PPR Exam

Which of the following excerpts from the discussion best indicates that Ms. Soto adjusted instruction based on student needs?

"... is the textbook heavier or lighter than this magazine?"

While teaching a new science unit on weather, a teacher wants to measure the instructional effectiveness of lessons that have been presented against specific science TEKS. The best way to determine the lesson's effectiveness is to

Monitor students' learning by asking specific questions and measuring students' performance on assignments

An elementary school teacher presents a lesson in which students write a positive statement about each of their classmates. Which of the following is a primary purpose of the activity?

Promoting a respectful learning environment

A high school teacher observes that English-Language learners at the beginning level of language proficiency in speaking do not participate in classroom discussions. The most effective way to help ELLs is to

Provide short sentence stems and terms related to the discussion for the ELLs to practice before participating.

In order to provide the most beneficial feedback to students on their research papers, a teacher should

Schedule individual conferences to address comments and questions

A primary benefit of creating the list of people to interview is that it will facilitate

Scheduling to maximize learning opportunities

A primary benefit of using classroom portfolios for assessment purposes is to

provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their progress.

While grading students' research projects, a teacher observes that many of the students document unreliable Internet sources. To best ensure students use the most reliable sources, the teacher should provide students with

A list of several school-subscribed Web sites.

One day a week, a middle school social studies teacher holds a class discussion on a current event. To prepare students for the discussion, the teacher sends home an article and a list of online sites related to the topic. The teacher also suggests that students watch the news for additional information regarding the issue. Which of the following is a primary benefit of the teacher's actions?

Accommodating students' differing access to resources

Ms. Yan wants to increase the level of ongoing dialogue and student investment in the interactive online journal. She could best promote positive student engagement by

Allowing students to add new topics and questions to which other students respond.

During a lesson about the American Revolution, the teacher asks students the following questions. • Why did the Americans rebel? • Where did the Revolution begin? • What is a Patriot and what is a Tory? By asking these questions, the teacher best demonstrates an understanding of how to

Assess students' recall of the content

A teacher allows students in a seventh-grade science class to choose objects from home or from the classroom to use for a demonstration. By allowing the students to choose the objects for the demonstration, the teacher primarily addresses the typical adolescent's developmental need for

Autonomy

After reading from a science textbook written in English, an ELL at the advanced high level of proficiency completes the following activity card by listing a definition for precipitation, listing its pat of speech, and listing an example. Which of the following is a primary purpose of the activity?

Building academic vocabulary

Which of the following is a primary purpose of providing the handout?

Clarifying expectations of the students regarding the leaning activities

Which of the following strategies employed by a middle school teacher best conveys high expectations to students?

Communicating consistently to students that they have the skills and support necessary to succeed.

Ms. Soto mention as the jelly bean activity primarily to do which of the following?

Connect ideas to prior knowledge

Ms. Tatum is teaching a mathematics unit that is an essential core of the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). According to the suggested district timeline, she has only one more day to finish teaching the unit; however, based on the students' performance, she requires three additional days to teach the unit. Which of the following is the best practice for addressing the students' needs?

Continuing with her lesson plans to ensure that the students have the opportunity to complete the entire unit.

After teaching a unit on the War of 1812, a teacher assesses the students' learning by asking them to summarize the war, first as if they were a US journalist and then as if they were a British government official. Which of the following teaching strategies does the assignment primarily use?

Exploring multiple perspectives

After meeting with her mentor teacher, Ms. Galloway devises a folder system for student work. Each student is given a record sheet stapled inside a folder for keeping all lab work together during the semester. The folders are kept in boxes on a table in the back of the classroom, with each class having its own in-box and out-box. When lab notes and reports are ready for Ms. Galloway to review, students place their folders in the in-box. After Ms. Galloway looks through a folder and notes any problems, she places the folder in the out-box. Students pick up their folders as soon as they enter the classroom and place them in the appropriate box at the end of the period. The following is part of a record sheet from one student's folder. Which of the following is a primary purpose of the teacher's comment section on the record sheet?

Facilitating individual communication with students.

Which of the following best describes Mr. Wylie's role during the interview day?

Facilitator

According to Piaget, which of the following is the last stage of cognitive development?

Formal operational stage

Middle school science students are creating a multimedia presentation about different types of soil. The students are required to include pictures of various types of soil and an explanation of the attributes of each soil type. Which of the following best ensures that students can include pictures in the presentation without breaking copyright laws?

Having students use photographs that they took with a digital camera.

Ms. Ellis, a high school biology teacher, is struggling to maintain student engagement throughout her lessons. Although she has begun to use several motivational strategies, the situation has not improved. The most appropriate next step for Ms. Ellis to take is to discuss the issue with the

Head of the science department

The project develops students' higher-order thinking skills primarily by promoting which of the following?

Inquiry Learning

Use the conversation between Minh, a high school English-language learner (ELL), and his teacher to answer the questions that follow. Ms. Stevenson: Minh, I saw you at the football game last Friday. Did you have a good time? Minh: Yes, I am liking American football. I am liking every sports. Ms. Stevenson: You should join a team here at school. Minh: I am studying. Ms. Stevenson: Oh, I see. Well, I hope you'll get some free time soon. Minh: I hoping. During conversation with Minh, Ms. Stevenson primarily uses which of the following techniques to create a productive classroom environment?

Interacting with her students on a personal level.

64-67 Ms. Soto, a fourth-grade teacher, begins a unit about endangered animals with her class. Read the following excerpt from the student assignment sheet. Our Precious Animals Goals: Mathematics: To practice estimation skills by writing estimation statements about the endangered animals Science: To understand factors that contribute to the endangerment of animals Social Studies: To learn about various world cultures and land formations English/Language Arts: To incorporate research into a concise computer-based slide show and to write song lyrics There are hundreds of endangered animals in our country alone and many more around the world. Over the next three weeks, we will be studying such endangered animals. You will be assigned to a group of 3-4 students and to a specific region of the world. Each group will be asked to research ten animals within the group's assigned region that are considered endangered and present the information to the class. Which of the following terms best characterizes the project described?

Interdisciplinary

Jim leaves class each day to take medication in the nurse's office. A student asks the teacher why Jim leaves each day. Which of the following is the most appropriate teacher response?

Letting the students know that Jim is fine and will return shortly.

During a face-to-face conference about a student, which of the following strategies best ensures open communication between the teacher and parents?

Limiting the use of education-specific terminology.

A high school teacher realizes during a direct-teach lesson that many students seem confused and are not participating. To best respond, the teacher should continue the lesson by

Making adjustments to the instructional approach.

A high school teacher is creating a mathematics unit assessment for the class. It is most important for the teacher to align the assessment questions with the

Material taught during the unit

After meeting with her mentor teacher, Ms. Galloway devises a folder system for student work. Each student is given a record sheet stapled inside a folder for keeping all lab work together during the semester. The folders are kept in boxes on a table in the back of the classroom, with each class having its own in-box and out-box. When lab notes and reports are ready for Ms. Galloway to review, students place their folders in the in-box. After Ms. Galloway looks through a folder and notes any problems, she places the folder in the out-box. Students pick up their folders as soon as they enter the classroom and place them in the appropriate box at the end of the period. The following is part of a record sheet from one student's folder. A primary benefit of the folder system is that it:

Maximizes time for students' learning.

A teacher would like to create a more collaborative environment in the classroom but does not know how to implement strategies to do so. Which of the following would be best first step in developing more collaboration?

Observing another teacher who effectively implements collaborative activities on a regular basis

Before arranging for his students to leave the school grounds for the project on Day 5, it is important for Mr. Wylie to

Obtain a consent form signed by a parent from each student.

To best help students accomplish their task on Day 4, Mr. Wylie should provide them with a

Performance rubric

An intermediate-level ELL in a middle school class is having difficulty with writing. While responding to short-answer questions, the student writes with little detail and with frequent errors. To best support the student, the teacher should

Provide simple sentence stems.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. Allows for purposeful selection of student work; Promotes self-reflection on accomplishments; Provides an emphasis on improvement; Encourages meaningful goal setting. The listed information best describes

Portfolio assessment

Which of the following classroom management approaches for high school students is based on Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?

Praising students who are on task while correcting students who are off task

Elementary students are presenting to their classmates descriptive paragraphs that they wrote. The teacher asks students to name each new descriptive word they hear and post the new words on a word wall. The primary purpose of the activity is to

Promote active engagement

A class reads a novel about a man who returns to his homeland. The teacher extends the reading by having the students each create a family tree, research their family's homeland, model that country's traditional clothing, and share a food of that country. A primary benefit of including the project in the curriculum is that it

Promotes acceptance of and respect for students' diverse backgrounds.

Ms. Yan is aware that two of her students do not have computers at home, making it difficult for them to complete their weekly interactive online journal assignment. To best address this situation without depriving the two students of important learning opportunities, the teacher should

Provide them with internet access during the school day to work on their weekly journal assignment.

68-70 After the groups have compiled their research, students are to choose and present relevant facts. Ms. Soto brings them to the school computer lab to give them time to create their group slide shows. Before having the students begin their assignment, Ms. Soto reviews how to create a slide show with the students. After their group presentations, students are given an assignment that will count as their final assessment for the unit. They are to choose one endangered animal from their group and compose song lyrics to the tune of a nursery rhyme or popular song. The song lyrics should describe the animal. Which of the following will best ensure that Ms. Soto clearly explains the directions for the slide show assignment?

Providing a visual example of a completed assignment?

A teacher can best simplify language for an English-language learner with which of the following strategies?

Reducing the number of pronouns used in spoken instructions

Middle school students are working in cooperative learning groups on a project. While monitoring the classroom, the teacher notices that some students are not actively working on the project. Which of the following techniques should the teacher implement first to address the issue?

Reviewing assigned roles for the project with members of each group.

A middle school teacher observes an unusually high number of behavior problems in one class. The students are violating multiple rules during a typical class period despite having watched a presentation on class expectations at the beginning of the school year. Which of the following strategies is the next best step for the teacher to take to help improve the behavior of the class?

Rewarding the class when the students keep violations below a predetermined number.

A high school English-language arts teacher wants to ensure that students successfully complete a content-specific essay. Which of the following actions by the teacher will best help students understand the teacher's expectations for the assignment's format?

Showing students examples of what to do and what not to do.

A father complained to Ms. Adair, a fifth-grade teacher, about an incident that occurred between his son and another fifth-grade teacher, Ms. Riley. The father feels Ms. Riley has treated his son unfairly. To best maintain her professionalism in the situation, Ms. Adair should

Suggest a conference between the student, the parent, and Ms. Riley.

A group of teachers work together to create a common assessment for an upcoming unit. Which of the following features of word processing software is best to use for facilitating collaboration among the teachers on the assessment?

Tracking changes

Ms. Yan is using a weekly interactive online journal to encourage her middle school students to write about mathematics and to discuss concepts with each other. Students write entries related to one of the topics Ms. Yan has posted. She hopes that the interactive online journal will encourage ongoing dialogue among her students, both online and during class. After the teacher briefly explains the process of making an entry in an interactive online journal, which of the following teacher actions would best ensure that the students are successful with the journal?

Using a projector to display and model how to write a journal entry before students begin working.

At the beginning of the school year, a sixth-grade teacher gives students a hand-shaped cutout and tells them to write an "I' statement on it focusing on something they like to do in relation to language arts. Students then present their statements to the class and put their cutouts up on a classroom bulletin board. Which of the following teacher's goals is best achieved through the activity?

Using students' diverse skills and interests to create a sense of community within the classroom.

Ms. Soto allows each student to select two or three animals to research for the group. The purpose of allowing students to choose the animals is to

increase motivation

To best help officials understand the expectations for the interviews, it is most important for Mr. Wylie to explain the

students' learning objectives to be achieved for the unit.

For the units in her high school physics class, Ms. Galloway develops a series of experiments for students to work on independently at their own pace within a specified time frame. After each experiment, students turn in their lab notes and a detailed report, and Ms. Galloway notes any problems for students to review. Students determine how to improve and revise their work according to Ms. Galloway's feedback before they can move on to the next experiment. As the school year progresses, Ms. Galloway is very pleased with the overall improvement in her students' lab skills, scientific thinking, and writing skills. However, she feels overwhelmed by the amount of time she spends reviewing student work and maintaining student records. Ms. Galloway discusses the issue with her mentor teacher who helps her list the specific problems she is having, as shown below. 1. Too much class time gets wasted collecting and passing out student papers. 2. Too much time is spent sorting and matching lab notes and reports before they can be read. 3. Students sometimes misplace or lose part of their earlier sets of notes on a particular experiment, making it difficult to monitor their progress. Ms. Galloway's discussion with her mentor teacher is effective primarily because it involves.

A reflective process for Ms. Galloway to use to improve her instruction.

A fourth-grade teacher reviews whole-number place value before introducing decimal place value. It is evident that four students still struggle with the concept of whole-number place value. The teacher's best approach is to

Adapt the lesson plans to include small-group instruction for those who have not mastered the concept.

At the beginning of the school year, a middle school science teacher presents a lesson demonstrating safe practices in the science lab. Which of the following activities is most effective informal assessment of the lesson?

Allowing students to explore safety equipment at various lab stations.

43-50 Mr. Wylie, a seventh-grade Texas history teacher, is planning a unit to help his students understand the structure and functions of government as created by the Texas Constitution. To address the objective, he plans to have pairs of students work together to interview a city official. He gives students the following handout that provides a timeline of activities for student pairs to perform during the project. Straight From the Source: Learning About Our City Government Day 1 Brainstorm a list of ten to fifteen possible questions to ask a city official to help you learn how the Texas Constitution affects decisions that city officials make every day. The questions should elicit a variety of answers. Day 2 Share your list of potential questions in small groups to get feedback. Revise your questions. Day 3 Practice your interview using role-playing with at least two different members of the class (other than your partner). Take turns as the interviewer, asking your questions and taking notes. Day 4 Use your experiences from Day 3 to reflect on the quality and scope of your questions. Refine your list of questions based on your reflection. Day 5 Conduct yourself appropriately during the interview and take good notes. Write a summary of the information you learned from your interview. Day 6 Make a brief oral presentation to the class to share what you learned. PART 2 In preparing for the interviews, Mr. Wylie develops a list of officials who have an office in the city hall building. Then he contacts the officials to determine if they are interested in the project and their availability for interviews. The project design primarily demonstrates Mr. Wylie's understanding of the importance of

Connecting students' learning to the real world.

Which of the following teacher strategies best promotes ongoing communication to enhance parental involvement in student learning?

Creating an accessible class blog to provide parents with a forum for an open discussion.

Which of the following approaches would most effectively support kindergarten students' social development when they participate in learning centers?

Creating opportunities for interaction among students during learning center activities.

In a middle school classroom, which of the following methods for returning graded papers most effectively and appropriately maximizes instructional time?

Distributing graded assignments quietly while students complete seat work.

Mr. Marin, a middle school teacher, wants to establish a productive learning environment for his students. Which of the following should Mr. Marin focus on first?

Developing a feeling of trust between the students and the teacher.

For the units in her high school physics class, Ms. Galloway develops a series of experiments for students to work on independently at their own pace within a specified time frame. After each experiment, students turn in their lab notes and a detailed report, and Ms. Galloway notes any problems for students to review. Students determine how to improve and revise their work according to Ms. Galloway's feedback before they can move on to the next experiment. As the school year progresses, Ms. Galloway is very pleased with the overall improvement in her students' lab skills, scientific thinking, and writing skills. However, she feels overwhelmed by the amount of time she spends reviewing student work and maintaining student records. Ms. Galloway discusses the issue with her mentor teacher who helps her list the specific problems she is having, as shown below. 1. Too much class time gets wasted collecting and passing out student papers. 2. Too much time is spent sorting and matching lab notes and reports before they can be read. 3. Students sometimes misplace or lose part of their earlier sets of notes on a particular experiment, making it difficult to monitor their progress. Ms. Galloway's system for noting problems with completed assignments will primarily benefit students by which of the following?

Developing students' sense of personal responsibility for their own achievement.

Su-Mei, a high school English-language learner, is at an intermediate level of English-language proficiency. She can communicate and understand a wide range of everyday topics but has difficulty understanding complex content material in class lectures. Which of the following strategies is the most appropriate for her teachers to use to help her comprehend academic content?

Discussing learning objectives at the beginning and end of class

When Claire disrupts the class, the teacher's most appropriate course of action is to

Document Claire's behavior and implement the consequences detailed in her behavior plan.

After meeting with her mentor teacher, Ms. Galloway devises a folder system for student work. Each student is given a record sheet stapled inside a folder for keeping all lab work together during the semester. The folders are kept in boxes on a table in the back of the classroom, with each class having its own in-box and out-box. When lab notes and reports are ready for Ms. Galloway to review, students place their folders in the in-box. After Ms. Galloway looks through a folder and notes any problems, she places the folder in the out-box. Students pick up their folders as soon as they enter the classroom and place them in the appropriate box at the end of the period. The following is part of a record sheet from one student's folder. The feedback provided by Ms. Galloway, as shown on the record sheet, is primarily effective because it provides

Encouraging support

Which of the following steps should a high school teacher take first when introducing procedures at the beginning of the year?

Explaining the details of the procedures.

Because Matthew is a student who is struggling in mathematics, his teacher schedules a conference with his parents. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to begin the conference?

Identify Matthew's strengths in other subjects before addressing his mathematics grades

A high school student expresses political and religious views during class and often asks career-oriented questions. The student is most likely in which of the following stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Identity vs Role Confusion

Which of the following is a general education teacher's primary responsibility in teaching special education students?

Implementing modifications for students according to their IEP

To make the final assessment most valid, the teacher should instruct the students to

Include facts about the animals in the song.

A new elementary school teacher attends a writing workshop that addresses strategies for improving student writing. After the workshop, the teacher can best help students by

Incorporating the strategies into current and future lesson plans.

A third-grade teacher has several ELLs at varying language proficiency levels in the class. Which of the following best ensures that the ELLs will participate in whole-class discussions?

Increasing wait time to allow ELLs to process information before contributing ideas.

Use the conversation between Minh, a high school English-language learner (ELL), and his teacher to answer the questions that follow. Ms. Stevenson: Minh, I saw you at the football game last Friday. Did you have a good time? Minh: Yes, I am liking American football. I am liking every sports. Ms. Stevenson: You should join a team here at school. Minh: I am studying. Ms. Stevenson: Oh, I see. Well, I hope you'll get some free time soon. Minh: I hoping. Minh's speech can best be classified as being at which of the following English-language proficiency levels?

Intermediate

Which of the following is a realistic role for a mentor teacher in supporting a first-year teacher?

Modeling instructional strategies for the new teacher.

When conducting a class discussion, a high school teacher makes eye contact with individual students and listens intently to their responses. Which of the following classroom management techniques does the teacher's conduct best exemplify?

Modeling desired behaviors

After meeting with her mentor teacher, Ms. Galloway devises a folder system for student work. Each student is given a record sheet stapled inside a folder for keeping all lab work together during the semester. The folders are kept in boxes on a table in the back of the classroom, with each class having its own in-box and out-box. When lab notes and reports are ready for Ms. Galloway to review, students place their folders in the in-box. After Ms. Galloway looks through a folder and notes any problems, she places the folder in the out-box. Students pick up their folders as soon as they enter the classroom and place them in the appropriate box at the end of the period. The following is part of a record sheet from one student's folder. The student folders can be best used as a tool for which of the following?

Monitoring students' understanding of the content.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. Offering student choices; Incorporating real-world applications; Designing appropriately challenging tasks. A high school teacher can expect implementation of the listed strategies to primarily increase student

Motivation

Erin is a kindergartner who can skip, jump, dress herself, and trace a square. Which of the following best describes this area of development?

Motor development

For the units in her high school physics class, Ms. Galloway develops a series of experiments for students to work on independently at their own pace within a specified time frame. After each experiment, students turn in their lab notes and a detailed report, and Ms. Galloway notes any problems for students to review. Students determine how to improve and revise their work according to Ms. Galloway's feedback before they can move on to the next experiment. As the school year progresses, Ms. Galloway is very pleased with the overall improvement in her students' lab skills, scientific thinking, and writing skills. However, she feels overwhelmed by the amount of time she spends reviewing student work and maintaining student records. Ms. Galloway discusses the issue with her mentor teacher who helps her list the specific problems she is having, as shown below. 1. Too much class time gets wasted collecting and passing out student papers. 2. Too much time is spent sorting and matching lab notes and reports before they can be read. 3. Students sometimes misplace or lose part of their earlier sets of notes on a particular experiment, making it difficult to monitor their progress. The teaching approach Ms. Galloway uses with her students can best be described as developmentally appropriate because it provides

Opportunities for reflection.

Mr. Chan is preteaching intermediate-level English-language learners key content-area vocabulary for an upcoming unit. He begins by telling them the definitions of the words. To most effectively help them comprehend the meanings, Mr. Chan's best next step is to have students

Relate the words to their daily lives

If a teacher suspects a student is being abused or neglected, it is the teacher's primary responsibility to

Report the suspected abuse or neglect to law enforcement or family protective services within 48 hours.

Clair is a 10-year-old student who is unable to focus on any academic task for more than a couple of minutes at a time. She spends much of her time tapping her pencil, bothering others, rummaging through her desk, or crawling on the floor. She is currently receiving special education services and has a behavioral intervention plan. Which of the following is most appropriate way for the teacher to seek support in teaching Claire how to better manage her behaviors?

Requesting that Claire's behaviors be reevaluated by an Admission Review Dismissal committee.

Emily, a student in Ms. Hess's class has recently been boasting to other students about her connections to a local gang. Emily's friends are intrigued and preoccupied by what she says and does, and they are also showing an interest in the gang. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the teacher to take in the situation?

Requesting that a law-enforcement officer educate all of the students on gang activities and possible consequences.

While reviewing student data from a recent math exam, a high school teacher notices that a majority of students do not understand a key concept. Which of the following actions should the teacher take first to address the students' deficiency in understanding?

Reteaching the essential concept before covering any new material.

For the units in her high school physics class, Ms. Galloway develops a series of experiments for students to work on independently at their own pace within a specified time frame. After each experiment, students turn in their lab notes and a detailed report, and Ms. Galloway notes any problems for students to review. Students determine how to improve and revise their work according to Ms. Galloway's feedback before they can move on to the next experiment. As the school year progresses, Ms. Galloway is very pleased with the overall improvement in her students' lab skills, scientific thinking, and writing skills. However, she feels overwhelmed by the amount of time she spends reviewing student work and maintaining student records. Ms. Galloway discusses the issue with her mentor teacher who helps her list the specific problems she is having, as shown below. 1. Too much class time gets wasted collecting and passing out student papers. 2. Too much time is spent sorting and matching lab notes and reports before they can be read. 3. Students sometimes misplace or lose part of their earlier sets of notes on a particular experiment, making it difficult to monitor their progress. To best help Ms. Galloway identify potential solutions for the listed problems, the mentor should suggest that Ms. Galloway

Review research-based educational articles about managing materials.

Which of the following is the most effective way for a teacher to establish a solution-focused approach to parent-teacher conferences?

Seeking to establish a partnership with each parent.

A high school science teacher has students keep a personal dictionary of content-related vocabulary words. The teacher first models for the students and then asks them to come up with personal learning connections for each word, such as graphics, lab notes, and references to enhance understanding. Which of the following skills will the activity most likely help the students develop?

Self-Directed Learning

According to the Code of Ethics and Standard Practices for Texas Educators, an educator can reveal confidential information concerning a student only when the disclosure

Serves a lawful professional purpose.

A teacher finds a cell phone after students have left class. Which of the following is the most ethical way for the teacher to handle the situation?

Take the phone to the school office as soon as possible.

The best reason for incorporating the slide show portion into the unit is to have students

Use productivity tools to communicate information.

Use the conversation between Minh, a high school English-language learner (ELL), and his teacher to answer the questions that follow. Ms. Stevenson: Minh, I saw you at the football game last Friday. Did you have a good time? Minh: Yes, I am liking American football. I am liking every sports. Ms. Stevenson: You should join a team here at school. Minh: I am studying. Ms. Stevenson: Oh, I see. Well, I hope you'll get some free time soon. Minh: I hoping. Based on the grammatical errors Minh makes during the conversation, he would benefit most from focused English-Language instruction on which of the following skills?

Using the correct form of present-tense verbs

Mr. Smigla's students are reading a novel in history class. He provides twenty minutes for sustained silent reading each class period. Near the end of the established time frame, one of the students asks Mr. Smigla a question about a character in the novel. He answers the question, and this sparks a conversation about the novel that involves the whole classroom. The best way for Mr. Smigla to respond to this situation is by

allowing the students to continue the conversation while he monitors the discussion.