joy from working hard and accomplishing a goal. Which of the following would be the best strategy for accomplishing this?

Have each student work on a research project with various checkpoints throughout the assignment to monitor their progress. - This is a great strategy to accomplish the goal because students have a long-term project where the teacher can help the student see tangible progress. The checkpoints will keep the students motivated and allow the teacher to adjust instruction as necessary as each student works towards a long-term goal.

Ms. Franklin is a second-grade teacher who is trying to make her lessons more engaging by relating them to her students' interests. Which of the following strategies would be the most effective way for Ms. Franklin to learn more about her students' interests?

Have short one-on-one or small group discussions about what each student enjoys. - A simple discussion with students is the best way to learn about their interests at this age.

Some of Mr. Lynn's students are struggling to differentiate between the embryo and the fetus. Which of the following activities will best help the students clarify this information?

Have students pair up, research the differences, and make a Venn diagram or other graphic organizer of the information. Have them share their findings with the class. - Having students correct their own misconceptions is generally the most effective strategy.

Which of the following activities would best support auditory learners' understanding of simple maps?

Have students verbally explain the different parts of a map to a peer or teacher. - Auditory learners comprehend information best when hearing it or speaking it aloud. Having an opportunity to verbally explain the parts of a map will help auditory learners understand and retain information about maps.

Mr. Jeffords would like to show his students that all living things grow and develop and that metamorphosis is a process some animals go through as they grow and develop. He knows that he has several kinesthetic learners in his class. Which of the following activities would best address the needs of these students?

Have students write and perform a play to act out the process of a caterpillar changing to a butterfly. - A play allows the students to learn by acting out, which benefits kinesthetic learners.

Students in second grade are learning about metamorphosis. What is the best way for them to learn this concept?

Have them raise a caterpillar and document each day what they observe as it forms a chrysalis and becomes a butterfly. - This hands-on experience allows them to observe the process of metamorphosis and learn while they are documenting.

He knows that incentives can help students who have lost motivation to complete tasks they find less interesting, and he strives to create a positive classroom assignment. - Offering a reward for positive work is a method for creating a positive classroom environment and motivating students.

Which of the following actions of a middle school teacher would best assist students in developing a positive self-concept?

Help students to become more proficient and competent in areas they value. - Helping students become proficient in areas they value would be very useful to build a positive self-concept, because the students attach value to these areas. By increasing the student's proficiency in them, the educator encourages the student to become better at a field they value.

While preparing his preschool classroom for the upcoming school year, Mr. Garcia places images of children completing various activities in different parts of the room. Mr. Garcia is most likely doing this to:

Help students understand what to do at different centers. - These images will give students a visual model and reminder of what to do at each center.

Which activity would best help a kinesthetic learner understand the model of an atom?

In a large open space, have students hold signs with "+", "-", or "0" on them. Group students so all "+" and "0" signs are clustered together in one place. Have all students with "-" signs run randomly around the central group. - A kinesthetic learner learns best when they use their body or hands to form, move, or manipulate objects.

A high school history teacher has noticed that her students are showing a lack of interest in the subject. They enjoy debating why historical things take place, but the students seem to believe that the past has little bearing on their current lives. What could the teacher incorporate to increase student interest?

Include a current events question at the beginning of class that can be tied into the material. - This helps students see the significance of the material they are studying.

Reliable Source/Credible Source

Information presented in a professional way, with a formal tone, includes source documentation, and author and/or publisher information. Ex: a textbook

Social Development

Interactions with people or the environment

Mr. Germaine has some English-language learners in his 8th-grade historyclass. When responding to a prompt about western expansion, Maria, an English-learner from Mexico, writes the following: "In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase made the US twice more big than before. The American people was interesting in new land. Everyone want land to farm, you know? So, many people moved west." Her writing style is characteristic of a student at which of the following levels of writing proficiency?

Intermediate - It is usual for an ELL with an intermediate level of writing proficiency to write loosely connected text, which has an oral tone. Maria makes some errors with comparatives, noun-verb agreement, and adjectives. These errors are all common for intermediate students.

Mr. Samson, a sixth-grade science teacher, is trying to determine the speaking proficiency level of Roberto, an English-language learner from Mexico. Last week in a small group discussion, Roberto was able to express himself using academic vocabulary in short phrases to explain the food chain and then to talk about animals in Mexico. He had some long pauses and some pronunciation errors, which made it hard for his classmates to understand him. When asked to elaborate, he made some errors as he tried to use less familiar vocabulary. Later in the class, Roberto participated in some small talk with his group about his weekend plans using simple, original statements. What speaking proficiency level is Roberto demonstration characteristics of?

Intermediate - Roberto speaks most consistently at the intermediate level. He knows enough English to use basic, familiar vocabulary to express simple, original messages. Because of his English limitations, he isn't yet able to speak in detail. His pronunciation errors sometimes hinder communication, but he is usually able to be understood by those accustomed to speaking with ELLs.

Every year on the first day of school, Mrs. Lavigne works with her fourth-grade students to create classroom rules, outlining their expected behavior for the year. What is the purpose of involving students in this process?

It encourages self-monitoring of the rules. - An effective way to encourage appropriate behavior in the elementary classroom is to include students in the rule-making process. Giving them the autonomy to participate in the rule-making process will reinforce expectations and encourage self-monitoring.

Every Friday, a teacher leaves a note of encouragement on each of his students' desks, and he encourages the students to do the same for their classmates. What is the primary purpose of this?

It cultivates a positive classroom environment. - Notes of encouragement are an effective way to promote a positive environment, in which students feel a sense of belonging and feel comfortable taking risks.

It helps students feel a sense of responsibility and ownership in the rules. - If students can input and shape the rules, then they will have helped make the rules. This ownership will encourage students to follow the rules and hold their classmates accountable.

Every day during recess, Mr. Hernandez observes his third-grade students. He notices the games they are playing, the other students they are interacting with, and what activities interest them. Afterward, he always pulls a student aside to compliment them on a skill they showcased or speak about something he noticed them doing. What is the main purpose of this?

It helps to improve his relationship with the students. - When a teacher shows a genuine interest in a student and their interests, it helps to develop a positive relationship. And when students have a strong relationship with their teachers, it has a positive, long-term effect on their academic and social development.

An 8th-grade history teacher is teaching his students about past presidents. As part of the unit, he plans to have a mock election, in which each student acts as a former president and presents a persuasive campaign speech. The following steps will be performed over a week. Step 1: Students will be shown a video clip of two presidential nominees giving a campaign speech. Students will be asked to share their opinions on the candidates. The teacher will reveal who the candidates are and who won the election. Step 2: The teacher will present the elements of a persuasive speech. The students will watch another video and identify the elements within the campaign speeches. Step 3: Students will be asked to name some former presidents and their accomplishments. Students will complete a graphic organizer matching each president to his major accomplishment. Step 4: Students will be assigned a president to research and act as when giving a campaign speech. The teacher will randomly select sets of two presidents to compete against one another in a modern-day mock election. Step 5: Students will research their president and prepare a 2-3 minute campaign speech, addressing the issues of today, for a mock election. Additionally, students will prepare a campaign slogan and poster. Step 6: Students will give their speeches and classmates will vote for a winner. In Step 6, the teacher has the students agree upon some rules for the mock elections. The class agrees to cast their votes in private, by writing their choice, along with a reason, on a sheet of paper. Why does the teacher have the students do this?

It promotes a positive classroom climate. - Having the students set the guidelines for the activity will help create a positive classroom climate, in which all students respect one another and don't cast their votes for students based on factors unrelated to their campaign speeches.

A third-grade teacher plans to integrate writing, speaking, and the arts with reading instruction. Students select a favorite character from a book or story, write a few lines of dialogue that demonstrate what the character is like, design or bring a simple prop, and present their character to their classmates. What is the best reason for this instructional design?

It provides integrated, active learning and play that support development. While all four choices are good reasons to engage third-grade students in this manner, validating their own lives and interests in an active, meaningful, integrated "play" experience is the best answer.

A new student, Julia, has started at Monett Elementary and the teacher is concerned about her social development. Which of the behaviors below are causing concern?

Julia sits alone at lunch and plays by herself at recess even when invited to join a game with others. Self-imposed isolation is concerning for an elementary student.

A middle school teacher has noticed many students in her classroom have formed cliques and several students are being excluded from these social groups. The excluded students have demonstrated a decrease in their willingness to participate in classroom activities and group discussions. Which of the following strategies would be the best first step in rebuilding a positive learning environment for all of the students?

Lead a group discussion about cliques and how it feels to be included and excluded from activities. - Allowing students to voice their support or opposition to cliques is the best strategy because it does not alienate the students and allows each student to voice a perspective on the situation.

Stages of Development (Erikson)

Learning theory developed by Erickson - people must pass through eight life stages in order to fulfill their own potential. Failure to complete any phase will hinder their ability to continue growth with success. Trust vs. Mistrust: 0 - 1 ½ years Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: 1 ½ - 3 years Initiative vs. Guilt: 3 - 5 years Industry vs. inferiority: 5-12 years Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-18 years Intimacy Vs. Isolation: 18-40 years Generativity vs. Stagnation: 40-65 years Ego Integrity vs. Despair: 65+ years

Hierarchy of needs

Learning theory developed by Maslow - In order for people to meet their full potential they must meet a series of needs Physiological Needs: food, water, shelter, etc. Safety: Security, freedom from fear Love/Belonging: relationships, family Esteem: confidences, feeling of achievement Self Actualization: meeting potential, creative abilities

Behaviorism

Learning theory rooted in the notion that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

Backward Design/Planning

Lesson planning that begins with the desired outcome in mind

Visual Methods

Lessons using materials for students to view Ex: maps, images, political cartoons, multimedia presentations and graphs

Remember (Blooms Taxonomy)

Level 1. Rote memorization or recall Define, memorize, list

Understand (Bloom's Taxonomy)

Level 2. Explanation of an idea or concept Describe, recognize, identify

Apply (Bloom's Taxonomy)

Level 3. Use the information acquired in a new setting/problem Implement, solve, demonstrate

Analyze (Bloom's Taxonomy)

Level 4. Connect different ideas Differentiate, compare, contrast

Evaluate (Bloom's Taxonomy)

Level 5. Justify a stance Defend, support, critique

Create (Bloom's Taxonomy)

Level 6. Produce original thoughts or work Design, author, formulate

A first-grade teacher would like to encourage positive character traits, such as respect, honesty, and empathy, in their students. Which of the following strategies would be an effective indirect instructional strategy to use given this objective?

Making a conscious effort to model and exhibit these character traits on a regular basis - Modeling appropriate behavior is one of the most effective ways that teachers can promote desired behaviors in their students. This would be an indirect instructional approach because the teacher is showing students how to behave without directly instructing them in the traits or how to exhibit them in the classroom.

The basic needs of a human, such as hunger and thirst, must be met before a person can move onto more complex needs such as safety, belonging, and self-confidence. These ideas are the work of which theorist?

Maslow

A teacher prioritizes making students feel comfortable and safe in her classroom in order to increase the likelihood that they learn the content. Which of the following behavior theories is this teacher demonstrating?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs says that in order for people to meet their full potential, they must meet a series of needs. In this case, the teacher is working to meet their need of feeling safe to improve their ability to learn.

Active Listening

Method of communication that focuses on mutual understanding to prevent confusion that includes attending, listening, and responding

During adolescence, peers play an important role in psychosocial development and identity shaping. At which stage of adolescence do individuals tend to rely most on peers and least on family?

Mid-adolescence During mid-adolescence, peers play a huge role over individuals and their identity shaping. During this time period, peer groups often demand conformity to increase similarities among individuals, reduce stress in decision making, and decrease the chances of exclusion from the peer group. Adolescents tend to rely more on peers and less on family during this time of conformity.

Mr. Brown notices students chatting with peers in his tenth-grade history class while a group is presenting a final project. What is the best way to respond to this behavior?

Mr. Brown should walk over to the group that is chatting and put a hand on the table of the chatting students. - Non-verbal cues are useful in maintaining appropriate classroom behavior. Many times students will respond appropriately when a teacher simply moves closer to them. Non-verbal cues are often better received by students since they are not called out in front of peers, which may cause embarrassment.

Mr. Ramirez does not exhibit an excitement and enthusiasm for the material and his students have adopted his attitude towards the instructional activities. - Communicating enthusiasm about the material is important in teaching. If the teacher is not excited about the subject matter, it is very unlikely that the students will be excited. Mr. Ramirez has communicated to his students, through his apathy, that the material is not important and is not worth learning.

Mr. Stark and Ms. Wendell have very different teaching styles. While supporting one another's instructionalmethods of choice, there is one thing that they disagree about. Mr. Stark believes that teachers should set low expectations for students, while Ms. Wendell believes in setting high expectations. Who is correct and why?

Ms. Wendell is correct because students tend to meet the expectations that are set for them. - Research shows that students tend to meet the expectations that are set for them, so teachers are encouraged to create a climate of high expectations.

When creating learning centers for a school's early education students, which of the following locations would be most appropriate for an animal-learning center?

Next to the science lab - This is the best answer, as the animal-learning center will involve concepts found in biology. Students should be encouraged to make the connection of animals and biology to science.

In the past, Mr. Garcia felt like he hadn't been able to establish a strong relationship with his students. This year, his goal is to create a positive classroom environment in which he has strong, trusting relationships with each student. Which of the following activities could Mr. Garcia's department head suggest he try on the first day of school to best support this goal?

Participating with the class in an ice-breaker game, in which personal interests are revealed - The best way to start the process of building a strong relationship with students is to get to know them on a more personal level. This can be done by revealing some personal details about himself to the students and asking them to do the same.

Maslow's theory detailed a hierarchy of needs. In order for people to meet their full potential they must meet a series of needs in a specific order. If one or some of the needs in one level are not met, it is difficult to begin meeting needs in the next level. Which of the following lists the needs in the correct order (high to low)?

Physiological needs, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization - The needs in order are: Physiological needs: food, water, shelter, etc. Safety: security, freedom from fear Love/belonging: relationships, family Esteem: confidence, feeling of achievement Self-actualization: meeting potential, creative abilities

Cooperative Play

Playing with peers by creating rules or guidelines for the activity together; ages 4 and up

Associate Play

Playing with peers in an loosely-organized manner; ages 3-4 years

Classical Conditioning

Positive stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus and repeated. then the positive stimulus is removed and the neutral stimulus has the same effect

Positive Punishment

Presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior - giving a detention for talking in class

Positive Reinforcement

Presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior - a student answers a question, and the teacher gives him a compliment

Emotional Development

Processing and understanding feelings

Negative Reinforcement

Removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of a behavior - The teacher allows students to talk to each other if they all earn "A's on a quiz. The teacher is removing a stimulus (class-wide silence) in response to a behavior to increase the likelihood of the behavior

A high school elective teacher has an inclusion class in which the students have significant variations in abilities and needs, including two students who attend class with a 1:1 instructional assistant. When assigning small group activities, the teacher regularly arranges mixed groups which include students with and without disabilities. Which of the following describes the most important benefit of grouping students in this manner?

Promoting positive relationships between all students by allowing them to collaborate and connect - Arranging mixed groups allows all of the students to learn from each other and promotes an inclusive setting. Students with severe needs may be in a self-contained setting for a portion of their school day, so the elective class is a great opportunity for all peers to interact.

During the intermediate and middle school years, it is recognized that emerging adolescents have a need for independence and opportunities for variety in their classroom instruction and assessment. Which of the following would be the best method to meet these needs when planning lessons?

Provide instructional activities allowing students to make choices from a variety of teacher suggestions concerning their classroom assignments and activities. - This is the best way to address this need, because it includes instructional opportunities which provide more than one type of activity or assignment from which students can choose. This allows for student autonomy and the students will likely feel that they are not being told what they must do.

A ninth-grade English teacher has an inclusion class that includes English Learners, students with disabilities, and students who are reading at a variety of levels. The teacher assigns a writing project. Which of the following is the most effective way for the teacher to accommodate the needs of the students in the class?

Provide students with a graphic organizer for outlining their reports and a list of approved sources. - Providing an outline for organizing the content of the report will be valuable for the students, particularly those who have disabilities. Providing a list of approved sources will allow the students to focus on their research rather than having to spend time locating sources.

Provide students with an opportunity to be actively engaged in the learning process. - All the students can participate in this activity and it encourages students to think of creative words. Actively engaging students in the learning process is very important.

Which of the following is the most effective way for a teacher to help a tactile learner understand the consistency of Earth's mantle?

Provide students with modeling clay to touch and squish while the teacher describes the mantle. - A tactile, or kinesthetic, learner learns best through physical activities. Feeling the texture of the modeling clay, which is solid yet pliable, is more effective for a tactile learner than a verbal description, a picture, or a demonstration.

Reinforcement

Providing positive responses to positive behaviors in an effort to increase the frequency

Eighth-grade students are about to engage in a peer-assessment activity prior to the completion of a summative project. Which of the following would be the best tool for the teacher to use to help ensure positive student interactions during this activity?

Providing sentence frames for constructive feedback - Providing students with ideas for how to word their feedback can be a very helpful tool for students at any age. A list of sentence frames might include "I noticed that you ___. I wonder if you could add ___." or "Your ____ really drew me in. Could you add more detail to _____." This type of tool helps students understand how to put their ideas into words in constructive ways and helps them avoid general feedback that may be less helpful, such as "I thought it was really good!"

An elementary teacher has created small groups based on reading level for guided-reading instruction. A few weeks after creating the reading groups, the teacher notices that three students seem to be reading at a higher level than the other students in their groups. Which of the following steps should the teacher take to meet the needs of these students?

Reassess the students' reading levels and adjust the groups accordingly. - Guided-reading groups should be flexible and should be adjusted regularly based on student progress and needs.

A new preschool teacher is making changes to her literacy center halfway through the school year. The current center includes headphones, age-appropriate books, paper, markers, laminated spelling worksheets, and letter matching games. Which of the following changes should the teacher make to the center?

Remove the spelling worksheets and add magnetic letters. Spelling worksheets are not developmentally appropriate for a preschool literacy center. Instead, students would benefit from being able to manipulate different magnetic letters.

Negative Punishment

Removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior - Removing phone privilege from a student for using it to play games during instructional time

An elementary teacher wants to encourage more active participation from all students during lessons. Which of the following steps should the teacher take in order to achieve this goal?

Respond to all students' answers and contributions in a positive and constructive manner. - Responding to students' answers in this way will help establish an environment where students feel safe taking risks. This will encourage students to answer more questions and participate in discussions.

A high school English teacher has an inclusion classroom in which several of the students have IEPs. The teacher is preparing to give the first assessment and would like to make adjustments to the assessment for the students with IEPs. What would be the most appropriate first step for the teacher to take?

Review the students' IEPs to determine what types of accommodations and modifications are recommended. - Each Individualized Education Program (IEP) includes specific accommodations and/or modifications that are recommended according to a student's needs. Reviewing each student's IEP is essential because students may have very different needs.

Mr. Franco has noticed that Sandra, an ELL student in his class, is always doing something with her pen, whether doodling, making a list or taking notes. From this information, Mr. Franco might infer that:

Sandra is a visual learner. - Visual learners like to see and observe things, including pictures, diagrams, written directions and more. It is common for visual learners to take a lot of notes and draw pictures to reinforce ideas.

Seat students in groups of three that include a student from each school -

Ms. Craig is a preschool teacher who is getting a new student with mild hearing loss. Which of the following steps would be the most effective way to ensure this student's needs are met?

Seat the student near the teacher during lessons or read-a-louds. - This would likely be an adequate accommodation to provide for a child with mild hearing loss.

A middle school science teacher is planning an intensive lab and would like to have volunteers help. What is the best method to handle sign ups?

Send all parents an invitation to volunteer and take names on a first-come, first-served basis. - The teacher should give all parents an equal opportunity to sign up, but only allow a set number each class period.

A preschool teacher and her colleagues often plan lessons and celebrations surrounding different holidays. The teacher would like to be thoughtful and conscious of her students' various cultures when planning these lessons. Which of the following is the best strategy for the teacher to take?

Send an optional parent survey at the beginning of the year asking if there are any special holidays their family celebrates or does not celebrate. - This is an appropriate step to take and allows the teacher to gather information about students' different cultures and celebrations.

Which of the following is an effective way to promote a student's sense of belonging in a cooperative classroom community?

Set aside time for a weekly classroom meeting that addresses issues and focuses on solutions. - This allows students to feel heard on issues and to participate in a solution-focused environment.

Read the information below and answer the questions that follow: Ms. Johnson will be starting her first year as a 6th-grade teacher at Plainfield Middle School this fall. In preparation for the upcoming year, she reads through the school's mission statement and finds the following: "Plainfield Middle School believes it is important for children to be involved and enthusiastic participants in their education. Thus, we encourage students to exercise curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity in an active, collaborative learning environment. Our teachers demonstrate expertise in their fields and a passion for lifelong learning." In which of the following ways could Ms. Johnson demonstrate her passion for lifelong learning?

Sharing recommendations of books she has recently read on the classroom bulletin board, alongside student recommendations - By sharing her own personal recommendations, Ms. Johnson is showing her enthusiasm for reading and demonstrating to the students that she is an active reader.

An 8th-grade student who is typically high-performing and cheery is suddenly acting withdrawn and performing poorly on exams and assignments. When the teacher pulls the student aside during class to ask her if she is okay, she looks around and says that everything is fine. Which of the following is likely to be the reason for her sudden change in behavior?

She is experiencing bullying by students in the class outside of class time. - Middle and high school is a particularly difficult social stage and students may experience bullying or other social issues. When a student does not feel safe at school, they are likely to also struggle academically. When a student's behavior or academic performance suddenly changes, teachers should check in with the student and their family and potentially connect them with a school counselor, as these can be indicators of a serious external issue such as abuse or bullying.

Rachel is more physically developed than her sixth-grade peers in a heterogeneous class of computer literacy. As part of a daily routine, students are given five websites they can choose to explore individually. Although she does not disrupt the class, Rachel never selects a website and often ignores directions, opting instead to write angry messages. Based on this information, what is the best assessment of Rachel's behavior?

She is responding to personal, physical, or social changes and interactions. - This is the correct answer. The need to be given an assignment is not indicated, since students are given limited choices in keeping with the middle school students' expectation to begin more independent decision-making. In fact, directives and limitations might provoke rebellion in Rachel. There is no information given to assume that she has cognitive limitations, and while she may have limited access to technology outside of school, any limitation would likely be irrelevant in this situation. She is responding to personal changes and interactions with her environment.

Which of the following is most important factor in building active engagement in students?

Showing enthusiasm for the topic - When a teacher shows enthusiasm for the topic, their students are more likely to be interested in it themselves. In addition to showing interest in the topic, teachers must also show enthusiasm for their students - showing appropriate interest in their lives, encouraging their abilities, and being curious about their ideas. These elements help students develop independent interest in the topic rather than simply working for a grade or for praise from the teacher.

Which of the following classroom practices best models Eric Erikson's behavioral theory?

Students are given differentiated assignments that allow them to succeed often. - Erikson focused on individuals accomplishing tasks during different phases in life. A classroom that is set up for many opportunities to succeed models this theory.

Which of the following scenarios might indicate an issue with emotional development?

Steven, a 6th-grader, often cries at the end of class because he was off-task during work time and will need to complete the in-class assignment as homework. - The fact that this is frequent behavior, that Steven is having a big reaction to a reasonably small issue, and that Steven seems unable to attribute the issue to his own behavior and change the behavior are all cause for concern and suggest an issue with emotional regulation.

Ms. Hill often uses flexible grouping with her second-grade class. For which of the following reasons might Ms. Hill choose to group her students homogeneously for a task?

Students differ in their preferred method of accessing content (e.g. reading, listening, watching videos, etc.). - All students differ in the ways that they perceive and comprehend information, and teachers can accommodate this by providing different media to each group of students.

Connectionism

Students learn by repeating a series of stimulus and response

Students respond to expectations, and low expectations will reinforce to low achieving students that they are less able to achieve. - Students respond to the teacher's expectations. The teacher's low expectations will be met by the students; Mr. Kramer should alter his expectations and attitude toward low-achieving students to convey higher expectations.

English Language Learned (ELLs)

Students who are learning the English language, or for whom English is not a first language

Ms. Johnson will be starting her first year as a 6th-grade teacher at Plainfield Middle School this fall. In preparation for the upcoming year, she reads through the school's mission statement and finds the following: "Plainfield Middle School believes it is important for children to be involved and enthusiastic participants in their education. Thus, we encourage students to exercise curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity in an active, collaborative learning environment. Our teachers demonstrate expertise in their fields and a passion for lifelong learning." Ms. Johnson has been given her own classroom and wants to ensure that the classroom setup promotes active, collaborative learning, as described in the school mission statement. Which of the following classroom setups would be most appropriate?

Tables that form small groups - A classroom setup with tables forming small groups maximizes students' opportunities for interaction and discussion. It is ideal for active, collaborative learning.

Students in an eighth-grade math class represent a wide range of skill acquisition and cognitive development, from concrete operational to formal operational thought. What is the teacher's best strategy for planning instruction of a geometry unit for this degree of cognitive variation among students?

Take students on campus to identify concrete examples and construct models of various geometric shapes, in order to illustrate abstract content. - This is the best option because it allows for application from concrete to abstract with their peers.

All of the following are ways that teachers can create a climate of high expectations except:

Taking a directive role in planning activities, providing little opportunity for student choice. - Students should be given choices in their learning. Giving students autonomy to make decisions reinforces expectations and encourages self-monitoring.

A high school teacher is looking to make changes in the classroom to promote a more inclusive environment that will increase social and emotional learning (SEL). Which of the following changes is likely to have the most positive impact?

Talking to students about personal interests and sharing similar experiences. - Students will be more engaged if they know that their teacher cares about their aspirations.

Which of the following examples would best help students to improve their skills of metacognition?

Teach learning strategies and have students pinpoint which work best with new assignments. - In order to improve students' metacognition, or an awareness of how they learn and what they know, teachers should model different learning strategies (annotating text, graphic organizers, etc.) and discuss which methods work with certain content and lessons. In this way, students will begin to understand how to organize material for their own consumption.

A second-grade teacher has noticed that her students are struggling to express their emotions in an appropriate way. They get frustrated or mad at a friend and pout until another situation distracts them. What would be the best method to address this issue?

Teach students a script to use when they've been upset. For example: Student 1 says, "It hurt my feelings when ____." Then, Student 2 responds, "I'm sorry. Please forgive me for ___." - This gives students a concrete way to express their emotions and to move on from the situation.

A kindergarten teacher observes the following conversation between two students at the kitchen center. Marcus: (Loudly) Hey! I was playing with that! Jose: You have some food. I want this pot! Marcus: I was here first! You're stealing. I'm telling! Jose: (Yelling) You're mean and I'm not your friend anymore! Which of the following steps should the teacher take to alleviate this situation?

Teach students how to talk calmly and agree on what to play together - This strategy teaches students to develop their negotiation skills and learn how to resolve the problem on their own in the future.

Mr. Ivin's algebra class is learning the pythagorean theorem. He has two students that are auditory learners and are struggling with the concept. What activity would best help them learn the theorem?

Teach the class a short song that has the key components of the pythagorean theorem. - This is best suited for auditory learners to retain information.

Interventionists

The opposite of non-interventionists. They think by providing external stimulation, they can alter behavior and therefore control the individual's actions. - Will try to create incentives to manage student behavior through a highly structured classroom. They will monitor how the incentives are changing behavior and alter the incentives accordingly. The teacher takes responsibility for all behaviors.

What role do teachers and parents/guardians play in the academic success of elementary students?

The adults set high expectations, which help students succeed. - Adults that believe in children and set high expectations for them are the main determinant of success.

Children develop language skills as they grow. Which of the following represents age appropriate language skills for a child when is seven years old?

The child expresses opinions and holds conversations. - Between the ages of 5 and 8, children learn to express opinions and hold detailed conversations.

Which of the following actions by a two-year-old demonstrates the emergence of parallel play?

The child sits next to a peer who is stacking blocks and begins building their own separate tower. - This describes an example of parallel play. The children are playing side-by-side and doing a similar activity, but are not engaging with one another.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities - IEP goals

The new AP is trying to help Mr. Shaf improve the climate of the classroom to allow students to feel emotionally safe enough to ask questions and improve their access to learning. - It is important for students to feel safe both physically and emotionally in order for them to be able to learn new concepts.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)

The state foundation curriculum developed by the State Board of Education, that requires all students to demonstrate the knowledge and skills necessary to read, write, compute, problem solve, think critically, apply technology, and communicate across all subject areas

An eighth-grade student is having difficulty writing down homework and staying organized when gathering materials to transition to the next class period. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping the student to become better organized and implement these strategies when preparing to transition between classes?

The student uses a self-monitoring chart that lists steps to take to record homework and organize materials before leaving the classroom. - Using a checklist will help the student to organize materials independently. Using the same checklist for each class will reinforce this skill.

Mr. Banner is a teacher that utilizes a variety of instructional activities, such as lectures, group projects, videos, and research projects in his classroom. Which of the following describes the greatest benefit of using a variety of instructional activities in a classroom?

The teacher addresses the different learning styles of the students. - Teachers should accommodate instruction to meet the varying learning styles of their students. By varying the instructional strategies, Mr. Banner can address the auditory, visual, and tactile learning styles of his students.

Which of the following strategies for establishing behavioral expectations is the most likely to be effective based on current research?

The teacher collaborates with students to create a list of expectations they all agree to follow. - Classroom management is most effective when students feel a sense of ownership over the space and the culture of the classroom. This can be achieved by collaborating with students to create a list of behavior expectations that all students can agree to follow. This is often part of establishing groups of adults as well (i.e., group norms) and can be effective at any grade level.

Search Engine

The tool used to locate information in a computer database Ex: Google, Kiddle

The use of a motivational technique promoting engagement due to common knowledge and experiences, plus the acceptance of all responses. - This is the best answer choice because Mrs. Baldor knows that most of her students will have some personal familiarity with this topic and will be willing to share because their responses are validated and there is no single right answer.

Interactionist

Theorizes that action can be explained by analyzing the factors around the child. They think that growth occurs during the interaction between the child and society, and by studying all the factors that it is possible to understand and conceivably alter behavior by altering the various factors

Non-Interventionist

Theory assumes people are naturally striving to be good and they want to improve, and thus the teacher does not need to intervene regarding behavior issues because the child is trying to improve. Non-interventionists believe that adults need to allow children as much room as needed so they can grow and improve naturally on their own. - Discipline students much less because they do not want to punish or impede a student's natural desire to improve. Students manage their own behaviors with subtle guidance from the teacher such as eye contact or a gentle pat on the shoulder when misbehaving.

Which of the following is the greatest educational benefit of using collaborative learning groups and active learning activities in the classroom?

These methods address a variety of learning styles and allow students to take ownership of their learning. - These are the greatest educational benefits of those listed.

Cognitive Development

Thinking or learning

Operant Conditioning

This theory uses positive and negative stimulus to get a particular outcome.

At the start of every school year, Mr. Brown writes his students a letter telling them about himself, and he asks them to write him back as their first assignment. The main purpose of this activity is:

To develop a trusting relationship with students. - It's important for a teacher to open up to students in order for students to feel comfortable opening up in response. By telling students personal details about his life, he is being vulnerable and inviting students to do the same, thus building a trusting relationship.

A kindergarten teacher begins each day with circle time on the rug. During circle time, the teacher asks students a "question of the day" related to their interests. Students turn and talk with a partner to share their answer. The teacher then gives a few students an opportunity to share their response to the question with the whole class.

To establish a welcoming environment and a sense of community within the class - This morning routine helps students feel welcome within the classroom and comfortable with one another.

An elementary teacher greets each student at the door each morning with a handshake or fist bump. What are the teacher's main reasons for doing this?

To make students feel welcome and set a positive tone for the day - Greeting each student in this manner makes students feel welcome and helps establish a positive tone and atmosphere. Allowing students a choice in how they make a connection each day can help them feel respected and safe.

A first-grade teacher has created homogeneous groups of three to five students based on their level of mastery of a particular math skill. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to utilize these groups?

To provide differentiated small-group instruction on the identified math skill - Small-group instruction is an appropriate time to use homogeneous groups to target specific skills.

A student has an IEP for ADHD and the accommodation list includes "preferential seating to avoid distractions." Which of the following classroom placements would likely be best for this student?

Toward the front of the room - Seating a student toward the front of the room may help them focus during direct instruction and may allow the teacher to help redirect their behavior during independent work time via proximity. This is likely the best choice for this student given their needs.

Which of the following activities would be most effective for a tactile learner to learn about the phases of mitosis?

Use color-coded pieces of yarn to represent the chromosomes. The yarn acts as a manipulative the student can use to represent the phases of mitosis. This activity would benefit a tactile learner the most, because it involves physical activity on the part of the student in order to represent the phases.

Which is the best way to help elementary students learn the scientific method?

Use ideas from the scientific method, with explicit instruction, in hands-on investigations throughout the year. Enabling students to repeatedly follow the scientific method, along with explicit instruction focusing on what they are doing and what they could do next, leads to real student understanding about the process of doing science.

Specator Play

Watching others play without engaging; ages 2-2.5 years

Which of the following questions would best support a culture of high expectations?

What do you think you could improve next time? - This question is supportive but asks students to consider elements of their work that they could improve. This promotes reflection and is an open-ended question that helps students set their own goals for growth.

Which question below would help fourth-grade students to use metacognition when completing reading comprehension questions on a standardized practice test?

Which learning strategies have you used for this question? - Asking students to identify learning strategies will help them to increase their understanding of how they learn and increase their own knowledge. Skills in metacognition can help students recognize how to answer difficult questions.

Mr. Blanson is planning a unit on land formations. Which of the following would serve as an effective introduction activity to activate prior knowledge?

With students in pairs, provide a list of land formations and ask the students to sketch a picture of each from memory. - Letting students work in pairs and sketch the images from memory will give them an opportunity to activate prior knowledge, both through their discussion with their partner and trying to remember themselves what the land formation looks like. Activities that activate prior knowledge are excellent introductory activities.

Which of the following terms best describes a cognitive process that uses indirect and creative approaches to solve problems?

lateral thinking - Lateral thinking involves creating new solutions to existing problems or approaching them in a new manner.

Thematic Unit

a unit that has an overarching, uniting idea or topic, and incorporates skills into that theme. It can be within one subject-area or support cross-curricular instruction. Ex: when teaching the rainforest - Writing - write poems focused on rainforest imagery - Research - researching a rainforest related topic - Science - lessons about the rainforest ecosystem - Geography - studying the locations of rainforests - Math - using real-world story problems using the rainforest

Annotate

making notes in a text and questioning unfamiliar ideas while reading something new

A teacher knows that activating students' prior knowledge before learning about a new topic is a great way to engage students and improve their learning experience. Which of the following activities can she use to accomplish this? Select all answers that apply.

a brainstorming session - A brainstorming session is prompted by a question or comment by the teacher. When conducted before reading a text or watching a video, a brainstorming session is a great way to tap into students' prior knowledge. a concept map - Asking students to create concept maps can help a teacher to assess the prior knowledge of students. A concept map is a visual representation of information that depicts the relationships between concepts. an anticipatory guide - An anticipatory guide is a comprehension strategy in which students respond to several statements that challenge or support their beliefs before reading a text or watching/listening to a video.

Hardware

a computer and the associated physical equipment directly involved in the performance of data processing or communication functions

Small Group Instruction

a few members of the class learning together, as opposed to whole-group instruction - the students rotated through learning stations while the teacher pulled a few students to her table at a time for small group instruction

Virus

a foreign computer program that runs against the owner's desire and typically runs one or multiple programs

Blooms Taxonomy

a hierarchy of levels of knowledge; each level has associated verbs teachers can use to start questions - "identify" is at a lower level than "argue" because it requires a lower level of thinking

Peer-Reviewed Journal

a high quality source of information which uses experts to screen each article submitted to the publication Ex: The New England Journal of Medicine

A teacher is teaching an early elementary class that all animals grow and develop over time. Which of the following supports would best enhance a visual learner's ability to explain the changes during the process of a caterpillar becoming a butterfly?

a pictorial diagram of using labeled arrows to indicate the changes - A pictorial diagram is a visual support that helps visual learners make sense of material.

A teacher is teaching a class that all of our food comes from the sun through a series of energy transfers. Which of the following supports would best enhance a visual learner's ability to explain the energy transfers that occur during this process?

a pictorial diagram using arrows to indicate the series of energy transfers - A pictorial diagram is a visual support that helps visual learners make sense of material.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

a plan created by a committee of general and special educators, parents, specialists, and administrators to provide a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) that is tailored to their needs and goals. - IEP goals

Scope & Sequence

a plan for the order and depth of skills to be taught throughout the year. Scope refers to the topics to be covered and how deeply to cover them, while the sequence describes the order in which the topics are to be taught.

According to B.F. Skinner, which of the following is an example of a positive reinforcement?

a reward is offered; a desirable behavior increases - Positive reinforcement means that a reward is given in order to increase positive behavior.

Anticipation guide

a series of statements used to preview and activate prior knowledge before reading a text

Mr. Hampton, a sixth-grade science teacher, is beginning an instructional unit and has planned the following instructional activities: two slideshow presentations followed by a group discussion and a worksheet, a classroom discussion, two experiments, and one field trip. The wide variety of instructional activities best demonstrates Mr. Hampton's understanding of which of the following principles?

a sixth-grade class represents a wide range of cognitive developmental levels - Mr. Hampton's wide variety of instructional activities demonstrates his knowledge that the sixth-grade class will require a wide variety of instructional activities due to the cognitive diversity in the classroom.

App

a software application that is designed to perform a specific function for the user and can be utilized for teaching purposes Ex: remind, canvas, kahoot

Networks (for computers)

a system of computers that share information

Which of the following types of learners would benefit most from the activity described below? A history class is learning about US presidents. The teacher asks each student to pick a president that they want to learn more about, and the class has a day in which the students dress up as the president and provide information about the goals they achieved during their term in office.

a tactile learner - A role-play activity, such as the one described, is a great activity for tactile or kinesthetic learners. These students learn best when they are involved in the learning process by doing.

Closure Activity

a time to summarize the learning for the day - What question(s) do you still have about today's lesson?

Graphic organizer

a visual display of the relationships between facts and ideas Ex: graphic organizers, such as story maps, timelines, Venn diagrams and K-W-L charts, help students organize information

Which of the following behaviors is not common for a seven-year-old student?

able to write paragraphs - This is a skill that is more often developed at age nine.

A 7th-grade ELA teacher notices that a student is only picking up on concrete concepts and struggles to understand figurative language or identify subtextual story elements such as theme. This might indicate that the student is delayed in exhibiting what characteristic of the "formal operations" stage of cognitive development?

abstract thought Abstract thought is typically developed in the last stage of cognitive development. At this stage, students should be able to understand abstract concepts such as theme in a story, even if the theme is not explicitly stated. A student who struggles with this skill might only be able to comprehend elements of a text that are explicitly stated.

Word wall

an on-going bulletin board with common terms used frequently in the classroom. Vocabulary words are added as they re introduced

A science teacher uses labs to reinforce concepts taught in class. Students must read the lab as they participate, then turn in a written conclusion that has at least one illustration and one graph. Then, they will receive points for a class discussion about data at the end. What type of learner is the teacher targeting?

all of the above - The discussion will target auditory learners. Reading the lab, drawing a picture, and creating a graph will target visual learners. Doing the lab and working with materials will target kinesthetic learners.

When instructing students to look through primary and secondary sources, the most important reason for offering as wide a variety of research media as possible is to:

allow each student to use the medium that best suits their learning style. - Some students may be more comfortable and better suited to reading books than reading online. By allowing students to be comfortable in their research, it increases the possibility of enjoyment and productivity from the students.

Ms. Davidson creates a very detailed syllabus at the start of the school year for her 8th-grade science class. Every week she introduces a new concept, and once a week, her students conduct an experiment related to the topic in a science lab. She has been following the same curriculum and using the same materials for years. Recently, she has felt that her students aren't as engaged as she would like. Which of the following activities is most likely to increase student motivation?

allowing students to choose the theme and methods to try in their experiments - Research shows that allowing students to have a say in their learning increases their motivation. When students are able to choose topics that interest them, they are more likely to be engaged.

A fourth-grade teacher is planning a project in which students will research an important historical figure. The teacher would like to use this as an opportunity for students to take ownership of their own learning. Which of the following steps would help the teacher achieve this goal?

allowing students to choose their historical figure and providing options for how students will demonstrate their knowledge - Providing students with choices in the topic they research as well as choices in their final product is an effective strategy for encouraging a sense of ownership of their own learning.

Culturally Responsive teaching

an approach that recognizes the important of including students' cultures in all aspects of learning - learning about students' background and interested to cultivate authentic relationships in which students feel respected and valued is an example of culturally responsive teaching

In which of the following contexts would the use of interactive instruction be most appropriate?

an engineering science lab - This type of activity would benefit from students being able to freely exchange ideas, learn from each other, and collaborate to complete the task. There might then be an independent component in which students reflect on the process.

Collaboration Software

applications designed for multiple users to share and work on files and documents together

Questioning

asking questions to gather information Ex: troubleshoot an issue, design a questionnaire

Asynchronous Communication

communication that does not occur at the same place or time - Teachers working together on a lesson plan by using collaboration software to track changes and make comments instead of sitting in a room together at the same time to complete the task.

Qualitative Assessment

assessments that describe a person, object, or activity - Interviews, self-reflective surveys, and observational response questions

Quantitative Assessments

assessments that objectively measure a specific performance - Teacher-created tests, standardized tests, and rubrics

Which of the following activities for studying cell organelles would best serve a kinesthetic learner?

assigning each student an organelle and acting out a play about them - Acting in a play would best serve a kinesthetic learner, who learns by doing. Assigning each organelle as a character would help the student draw connections between organelles and show how they work together.

Accomodations

assistance or changes to the learning process to allow the student to learn the same material as others (changes HOW they learn) - extended time on a test

Henri is an ELL student from France. Henri's teacher has observed that he likes to read out loud to himself and he often repeats what she says in his own voice. He isn't afraid to speak up in class and always performs well on listening tasks. According to these details, Henri's teaching can infer that he is a(n):

auditory learner. - auditory learners tend to learn better when the subject matter is reinforced by sound

A student asks his teacher to help him become better organized. After discussing the situation with the student and offering strategies to improve the student's organization, the teacher offers to meet with him once a week for a few weeks. This is most likely to benefit the student in which way?

by helping him understand and be able to monitor his progress in implementing the new organizational strategies - The teacher can monitor the student's improvement and offer suggestions as the student matures in his organizational skills.

Which characteristic below would not be considered a developmentally appropriate characteristic of an 8-year-old?

can plan ahead and organize action plans with little to no guidance from adults - The ability to plan ahead and organize action plans with little to no guidance from adults is a cognitive characteristic most typical of a child who is 13 or 14 years old.

Data Filtering

choosing specific part of data set for viewing

An English Language Arts teacher is planning a unit on literary genres. During a lesson on prose and poetry, the teacher guides students to complete a Venn diagram. This diagram enhances student learning by:

clarifying complex ideas. - Visual aids like Venn diagrams can help students identify relationships and previously unknown patterns that clarify complex ideas.

Website

collection of web pages housed under a common domain name that are viewed on an internet browser Ex: kids.nationalgeographic.com, learning lab.si.edu

Which of the following best describes Piaget's cognitive stage in which children begin to classify ideas and objects and understand conservation?

concrete operational Students begin to understand concrete ideas (e.g., that the amount of water does not change when it is poured into another container) during the concrete operational phase.

Students in a science class make observations prior to beginning a lab. They record 2 to 3 observations and then write a hypothesis to test. Some students struggle with writing a testable hypothesis. Which stage from Piaget's theory of cognitive development best explains where these students are functioning?

concrete operational These students are in the concrete operational stage, as they can understand concrete things such as making an observation, but have not moved on to more abstract things like proposing a hypothesis.

Mrs. Lilly, a fifth-grade teacher, is explaining to her students how the moon influences ocean tides. She uses a visual aid of a ball and two buckets of water to highlight the differences and causes of a high and low tide. Mrs. Lilly uses the visual aid to enhance student learning because her students are probably at what stage of development in terms of Piaget's theory?

concrete operational - Most fifth-grade students are at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. Students at this cognitive development stage are capable of understanding abstract concepts, but they typically need a concrete example to help them master the subject.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a typically developing fourth-grade student is in which stage of development?

concrete operational - This is the third stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development and typically occurs from ages 7 to 11. Most fourth-grade students are either 9 or 10 years old, placing them in the concrete operational stage.

Which of the following represents the stages of cognitive development you would expect for most high school students?

concrete operational and formal operational - the concert operational stage is generally in the age range form 7 to 11 years, but some high school students may still be in this stage. the formal operational stage is general in the age range from 12 to adult

At which of the following phases do children begin to think logically

concrete operations - children from first grade through adolescence are able to begin to think logically by picturing concepts without always relying on concrete examples

A second grade teacher does a demonstration where she fills the same cup with water and then pours it into different-shaped containers. One container is tall and thin, while the other is short and wide. She asks students which container holds more water and some students answer correctly while others choose the taller, larger container. What concept is the teacher evaluating?

conservation of mass The mass of the water does not change even though the shape of the container does.

Two children are playing together on the playground. One pretends to be a cat, and the other pretends to be the cat's owner. The two play a game where the owner feeds, pets, and plays with the cat. These children are demonstrating characteristics of which stage of play?

cooperative play The cooperative stage of play best aligns with the children described because the play is organized around a shared activity, and they are cooperating in their play.

Which of the following steps should a kindergarten teacher take to ensure that their classroom is developmentally appropriate for their students?

create several play-based centers - Play is a crucial element in early childhood education. Play-based centers allow students to learn social, cognitive, and academic skills.

A 7th-grade social studies teacher is planning a research unit that will ask students to explore primary sources and draw their own conclusions to determine whether or not the American patriots were right to seek independence. This unit will primarily teach which skill?

critical thinking - The combination of researching primary sources and asking students to draw their own conclusions about a potentially fraught topic are both key parts of teaching critical thinking. Students will need to look for their own evidence in primary sources and use that evidence to support their claim. The teacher will teach skills that help students develop critical thinking.

Which of the following is a typical developmental milestone for secondary-age students?

developing a sense of self - In late-middle and high school, students develop a sense of self. This can be a long process and often involves making and breaking friendships, testing their own boundaries, and experiencing a wide range of emotions.

Input/Output Devices

devices that send information to and receive information from computers Ex: keyboard, mouse

Which of the following aspects of teaching practice is most important for the academic growth of all students learning in a diverse classroom?

differentiated instruction - Differentiated instruction inherently involves teaching to students with different abilities, interests, backgrounds, etc. Differentiation is key for teaching diverse groups of learners.

When doing group work, a first-grade teacher groups her students randomly, typically resulting in heterogeneous groups. But, today she has chosen to group them homogeneously. What might the teacher be trying to achieve in grouping the students in this way?

differentiation to work on a skill - Homogeneous groups (or groups formed based on shared characteristics) are the best way to group students when a teacher wants to focus on the lesson on the area in which each student needs the most practice.

A social studies teacher has students work together to create a "smart" city. As part of the assignment, students must interview someone from City Hall and the teacher helps make arrangements. This approach to learning is considered:

discovery learning.

discovery learning. - Discovery learning is inquiry-based and uses real-world resources to further learning.

Which of the following would be best suited for a class of three- and four-year-olds?

dress-up clothes such as construction vests, aprons, and doctor's coats Pretend play is a crucial activity for young children to engage in, and these items would encourage pretend play.

Which of the following would not negatively impact a student's physical development?

emotional abuse - While emotional abuse is not acceptable, it generally does not impact a child's physical development.

Which of the following activities could be implemented in an elementary school classroom to appeal to students' need for peer approval?

encouraging students to use kind words and praise their peers' efforts when trying new or difficult tasks This will appeal to students' need for peer approval since they will be reminded of the class expectation to speak kindly. Focus on efforts rather than performance will help all peers to feel a sense of accomplishment for trying their best.

Inclusion

ensuring students with disabilities are included in classroom activities as much as possible

A teacher has an eighth-grade science class with a wide range of student abilities. With this in mind, which of the following is the best way to present physics concepts?

explain abstract concepts using mathematical equations and include a physical demonstration - Most students in an eighth-grade science class will be able to understand the abstract concepts of physics. (Abstract thought occurs in the formal operations development.) However, it is best to reinforce concepts with physical demonstrations, to ensure that students who might not be as developmentally mature can grasp the concepts.

Developmentally appropriate traits of five year old children include the ability to

express feelings, follow three-step commands, and copy basic shapes - by age five, a child is typically able to express feelings, follow three-step commands, and copy basic shapes

A kindergarten teacher has just begun a new school year and wants the students to develop a greater knowledge of self-concept. Which of the following discussion topics would be most appropriate for the students?

families - This is the best answer as all students will have a family, regardless of prior knowledge or socioeconomic background.

Which of the following would be a developmentally-appropriate activity for typical students?

first-grade students using manipulatives to understand addition and subtraction - This is developmentally appropriate and students of various levels can be given questions with more or less difficulty

Cultural/Individual Stereotypes

general assumptions made about individuals or groups, sometimes based on information that is not correct or incomplete Ex: boys are better at math than girls

Inductive Reasoing

generalizing knowledge from one area to another Ex; if a random sample of a population shows a correlation in improved health with a new drug, it can be induced that the drugs will be helpful for others in the population

Concrete examples

hands-on materials or real-world scenarios used to illustrate abstract concepts

Mr. Johnson always designs his lessons with some flexibility. He likes to give his students the ability to choose between a wide range of options when completing assignments. He does this because he knows that the average middle school student:

has an increasing need for autonomy - Students in middle school exhibit a desire for increased autonomy. A simple way to give students a sense of autonomy is to provide them with activities in which they can make choices about the topics they will learn or how they will learn.

A new first-grade teacher is collecting books for the classroom library. In addition to finding books that relate to many different topics and interests, the teacher should focus on selecting books that:

have a wide variety of reading levels. - It is important that a classroom library include a wide variety of topics and reading levels to meet the needs of all students.

A third-grade teacher receives a new program for project-based learning on her classroom devices that allows students to illustrate and/or add text to a graphic. An example of a developmentally appropriate activity that best demonstrates the application of this technology to all individuals in her classroom would be to:

have groups of students complete a representation of the chapter book they are reading in their preferred format (illustration, graphic image, report, etc.). - By allowing the students to utilize the program via their unique learning methodology, the teacher is increasing engagement and access to the concept being taught.

As the second-grade teachers are planning their next unit, they focus on differentiation for individual students. What is the best method for reaching students?

having centers with different level activities and each child works on their level - This allows each student to succeed and meet individual goals.

Activate Prior knowledge

helping students remember what they already know about the topic

An elementary teacher observes that some students use their fingers to count, add, and subtract after showing mastery of these skills on a test. The teacher should be aware that this act:

helps students guide their own thinking. Students will use private speech, talking to themselves, and finger counting as ways to ensure that their thinking is on the right track. They generally outgrow this behavior by the end of elementary.

When teaching social studies, Ms. Linder is hoping to encourage self-directed learning. What result is she hoping to achieve with this focus?

increased student ownership of learning - One of the by products of self-directed learning is students beginning to take responsibility for their own education and developing a sense of ownership in their learning. Students will most likely have a better learning experience and become lifelong learners if they have ownership in their education.

It is important for teachers to make time for group work in the classroom because group work, when done effectively, does all of the following except:

increases student feelings of autonomy - There is no evidence that suggests that group work increases student feelings of autonomy.

A class is learning about the different eras of innovation, from the Industrial Revolution to modern times. As part of the unit, the teacher asks students to choose any invention that has influenced their lives in a drastic way and write about the history of that invention. She gives the students a choice because giving students a choice:

increases their intrinsic motivation - Students learn better if they can relate a topic to their lives. This increases their intrinsic motivation, or the motivation to do something because it's enjoyable and interesting, rather than because of an outside incentive, such as a reward.

Which of the following activities would be implemented to maximize instructional time? Select all answers that apply.

independent warm-up activities - By establishing clear expectations and a routine for warm-up activities, students can get started on a learning activity before the whole class is even in their seats and settled. This makes the most of the class period, and helps students transition into the classroom by providing a quiet and structured activity rather than allowing students to chat and wander at the start of class. learning centers or station rotations - Learning centers or station rotations maximize class time by allowing the teacher to meet with small learning groups and provide differentiated instruction without any wasted time while others wait for instruction. All students can participate without having to wait for directions or teacher help.

Comprehensible Input

information that can be understood despite language barriers. Legally required to be provided to all ELL students under statute set by Lau vs. Nichols - if a teacher uses comprehensible input for her ELL students, they can understand the essence of what is being said even if they do not know every word or structure used int he message

A first-grade teacher notices that a student is solving addition problems by drawing circles then counting the total. This should indicate to the teacher that the student:

is using a developmentally appropriate strategy to represent the concept of addition. - Using drawings to represent addition problems is a developmentally appropriate and effective strategy for a first-grade student to use.

During a unit about ancient Egypt, a teacher gives teams of partners a photo of real hieroglyphics. She asks the students to translate the early writing and to carefully explain their thinking to a partner. Which of the following would not be achieved by completing this activity?

learning how hieroglyphics were created - This activity would involve speculation. It would not help students learn facts about hieroglyphics.

Visual learning

learning primarily by seeing things Ex: written examples

Kinestetic Learning/Tactile Learning

learning primarily by touching things or doing an activity Ex: create and act out plays or kits

Auditory methods

lessons using materials for students to listen to Ex: speeches, music, or direct instruction

Tactile methods

lessons using materials for students to touch and handle Ex: encouraging students to take notes, use study sheets, build dioramas or models

According to Jean Piaget's periods of cognitive development, students in upper elementary begin to apply which of the following?

logical interpretations - At this age, students do best with concrete examples, and they can arrive at logical conclusions from these examples.

maximizing time on-task for the class throughout the year - These procedures can save valuable time each day, which over the course of the year equals many more instructional minutes.

Which of the following terms describes the cognitive process represented when the student writes questions in the margin of a current event article in social studies class?

metacognition - Questioning is one way that students can demonstrate thinking about their learning process which is part of metacognition.

Which of these is not considered a risky behavior for a high school student?

missing Saturday morning practice due to oversleeping - while missing practice is not ideal, it will not likely lead to long-term consequences

Blog/Discussion Board

platform for posts about various subjects and comments on the posts Ex: Edublogs, Flipgrid

Learning Management System (LMS)

platform used to create and deliver digital content

Parallel Play

playing a similar activity alongside a peer without interaction; ages 2.5-3 years

Solitary play

playing independently or alone; ages 0-2 years

Egocentric thought is a characteristic of which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

preoperational Egocentric thought describes the phenomenon of young children assuming that everyone experiences the world in the same way they do. The preoperational stage is defined by egocentric and symbolic thought.

Multimedia Presentation

presentations that incorporate sounds, images, videos, and text to impart the speaker's message

Which is the most likely way to engage a class of elementary students in a lesson on the wave properties of frequency, wavelength, and amplitude while still presenting the best learning opportunity? After giving a few examples:

project pictures of transverse waves of different wavelength and amplitude, while for each, students wiggle fast or slow to indicate frequency, and with large wiggles or small wiggles to indicate amplitude. - Students must individually process and apply the information, which allows the teacher to check for understanding and allows immediate reteaching if needed. Elementary students also tend to do well with connecting movements to ideas.

A first-grade teacher writes out the daily class schedule on the board and places large pictures of the activity next to it. By displaying the schedule, the teacher is:

providing all students with a means to independently prepare for transitions and activities. - By displaying the schedule in two forms, the teacher is preparing students of all skill levels to prepare for transitions and future activities.

A third-grade teacher learns that one of their students was recently diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following strategies should the teacher consider using with this student?

providing scheduled breaks for the student during lengthier assignments - Scheduling breaks can be an effective strategy to use with students who have ADHD.

A student was recently dismissed from the English as a Second Language (ESL) program after showing proficient skills in everyday spoken English. The student is continuing to struggle with academic language and needs assistance when answering vocabulary-intense questions in class. Which of the following would be an appropriate accommodation for the student?

providing sentence stems to help with answering questions - Providing a sentence stem can help the student feel confident and able to answer questions appropriately while continuing to build vocabulary skills.

Mr. Kirby is working with his team to develop a lesson for his eighth-grade language arts class. One colleague recommends using scaffolding to help students better access the information. Which of the following strategies best uses this approach?

providing students with a graphic organizer to fill in as they read material and listen to lectures - As students work throughout the unit to connect ideas, this allows them to scaffold and assimilate the information in a comprehensive manner, since the graphic organizer can be completed and referred to throughout the unit.

During independent work time, a teacher has book chats at the conference table in the room. In order to be available to all students without interrupting the book chat, the teacher should:

put out a sheet where students can write questions that will be addressed between chats. - This allows students to have their needs met throughout class without being disruptive.

There are a handful of students in Mr. Underwood's class who show signs of being at a higher developmental stage than that of their classmates. Mr. Underwood wants to ensure that these students are being challenged. What should he do?

refer the students to a gifted and talented program - Students who have developed either significantly slower or quicker than the other children will need more individualized instruction. A gifted and talented program could take these students out of the classroom to allow in-classroom instruction to be targeted at the typical development stage.

Which of the following strategies provides instruction that supports all levels of cognitive development?

reinforcing challenging concepts with real-world scenarios and opportunities to apply new skills - Connecting challenging concepts with real-world scenarios will help students to access prior knowledge and retain new information. Application of new skills can be differentiated so that students are given different activities based on current levels of development.

ELL teachers use verbal scaffolding to support student understanding. Teachers are aware of their ELLs' existing proficiency levels, and use prompting, questioning, and elaboration to support students' movements to higher levels of language proficiency and thinking. Which of the following options would be an example of verbal scaffolding?

reinforcing context, as when teachers discuss the definition of a word within a sentence - Verbal scaffolding is the way a teacher verbally presents or explains something to aid a learner. Reinforcing context is one technique of verbal scaffolding. An example is this sentence: "Aborigines, the people native to Australia, have a great deal of knowledge about using plants in medicine." The phrase "the people native to Australia" is an example of reinforcing context, since it provides a definition of the word "Aborigines" in the sentence.

Interdisciplinary Learning

relating to more than one curriculum area

Mr. Driscoll is worried about Kai, an English-language learner (ELL) from Brazil. Kai is at the beginning level of language proficiency in speaking and doesn't participate in classroom conversations. Even when Mr. Driscoll asks him a question directly, Kai doesn't say anything. What should Mr. Driscoll do?

respect Kai's silent period - It is normal for an English language learner to have a period of time in which he or she takes in a new language, but doesn't speak it. It's important for teachers to respect the student's "silent period," and provide the student with ways to participate without communicating.

routines prevent wasted time - The teacher does not have to spend instructional time taking attendance.

In order to make speech into a comprehensible input for students, the teacher of English Learners may: Select all answers that apply

show pictures that correspond to the message - Visual aids and gestures arouse the interest of students and help them to better understand the concepts. make gestures to clarify certain actions mentioned - Visual aids and gestures arouse the interest of students and help them to better understand the concepts. slow down the rate of delivery - Slowing down the rate of delivery provides students with more time to process information and use context clues to understand the meaning.

At the beginning of the year, Ms. Harris, a kindergarten teacher, spends several minutes each day having students practice lining up and walking in the hallways. By doing this, Ms. Harris:

shows an understanding of the importance of establishing routines and procedures. - Establishing routines and procedures should involve plenty of practice time, particularly for young children.

The second day of school, a teacher creates an in-class activity that encourages students to work together to solve a problem. The teacher assigns groups randomly by counting off so that students are paired with classmates they may not know well. Which of the four domains of human development would this activity target? Select all answers that apply.

social - Students would be encouraged to interact with each other in a productive way. This would help develop social skills and build relationships between new classmates cognitive - This activity asks students to solve a problem using prior knowledge, critical thinking, and intellectual skills

Which of the following types of play would a teacher most likely observe in a class of 18-24 month-olds?

solitary play - solitary play, in which children play alone and are not yet interested in playing with others, is the most common type of play observed at this age

An elementary science teacher is starting a new unit on the solar system. He is introducing the concept of planets and space and wants to ensure that all of his English-language learners (ELLs) are able to follow along. Which of the following accommodations would be appropriate for ELLs with a beginning level of listening proficiency? Select all answers that apply.

speaking slowly - Speech should be modified when speaking to students with a beginning level of English listening proficiency. Teachers should speak slowly and use simple sentences and basic vocabulary. using pictures and diagrams - Visual supports, such as photos, drawings, and illustrations, are essential for speaking to students with a beginning level of English listening proficiency.

A student has periodically heard her grandmother make comments suggesting boys are better at math than girls. Now, in school, she becomes anxious and easily intimidated in math class. Which of the following terms best describes what this student is experiencing?

stereotype threat - Stereotype threat can cause students to experience anxiety in situations that can potentially reinforce negative stereotypes about their social group. In this case, stereotype threat is making math more difficult for the student.

Ms. Hanson, an eighth-grade science teacher, notices one of her students has begun to talk frequently to her friends while conducting an experiment and is not fulfilling her responsibilities. In addressing the situation with the student, Ms. Hanson should keep in mind that:

students at this age are concerned about their peers' perceptions of themselves, and they have an overwhelming desire to conform to their classmates. - The eighth-grade student places high importance on peer acceptance and may care more about talking with friends than the experiment. By having this understanding of the problem, Ms. Hanson has a better ability to address the problem.

Self-directed learning

students beginning to take responsibility for their own education and developing a sense of ownership in their learning

Mr. Lopez is introducing an instructional unit on World War II to his students. Before he begins an instructional activity, he asks each student to write five questions they have about World War II. At the end of the instructional unit, he returns the five questions and has the students provide answers to their questions. A primary reason for Mr. Lopez utilizing this instructional strategy is to help:

students gain ownership of the learning material, and maintain student interest in the instructional concepts. - It is important for students to gain ownership of instructional activities and concepts, because they will pay greater attention and increase their desire to learn the concepts presented when they feel a sense of ownership in the activities. If students want to learn, they will be able to seek out previous misunderstandings and correct them during regular instruction; students will also gain a better understanding of the material, as they will be more engaged during instruction.

A kindergarten teacher wants to demonstrate the concept of centrifugal force. The best instructional approach would be to:

swing a bucket of water overhead in front of the students and then explain why the water did not fall out. - Kindergarten students learn best when they can see the concept or academic idea. At this developmental level, students would not be able to grasp a lecture of the concept as the students assume all things that are upside down will fall. This is how they have interacted with most objects thus far in their lives. By demonstrating the concept, the students can understand why the water did not fall out.

Ms. Drucker is a very creative teacher. She is always coming up with ideas for new ways to teach concepts and new activities to try with her English Language Arts students. She has a new activity planned for students almost every day. A potential problem with this approach is that introducing new activities:

takes more class time than doing things in a familiar way. - It's beneficial to repeat the same activities enough times so that teachers don't waste time explaining, modeling, practicing, and reinforcing expectations. If an activity is engaging, students won't mind doing it routinely.

Differentiated Instruction

teaching that offers multiple options for learning the material based on different student needs and learning styles

A preschooler has two breakable graham crackers. The child states that when he breaks the two into four separate but equal crackers, he now has more graham crackers. The best assessment of this child's thinking is:

that he has not grasped the concept of a whole and its parts. This is the best answer because the parts-to-whole concept is very abstract. Perhaps he is an only child who never went to preschool before and never used the concept with friends, classmates, or siblings. Because the student may have never had any active experience with this concept, it is difficult for him to comprehend.

Learning goals

the "big picture" focus of a class or unit within a class Ex: the students will understand grammar

metacognition

the ability to think about one's own though process

Least Restrictive Environment

the classroom or setting where the child can be successful, with or without accommodations, and with typical age/grade level peers - general ed classroom

Formal Operational Stage

the final stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development, occurring from 12 years old and beyond, in which people can use deductive reasoning to think abstractly and solve complex problems

Sensorimotor Stage

the first stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development, occurring from birth to two years, in which the world is experienced through objects

Learning style

the manner in which a student learns bets Ex: visual learning

URL Extension

the notation at the end of a web address that categorizes the website type Ex: .edu (extension for websites certified to be managed by an educational institution)

Domain Address

the official name of a website Ex: www.si.edu is the domain address for the Smithsonian Institute

Equity

the opportunity for all students to have equal success in their education Ex: if technology is required for an assignment, planning to provide access to if some students do not have access at home

Gender/sexuality

the outward ways in which a student chooses to express his/her gender via dress, behavior, or other factors - Queer

Sex

the physical state of being a male or female

Software

the programs, routines, and symbolic languages that control the functioning of the hardware and direct its operation Ex: Microsoft word

Preoperational Stage

the second stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development, occurring from 2-7 years old, in which children think egocentrically and symbolically

Learning objectives

the specific skill or knowledge that the student is expected to master in a lesson The students will be able to appropriately use a question mark. - the students will be able to appropriately use a question mark

Memory

the storage of information in the computer

A science teacher has a classroom that includes English Language Learners and students who are receiving special education services. When introducing a unit of study on photosynthesis, the teacher uses plants in the classroom to demonstrate the effects of photosynthesis. As an extension to this activity, students are encouraged to observe plants on their own and discuss what they have learned about photosynthesis at the beginning of the next class. Which of the following strategies would be most beneficial to all of the diverse learners in the class?

the teacher using concrete examples to teach and reinforce an abstract concept - The teacher's class has a variety of learners. Students receiving special education services may struggle with abstract concepts or retaining new information, and English Language Learners may experience language barriers depending on their levels of English proficiency. By using an in-class demonstration and making connections to plants in the students' homes, the teacher is making this concept more concrete and relatable to the students.

Concrete Operational Stage

the third stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development, occurring from 7 years old to adolescence, in which children begin to think logically and use inductive reasoning

A student's understanding of values, ethics and relationships is greatly influenced by their culture and society. This is important to remember in working with English Language Learners because:

their native culture might place different emphasis on values, ethics, and relationships than the American culture. - This is the most important thing to remember because a student's behavior and thought process can be shaped by the different emphasis on value. To adequately communicate and teach the ELL students, these differences need to be considered in communication.

Jean Piaget

theorist known for his theory of cognitive development

Sayville High School offers a science camp every summer to students aged ten and older. When designing the activities to complete during the camp, the instructors must keep in mind that the younger students might not have the cognitive ability to do which of the following?

think abstractly about a concept Students do not gain the ability to think abstractly about a concept until they enter into the formal operational stage.

Use the information below to answer the questions that follow. The information presents a hypothetical classroom scenario, and the questions require that you make the best decision, based on the presented information. Ms. Wright is a 6th-grade math teacher who likes to design her own task-based lessons to go along with the school curriculum. For a unit on statistics, she designs a project in which students create statistical questions, survey others, display and analyze the results and report their interpretations and conclusions in a presentation to the class. After each step, Ms. Wright has the students turn in their work so that she can identify any errors and provide constructive feedback. When the students present their conclusions to the class, Ms. Wright is impressed by her students' presentations and findings but worried because the task has taken two days longer than it should have. Now, she feels pressure to cut down the content in the next unit to get back on schedule. Ms. Wright tells her mentor teacher about her concern, and together they list the specific problems that were causing her delay: 1) Too much time was spent collecting student work and returning it to students. 2) A lot of time was spent commenting on student work and providing feedback. 3) Students often misplaced parts of their assignment, as it was constantly being transferred back and forth from student to teacher. In order to avoid these issues in the future, Ms. Wright's mentor is likely to suggest some tips related to:

time and material management. - It is clear that Ms. Wright is struggling with time management, as her assignment has taken two days longer than she had planned. It is also clear that she struggles with material management, as much time is wasted collecting and distributing papers and waiting for students to find misplaced papers.

During a group activity, a first-grade teacher provides verbal reminders informing students when they have ten, five, and two minutes left to complete a task. Which of the following skills is the teacher trying to promote by doing this?

time management - By providing reminders about how much time is left, the teacher is encouraging time management skills.

Before reading a text on the food web in a 5th-grade science class, Ms. Steiger provides students with some general statements to elicit a response. She asks students to either agree or disagree with the statement and if possible, explain their reasoning. After reading the text, students return to the statements and indicate if their opinions have changed or were strengthened. The purpose of this activity is:

to activate students' prior knowledge. - Ms. Steiger is using an anticipatory guide. The main purpose of an anticipatory guide is to engage students by activating prior knowledge and stimulating student interest before reading a text, listening to a lecture, or watching a video.

Students in a fifth-grade class are using online resources to learn about different climates. Their teacher provides each student with a graphic organizer to use while they are researching. Which of the following is likely the teacher's main reason for providing this graphic organizer?

to help students organize the information they find - Graphic organizers can be a useful tool when students are gathering information on a topic. For young students or students with certain disabilities that affect executive function, graphic organizers can help scaffold the multi-step process of identifying, summarizing, and recording important information. Additionally, they can help prompt students about the quantity and topic of the information they should be looking for.

Assessment

tools used to evaluate student growth and determine whether educational goals are being met

A prekindergarten teacher has several songs she sings throughout the school day with her students. They are called, "Circle Time," "Clean Up," and "Goodbye, Friends." Including these songs in the daily class schedule helps the students:

understand behavioral expectations and transition between activities smoothly. - These songs help students transition between instructional activities by helping them understand behavioral expectations. Utilizing songs throughout the school day helps students feel in control and settled into a routine.

Conservation

understanding that things can stay the same in quantity even if their appearance changes Ex: knowing that the amount of liquid does not change when poured from one container to another of a different size

A typical 5th-grade student should be capable of: Select all answers that apply.

understanding varied perspectives. - A typical 5th-grade student is 10-11 years old and in the concrete operational stage of development. During this stage, a child has less egocentrism and is better able to see things from other perspectives. classifying and grouping objects - A typical 5th-grade student is 10-11 years old and in the concrete operational stage of development. During this stage, a child can classify and group objects. manipulating objects to test out ideas - A typical 5th-grade student is 10-11 years old and in the concrete operational stage of development. During this stage, a child can manipulate objects.

At a bilingual school, Mr. Herrera teaches social studies. The subject is taught only in English. Ahmed, an English language learner, currently communicates at a beginning level in English. In order to help Ahmed comprehend what he has learned, Mr. Herrera should:

use images to help clarify meaning and encourage understanding. - Students at the beginning level or with limited English proficiency can benefit greatly from the use of images and pictures in a lesson.

Ms. Johnson, a sixth-grade social studies teacher, decides to include more group work in her class assignments. She places students in groups of three for their "Cultures of Europe" projects. The student groups need to research a topic, write a paper, and make a presentation to the class. The presentation must engage the participation of the whole class, include a summary handout, and utilize technology. The groups must also document every member's participation in all parts of the project because each group will receive a single grade. The purpose of this assignment is to:

use student-centered cooperative learning activities to increase student learning and positive social interactions with peers. - Group projects that result in presentations to the class keep students at the center of learning activities and increase their interactions with peers in a positive manner.

Word Processing Software

used to create documents; used for planning, drafting, editing, revising, and publishing written work Ex: word, google docs

Presentation Software

used to display information in the form of a slide show Ex: powerpoint, google slides, prezi

Database

used to store and organize information

An elementary teacher is planning an introductory science lesson on states of matter. In order to improve student understanding of this concept, the teacher should focus on creating a lesson that:

uses tangible items as examples of solids, liquids, and gasses. - Using concrete examples that students can observe and explore is an important strategy to use in science instruction.

Which of the following skills is typically developed in the "formal operations" stage of cognitive development?

using deductive reasoning - Using deductive reasoning involves forming hypotheses about the world and systematically testing them. This is a characteristic of students in the formal operations stage of cognitive development (ages 12 and up).

Deductive Reasoning

using two or more known premises to draw a conclusion All cats say meow. (premise #1) Jackie is a cat (premise #2) Therefore we can deduce that Jackie says meow. (conclusion)

Students tend to socialize and interact with classmates from their own cultural or linguistic background. This behavioral pattern has the greatest impact on which of the following? A creating an inclusive learning environment B improving state assessment scores C personal learning styles D defining classroom rules

A (Students who are not from a background similar to that of most other students will struggle to feel included in the classroom.)

Mrs. Parker, an elementary teacher, designs an instructional activity where she will write a common word on the board and a student will think of a synonym of the word. The student will then lead the class in a game of "hangman" with the chosen synonym. In designing this instructional activity, the teacher most likely wanted to: A provide students with an opportunity to be actively engaged in the learning process. B help the students understand the importance of synonyms outside the classroom. C promote students' ability to apply lessons to everyday life. D create a positive view of learning in the students' perception.

A (All the students can participate in this activity and it encourages students to think of creative words. Actively engaging students in the learning process is very important.)

On the first day of school, a teacher wants her students to feel welcome and know that they are important members of the classroom. Which of the following methods is best to greet students when she first meets them? A ask students how they would like to be greeted with a visual menu by the door B open her arms for a hug to convey that students are like family C extend her hand for a handshake to teach social appropriateness D bow her head with hands folded together to show respect without physically touching

A (Asking students how they would like to be greeted gives them control and allows them to share how they traditionally greet someone. The visuals can help students who are learning English.)

Carmen is a third-grade student who routinely answers the teacher's questions without being called upon by the teacher. This is detrimental, as other students are not given the ability to participate because of Carmen speaking out of turn. Of the following, which is the best option to ensure Carmen develops the patience to wait to be called upon by the teacher? A Establish a consequence for each time Carmen speaks without being called upon and consistently enforce the consequence. B Work with the other students in the class to discourage Carmen from answering out of turn. C Schedule a parent-teacher conference to discuss Carmen's behavior. D Discuss with Carmen the importance of class participation and her role in allowing her peers to participate in class.

A (Carmen needs to be aware that she is not in charge of the class and that she needs to be respectful of her peers. Establishing a consequence for each time she answers without being called upon conveys to Carmen and the class that such behavior is not acceptable.)

Which of these is a verbal communication strategy being used by a teacher? A using different voices to convey characters in a story B using hand gestures to help students remember the parts of a cell C tapping the desk of an off-task student D giving high-fives to students as they enter the classroom

A (The different voices help students distinguish between characters and learn reading skills.)

Mr. Ramirez has overheard several students complain about the current instructional activity. One student said to another, "I am just bored with stuff. I don't understand why it's important and I don't care to know." Mr. Ramirez admits to himself that he has the same feelings toward the material and decides to get through the instructional unit as quickly as possible. Of the following, what is the most likely cause of the students' lack of interest in the material? A Mr. Ramirez does not exhibit an excitement and enthusiasm for the material and his students have adopted his attitude towards the instructional activities. B Mr. Ramirez has not presented the material in a coherent manner and students have become confused about the purpose and expectation of the instructional activities. C Mr. Ramirez has not been able to relate the instructional material to the students' past experiences and the students are having trouble understanding the instructional activities. D Mr. Ramirez has not adequately planned the instructional unit and the activities do not relate to the instructional goals or past instructional units.

A (Communicating enthusiasm about the material is important in teaching. If the teacher is not excited about the subject matter, it is very unlikely that the students will be excited. Mr. Ramirez has communicated to his students, through his apathy, that the material is not important and is not worth learning.)

In a diverse classroom, a teacher can create a positive learning environment that provides all students the opportunity to reach their potential by: A considering individual strengths and needs when planning the curriculum. B allowing students to grade one another's work. C putting firm rules and structure in place. D posting grades and work on a bulletin board.

A (Considering each student as an individual and allowing those needs to drive instruction creates an environment in which students can reach their greatest potential.)

Which of the following is not an expectation of teachers to develop open communication with parents/guardians? A Teachers should email parents weekly with an update about their child's progress. B Provide parents with classroom information, such as classroom management/procedures, grading policy, and syllabus. C Encourage open communication and share teacher contact information with parents. D Offer parents volunteer opportunities when possible, so they can become more involved in their child's education.

A (Depending on the number of students or level, this might not be feasible for some teachers. Moreover, some parents are inundated with emails and will begin to ignore communications if they do not have important information. Some parents might prefer another method of communication.)

Choose the answer below that best completes the idea. Within a classroom, a teacher is planning to use ability-grouping for math instruction. To minimize potential negative effects, the teacher should: A be willing to rearrange groups based on their specific learning needs. B have set groups with neutral names to ensure there is not an indicator of level. C set a timer to ensure equal time is spent with each group. D establish goals for each group based on past test performances.

A (Flexible groups keep students from viewing one group as better than others.)

Which of the following is not a requirement when developing cooperative group work? A All students must have their own supplies. B Teachers should actively monitor the progress of groups. C Students should have clear roles. D Guidelines for the activity must be outlined.

A (Having enough supplies for all groups is important, but learning to share resources is one of the benefits of group work.)

Which of the following strategies best ensures a teacher will establish clear behavior guidelines? A Allow students to participate in the creation of classroom guidelines. B Allow students leniency in the enforcement of classroom guidelines. C Create strict guidelines that prohibit the most frequent negative behaviors. D Create a system which allows students to monitor the behavior of each other and report their findings to the teacher.

A (If students are allowed to contribute to the creation of classroom guidelines, they are more likely to understand and follow them, as there is a sense of ownership among the class about the guidelines.)

A third-grade student informs the teacher that he is constantly being called inappropriate names by other students in the classroom. He feels that he does not belong to any group of students in the class. The teacher monitors the behaviors of the students and agrees that the student is frequently excluded from activities. How should the teacher respond to this situation? A The teacher should design collaborative group and team building activities to promote a learning environment inclusion for all students so they feel a sense of belonging and safety. B The teacher should tell the students to include him in all of the activities or be prepared to have additional class work. C The teacher should coach the student on how to respond to the primary students who exclude him. D The teacher should allow the student to address the situation with the primary students who exclude him.

A (It is the teacher's responsibility to create an inclusive, safe, and orderly learning environment for all students.)

On the first day of class, Mrs. Patterson wants to ensure she creates the best classroom environment for her third-grade students. One of the first things she should convey to the students is: A the classroom rules and procedures, letting them know she expects each student to follow the rules. B her background in education and the credentials and qualifications she holds as an educator. C the importance of letting their parents know the scope and sequence of the upcoming school year via a letter sent home with them, as well as the best means of communication to reach Mrs. Patterson. D that her classroom is an open environment where students are free to pursue their academic interests.

A (Letting students know what is expected of them and what they can expect allows for the implementation and enforcement of standards so the class can operate with little confusion or interruption.)

Mrs. Jones sends emails to the parents and guardians of her students almost daily with reminders and updates on curriculum and homework. She is frustrated because parents continue to miss deadlines for forms and students will have missing work which is listed in the emails. What can Mrs. Jones do to improve her communication? A Send a weekly email with all important information and only send additional emails if there is a specific concern with an individual child. B Send a text message reminding parents to check their emails when she sends important information. C Include pictures of the students learning so more parents will be engaged with the emails. D Send home hard copies of information rather than emails.

A (Mrs. Jones should limit the emails to necessary information only. If parents are receiving emails that do not include pertinent information, they might begin ignoring communication from the teacher.)

Megan, a seventh-grade student at Wilmore Middle School, consistently has trouble remembering and completing assignments. Her teacher, Mr. Johansson, schedules a parent-teacher conference to discuss Megan's situation. Mr. Johansson outlines the class routines, discusses how they help students remember classroom assignments, and explains how he can help support Megan by helping her remember assignments. Mr. Johansson then asks Megan's parents for support at home. Which of the following would be the best action for Megan's parents to help Megan at home? A Encourage Megan to find a consistent, quiet place and time to study. They can check with her daily to monitor how well she is writing down and remembering assignments. B Sit down with Megan every night and work each homework assignment with her, answering any questions Megan may have. C Check with the teacher twice a week to monitor Megan's performance and make sure the teacher is receiving the assignments. D Have Megan do her homework immediately after school and not allow her to contact friends or use electronic media devices until all schoolwork is complete.

A (The parents can best help by actively encouraging Megan to study in a quiet place. The studying and motivation must come from Megan, but it is the role of the parent to try to facilitate the studying as much as possible.)

When beginning a parent-teacher conference, who should start the conversation? A The person who requested the conference should, so they can share all of their concerns and focus the meeting. B The teacher should, because the child is a student in their classroom. C The parent should, because they can explain the concerns about their child. D The administrator should, because they have the most authority in the conference.

A (The person who requested the conference should start the conversation. They should be given the opportunity to express all of their concerns before other parties respond.)

The purpose of handing out a course syllabus at the beginning of the semester is: A to inform all students of the course curriculum, expectations, and assignment due dates. B to ensure that all students and parents have the teacher's contact information. C to provide a list of favorite books of the teacher. D to provide a list of extra credit opportunities.

A (The syllabus informs all students of relevant information.)

During a lesson on variables with exponents, Ms. Wiley notices two students whispering and passing notes back and forth. Without interrupting the lesson, she moves and stands near these students. This action can be classified as: A non-verbal communication. B silent discipline. C verbal communication. D closure.

A (The teacher does not speak to the students, but changes her proximity to them. This silently communicates that they need to be on-task rather than passing notes.)

Mr. Hampton, a seventh-grade mathematics teacher, receives an email from a parent, Mrs. Anderson. She is complaining about the amount of homework required of her child each night, arguing that the workload is too extensive for any middle school student. Mrs. Anderson requests a parent-teacher conference with Mr. Hampton to discuss the situation. Which of the following strategies is the best option for Mr. Hampton to ensure a productive meeting with Mrs. Anderson? A Seek to understand Mrs. Anderson's concern with the workload and offer the reason for requiring such work. B Bring other seventh-grade teachers to speak with Mrs. Anderson and verify that the amount of work required is not excessive. C Allow Mrs. Anderson to voice her frustrations with the workload and then offer to lighten the workload for her child. D At the beginning of the meeting, explain how the workload is not too difficult and other students are handling the work requirements without incident.

A (The teacher should first seek to understand the parent and then be understood by the parent. Letting the parent address her concern first allows Mr. Hampton to address the parent's concern and show the parent that Mr. Hampton values her concern. It is not required that Mr. Hampton adjusts the workload, but rather he addresses the parent's concern and lets her know the reason for the work.)

A first-grade teacher spends much of the first week practicing routines and procedures. Part of the practice is learning specific behaviors for transitioning between activities. Which of the following is the primary goal for this routine? A maximizing time on-task for the class throughout the year B helping students learn to self-regulate their behaviors C avoiding chaos and confusion D teaching organizational skills

A (These procedures can save valuable time each day, which over the course of the year equals many more instructional minutes.)

An upper elementary teacher is introducing new content to the class. The lesson is given as direct instruction and follows this sequence: - activate prior knowledge - introduce new concepts - guided practice with feedback - assign independent practice During guided practice, students are making consistent errors. The teacher can best respond by: A providing simpler questions that students can correctly answer and then gradually increasing the difficulty level B showing how to answer the questions with step-by-step instructions C providing the correct answers so that they can move on to the next question D repeating the lesson again to ensure students have mastered it

A (This builds student confidence and allows the teacher to address the misconception.)

An at-risk student has had multiple absences and tardies over the past month. What is the most appropriate way to help this student? A Ask the student if there is something preventing them from being at school and offer resources to overcome the obstacle. B Offer the student rewards for coming to school. C Refer the student to the truancy officer. D Ask another student to talk to them about the importance of attendance.

A (This helps the student learn to identify the problem and resources to solve it.)

A (This is an example of a behavior contract because it was developed for the student and outlined rewards and consequences.)

Mr. Washington is teaching a new mathematics concept to his ninth grade class. He observes that some students have already mastered the concept while other students are having difficulty understanding the new concept. Which of the following would be the best option to help students struggling with the new concept while keeping the entire class engaged? A Group students into cooperative learning groups, and then those students who have mastered the concept will be able to help those students who do not understand the respective concept. B Reteach the concept to the whole class using a different approach. C Move on to the next topic so that students can begin to scaffold their knowledge. D Have students who are struggling with the new concept work additional problems until they master the concept.

A (This is the best answer option as students who already know the concept can help and teach struggling students. The entire class remains engaged.)

Mr. Maher wants to create contact with the parents to gain their support for a behavior management program at the beginning of the school year. Which of the following would be the best approach to gaining the support of the parents? A Send a letter home with the students after the first day of school letting the parents know about the behavior program and requesting a parent-teacher conference to discuss the program further. B Schedule a parent-teacher conference when a student demonstrates unacceptable behavior. C Ask parents for help in extracurricular activities and discuss the behavior management programs during these activities. D Invite the parents to participate in monitoring student behavior to ensure all the students are in compliance with the behavior management program.

A (This is the best answer option because the teacher is being proactive and discussing the program with parents before an incident occurs. It is always best for the teacher to be proactive in building parent-teacher relationships.)

When creating learning centers for a school's early education students, which of the following locations would be most appropriate for an animal-learning center? A next to the science lab B next to the library C next to the production area D next to the playground

A (This is the best answer, as the animal-learning center will involve concepts found in biology. Students should be encouraged to make the connection of animals and biology to science.)

An elementary classroom has a new student. The teacher realizes it can be a slow process for the new student to be accepted and feel welcomed in a new classroom. Which of the following strategies would best promote the class's acceptance of the new student? A Create teams of students and assign each team to help the new student learn a classroom activity and daily routine. B Require the new student to stand in front of the class and give a brief autobiography. C Assign the new student to help in various classroom chores. D Ask each student to interview the new student, then gather the interviews to create a biography.

A (This is the best option because the new student will be able to meet each student and learn the classroom activities and routines.)

Mrs. Buff receives a letter from the mother of one of her fourth-grade science students about the amount of time it is taking to do the homework for her class. Mrs. Buff has been working with all her students on developing appropriate study skills, including setting timelines for homework. Mrs. Buff responds to the letter from the parent with an invitation to the mother and her husband to meet with her concerning this issue. Which of the following would be the best strategy for Mrs. Buff to begin the conference? A Listen to the parents' concerns and then explain the study skills that have been taught and discussed in her classroom. B Ask the parents how much homework their child has in other classes. C Explain they are the only parents who have ever complained about homework. D Ask the parents how much time their child spends studying each night.

A (This is the correct answer because the best way to approach these parents would be to listen first and then explain.)

A teacher sends home a weekly newsletter on Friday about the upcoming week. Each student writes on the newsletter one thing they learned and one thing they did well. The teacher also writes a note about accomplishments and concerns. The newsletter is returned signed on Monday. The primary reason to send this newsletter is: A supporting communication between home and school. B improving student confidence. C increasing parental involvement with the school. D encouraging student-parent conversations.

A (This newsletter is individualized and encourages communication among students, parents, and teachers.)

A fourth-grade parent walks with their child to the classroom at the beginning of the day. The parent is concerned about a grade on a project and asks the teacher to meet right then. Which of the following responses would be the most appropriate for the situation? A "I can see that you are concerned, but now is not the appropriate time to discuss this. I will contact you today to set a meeting time." B "I'm sorry, but conferences are not allowed without prior arrangements. Please call to make an appointment." C "We can meet in the corner of the room as soon as I have all students independently working on an assignment." D "I am unavailable right now. Please review the rubric and email me with specific concerns. Then we will set a time to meet."

A (This validates the parent's feelings and sets boundaries at the same time. It also lets them know this will be addressed today.)

A positive learning environment requires the teachers to have high academic expectations, students that are developmentally responsive, and which of the following to perform successfully? A equitable resources B internet access C personal laptops D library cards

A (When planning lessons, teachers should be aware of the availability of resources to students. Instruction and course requirements can be accommodated for students who do not have equal access to outside resources (such as internet access at home), by designing projects that can be completed using school resources. Students should have equal access to all school resources, and thus have an equal opportunity to fulfill instructional requirements.)

Mr. Oden would like to develop a set of classroom behavior standards to create a positive environment. Which of the following strategies would be the best way for Mr. Oden to accomplish this goal? A Create classroom rules during a group discussion with students, where they can provide their input and opinions for behavioral consequences. B Create clear classroom behavior standards, post the standards in a visible location in the classroom, and discuss in detail each standard with the students. C Implement and explain the behavioral standards as the school year progresses, to allow flexibility among student behavior and to encourage individual expression. D Ask parents of the students to email which rules they think are most important in creating a positive classroom environment.

A (When students are allowed to participate in the creation of classroom rules, a greater sense of ownership is instilled among the students and they will be more likely to hold themselves and their classmates accountable to the behavioral standards.)

Which of the following is not a useful, non-verbal method of communication to encourage students to refocus their attention on their classroom work? A The teacher leaves the classroom to go into his private office when students are talking out of turn. B The teacher places himself close to two students who are in the midst of talking and not working. C The teacher uses gestures during lectures, to highlight important points to students. D The teacher makes eye contact or touches students' desks or workspaces in an obvious manner, to remind them they are being supervised.

A (While many teachers use an avoidance method when frustrated with students, this is not an effective technique and could easily backfire on a teacher who loses control of a particularly animated class.)

In order to develop relationships with families, the teacher invites families to attend open house at the beginning of the school year. At this event, the teacher should provide: A a roadmap of the curriculum for the year. B an email and phone number for contacting the teacher. C a sample of the weekly newsletter. D a short resume explaining the teacher's background.

B (Being open with contact information helps build relationships between parents and teachers.)

Students in Mr. Clark's classroom have a wide range of academic ability levels. Mr. Clark wants to regularly use group activities to support the classroom learning objectives. Which of the following strategies is most likely to help promote the success of all students during these group activities? A Randomly group students together and have groups compete against each other to achieve a goal. B Create heterogeneous groups with a defined goal, where all students have a specific, unique role in achieving the goal. C Allow students to form their own groups and select a goal that will help reinforce classroom learning objectives. D Create homogeneous groups with a defined goal, where all students have a specific, unique role in achieving the goal.

B (Groups should have students of different and varied ability. Because of these differences, the goals of the group and each group member should be clearly defined so each member knows their responsibility and the teacher can ensure each student's responsibility is aligned with the student's strengths.)

Mr. O'Leary is establishing the classroom rules and procedures for his eighth-grade class. The first day of school, he posts the rules and procedures and invites students to comment, question, or propose new rules and procedures for the class. Which of the following describes the primary benefit of this activity? A It encourages students to have control over their actions. B It helps students feel a sense of responsibility and ownership in the rules. C It keeps students busy the first day of class when there is usually not much work to be done. D It encourages students to think about the philosophical aspect of rules and morality.

B (If students can input and shape the rules, then they will have helped make the rules. This ownership will encourage students to follow the rules and hold their classmates accountable.)

A six-year-old kindergartener has shown difficulty raising her hand to share responses during direct instruction. The student's teacher has chosen to reward the student for raising her hand but does not provide a reward on each occasion when the student raises her hand. This is an example of A negative reinforcement B Intermittent reinforcement C punishment D fixed-interval reinforcement

B (Intermittent reinforcement is being used because the student is rewarded for raising her hand, but she is not rewarded on each occasion when she demonstrates this desired behavior.)

Mrs. Worthington, the parent of a first-grade student, approaches her child's teacher because she is unhappy with the instructional methods of the teacher. Mrs. Worthington believes the class needs more rigorous standards in assessment and that there is a lack of structured learning in the classroom. Mrs. Worthington is concerned the students are not being adequately prepared for the higher grades. How can the teacher best respond to Mrs. Worthington's concerns? A Explain the educational research that supports the instructional strategies of the class and refer Mrs. Worthington to several publications that discuss the most effective classroom structure for a first-grade class. B Inform Mrs. Worthington of how the class activities promote the learning objectives while preparing the children for the more structured environment that they will experience in the higher grades. Allow her to observe the class and discuss with you any concerns she has thereafter. C Ask for Mrs. Worthington's ideas for optimum classroom instruction and try to work the strategies into the class' daily routine. D Allow Mrs. Worthington to voice her concerns about the class instruction, assure her the concerns will be addressed, and continue with classroom instruction without any changes.

B (It is the job of the teacher to convey the purpose of classroom instruction to concerned parents. By allowing Mrs. Worthington to observe the class and address concerns, the teacher can make every effort to alleviate Mrs. Worthington's concerns.)

Mr. Keeve has a significant population of English Language Learners in his class this year. He has made it a goal to be culturally responsive and aware of the effects of his attitude on his students. Which is not an effective practice for Mr. Keeve to use to meet his goal? A learn about the cultural backgrounds of all students B direct the students' focus to content, not culture C share his own learning with his students and how it helped develop his cultural awareness D regularly examine his own cultural beliefs and reflect on how they influence his teaching

B (Pretending that cultural differences do not exist is not an effective practice. A classroom can be both culturally responsive and focused on learning new content. If students feel known and valued, they are more likely to be willing and able to learn.)

Specific, teacher-assigned roles would be most effective for elementary students working: A on the same assignment. B in lab groups. C think-pair-share activities. D on independent research projects.

B (Roles such as leader, materials manager, safety manager, and recorder help students achieve success because they know who is responsible for each part of the assignment.)

Which of the following would be the most effective way to organize a classroom to help a first-grade student with a hearing impairment participate in daily classroom activities? A Provide detailed written directions to accompany all instruction that the teacher gives verbally. B Seat the student close to instruction so that he can look at the teacher when she is speaking. C Select a responsible peer who can repeat the teacher's directions to the student. D Use closed captioning whenever the class is watching a video clip during instruction.

B (Seating the student close to the teacher will help him to listen to what she is saying. By watching the teacher as she talks, he will be able to understand her more easily.)

Ms. Simpson is doing a lesson on peer editing and wants to set the room up in a manner to best facilitate the activity. Which of the following should be her focus? A Place desks in a circle formation so students are able to see and speak to one another. B Put desks in small groups so students can pass papers and have discussions on their work. C Face all desk in the same direction, so students are able to see the board for instructions. D Push desks against the walls so students are able to walk around the room and communicate with their peers.

B (Student desks need to be in small groups in order to work on peer reviewing.)

As a first-year teacher, Mr. Kramer is being observed in his classroom by his principal. One of the observations the principal makes is that Mr. Kramer demonstrates higher expectations to higher achieving students and has lower expectations for lower achieving students. This observation has the greatest effect on the students in that: A the higher achieving students will respond to higher expectations with resentment toward the teacher. B students respond to expectations, and low expectations will reinforce to low achieving students that they are less able to achieve. C the lower achieving students will respond to the lower expectations by trying harder to gain Mr. Kramer's approval. D the higher achieving students will respond to higher expectations with resentment toward the lower achieving students.

B (Students respond to the teacher's expectations. The teacher's low expectations will be met by the students; Mr. Kramer should alter his expectations and attitude toward low-achieving students to convey higher expectations.)

An elementary teacher uses peer editing during writing assignments. Students provide specific written feedback to each other that must include three positive comments and one comment that the student can improve or expand upon. Which of the following is the primary benefit of this practice? A High teacher expectations can be communicated. B Students feel ownership and pride in their work. C Social connectedness among students improves. D Students can determine if their writing skills are more advanced than other students.

B (Students will take pride in their work and will work their best when they are receiving praise from their peers.)

Mr. Herrera takes his English class to the library to begin research on the recently-assigned research project. He has sixteen students and divides them into two groups. He takes one group to the computer section of the library to teach them researching techniques using the Internet; the librarian takes the other group to the periodical section to learn how to research using periodicals. After a brief lesson, the groups will switch to learn the other method of research. What is the greatest benefit in dividing the class into two groups? A Mr. Herrera avoids having to manage all sixteen of his students in the library. B Mr. Herrera maximizes class time and incorporates the expertise of fellow educators in classroom instruction. C Mr. Herrera models time-management techniques to his students. D The librarian becomes involved in the class's learning activities and this promotes the students' appreciation for different educational professionals.

B (The greatest benefit is maximizing the class time for the students' benefit and providing expertise in using library resources. This answer option describes the greatest benefit for the students.)

Bobby was a hardworking, respectful tenth grader until a few weeks ago when his teacher began noticing his grades were slipping, he was having trouble concentrating during class, and he was easily irritated by other students. Out of concern, the teacher asks Bobby to stay after class one day to discuss his slipping performance. Bobby confides in the teacher that he has to work two part-time jobs because his father was recently laid-off and he knows the stress is hurting his academic performance. Later in the week, Bobby's mother calls and reveals to the teacher she is at a loss of how to alleviate the pressure Bobby feels. The teacher can best respond to Bobby's mother by: A assuring her that she will accommodate Bobby's academic workload to relieve some pressure he is feeling. B offering to meet with her to discuss how the two can work together to balance Bobby's school work and his after-school obligations. C referring her to a local family counseling center. D offering to meet with her to help Bobby and her deal with their situation and discuss ways to improve their circumstances.

B (The mother has expressed a concern, and the teacher can best address the concerns she has for Bobby and his mother's concerns by meeting to discuss different strategies to help Bobby academically.)

A third-grade teacher is planning a small project during social studies. There are multiple steps that must be completed in order. How can the teacher best communicate the steps to the students? A Explain four to five steps at a time and encourage students to help each other when they've finished their own tasks. B Explain one or two steps at a time and help students complete those steps before going on. C Read all steps aloud prior to allowing students begin work. D Post all steps on the board and encourage students to refer to them occasionally.

B (This method ensures that all students complete their work successfully.)

Ms. McManus has purposefully set a climate of high expectations in her classroom. Which of the following are NOT likely to be seen in her class? A a list of goals at each students' learning space, specific to the student B a sign that says "good students are A students" C a sign that says "good students are persistent students" D a behavior contract that has been written by students and is signed by all in the class

B (While making all A's is a good goal for any student, the grade earned is not the only marker of a climate of high expectations. Building a climate of high expectations does not rely only on earning A's.)

Mrs. Hanson wants to create a classroom environment that fosters learning. She decides to rearrange the students' desks and begins to draw up two separate diagrams for how she can organize the desks throughout the classroom. - The first diagram has the students' desks organized into four rows of five where each student faces the whiteboard of the classroom. - The second diagram has the students' desks organized into five groups of four desks where each group of desks faces each other to form a square and the groups of desks are placed strategically across the classroom. Which of the following activities would be the least suited to Mrs. Hanson organizing the classroom using the first diagram? A class presentations B collaborative learning projects among groups C independent student research D whiteboard instruction

B (With the students' desks in groups, it makes collaboration between students easier, because all the students in the group can see and communicate with each other. With the desks in rows facing the whiteboard, the other three options are easier (i.e., whiteboard instruction, independent student research, and classroom presentations), as students are less likely to be distracted by the other students, and students can see the board with ease.)

For which of the following problems would it be least appropriate to utilize a student-teacher contract as a solution? A A student loses worksheets because his binder is disorganized. B A student shouts out occasionally in class and disrupts the learning process. C A student punches another student out of frustration on the playground. D A student is capable of turning in work, but often forgets.

C (A contract is not appropriate because another student was involved as a victim of violence. This should be escalated and dealt with according to district and campus policy.)

Which of the following is the most effective way to report student progress? A weekly newsletter describing units of study B report cards sent home every 6 to 9 weeks C online gradebook with individual logins for each student D phone calls to parents or guardians when a student is failing

C (An online gradebook that parents can consult at any time is the best way to keep parents informed and current on student progress.)

During a science lab, students are misusing materials intentionally. To determine if the behavior is content-related, the teacher should: A give a pop quiz on the lab and its expected results. B write a referral to the principal's office. C ask the students questions to connect the lab to concepts taught in class. D privately discuss the behaviors with each student individually.

C (Asking these questions will refocus the students and help the teacher understand if the behavior is content-related. In other words, do the students not understand what to do, or are they deliberately misbehaving)

A teacher has requested a parent conference after a typically high-achieving student has not been completing work. How should the teacher begin the conference? A by immediately addressing the concerns B by informing parents of the time constraints of the conference C by sharing positive attributes of the child D by asking about changes in the home

C (Beginning the conference on a positive note establishes a genuine sense of care and concern.)

Which of the following expresses how a behavioral theorist views learning? A Learning occurs when a student is motivated to reach their fullest potential. B Learning occurs as the student takes past experiences and incorporates new material into them. C Learning occurs as a result of processing information and making associations between stimuli and responses. D Learning occurs as a product of socialization.

C (Behaviorists believe learning occurs as students are given stimuli repeatedly and receive a consistent response.)

To ensure consistent personal communication among stakeholders, teachers should create: A a social media account. B monthly open-house events. C digital portfolios. D a classroom website.

C (Digital portfolios are individual and unique for each student. They allow parents to see what the child is working on and the progress that has been made.)

Which of the following classroom practices best models Eric Erikson's behavioral theory? A Students are rewarded for high grades and positive behavior and punished for negative grades and behavior. B Students are encouraged to work at their own pace and self-assess their work. C Students are given differentiated assignments that allow them to succeed often. D Students are allowed to use the restroom and get water whenever needed, and there is a focus on creating a safe classroom environment.

C (Erikson focused on individuals accomplishing tasks during different phases in life. A classroom that is set up for many opportunities to succeed models this theory.)

Mr. Ray's seventh-grade class continually disrupts instruction and is proving difficult to manage. Mr. Ray decides to create a system where each disciplinary infraction results in the class earning a checkmark. If, at the end of the week, the class has below a certain number of checkmarks, they receive a class-wide reward. This classroom management strategy is likely to be a success because: A Mr. Ray has shown he is serious about classroom management and will earn the students' respect. B each student will want to show Mr. Ray they are not the cause of the disruption. C it creates an incentive for students to behave to meet the approval of their peers. D the parents of the students will ensure their children do not hinder the class earning the reward

C (If students have a reward they value, they will alter their behavior to obtain the reward. This will cause students to hold each other accountable; students at the seventh-grade level have a high desire to conform to their peers and if their peers wish to obtain a reward, they will not want to be singled out in a negative way for hindering their peers' goal.)

Mr. Shaf is known as a great technical building teacher at Pawnee High School. He has decades of experience and his knowledge surpases any other instructors in the district. He is know as a difficult teacher and students claim that he does not like for students to ask questions. A new assistant principal (AP) reviews one of his classes and states that he needs to improve his listening skills with students and should evaluate the way he responds to questions. This critique most likely means: A the new AP is trying to make Mr. Shaf understand that he is not the person in charge and should fear the new reviewer. B the new AP does not think Mr. Shaf should be a teacher anymore because he is old and unable to change. C the new AP is trying to help Mr. Shaf improve the climate of the classroom to allow students to feel emotionally safe enough to ask questions and improve their access to learning. D the new AP thinks he can teach the classes better than Mr. Shaf.

C (It is important for students to feel safe both physically and emotionally in order for them to be able to learn new concepts.)

An elementary school noticed students were coming to school hungry and having difficulty focusing on classroom activities before lunch. The school put in place free breakfast for all students at the beginning of each day and saw a great improvement in student ability as a result. Which of the following learning theorist's ideas does this example best reflect? A Erickson (stages of development) B Watson (behaviorism) C Maslow (hierarchy of needs) D Thorndike (connectionism)

C (Maslow's theory of a hierarchy of needs states that in order for people to meet their full potential, they must meet a series of needs. The physiological needs of the students are being met when they are fed, so they are able to move on with their studies.)

Mr. Johns gave a test last week and Ginny missed one question. She answered that 14.5 people would ride on each bus rather than 15. Her parents would like a conference because she did the math problem correctly and should receive credit even though her answer was not reasonable. How should Mr. Johns handle this situation? A Offer to send the test home for them to review. B Agree to meet, but let them know in advance that the grade will not be changed. C Agree to meet, listen to their concerns, and then explain that one component of math is understanding reasonable answers. D Offer to call them because a conference is not necessary.

C (Meeting with the parents allows them to see what has been taught in the unit and to have a comprehensive idea of why there is more to mathematics than a computation.)

Ms. Smith follows a particular theory of child management. In her classroom, you will see: - Ms. Smith does not discipline students often. She does not want to punish or impede a student's natural desire to improve. - Students manage their own behaviors with subtle guidance from Ms. Smith, such as eye contact or a gentle pat on the shoulder when misbehaving. What theory of child management does Ms. Smith employ? A interventionist B non-interactionist C non-interventionist D interactionist

C (Non-interventionists assume people are naturally striving to be good and they want to improve, and thus the teacher does not need to intervene regarding behavior issues. Non-interventionists believe that adults need to allow children as much room as needed so they can grow and improve naturally on their own.)

ishas a behavior board in his second-grade class. At the end of the day, students get a 1-5 (5 being the best) score based on their behavior for the day. If the student has 23 points or higher at the end of the week, they will earn a reward; if they have less than 23 points, they will not. Which of the following theories does this technique reflect? A classical conditioning B non-interventionist C operant conditioning D schema theory

C (Operant conditioning (developed by Skinner) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. The point system offers a reward for good behavior and no reward for bad behavior.)

Mr. House is a first-grade teacher and wants to convey high expectations to a student who has significant academic needs. Which of the following approaches would be the best way to achieve this? A Allow the student to work in a homogeneous group, let the group know of the high expectations, and later follow up the met expectations with praise and rewards. B Provide the student with praise and rewards, regardless of performance. C Sit down with the student and work to help set challenging learning goals. Then, follow up and provide assistance to the child to help in achieving the goals. D Give the student non-accommodated assignments and grade the assignments according to the academic level of the child.

C (The student must be aware of high expectations, but the teacher must provide ongoing assistance to help the student achieve the goals.)

Which of the following is an effective way to promote a student's sense of belonging in a cooperative classroom community? A Organize games at recess in which all students are required to participate. B Have a rotating schedule that allows each student to be the classroom leader for a day. C Set aside time for a weekly classroom meeting that addresses issues and focuses on solutions. D Display exemplary work on a bulletin board outside the classroom.

C (This allows students to feel heard on issues and to participate in a solution-focused environment.)

In which of the following situations is a teacher using proximity as a preventative measure for classroom management? A sending a student on a positive errand when they are fidgeting in their seat B standing near two students talking C preferential seating assignments for students easily distracted or off-task D placing a hand on the shoulder of a student doodling rather than taking notes

C (This is a preventative measure allowing the students to be placed near the source of instruction.)

Mrs. Baldor promotes learning when introducing her eighth-grade English class to a short story about fear by asking her students to brainstorm their thoughts on the word "fear." She then lists all their responses on the board. Her reasoning for using this open-ended strategy can best be explained by: A the fact that all students will be asked to share their thoughts freely, thus enabling a fluency of ideas. B the need for students to demonstrate their knowledge of etymology. C the use of a motivational technique promoting engagement due to common knowledge and experiences, plus the acceptance of all responses. D a desire to demonstrate how a word may have many different connotations.

C (This is the best answer choice because Mrs. Baldor knows that most of her students will have some personal familiarity with this topic and will be willing to share because their responses are validated and there is no single right answer.)

Before the start of her first year of teaching, a sixth-grade teacher with multiple class periods decides to survey her peer teachers for ways to organize her classes so that appropriate routines and procedures are effective during group work. The experienced teachers offered several suggestions. Which of the following would be the best way to address this important need? A Create attractive bulletin boards to instruct students on group-work rules and procedures. B Have name tags on each desk so that students will have to sit alphabetically, and appoint row monitors by putting an asterisk by the name on each front row seat. C Have desks put together in groups of six, and provide labeled color-coded baskets in which each class period is to submit their assignments. D Place group supplies in a centralized location in the classroom.

C (This is the best answer choice since it sets the tone for collaborative learning and the expectations for behavior from the beginning.)

Mr. Maher has implemented a new behavioral management program. Soon after the program is implemented, a student demonstrates an unacceptable behavior, and Mr. Maher schedules a parent-teacher conference with the student's parents. Which of the following would be the actions that Mr. Maher should take to begin the meeting on a positive note? A Prepare notes about the student's behavior to present to the parents with suggestions of appropriate disciplinary actions. B Communicate with parents the standards of the behavioral management program and provide the parents with strategies to implement the program at home. C Prepare notes about the student's academic achievements to present to the parents and encourage the parents to discuss their observations of the student's academic performance and behavior. D Communicate to the parents about the specific actions the student has demonstrated that are in violation of the behavioral management program and the specific actions the student needs to improve his behavior.

C (This is the best option, as the teacher communicates the student's academic achievements to begin the conversation on a positive note and then allows the parents to begin discussion of performance and behavior.)

Mrs. Greak just received her roster of second-grade students for the new school year. There is a "Back to School" event in two days, where students and families may come and meet their teacher. The principal has sent out an email to the school community informing them about the event and has asked her teachers to contact families as well. What is the best way for Mrs. Greak to reach out to her families? A Send an additional email to the families with a brief introduction and remind them about the event. B Send a postcard to each family with a picture of herself and an invitation. C Call each family to introduce herself and invite them to the event. D Send a handwritten note to each child with details about her class and the event.

C (This method allows Mrs. Greak to make a connection with each family at the beginning of the year and this helps support the student and their academic goals.)

The fifth-grade students at an elementary school host an annual cultural fair in the spring. Students present a project that displays various aspects of a chosen culture, including food, holidays, religion, and traditions. This project is more challenging than those students have completed in the past, and at the beginning of the year they have many questions and concerns. Which of the following comments from the teacher communicates high expectations for student performance? A "All questions are important, so please ask as many as needed throughout the process." B "This is the biggest grade you will receive this year, so be sure you work diligently." C "This seems overwhelming now, but we will work on the skills needed to help you create a successful project." D "The most important skills for this project are time management and organization."

C (This reassures students and encourages them that they will be ready to meet the high expectations of creating an in-depth project.

A kindergarten teacher would like for parents and guardians to feel welcome and involved in the classroom. Which of the following would best communicate these ideas? A In the weekly newsletter, ask parents and guardians to donate needed supplies to the class. B Ask parents and guardians to attend a classroom performance of songs the children have learned. C Send a survey to parents with a variety of ways they can contribute to the classroom. D Invite parents and guardians to attend parent-teacher conference day.

C (This tells parents what opportunities there are and asks which they would like to be involved with.)

Wilmer Middle School has invited more parent volunteers to help the classroom teachers. By increasing the number of parent volunteers present in the school's classrooms, the school is most likely to achieve which of the following? A Reduce the workload of the teachers and allow a more efficient use of class time. B Enhance the interest of students and increase their willingness to collaborate. C Increase classroom management and the students' abilities to work productively in groups. D Create a greater awareness in the school community to help achieve important student goals.

D (By increasing the number of parents exposed to school activities, it is likely to promote parent participation in school activities and create a greater awareness in the community at large.)

Mrs. Miller, a sixth-grade science teacher, is striving to create a classroom environment that encourages learning and academic effort. She does not want to have a classroom culture that causes stress and anxiety in the students. Which of the following would best accomplish Mrs. Miller's goal? A Tell students to work harder if there is an issue in academics or peer-to-peer relationships. B Encourage students to search for the information by themselves when they are having trouble learning an academic concept. C Create stressful situations so students know how to handle them. D Clearly outline expectations for student behavior and performance.

D (Clear behavioral expectations combined with a well-organized classroom reduces students' stress because the students then do not have to guess what a teacher expects from them in terms of behavioral and academic expectations.)

At the beginning of the year, Ms. Wright sends home a letter and a soft-copy via email to parents, detailing the classroom expectations, academic overview, and the best means of communicating with her through the year. What is the purpose of this document? A so that parents will not write her emails about the calendar B to explain why the students earned a low score on a test C to stop any arguments parents have concerning her teaching style D to begin the year with positive and clear communication and to begin building a relationship with parents

D (Effective communication begins with the teacher conveying the expectations and requirements of academic performance. It also allows parents to gain an understanding of how the teacher plans to conduct the classroom so they can best assist the teacher in promoting their child's academic success.)

Which of the following would show effective collaboration between a parent and teacher? A A teacher sends home a positive note about a child who has been participating more than usual. B A parent gives a gift at the end of the first semester and the teacher sends a thank you note. C A teacher and parent exchange emails about a student who is at risk of failing. D A teacher creates a behavior chart for a struggling student and the teacher and parent both sign it each day.

D (In this scenario, the teacher and parent are working together to help the student with behaviors.)

Mr. Brown notices students chatting with peers in his tenth-grade history class while a group is presenting a final project. What is the best way to respond to this behavior? A Mr. Brown should call an administrator. B Mr. Brown should stop the presentation to get the students to be quiet. C Mr. Brown should tell the students presenting to speak louder. D Mr. Brown should walk over to the group that is chatting and put a hand on the table of the chatting students.

D (Non-verbal cues are useful in maintaining appropriate classroom behavior. Many times students will respond appropriately when a teacher simply moves closer to them. Non-verbal cues are often better received by students since they are not called out in front of peers, which may cause embarrassment.)

According to Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs, a person cannot achieve a sense of belonging without first: A achieving self-actualization. B developing self-esteem. C achieving transcendence. D having their safety needs met.

D (Physiological needs such as food, water, and shelter, followed by safety, must be achieved before a person can feel as though they belong to a group.)

According to B.F. Skinner, which of the following is an example of a positive reinforcement? A a punishment is removed; a desirable behavior increases B a consequence is given; an undesirable behavior decreases C a sanction is given; an undesirable behavior decreases D a reward is offered; a desirable behavior increases

D (Positive reinforcement means that a reward is given in order to increase positive behavior.)

Mr. Prince teaches fourth-grade math. He records his lessons and posts them online for students to watch when they need to review. He explains verbally and writes down instruction. He also offers manipulatives for the class to use when needed. Mr. Prince's way of teaching is a great example of: A visual teaching style. B using technology to teach students. C working too hard to teach simple concepts. D using varied strategies and adjusting communication to reach all students.

D (Students learn in different ways (for example: visual, auditory, tactile) and teachers should try to present concepts with explanations in the varying modalities of learning to maximize student engagement and learning success. Have students listen, write, stand, and interact with the subject matter in order to ensure understanding.)

A fourth-grade science teacher plans an experiment where students can freely manipulate the material, compare progress, and share their conclusions with their classmates. Which of the following is best demonstrated in the teacher's instructional strategy? A Student involvement in classroom activities increases with a decrease in classroom structure. B The students' ability to learn is greatest when they direct their own learning. C Students must have peer interaction to obtain new knowledge. D Active engagement in the instructional activities greatly increases students' learning ability.

D (The experiment allows students to be actively engaged, which research suggests greatly increases students' learning ability.)

Which of these is the least reliable means of communication between teachers and parents? A providing information via text message B sending information via email C providing information in a voicemail D sending home information with students

D (The teacher cannot guarantee that the information makes it home because the student may lose the paper or it may not be retrieved from the backpack.)

Each day, as second-grade students enter their classroom, they place their homework folder in an assigned cubby. As students begin morning work, the teacher notes absences by checking the cubbies. Which of the following statements explains the reason behind this practice? A standard expectations reduce questions B homework is integral to learning C classroom procedures promote student learning D routines prevent wasted time

D (The teacher does not have to spend instructional time taking attendance.)

A first-grade student frequently disrupts class discussion, has an unorganized desk, misplaces his classroom materials, and has a hard time maintaining eye contact with whom he is speaking. His teacher becomes concerned, as these behaviors are causing him to struggle in his academic studies. Before she contacts the student's parents to schedule a meeting, which of the following is the most appropriate first step? A Discuss the situation with the special education coordinator at her school. B Inform the student of the observed behaviors and discuss possible learning disorder symptoms with the student. C Gather information and treatment possibilities for attention deficit disorder to share with the parent. D Create and gather documentation about specific instances of the student's behavior.

D (The teacher should gather evidence of their concern before meeting with the parents. By providing the parents with evidence and specific examples, the teacher can best inform the parents of the situation.)

Which of the following is the greatest educational benefit of using collaborative learning groups and active learning activities in the classroom? A These methods are easier and more exciting to teach. B These methods save paper and prevent the teacher from printing worksheets and notes. C These methods allow students to socialize and minimize disruptions during class. D These methods address a variety of learning styles and allow students to take ownership of their learning.

D (These are the greatest educational benefits of those listed.)

Which of the following activities best promotes family-centered programming with the school? A increasing the number of books about the most prominent cultures represented in the school B hosting a Saturday carnival with proceeds benefiting special programs at the school C hosting monthly activities that invite parents, such as "Doughnuts with Dad" or "Muffins with Mom" D inviting students to share a family tradition or custom and allowing all students to participate in it during a school day festival

D (This activity engages students and families and does not require participation outside of the regular school day.)

A student has been acting silly and disrupting class lately. She needs frequent reminders to be on task and it is impacting her academic progress. What is the most appropriate first action in response to these behaviors? A setting up a parent-teacher conference B referring the student to the principal C requesting a behavioral evaluation D setting up a student-teacher conference

D (This approach allows the student to reflect on the impact of their behavior before there are more severe consequences. It also allows the teacher to determine the causes of the behavior.)

During class, some students are assigned to work at centers, others independently at desks, and the remaining students that need remediation are in a small group. The teacher wants to ensure that all students are on task and able to complete work in the complex learning environment. How can the teacher set up the classroom to best accomplish this goal? A Set up barriers with bookshelves to separate the work centers, the independent desk work area, and the small group to prevent distractions. B Allow students to arrange themselves with the teacher remaining at the desk so that all students have access to ask questions. C Allow students to arrange themselves, with the teacher continuously moving around the room. D Arrange the small group in a corner with the teacher so that the teacher is facing the classroom and can periodically scan the room.

D (This arrangement ensures that the small group is receiving remediation, and the teacher can check that the other students are remaining on task.)

A new teacher has received an information form for each student that states the family's preferred method of contact and their availability. With this in mind, how should the teacher go about scheduling parent-teacher conferences? A setting a schedule for conferences during the school day and letting parents know that if they cannot meet during the assigned time, they will need to request a conference on another day B contacting each parent individually and asking them when they would like to meet C sending all parents an electronic sign-up at the same time so that everyone has a chance to choose what works best for their schedule D creating a schedule and then offering each parent a day and time that falls into their preferred schedule

D (This gives everyone an opportunity to schedule a preferred time, but also to adjust it if needed.)

A middle school has three feeder elementary schools. To ensure that all students feel connected on their first day of school, the science teacher plans small group activities in her classroom. What is the best method to seat students? A seat students in alphabetical rows and assign groups for the activities by row B seat students in groups of three with all three from the same school C allow students to choose their seats and pick their groups D seat students in groups of three that include a student from each school

D (This heterogeneous seating arrangement would encourage students to get to know students from other campuses.)

A teacher gives a sticker to a second-grade student with an emotional disability each time he uses polite words or raises his hand. At the end of the day, he can trade in his stickers for a prize. What behavioral strategy is the teacher using? A a self-management system B a modeling strategy C a reinforcement schedule D a token-reward system

D (This is a system in which the student is given small tokens for displaying target behaviors, and the tokens can be exchanged for a larger reward.)

Mrs. Hill notices her students have a hard time staying focused as she walks around the room answering the students' questions. She knows the students need to stay focused to maximize their learning. Which of the following would be the best strategy for Mrs. Hill to implement? A Stop making herself available to answer student questions, so she can focus on keeping students focused. B Punish students who do not stay focused. C Send letters home to the parents of students who do not stay focused. D Establish and maintain classroom procedures for student behavior.

D (This is the best answer because it adjusts the classroom expectations and allows students a structure in which to focus.)

If Mr. Melton desires to evaluate the learning environment in his classroom, which of the following would be the most important question to ask himself? A Do I engage my students in thinking critically and consistently use appropriate wait time? B Have I fully covered the state standards assigned to my subject area? C Is my personal philosophy toward instruction and continuing education in touch with students of the 21st century? D Do I consistently address all my students' intellectual involvement and active learning preferences when I design my lessons?

D (This is the best answer choice, because without peer collaboration and different levels of effective intellectual stimulus, students will not be engaged in active learning.)

Mr. Daniels has assigned his class a group project and wants to ensure the students understand the project as they complete it. Which of the following would be the best strategy to monitor student understanding during the project? A Observe the students from the front of the class. B Assign one group member to observe and report on the group members' understanding. C Provide a self-assessment questionnaire for students to complete after the group project is finished. D Walk from group to group while observing the students.

D (This is the best answer option as Mr. Daniels would be able to observe students' behavior and spot indicators of misunderstanding while students are completing the task. Also, it will make him more available for student questions.)

Which of the following should be the first step of a teacher who wants to establish a relationship with parents where both the teacher and parent can initiate a conversation to discuss the student's progress? A Send an email to all of the students' parents letting them know the conference hours of the teacher. B Write a positive letter to the parents about the progress of each child. C Require parents to sign the planners of their students each night and let the parents know the planners are a great way to relay notes to the teacher. D At the beginning of the year, set up a meeting with each parent to discuss mutual goals for their student.

D (This is the best answer, as it establishes a personal relationship between the parents and the teacher. Also, the first communication between the parents and the teacher is a positive one, which begins the relationship on the best foot possible.)

Mrs. Sims notices that Sally is having difficulty remembering assignments and turning in her homework. Mrs. Sims contacts Sally's parents for a parent-teacher conference. At the conference, Sally's parents ask how they can help ensure that Sally remembers her homework assignments. Of the following, what is the best recommendation for Mrs. Sims to make? A Establish rewards for Sally when she meets defined homework goals. B Sit down with Sally each night to work on her homework with her so she can have any questions that arise answered. C Establish consequences for Sally when she does not meet defined homework goals. D Review Sally's homework list each night and then help her find a quiet place for her to study.

D (This is the best option because it encourages Sally to work on the homework by herself and promotes accountability between Sally, her parents, and the teacher.)

In planning a morning schedule for kindergarten students, which of the following guidelines should the teacher take into account? A Morning activities should not be active because students may not be fully alert. B Students should be able to sit still for long periods of time, and the instruction needs to encourage this. C Most activities should be directed by the students to maintain an active engagement in the learning process. D Instructional activities should be balanced between allowing students to be active during instruction and requiring students to be still and listen.

D (This is the best option. Early education students are probably not able to sit still for long periods of time and the teacher should recognize and plan instructional activities accordingly.)

A new freshmen teacher plans to place her class in instructional groups by their achievement scores of last year. She announces that each group will have different assignments based on their level of past performance. Which of the following would best predict her students' attitudes and behavior using this practice? A The students would rise to the occasion and feel comfortable in taking on leadership roles and would achieve success. B The students would welcome working in groups with their peers. C The students would look forward to working with the teacher on a one-on-one basis more often than working in a group. D The students would feel that the teacher does not have very high learning expectations of all of the groups and would feel marginalized.

D (This is the correct answer, because the teacher should always plan to encourage and motivate all students to do their best and have success. A teacher should never purposely announce ability levels and create barriers between students with different achievement levels or backgrounds.)

Which of the following would be the best tip for having positive communication with parents and families? A provide parents access to all classroom information B give the parents whatever they want C allow administrators to manage parent relationships D frequent communication is key

D (This the best response. In order to support a good relationship with parents, honest and regular communication is key.)

Students in Mr. Miller's class are given stickers for high grades and positive behavior, while they lose recess time and must redo poor work or practice better behavior if needed. This is an example of which theorist's ideas? A Erikson B Maslow C Piaget D Watson

D (Watson's learning theory is based on rewards and punishments.)

Which of the following is not a best practice for teachers to follow when communicating via email with all of the parents of a class? A Use a concise subject line. B Review tone and grammar prior to sending the email. C Try to limit emails to a regular schedule. Weekly emails are more likely to be read if the information is pertinent to parents. If emails are sent too often they could be ignored. D Avoid using BCC because it can be seen by parents as a method of keeping information secret. It is best to be open about who is getting the email.

D (When sending the whole class the same information, be sure to enter the emails into the BCC section to avoid sharing everyone's email addresses.)

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