PR EXAM #2

PR people can help... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Educate execs about how media operate - Train execs to give 30-second answers - Provide briefing/background materials to reporters - Educate execs on basic news values

Types of Social Networks (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Ego-centric networks - Socio-centric networks - Open-system networks

Convergence of the Internet and Public Relations (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Blogs, Wikis, Social networking, RSS technology, Streaming video, Podcasts, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest

What companies major executive was just fired? (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Boeing - They've shot their own feet - He was fired because of the Alaska Boeing 737 the door plug that blew out, he was in charge of that plane which is why they blamed him

Social networks are directly to the consumer (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Direct communication - Bypass gatekeepers - No interference - No interpretation - No redirection - A 24/7 focus panel

What are organizational stakeholders? (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Directors - Executives - Employees - Members

What are some concerns a PR team has regarding reporters/media (relations) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Do they report an accurate story? - Have they misquoted anyone? - Do they use sensationalism? - Will anyone on the PR team lose their job? *West wing video* *Primary question video*

Twitter's speed and ease mirror the principles of... (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

network diffusion and complexity (pg. 178)

Facebook illustrates the Social network concepts of... (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

size and quality

How Ideas Spread on the Internet (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Big-seed approach - Small-seed approach

Spreading ideas on the internet (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Big-seed approach - Small-seed approach

Why do relationships with reporters' matter? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

"Although we ought to do our damnedest to be truthful and fair, we can probably never be 100 percent disengaged from our subjects either, no matter how we try." - Reporters affect how the story gets written and told to the publics

Be a Chronic Truth-Teller (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

"Always tell the truth, it's easiest to memorize." - Colonel Hal Richardson, 1991

Abercrombie & Fitch example of negative company reputation (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

"DRINKING 101" - Abercrombie & Fitch found itself in a controversy due to its inclusion of "Drinking 101" in its back-to-school catalog. This two-page article, intended as a "fun, lighthearted" portrayal of campus life, glorified binge drinking. - It sparked outrage, especially from Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). - The company eventually acknowledged its "mistake," but the damage was already done. - Thousands of copies of the catalog were in the hands of underage students, perpetuating a dangerous narrative. - Story was featured on the NBC Today Show but Abercrombie didn't send anyone to speak so the news story doesn't feature their perspective

When asked how one makes community programs work, Joe Hardy replied... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

"It's not so complicated, it's just a matter of making up your mind to do something the community needs, something you have the ability to do and doing it as soon as possible by working with people you trust."

10. Reputation is an asset and must be managed like any other asset (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- Must be managed/observed to remain positive

The contents of a traditional news release (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

* Headline (LEAD): Make it catchy and relevant (THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF A PRESS RELEASE) (TARGET AUDIENCE NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED) (the most important news element is the lead) (should summarize the entire press release and have key words) (have a key message) + Ex. If president was coming to State College, you would start the headline with the "who" since that's the most newsworthy element of the article. * Sub-headline: Provide additional context or information regarding the headline. * Introduction: Summarize the key points of the release. * Body: Dive into the details, providing quotes, statistics, and other supporting information. * Conclusion: Wrap up the release, summarizing its key points and providing contact details for further inquiries. - Primary reason is to sell a product (what are the benefits, what are the rewards) - has to stand out - However, there is no guarantee it will be published - make sure everything is spelled correctly - Get straight to the point - Avoid cliches, tech language - Proof read - News releases have to answer the five W's and the H (the who, what, when, where, why and the how) - Usually contain a photo or 2 (causes more people to want to read)(images must be high resolution)

What do reporters want? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

* Less work -> Make it easy for them * News - not self-serving fluff or commercials -> Deliver something with Velcro (something that sticks, something with industrial strength, true and hard-hitting) * Easy-to-digest information -> Translate into English * Timely information and answers -> Deliver on their timetable * Truth -> No spin

What does a reputation do for a person? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

*Example video of Serena Williams at U.S. Open in 2009 (AVAILABLE)* - She broke her racket while playing tennis and got a point penalty so she walks off the court - Lowered her reputation *Example video of Kanye West in 2009 (AVAILABLE)* - Interrupted Taylor Swift during her speech for receiving the MTV's video music award for best female video, West thought Beyonce should've won - Lowered his reputation *Example video of Michael Jordan and Joe Wilson in 2009 (NOT AVAILABLE)* *Example video of Tiger Woods (AVAILABLE)* - Tiger Woods got into an accident, is fined 164 dollars - Sex scandals come out, a bunch of women come forth claiming affairs with the golfer - Mother gets rushed to the hospital - Woods announces he's taking a break from golf - Makes a public apology - Lowered his reputation

Layoffs (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

*video example of Citigroup salaries (NOT AVAILABLE)* - Citigroup has been implementing a sweeping overhaul to simplify its structure and enhance performance. - Since September, they have reduced their workforce by 5,000 employees - The reorganization aims to streamline the bank's operations and create annual savings of approximately $1 billion *Post-9/11 - 400,000 Americans lost their jobs - Airline/travel industry took largest hit *Cardinal (important) rule= - Layoffs should never be announced to media before employees are told

Corporate reputation (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

*video example of ad featuring "NEWS, professional reporter's notebook" (NOT AVAILABLE)* - Media Relations are Crucial + Ex. Martha Stewart criminal coverage + Ex. Wal-Mart reputation plummets + Ex. BP CEO hurts company image (says he would "like his life back" after the oil spill actually took the lives of people) *"CEO must view the media as an enemy." CNN video example (AVAILABLE)* - Video about trump blasting "fake news" in a tweet, basically just trump getting mad and making public attacks at the media - "Media is an enemy of the people" TEXTBOOK DEFINITION: Corporate reputation is a term used by communications professionals to describe how a company (or organization) is perceived by its key stakeholders. - Essentially, it is the image or view that comes to mind when you hear a company's name- for example, Apple might be "cool, innovative, or creative," or BP might be more negative with "oil spill, pollution, or controversy" coming to mind

TikTok ban passed (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

*video is available to watch (The U.S. House of Representatives voted to ban TikTok in the US. It goes to the Senate)* - China uses TikTok to snoop on Americans - In the end TikTok isn't actually being banned, just changing its owner to someone in the US *video is available to watch (How is TikTok a threat?) - Data collection by a foreign power - Disinformation is put out by TikTok to the 170 mill American users - Censorship (Hong Kong security) - The war in Ukraine is the first war that has been covered on TikTok by super-empowered individuals armed only with smartphones - Essentially, acts of brutality are being documented and broadcast worldwide without any editors or filters

Video on the AI threat to humanity (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

*video is available* - Report: AI could pose a "near-extinction" level threat to humans - AI systems could fall into the wrong hands - The Ai systems could become so smart that we lose control of them ("in the worst case, such a loss of control could pose a "near-extinction" level threat to humans") - How AI could backfire: High-impact cyberattacks, Destabilizing disinformation campaigns, weaponized robotics - Woman asked a chatbot to create a deepfake campaign to destroy her reputation and it did just that (was extremely realistic)

Video of how social media impacts businesses (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

*video is available* - people under 30 have never known life without the internet - 95% of millennials have joined a social network - 93% of business buyers are social media advocates - On social media, more than 25 million pieces of content are shared each month - More outdated info

Example of Volkswagen on social media over the years (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

*video of The New VW Bug - CBS News (video about the last Volkswagen beetle rolling off the assembly line)* *video of 2019 Uncle Ed VW Ad (banned ad because it offended people OR the child dressed as Darth Vader ad but that didn't come out in 2019)* "Owning a VW Is Like Being in Love" (motto) - Popular Mechanics, 1956 - 1999: named one of most influential cars of 20th century - 2014: one of biggest car companies in the world - 2015: VW Golf MK7 wins Motor Trend Car of the Year award Violation of Clean Air Act - EPA accuses VW of installing "defeat device" software in 500,000 diesel vehicles designed to deceive EPA emissions tests - Four days later, VW admitted it involved up to 11 million vehicles (CEO resigns next day) VW on social media (#VWGate, #DieselGate, #VWscandal, #Volkswagenscandal) VW concerns - Loss of trust at VW - Loss in sales threatens workers' livelihoods - Risk to health due to higher emissions

3. Build the safeguards strong and durable, for they are the infrastructure of a strong reputation (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

+ Ex. Adelphia Communications + Ex. Bernie Madoff - Moral: strong, efficient safeguards, internal and external, are in an organization's best interests

2. Know and honor your constituents (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

+ Ex. American Red Cross - Moral: Do not presume to know the will of your constituents (a person who is a component/part of your company) - do not presume that good intentions alone are sufficient to protect against criticism that the organization is acting against the interests of its key constituents.

4. Beware the conflict of interest, for it can mortally wound your organization (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

+ Ex. Arthur Andersen

1. Know and honor your organization's intrinsic identity (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

+ Ex. Johnson & Johnson ("We believe that our first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses, and patients, to mothers and fathers, and all others who use our products and services.")

7. Be slow to forgive an action or inaction that hurts reputation (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

+ Ex. Warren Buffett said it best, as shown in an earlier slide ("If you lose dollars for the firm by bad decisions, I will be very understanding. If you lose reputation for the firm, I will be ruthless.")

Major Business merger EXAMPLE: Nations bank and Bank America (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- "Given our goals for our customers, our people, our communities and our stockholders, bigger is indeed better." (Stated by Hugh McCall, CEO Nations Bank, April 13, 1998, after merging of the banks happened)

Spontaneity (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Being natural rather than planning everything you want to say and do in advance - It is a way of behaving in which you do what feels natural and good whenever you want to, rather than planning things first. - In communication, spontaneity is contrasted with strategy - Strategy can be used to characterize defense-arousing messages in which speakers hide their ulterior motives, while spontaneity contrasts this behavior by being honest with others rather than manipulating them

What does a positive reputation do for a company? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Better reputations attract better candidates for employment - Pay less for supplies - Gain essentially free press coverage - Good reputation helps universities attract students and donors

How is a company's reputation affected by controllable media (if they are) (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- A company can do whatever they'd like with their reputation since the media is provided by them - Company must make good decisions (put out media that positively reflects on the company)

Why didn't Abercrombie & Fitch send a spokesperson on NBC news? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- A&F had no policy expressing embarrassment - A&F showed no commitment to mitigate the damage: (Recall the catalog) - Helped wage responsibility-in-drinking campaigns - Company appeared to care little about health of those who wear their clothes - What could have a spokesperson said? (pretty doomed)

Having the right interview mindset (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- An interview is not a gameshow where you test your skill at answering questions - It is an opportunity to deliver specific messages to specific audiences through the media - "Don't get so fixated by the questions you are asked that you forget to make your points.", Robert MacNeil

Web 2.0 (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Applications that promote user-generated content, sharing of content, and collaboration to create content - Promotes interaction - Foundation for social media - emphasizes user-generated content, interactivity, and participation. - Consists of websites that allow users to collaborate, create, and edit content.

Who are the least trusted individuals from a corporation? (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Bank CEOs (or maybe just CEOs in general?) - Executives from financial institutions - the very wealthy and government leaders (pg. 250)

What are the 3 types of reporters? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Beat reporters - Assignment reporters - Freelancers

The interview decision process features... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Brainstorming (Researching Potential Questions you may be asked) - Answering questions (in writing) - Rehearsing answers (out loud) - Writing out the answers to questions from an Audience's Perspective (75-100 words) and then PRACTICING THEM OUTLOUD

What does PR do? (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Build relationships - Maintain existing relationships - Craft targeted messages - Deliver timely news

PR people can be vital to reporters if they... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Can supply timely and accurate information - Are responsive to inquiries on deadline - Are knowledgeable and trustworthy - Can be a conduit for reporters to the newsmaker

Abercrombie & Fitch's negative track record that led to them have a negative reputation (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Catalogs for young people - Nude models - Criticized for not featuring people of color - Canceled 2003 "Christmas Field Guide" catalog - Sexually explicit nature of articles - Offensive slogans Boycotters have included: - Asian Americans - Women's organizations - State of West Virginia - USA Gymnastics

Types of CSR Engagement (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Cause-related promotions - Cause-related marketing - Corporate social marketing - Corporate philanthropy - Community volunteering - Socially responsible business practices

When social media works against you (the negatives of social media) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Citizen Journalists (not real journalists) - Misinformation - Eliminate the middle-man (an intermediary to a process or transaction/person who connects buyers and sellers) - Rumors *video of: Public Shaming on Social Media" *social media censorship video*

What are societal stakeholders? (what are the different types) (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Communities - Government agencies - Media - Nonprofits - NGOs

What makes up media relations? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Conflict - Criticism - Controversy - Sensationalism - Bias - Agenda-setting

Can reputation be measured? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Confusing Communications with Performance and Behavior The Pushmi-pullyu Metaphor= - In the Story of Doctor Doolittle, the doctor comes across a mythical, rare animal in Africa. - It is a llama-like creature with one head at the front, where it would normally be, and one at the base of its spine, and its called Pushmi-pullyu. "Lord save us," crises the duck. "How does it make up its mind? - The metaphor is a fitting one to represent the problem that public relations and corporate communication practitioners face: the confusion of behavior or performance with communication + Ex. Kenneth Lay, former CEO for Enron - Shortly before the collapse of Enron, Kenneth Lay tells his public relations officer, Mark Palmer, the reason we can't right the ship is we're not doing a good job in dealing with the press. = In other words, Lay saw a communications problem, not a company performance or behavior problem. - Enron is another example of a company that did really well and then failed + Ex. NBA issue On the other hand, a major article about professional basketball in the New York Times magazine of Feb. 13, 2005, maintained that the NBA does not have a drug problem or a thug problem (or a PR problem). - Instead, the players, despite their unprecedented athleticism, do not play with teamwork, the way sport used to be played. It has a basketball problem." *video example regarding V.P Dick Cheney injures bird hunter accidentally, didn't notify the public in a national way, so bad look (AVAILABLE)* - In 2006, the mishandling of communications regarding the hunting accident involving Dick Chaney the VP of George W Bush when he shot his friend in the face - There, communications made matters worse and played right into the hands of the press and its appetite for sensationalism - Dick Chaney avoided answering all qu

What are some things that define reporters? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Curious - Competitive - Deadline-driven - Not always experts in your subject and not your friends

What are economic stakeholders? / What are the categories under economic stakeholders? (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Customers - Creditors - Competitors - Suppliers - Distributers - Unions Look at figure in the book for the answer

Gen Z (1998-2013) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Devotes 3 hours a day on social media - Don't view social media as a place for communicating or staying up to date - Uses it for apps: YouTube and Instagram

Which of the following is the most user-generated content? (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Facebook - IMAGES (visual content) - Photos and Videos Visual content is some of the most powerful UGC because it shows potential customers what they can expect from a product without physically inspecting it.

General electric example (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- GE has long been criticized for using cloudy accounting and confusing reporting metrics - These practices made it difficult for investors to assess the company's true health. - In 2009, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged GE with accounting fraud, alleging that the company used "overly aggressive accounting" to mislead investors - More recently, in 2020, GE agreed to pay a $200 million penalty to settle charges related to disclosure failures in its power and insurance businesses. The stock price had plummeted almost 75% during 2017 and 2018 due to challenges in these sectors Management Decisions Required Perception -Political -Technological -Social - Economic (so this wouldn't have happened)

Starbucks' company reputation/identity EXAMPLE (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Good company, had a positive identity, and lived up to their positive reputation and dominant identity - Some problems Starbucks has had: Starbucks Christmas campaign - about race called "Lets Talk Race" - did not go over well Starbucks 2018 racial incident: - Two black men in Philadelphia entered the Starbucks and sat down - they didn't order anything because they were waiting for another businessman - They had asked to use the restroom, but because they hadn't made a purchase, an employee refused their request. - When the men declined to leave, an employee called the police because the manager said to do it - The situation escalated, and the men were arrested on suspicion of trespassing. - A video of the incident, viewed over eight million times on Twitter, showed the men surrounded by police officers. - Later on, the company issued a public apology on Twitter and pledged to investigate. - Starbucks CEO, Kevin R. Johnson, called the situation a "reprehensible outcome." - He expressed that Starbucks stands against discrimination and racial profiling. "Value today has new meaning. It's not about what's cheapest—it's about what's best—for (consumers), their families, their communities and the world around them." (quoted during Starbucks 2009 campaign so before controversy)

Top Ten Most Highly Regarded Companies (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Google, Microsoft, Walt Disney, BMW, Lego, Daimler, Apple, Rolls-Royce, Rolex, Intel Some large worldwide sale numbers - Wal-Mart $405 billion worldwide sales - MobilExxon $442 billion worldwide sales - The United States GNP: $10 trillion

Dangers of web 2.0 (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Harassment * Happens to one-third of Americans * People are harassed for their Sexual orientation, Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Gender identity, Disability - Physical threats - Bigotry - Antisemitism - Racism

5. Beware of the "CEO Disease" because there is no treatment for it (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- Hubris: Arrogance resulting from excessive pride + Ex. Texaco as a positive example.

Manuel's Rules of Media Relations (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- If you don't want to read it, don't say it. (during an interview) *video* - Don't Get MAD!! * (during an interview) 2 videos*

Press release dissemination (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- In push dissemination, information is actively pushed out to the target audience by the sender. - It involves proactively managing news and distributing it through various channels. - Press Releases: Organizations and corporations often use press releases as a primary tool for push dissemination. These releases are crafted to quickly publicize significant information to a large and unrelated group of people

Cord-cutting (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- There are troubling trends for the television industry due to the decline in viewing trends and so-called "cord cutting". Cord cutting: a phenomenon in which people discontinue ("or cut") their cable subscriptions and rely on internet-based providers or "streamers" (Hulu Netflix, Amazon) for their entertainment and news content. - This trend, by most accounts, is expected to accelerate as costs of basic cable increase and patterns of viewing change. Variety magazine reported that in 2018, 32.8 million U.S adults (compared to 24.9 million in 2017) have cut the cord.

Network (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- In the realm of social network theory, networks are fundamental constructs that help us understand the intricate web of human interactions. - A network comprises a set of relationships among individuals or entities. (in a neighborhood) - This is the largest element of the social network theory - Networks connect people to each other - These relationships are represented by nodes (the actors) and ties (the connections between those actors) - Networks exist at the meso-level, bridging the gap between the individual (micro-level) and larger institutions (macro-level) - Rather than emphasizing individual attributes (such as gender or age), network theory centers on the relationships and their structures. - People are inherently embedded within social relationships; they cannot be understood in isolation from their social context

What is social media? (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- It is anything that uses the internet to facilitate conversations between people - Monologue has given way to dialog - Causes Creation (user generated content), distribution of information not the domain of the organization (anymore) - Users bypass traditional information gatekeepers (anyone can see info on social media, no exclusive info, no more gatekeepers)

The "Tablets" (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- It is necessary to have a sound attitude. - It is always wise to prepare carefully.

Why talk to the media? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- It's a cost of doing business - If you don't, someone else will - the competition or someone in the talking head industry will happily fill the gap - If you choose NOT to participate in a news story, especially a bad one, the "judge and jury" may draw the wrong conclusion from your absence - There is always risk (whether you do or whether you don't)

Additional rules of engagement (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- It's ok to tape an interview - It's ok to ask when approximately piece will run/air - It's ok to ask for a reporter's background - It's ok to ask the general direction/nature of the story - It's ok to ask who in general the reporter is talking to - DON'T ask for copies of stories - DON'T ask to proofread or edit their story - DON'T ask for questions in advance - DON'T question the reporter's motive - Spontaneity is important to interviews *knight 4 video* *video featuring spontaneity*

What are things that limit PR participation? (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Lack of business experience - Passivity - Naivete about organization politics - Technical education - Gender - Tenure in company - look at word doc for more details

Exploiting Power of social media (to maintain your company's reputation) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Learn from the mistake - All Motrin knows is that they offended some folks due to the twitter posts (probably did not have to pull the ad) - Motrin doesn't know if they offended all moms or just a vocal minority - Play offense, not defense and learn *Alex Jones video example NOT AVAILABLE (Alex Jones is an American far-right, alt-right radio show host and prominent conspiracy theorist. He is the founder of Infowars, a website and radio show that spreads false and inflammatory claims about national tragedies, terrorist attacks, and government actions)* *Dr. Fauci video example NOT AVAILABLE (Dr. Fauci is an American physician-scientist and immunologist who served as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) from 1984 to 2022, and the chief medical advisor to the president from 2021 to 2022. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fauci served under President Donald Trump as one of the lead members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force. His advice was frequently contradicted by Trump, and Trump's supporters alleged that Fauci was trying to politically undermine Trump's run for reelection. After Joe Biden took office, Fauci began serving as one of the lead members of the White House COVID-19 Response Team and as Biden's chief medical advisor)* *Dominos pizza (VIDEO AVAILABLE)* - Video was about a crisis regarding Dominos that took place in 2009 - An employee was recording another employee for a joke as they sneezed on someone's cheese steak and still packaged and served it - Domino replies by making a video discussing how they fired the two employees and shut down that Dominos, discuss how they want to regain our trust (Dominos used social media to their advantage since they were able to get the video out to a large audience, quickly)

What are the values of social media? (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Listening to what stakeholders are saying - Providing access to information when stakeholders might need it

Disadvantages of having an internal PR department (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Loss of objectivity - Domination and subservience - Confused roles and mission

How is a company's reputation affected by uncontrollable media (if they are) (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- Negative Media Coverage: media outlets can significantly influence public opinion about a company. Negative news stories, scandals, or controversies can damage a brand's reputation and erode trust among customers and stakeholders - Social media: The rise of social media platforms amplifies reputational risks. Viral posts, tweets, or videos can quickly shape public perception since the company has limited control over the content. - news is shared all over social media websites by people who have no connection to what's going on - Citizen Journalists - Misinformation - Eliminate the middle-man - Rumors

Node (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Nodes (the actors) and ties (the connections between those actors) - The smallest element of the social networking theory - Nodes can be people, organizations, or any other relevant entities. - Ties represent the various ways these nodes are connected to one another (represents the relationships between nodes) - Nodes are the building blocks of social networks, and understanding their connections helps us unravel the intricate fabric of human interactions.

Fact sheet (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- On Penn State university - May want to know if there's been a history of felonies on this campus - Crime rate (how many assaults there are) - Safety measures - Quick reads - They are objective - Written in the 3rd person - Not selling anything - Look at word doc for better explanation

What are the 3 types of interviews? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- On background - On-The-Record - Off-The-Record

Measuring the impact of your press release (based on tone) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Once your news release has been distributed and covered by some of the key media, you can conduct this analysis. - Measuring the impact of your press release can be made easier by purchasing reports from an online monitoring service that provide an analysis of the target media you reached and providing an assessment on the tone of the stories - If the tone of the article is primarily supportive, it could be said to be positive. - If it has some good and some bad but is accurate and balanced, it can be categorized as neutral. - and of course, if it is highly critical, or supports a different product or point of view, it would be scored as negative.

Lehmen Brothers reputation/identity EXAMPLE (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- One of oldest/most respected investment banks in the US - Posted record high earning in 2007 - 2008 subprime mortgage crisis - Lehman folds in largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history - Why? - Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on September 15, 2008, following the exodus (departure) of most of its clients, drastic declines in its stock price, and the devaluation of assets by credit rating agencies - The collapse was largely due to Lehman's involvement in the subprime mortgage crisis and its exposure to less liquid assets. - Lehman Brothers invested heavily in risky mortgages just as housing prices started falling. - The collapse of Lehman Brothers was a symbol of the failure of supervision and inadequacies of regulation in financial markets - They folded because they failed to disclose full information about the MBS' and consequently misled investors, leading to their fall

What 4 things are corporations obligated to do by statute/law/regulatory agencies (anything beyond those 4 things is strictly voluntary) (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Operate profitably - Operate legally - Offer a minimum wage - Operate in a safe workspace

Categories of stakeholders (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Organizational - Economic - Societal

6. Beware of organizational myopia, for it will obscure the long-term view (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- Organizations tend to focus on the short term during times of crisis

Offshoring (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Otherwise known as "outsourcing" - American white collar, low level executive jobs lost to foreign sources due to cheap labor - Hiring a minority because they'll work for cheaper - Offshoring is a way of transferring business processes or operations to another party - Offshoring always involves moving operations to a different country

Social media characteristics (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Participation - Openness - Conversation - Communities - Connectedness

Triple bottom line of CSR (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- People (Social) - Planet (Environmental) - Profit (Economic) - Suggest the 3 performance areas that a company should serve and measure - CSR is widely defined as the sum of the "voluntary actions taken by a company to address the economic, social and environmental impacts of its business operations and the concerns of its principal stakeholders.

8. Do not lie (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- People tell lies; most of which are small and harmless - Some may actually be good lies: "Honey, do I look heavy in this dress?" + Ex. President Nixon and Watergate (Nixon lied) + Ex. President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky (lied about having sexual relations) + Ex. Martha Stewart (Stewart lied)

Nike shoe factories (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Philanthropy expanded considerably and CSR became a part of business practice. - Many early adaptors of significant CSR programs include Nike shoe factory - Integrated sustainable business practices into the company's operation - Nike, as a global sports apparel brand, integrates corporate social responsibility (CSR) into its business model - Diversity and Inclusion: Nike recognizes that a healthy work environment is essential for all employees. They invest in promoting diversity and inclusion within their workforce. Initiatives include programs like Juneteenth learning and Unconscious Bias Awareness training to foster understanding of racial equality and social change. - By 2025, Nike aims for 50% representation of women and 35% representation of racial and ethnic minorities in their corporate workforce - They've committed $125 million over five years to support businesses striving for equality - Nike focuses on reducing waste, cutting energy consumption, minimizing water use, and rejecting toxins.

What is regarded as a "juggling act" for companies? (regarding CSR) (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Political Concerns - Technological Concerns - Economic Concerns - Social Concerns - Environmental Concerns - Sensitivity to Ethnic Groups - Employee Concerns

Social media news release (SMR) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Press releases are not dead ... they're simply evolving into a PR 2.0 communications tool A social media press release... - aims to get a buzz from social media users - focuses on social media as a tool to share a story - is written with a general audience in mind, not only journalists - shares a ready-made story rich in multimedia (photos/infographics/videos, instead of a collection of facts) - doesn't have to follow all the strict press release rules - can be read by anyone: journalists, influencers, and - most importantly - customers. (while a regular press release is specifically aimed at journalists) - Press releases are done through email now (SMR)

Primary stakeholder (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Primary stakeholders have those with some direct involvement in the organization-for example, shareholders or owners, employees, customers, business partners and often communities

Perceptions and beliefs (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- Regardless of whether the communication team reports to the CEO or elsewhere, his or her direct involvement in helping to manage the company and receiving executive and support are critical to the success of the effort. - A recent study states that "the performance of corporate communication (strategies businesses use to communicate with different audiences) depends heavily on the perceptions, beliefs and expectations that Chief executive officers (CEOs), and other top executives, hold toward communication and its contribution to organizational goals". (pg. 253)

What kind of function is PR in a company? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- STAFF FUNCTION!! - "The job of staff officers is to advise top officials and to support and assist line officers." - Build relationships - Maintain existing relationships - Craft targeted messages - Deliver timely news

Secondary stakeholder (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Secondary stakeholders, in contrast, are those without direct involvement in the organization but are still affected by it-for example, public or special interest groups, competitors, and the media

The catholic church reputation/identity EXAMPLE (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

- Sexual abuse of children by some priests (2002) - What drove Catholics away from the church? - The crime? - PA became ground zero - Doesn't make any sense to transfer the offending priest to another place so he could abuse someone there, someone had to stop him there, arrest him - Protecting the image of the catholic church is the wrong track to take, tell the truth, tell it quickly, tell it yourself in a crisis - Protecting the image of the church should not come first, kids were being hurt, didn't have to happen

Web 1.0 (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Websites - (from roughly 1989 to 2004) was characterized by static web pages where content creators were few, and most users merely consumed information. - Personal web pages were common, hosted on ISP-run servers or free services like Tripod and GeoCities. - Interaction was limited, and readers couldn't actively contribute - Monologue

Social Network Theory (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Social Network Theory is the study of how people, organizations or groups interact with others inside their network. - Understanding the theory is easier when you examine the individual pieces starting with the largest element, which is networks, and working down to the smallest element, which is the actors - The concepts behind social media can be found in SNT, a model researched by sociologists and organizational behavior scholars beginning in the 1950's - The theory examines the web of interrelationships among people and organizations. - TEXTBOOK DEFINITION: Social Network theory is a theory that examines and explains the web of interrelationships among people and organizations - Its concepts of network size and quality, social distance, network diffusion, and complexity all help explain the usefulness of social media platforms (pg. 177)

History of social media (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Social media began with the invention of the telegraph in 1837 - The term telegraph is most often used to refer to the electric telegraph, which was developed in the mid-19th century and for more than 100 years was the principal means of transmitting printed information by wire - "In this era of exploding media technologies, there is no truth except the truth you create for yourself." (Richard Edelman, Founder, President & CEO of Edelman Public Relations) *Wikipedia video example*

Online Reputation Management (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Sometimes it's difficult to see the big picture in the middle of chaos - Look at the numbers before deciding - Did McNeil Pull the Motrin ad too soon?

9. Dance with the one that "brung" you (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- Stay loyal to original company that helped you achieve your reputation/something good in the first place + Ex. Ford/Firestone

Advantages of having an internal PR department (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Team membership - Knowledge of the organization - Economy for ongoing programs - Availability to associates

When communicating with company workers, who are the most important sources for a reporter? (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- The Department manager (includes CEO): 54% - The Company spokesperson: 32% - The Researcher: 28%

CSR actions or activities are not required of... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- The company or organization by any government or regulatory body - They are done at a company's discretion (boosts a company's reputation/identity)

Off-The-Record interview (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- The interviewee provides information which may not be used. - It is provided for a reporter's understanding of an issue. (Note: The off-the-records ground is rarely used)

On-The-Record interview (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- The reporter may quote verbatim the interviewee by name and title

PR team working with influencers (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- There is a relatively new phenomenon of working with social media influencers - This tests many boundaries since many of influencers receive travel or advertising support from companies whose events or products they support - More and more often, these influencers are opting to note in their post that they are sometimes compensated by the subjects of their posts.. - However, for companies that operate on a global scale (especially if they have plants, or marketing sales offices in other countries) this might be expected. - While there are clear PR industry guidelines on ethics, it comes down to each company making a policy decision and enforcing it across all geographics.

What 3 things define the best media relations practitioners? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- They are strong writers and don't view writing as a chore. - They can translate a complicated issue into concise messages or reporters can make it relevant to their readers. They are smart and know their subject matter as well or better than their management or spokespeople one of the greatest compliments. I've ever received, was one a senior executive told me. I knew the product we were launching better than he did. Also I have never had to get. I would I've never had a reporter, give me grief. If I tell them, I need to get more details before I respond to a question. - They respect all reporters and treat them as peers. The Wall Street Journal has an audience that can be just as important as a tech blog or a fashion magazine.

Why do interviews? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- To answer questions you've been asked - MOST IMPORTANT= To achieve a Communications Objective of your own (something you personally really want to communicate/let the audience know about) + There needs to be a balance between a critic's message and a proponent's message (interviews can provide this balance) *interview video*

What is authenticity? (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

- To be authentic is to have "integrity" - A failure to live up to what one stands for is a failure of integrity or authenticity.

Why use Media Training? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- To promote the idea that a media encounter is likely - To provide a basic understanding of the media - To provide interview experience and tips *Media training video*

What makes up the "typical" reporter? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Typical reporters are likely to be the troop; not the commander (they are never the person in charge, just an employee) - They have a mission/goal - They usually purport to have "the people's perspective" - A generalist, not a specialist (doesn't know your job, can't know, and doesn't care) - Knows how to ask the tough questions - Probably well educated - They ask fair questions but sometimes there is a hidden agenda to asking these specific questions *video* (hope they do NOT have a hidden agenda)

Dead air: the eternal pregnant pause (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- Usually follows a tough question - Don't fill the space (Don't worry, it won't air) - Have short commercial messages in mind and use them

P&G Today EXAMPLE (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Utilizes socially conscious messages - Changing with the the times - Courting a new breed of consumer - "Woke" advertising - Where does P&G stand? P&G is a multinational consumer goods corporation and has a strong reputation built on these several key factors

Hate Platforms or Benign Opinion? *video example* (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- Video about how social media users from TikTok to X are being exposed to a deluge of different Islamophobic and antisemitic tropes — some of them perpetuated by people like Elon Musk, the owner of X. *TikTok & Fleetwood Mac video example (a dude on TikTok singing Fleetwood mac while skateboarding bringing people happiness since there's so much hate in the world/on the internet*

Corporate violators of CSR (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Volkswagen - BP Oil In 2019 - Wal-mart? - Martha Stewart? - H&M *struggles to manage its supply chain" *In 2013, the Rana Plaza building collapsed in Bangladesh* *In 2018, global labor justice reported abuse of female garment workers in the factories that supply H&M* *In 2019, H&M faced a communications crisis when it ran an ad featuring a young black boy modeling in a sweatshirt that said "Coolest monkey in the jungle"* - Wells fargo - Uber - Facebook - Shell - Ryanair - BMW

Commercial/Post Conclusion Traps (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- When the mic is left recording even when the show cuts to commercial/or the person is done with the interview/or the figure is out of the public's view - Figures must be on guard during commercial breaks for this reason - Assume the mic is always "HOT" (when your microphone is always listening (recording) and doesn't require you to press a button) *video of Wisconsin government* - Avoid impromptu remarks and don't let your guard down + Ex. George W. Bush's open mic video (maybe during Bush's inaugural speech or when he said "there's Adam Clymer, major league a**hole") + Ex. Bryant Gumball open mic video ("a lot of missteps")

What are bad times to meet reporters? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- When they don't know you at all - When something has hit the fan - When the first story is provably incorrect and you are trying to correct the record *WARNING* Objects may not be evenly distributed

SmileTiming (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- When to smile and when not to smile during a media event. *video is available to watch (When not to smile addressing the press. The video is from the GOP rebuttal at the 2024 state of the union address)* - Video features a woman talking about "being steeped in the blood of our patriots" while smiling which gives the impression that the woman doesn't care, and overall just doesn't match the seriousness of the issue she's discussing

User-generated content (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- When websites rely on contributions from users worldwide. Anyone can edit articles, add information, and improve content. UGC refers to brand-related content that is created by customers and brand advocates - can take many forms, such as images, videos, text, testimonials, and audio, and is generally posted by users on online content aggregation platforms such as social media, discussion forums, and wikis. - Essentially, it is information or images related to your brand that is created by someone who doesn't have a direct connection to your company

What does a company do? (what is its functions) (company function) (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- Work with the groups - Operate in a transparent environment - Turn suggestions into action

Background briefing (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- You bring in all the reporters and then you bring in someone to talk about something - In this case Mr. Bacon (who was the primary spokesman for the press party) he's named in this because he's the one doing the briefing but reporters can't use his name or title - A senior defense official is all they can say (can not use name)

The million-dollar word (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- You could say one word wrong and that could be the cause of your downfall which is why it's almost like the word is worth a million-dollars - To avoid this, clarify any word or phrase you don't understand before answering questions/being interviewed *video example*

News Letter (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- You'll most likely deal with at least one news letter while working at an organization - if your a big company, there may be multiple news letters - There would be one for the hierarchy, one for the reacon file, one for the retired community of that company - All online now

Interviewee Bill of Rights (you do NOT have the right to...) (THE GROUND RULES) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- be late (respect reporter's deadlines and time) - know the questions in advance - see the story in advance - change your quotes, edit the story - expect your view to be the only one presented

Press kit (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- contains files on the CEO/deputy - fact sheets/background info/photos of these people - Cost 8-10 dollars - Brochures

Reasearch shows that the main attributes of a successful CSR program were... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

- ethics, workplace, philanthropy, and environmental sustainability

Interviewee Bill of Rights (you have the right to...) (THE GROUND RULES) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- know the general topics of interest - know who will be involved in the interview - format of the interview - know if the interview will be live or taped - know if the interview will be edited or used in its entirety - Remain silent!

Press advisory (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- sent to the press, not the public - notifying the press about something and what that something is - 4 of the 5 W's used - 1 page - location - 1 paragraph narrative

The most common ways PR pros work with influencers is... (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

- via giveaways, competitions, discounts, etc.

The Compressed, Real-time News Cycle (media in the old days) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

- you could count on at least a half a day to get your answers back to the media - you had 12 hours to respond to a crisis or story

What are the 7 attributes to writing effective answers to questions (ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS THAT ACTUALLY WORK IN INTERVIEWS) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

1. Answer contains a communication objective 2. Answer has the message "up front" - Uses newspaper style (speak as a newspaper reads) + Answer with main points first and then cut the points that you mention last since they are most likely unimportant - "The sound bite" 3. Answer is clear, concise, and to the point. 4. Answers should have a "people perspective" - Not a cold recital of facts 5. Answer should avoid color words (cut-throat, scandal, explosive, dangerous) - Remember whose words show up on TV, yours or the reporters? 6. Answers should use power words (urgent, unusual, energize, important, enhanced, discovered, initiated) - Avoid disparaging answers/negative words - Don't help the reporter create a negative story - Use a "blocking" and "bridging technique" *Bush voting advertisement video* *Bridging example video* 7. The Reagan Factor: Always accentuate the positive + Ex. "Yes, we know that this occurred, and this is what we're doing about it." --That's a positive statement.

The 4 rules of engagement (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

1. Establish the subject of the interview 2. Establish the subjects NOT open for discussion *example video from the show Newhart- a man who's being interviewed by Bob Newhart doesn't know anything about the book he's discussing (so in reality, he shouldn't have been allowed to discuss that topic) * *example video discussing the subjects open for I/V* 3. Determine Deadline (how much time do I have to respond?) 4. Set interview length, location, time, and date

When you speak to the media/a reporter, make sure you... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

1. Know your deadline 2. Ask for the questions ahead of time 3. Understand the rules of media 4. Practice, practice, practice! 5. Avoid getting ambushed 6. Never wing it, and do not ramble 7. Avoid jargon and acronyms 8. Tell the truth 9. Avoid saying "'no comment" 10. Do not open yourself up to legal liability

The 10 commandments for working with the press (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

1. Talk from the viewpoint of the public's interest, not the organization. 2. Make the news easy to read and use. + Ex. The U.S. and ROK governments today signed a revised SOFA agreement in Seoul. 3. If you don't want a statement quoted, don't say it! *video example* 4. State the most important fact at the beginning + Ex. inverted pyramid (the traditional structure of news writing and the writing of news releases - in that style the most important information is at the top and the details are at the bottom) 5. Never argue with a reporter or lose your cool *video example* 6. If a question contains offensive language or simply words you do not like, do not repeat them even to deny them. - The camera is always on *2 video examples* 7. If asked a direct question, give an equally direct answer--no more, no less *video example* 8. If you don't know the answer to a question, then just say, "I don't know, but I'll get the answer for you." *video example* 9. Tell the truth, even if it hurts--and it will. No alternative facts. *video example* 10. Refer to your briefing book—don't wing it *video example* *the press conference example video (most likely Joe Biden)* *Always be prepared video*

Stakeholder groups that are affected by what a company does: (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

= Consumers, Employees, Wholesalers, Retailers, Consumer Action Groups, Government Agencies, Stockholders, Investment analysts, Media, Concerned Citizens

Corporate sponsorships (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

A Corporate sponsorships is a form of marketing in which a company pays to be associated with a project or program EXAMPLES OF BIG CORPORATE SPONSERSHIPS - Olympics - NASCAR - Indianapolis 500 - Kentucky Derby - Academy Awards - PGA golf tournaments - Stadiums - Beaver stadium vs. Michigan

The media has been described as... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

A brood of vipers, a pack of hounds, smug self-righteous liberals out to get Raytheon. But, as Joe Friday would say, they're just doing' their jobs.....and unfortunately, good news is tough to sell.....what sells best is dirty laundry The Press Conference (video, most likely joe biden)

What is a corporation's face? (Is there a trademark? Is there a logo?) (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

A corporation's face is when a recognizable person/object/entity—such as a founder, CEO, or prominent leader—made to represent the company. - creates public trust + Ex. Jake from Statefarm

A crisis (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

A crisis, whether it is a natural disaster, a product recall, questionable behavior by management, or any other situation, impacts the company - Crisis are dynamic and changeable. - The media is both an audience/stakeholder and a vehicle to address the public. And fair or not, the rules and expectations are different for the company involved than everybody else. - Any crisis or natural disaster will generate media inquiries and coverage, but not all accurate or flattering, as noted by Luca Zowinsky - How well they are handled, and the tone of the response is a critical consideration in managing and surviving the situation with your personal and corporate reputation intact.

Neighborhood (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

A place, or neighborhood, has been described as a social entity or membership group that provides identity. - Social identity theory explains why many types of prosocial behaviors are directed toward members of the group (neighborhood) to which an individual belongs and with which they identify - Group of nodes (individuals) that are related/similar in some way (live in the same place, have the same interests) - networks are what connects these people (people in a neighborhood) - Neighborhoods play a significant role in social network theory, particularly when examining crime patterns and community dynamics. - Neighborhood Social Networks and Crime: - Features of neighborhood social networks are central to many criminological theories. - These networks influence both facilitating and deterring crime at individual and community levels. - Constructs like bonding, cohesion, social control, and peer influence are essential in criminological research. - These constructs often emerge from the structure of affiliations among social groups, including neighborhoods. Macro- and multilevel theories explore the effects of neighborhood and community networks on offending rates. - Despite their importance, social network analysis is underutilized in criminology research compared to other disciplines - Social networks serve as the mechanism through which residents: - get to know each other - establish common values - carry out informal social control within the neighborhood. - These networks foster a sense of community and contribute to maintaining order and safety

Pregnant pause (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

A technique that involves purposefully inserting a meaningful silence during your speech or conversation - During your presentation or conversation, intentionally pause for a few seconds after making a statement - Allow that statement to "land" in the listener's mind before moving forward - It's okay to just stop and let the words sink in

Traditional news release/press release (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

A traditional press release, also known as a press release, follows a standard format designed to make it useful to journalists and editors - These releases serve as official statements distributed by organizations to news outlets or the public - Used to be done on paper but now is done via email - target public (who are we trying to get the message out to) - Get it out in a timely manner, accurate, well written

PR 1.0 (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

A two-way communication highway - E-mail correspondence - E-newsletter - HTML e-blast - Chat sessions/Forums - Webinar - Newsgroup Provides easier editorial coverage -Online media kits -Cyber newsrooms

Bridging technique (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

A valuable skill in media training, allowing interviewees to navigate conversations effectively. - When faced with an off-topic or negative question from an interviewer, bridging enables you to steer the discussion back to your own agenda

Contents of a social media news release (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

ADDING ON TO THE TRADITIONAL NEWS RELEASE FORMAT * RSS feeds * Photo libraries * MP3 files * Video footage (VOD) * Links to previous coverage on a topic *LtCol. Stuart Scheller video (available to watch)* - Video is about marine officer who went viral for Afghanistan rant and is now jailed: Report

The Motrin Mom Babywearing Ad from 2008 TAKEDOWN (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Ad implied that moms carry their babies as fashion accessories which caused outrage and the ad to be pulled from the public eye - Scores of angry moms took to Twitter to slam the ad's flip tone (the narrator brags that toting her baby "close to the bod ... totally makes me look like an official mom"). A number of Twitterers took offense at the spot's lament: "And so if I look tired and crazy, people will understand why." A typical response echoed this one posted by homemakerbarbi: "I love my front carrier, and don't appreciate being told I look 'crazy' for baby-wearing. Bad job this time, Motrin." - McNeil Consumer Healthcare, the maker of Motrin, responded by taking the ad down from the Motrin Web site. Marc Boston, McNeil's director of communications, read a prepared statement when contacted by phone, apologizing for "any concerns raised" by the advertisement.

In house PR or External PR? Advantages/Disadvantages (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Advantages of in house PR -Team membership - Knowledge of the organization - Economy for ongoing programs - Availability to associates Disadvantages of in house PR - Loss of objectivity - Domination and subservience - Confused roles and mission Advantages of external PR - Cost efficiency - Specialized tools and resources - Media connections - News expertise - Internal PR is about how you communicate with people within the company, including employees and managers - External PR is PR aimed at external entities, such as customers, the general public, governments, and company shareholders.

What are the advantages/disadvantages of working in a PR firm as opposed to a corporation? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Advantages to working in a PR firm - Effective sharing of goals - Teamwork - High Employee morale - Adapts to risks, opportunities, and changes - Defined policies and structures Disadvantages to working in a PR firm 1. Economically worse (firms have worse rates, charge more) 2. when you work for a PR firm, you aren't right there (worse availability to associates) - 24-hour work days Advantages to working in a Corporation 1. You have the bosses ear everyday 2. You know everything about this company, since your the 2nd most knowledgeable 3. Your part of a team 4. It's economically better 5. Availability to associates, your right there Disadvantages to working in a Corporation 1. Your not objective, too close 2. Domination and subservience (must be a servant) 3. Confuse roles and mission (you may be asked to sit in and lead a staff meeting, you are not the CEO, you may start to get confused about your place in the company aka think your higher and people will get upset) Bureaucracy and rigid structures can limit flexibility and innovation.

Online Newsrooms (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

An online newsroom (also referred to as an online press room) is essentially a simple web page whose purpose is to feature all your press releases and company news in one place. - If you go to General Motors, you will see that they have a news site where they put all the press releases on there and then news reporters can go on there and pull the press releases and photos down themselves (so now PR workers don't need to talk to as many reporters) - Unlike actual media coverage, an online press room is where you completely control your own narrative and decide what to make public - It's also a go-to place for all journalists, influencers, potential & existing customers, or even employees who want to see what your company has been up to.

"The Faceless Corportation" (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

An organization is referred to as a "faceless corporation" when it lacks a clear, identifiable human presence - It's as if the company operates in the shadows, devoid of a distinct personality or individual figurehead - Creates Distrust in the Public's Mind + Ex. British Petroleum (BP) - In contrast, a faced corporation would be one where a recognizable person—such as a founder, CEO, or prominent leader—represents the company.

Socio-centric networks (1/3 types of Social Networks) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Are closed networks by default - Involve the quantification of relationships between people within a defined group. - These groups can vary widely, from a classroom of children to a board of directors, the residents of a village or town, or even the trading partners in a bloc of nations - Unlike egocentric analysis, which focuses on an individual node in the network, socio-centric social network analysis examines the interactions and structural patterns among a group of nodes or the entire social network

Some numbers regarding internet use (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

As of January 2021: - 4.66 billion active internet users worldwide - 59.5 percent of the global population - 92.6 percent (4.32 billion) accessed the internet via mobile devices

A very specific question about firms and stakeholders= Think about the issue with corporate CEOs in the US and their desire/not desire to speak out on social issues (talked about that and used one in particular as an example which many of us frequent including Prof. Manuel) (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Bank CEOs grilled on TARP (bank CEOs were grilled on how they spent the funds from the Troubled Assets Relief Program) - This is the reason as to why Bank CEOs are seen as untrustworthy - The chief executives of major U.S. retail banks, including JPMorgan, Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo, are facing a grilling by lawmakers this week. They will appear before the House Financial Services Committee and Senate Banking Committees to address a range of issues. - Consumer and Social Issues: Lawmakers will question the CEOs about their stances on hot-button issues such as abortion and fossil-fuel lending. Additionally, topics like payments fraud, boosting diversity, mergers, and access to bank branches will be discussed - Economic Outlook: Given growing concerns about inflation and potential recession, lawmakers will inquire about how consumers' finances are holding up and how the banks plan to assist Americans as borrowing costs rise - Accountability: Senate Banking Committee Chair Senator Sherrod Brown emphasized the importance of holding the nation's biggest banks accountable. The CEOs will be under scrutiny as lawmakers seek to boost their profiles ahead of the November elections - Positive Story: The banks believe they have a positive story to tell. They performed well during the COVID-19 pandemic, distributed billions of dollars in aid, and continue to play a crucial role in the broader economy. Their efforts to boost pay for workers, promote racial equity, and enhance staff diversity will also be highlighted - political concern

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

CSR is "the sum of the voluntary actions taken by a company to address the economic, social and environmental impacts of its business operations and the concerns of its principal stakeholders." CSR is a self-regulating business model that encourages companies to operate in ways that enhance society and the environment, rather than contributing negatively to them - the idea that a business has a responsibility to the society that exists around it - "We are the eyes and ears of an organization." (Jack Bergen, senior vice president of marketing communications, Siemens Corporation) Restoring Trust in Business: Models for Action - 10-page white paper * Adopted ethical principles * Pursued transparency and disclosure * Made trust a fundamental precept of corporate governance Applies to all sized companies - 84.9 % of U.S. businesses had fewer than 20 employees (2015) - 96.4% had fewer than 100 employees - 99% had fewer than 500 employees

What are one of the dominant barriers to effective integration? (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

CULTURE: the values, attitudes, and behaviors of the company's people and how the culture is communicated (pg. 234)

Communications Objective(s) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Communications Objectives are strategic goals that guide communication efforts and contribute to achieving broader business or organizational goals. - These objectives measure the actions and outcomes you have decided you need to enable a communication goal to be achieved - "A Simple, Plain Language Statement that you want to get across No Matter What." *Clinton denial video- features Bill Clinton simply stating "I did not have sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky"* (since that's the message he wanted to get across to the audience) - Is the key to success - Without one, you are at the reporter's mercy (have to have a clear reason why your there or don't be there) - Geared not to reporter, but the reporter's audience

Community relations and how communities are categorized (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Community relations are considered a two-way benefit to its society. It positions businesses as civically and ethically responsible in their local communities, fosters goodwill among the locals-your potential customers, and helps the community thrive as a whole. Community relations refer to the interactions, partnerships, and programs that facilitate positive connections between various entities within a community. These entities can include local government agencies, organizations, businesses, and residents - The primary goal of community relations is to create a safe, vibrant, diverse, and sustainable community. - By building strong relationships, community members can work together to address common challenges, celebrate achievements, and enhance the overall well-being of everyone involved. - From local communities come employees and customers-and sometimes donors and investors. PR duties involve fostering and maintaining strategic relationships with community members. - They can range from groups who may be impacted by building or relocating a business to diverse publics categorized by age, ethnicity, diversity, or special concerns. - Practitioners of community relations must understand the structure, strengths, and weaknesses of a community before setting community outreach goals and objectives for the organization. Socially responsible initiatives are usually a big part of that outreach. - The PR professional who specializes in community relations is typically immersed in the community, humanizing the business by putting a visible and accessible face on it. - She or he attends various functions and events and directly meets with community leaders-who may include public officials, educators, religious leaders, and heads of professional organizations and groups defined by special interests or ethnicities. - co

Reputation capital (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Companies •Better reputations attract better candidates for employment •Pay less for supplies •Gain essentially free press coverage •Good reputation helps universities attract students and donors *Trusted companies attract the best employees People (scandals) - Serenah Williams video - Kanye West video - etc. Reputation capital is a valuable asset for businesses, encompassing intangible elements that contribute to trust and recognition. - These assets include: - Reviews: Customer feedback and ratings. - Word of Mouth: How people perceive and talk about your brand. - Brand Identity: The strength of your brand image. - Stakeholder Trust: The confidence stakeholders (such as customers, investors, and employees) have in your business. - It's important to recognize that reputation capital is subjective and challenging to measure precisely. However, its impact is significant. - Components of Reputation Capital: - Ratings and Reviews: These assess a brand's reputation capital (think of those star ratings on platforms like Yelp). - Brand Image Strength: Differentiating your company from others. - Perceived Value: Customers attribute value based on emotions and connection to your brand.

Ego-centric networks (1/3 types of Social Networks) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Connected with a single node or individual - Ego-centric networks specifically consider the connections of an individual (the ego) and how they relate to others (known as "alters"). For instance, if you were to ask someone about their friends, they would provide information about their own friends but not necessarily the friends of other people. - Unlike complete social networks, which show all connections among individuals, ego-centric networks provide a limited/partial view. They focus solely on the ego's (the one individuals) relationships.

Controllable media (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Controllable media refers to channels where brands have direct control over the content, messaging, and distribution - Reputations can be controlled by controllable media - Advertising (we pay for the ads) - Public relations (We pay for them to send out the press releases) - Marketing (We pay for the packaging) - News releases - Landing pages - A blog post - A video - Corporate website

Corporate culture (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Corporate culture makes up the personality of the organization and how things are accomplished - The culture of an organization determines how it impacts workers perceptions and behaviors. - It's a filter, sometimes invisible and sometimes very evident, that guides how people interact and work - It affects communication styles and content, employee morale and initiative, and leadership behaviors Consists of the... -Physical environment of a corporation -Attitudes and beliefs of a corporation -Behavior patterns of a corporation 5 characteristics of a healthy corporate culture - Empowerment - Constructive relationships - Morality and honesty - Diversity - Social consciousness + Ex. Coca-Cola Company Values - Leadership, Integrity. Diversity, Quality, Collaboration, Accountability. Passion

Minorities provide... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Diverse markets and diverse communities - Racial/ethnic minorities increasing in U.S. - Hispanics make up 16% of U.S. population - Constitute larger share of consumer marketplace - Companies changing advertising/marketing tactics

Media traps and how to spring them (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Distractions: - Make direct eye contact during interviews - Shows Active listening (do it for 17 seconds-the eye contact) - Focus on the interview/ignore the background - Example of Togo West focusing on the interview and ignoring what was going on in the background

Donations (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Donations are gifts that individuals or organizations make to a business or organization, often a nonprofit organization - Corporate donations refer to any financial contribution made by a corporation to another organization that furthers the contributor's own objectives - Donating things can be considered a strategy to enhance a company's reputation/identity and strengthen a company's relationship with their community - To donate means to give something, especially to an organization or community, without wanting anything in exchange

Employee volunteerism (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Employee volunteerism refers to employees of an organization volunteering their time and talents to help their communities - Companies support employee volunteering as a key aspect of their CSR activity - Employee volunteer programs (EVPs) are defined as "a planned, managed effort that seeks to motivate and enable employees to effectively volunteer under the leadership of the employer. - List of companies who excel at (EVP): Amway Corporation, Bank of America, BNY Mellon, Cisco, Constellation Energy, Cummins. Inc, IBM, JPMorgan Chase, Kraft Foods, McKesson, PwC U.S., The Goldman Sachs Group - Encouraging employee volunteerism can benefit your company and your team, and you can do so by launching an employee volunteer program - Corporate volunteerism is an aspect of corporate philanthropy that involves encouraging employees to commit their time and skills to charitable causes in their communities - Volunteering is an excellent avenue for employees to act on a company's purpose and develop a sense of ownership over their work and impact (located in the chapter)

Don't spin the truth (lie) when relaying a story to a reporter (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Ex. Ben Bradlee former editor of the Washington Post - "The word 'spinning' I really hate, because it's a nice, uptown way of saying lying."

Consumer activism (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Examples of consumer activism regarding popular organizations: - Tyson foods *PETA - KFC (cruel treatment of animals) *PETA - Coca-Cola *Obesity among children - McDonalds *Obesity - Groups rally against these companies and protest for good reason - Sometimes they force companies to change their ways

Consumer Boycotts (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Examples of consumers boycotting companies: - Exxon *Valdez - Shell Oil Company *Oil platform - Kraft Foods, Nabisco *Selling cigarettes to minors - Gap *video example from CNN (NOT AVAILABLE) *Sweatshops - Groups stop buying from these companies for good reason

Greenwashing (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Greenwashing is when a company says, "we are an environmentally responsible company, we take all kinds of environmental actions to save the environment", when in reality, they don't TEXTBOOK DEFININITION: Greenwashing is deceptive messaging that a product or a practice is environmentally friendly

To establish the rules of engagement, you must set the... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Ground rules

PR teams should stay in touch with reporters, but not too much (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

How often should you talk to reporters? We should seek quality, not quantity in our media contact. Ex. June Fletcher of the Wall Street Journal, 2005 - "I'd rather hear less often from you, but know you'll have something juicy and original when you do call."

Identity (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Identity is what the organization stands for above all else - Organizations have multiple identities - Poses no problems - Requires one dominant identity + Ex. Johnson & Johnson - they talk about their healthcare products and they prioritize who their most important markets are (doctors, nurses, medical personal, moms and dads all use their products) - They even talk about having to make a profit, keeping their costs down as much as they can, but they still need to make a profit to stay in business - Seeks to develop, make, market quality healthcare products - Seeks profits large enough to attract shareholders, reward employees, and stoke research - Dominant identity: To serve patients and the healthcare community + Ex. General Electric (dominant identity: developing and marketing consumer and technology products of the highest quality) A company's identity is: developing and marketing consumer and technology products of the highest quality and employing the best people to obtain, market, and sell quality coffee and collateral products in a war and welcoming venue.

Corporate identity (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Identity is what the organization stands for above all else - Organizations have multiple identities - Poses no problems - Requires one dominant identity + Ex. Johnson & Johnson - they talk about their healthcare products and they prioritize who their most important markets are (doctors, nurses, medical personal, moms and dads all use their products) - They even talk about having to make a profit, keeping their costs down as much as they can, but they still need to make a profit to stay in business (which is their dominant identity) - Seeks to develop, make, market quality healthcare products - Seeks profits large enough to attract shareholders, reward employees, and stoke research - Dominant identity: To serve patients and the healthcare community + Ex. General Electric - A company's identity is: developing and marketing consumer and technology products of the highest quality and employing the best people to obtain, market, and sell quality coffee and collateral products in a war and welcoming venue.

What makes news newsworthy? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

If the news: - Is unusual - Affects people: the more people, the more newsworthy (news that affects people consists of death, layoffs, help, etc.) - Consists of "secretive" information (inside track?) - Has to do with conflict: either internal or external (which is better?) - Deals with mistakes (friendly fire, atrocities) *video* + Ex. Marine Lance Cci. Brian Scamman kicked a Somalian youth Wednesday at the entrance to the port at Mogadishu. The boy had been throwing rocks at the MPs stationed there (someone sent out a note to the commandment of the Marine corps to say that this marine should be dealt with accordingly under the military justice system for the horrible act he committed)

The relationship between a PR team and a reporter/journalist (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

In an ideal world, the relationship consists of: - Mutual cooperation - Trust - Respect Relationship is normally: mutually beneficial and adversarial In the real world, the relationship consists of: The PR team: - generates hype (hype is a marketing technique that generates buzz, anticipation, and desirability, ultimately influencing consumer behavior and brand perception) - Failing to do research (either on the issue or regarding who the audience or journalist/reporter is) - Is being a nuisance (can be due to Poor Crisis Management, Overzealous Promotion, Spammy Outreach, Ignoring Stakeholder Concerns, Insensitive Campaigns, Overhyping Minor News, and Intrusive Media Relations) - Goal is to persuade The journalists: - Biased reporting (reports in favor of one side) - Uses sensationalism in writing (An editorial tactic that involves selecting and wording events/topics in news stories to excite the greatest number of readers and viewers. Instead of maintaining neutrality, sensational reporting often encourages biased or emotionally loaded impressions of events, sometimes manipulating the truth of a story) - Goal is to inform

The news cycle is non-existent due to... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Instant worldwide communications being as close as your keyboard

Internal and external stakeholders (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Internal stakeholders = Organizational stakeholders - Directors - Executives - Employees - Members External stakeholders = Economic stakeholders and Societal stakeholders - Customers - Creditors - Competitors - Suppliers - Distributers - Unions - Communities - Government agencies - Media - Nonprofit - NGOs

Small-seed approach (1/2 ways ideas spread on the internet) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Involves a few influentials to spread the message

Big-seed approach (1/2 ways ideas spread on the internet) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Involves a large number of people targeted with an initial message (large number of people spread the message)

Americans express little trust in... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Least Trusted - Business leaders (recently joined the list) - Stockbrokers (recently joined the list) - Car dealers - HMO managers

Legal imperatives (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Legal imperatives are crucial for ensuring fairness, transparency, and ethical conduct - Freedom of Expression: This fundamental right allows individuals to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas freely. It ensures that communication is not stifled by censorship or undue restrictions - Data Protection and Privacy Laws: These laws safeguard individuals' personal information. Organizations must handle data responsibly, obtain consent, and protect privacy rights - Right to Be Forgotten: In the digital age, individuals have the right to request removal of outdated or irrelevant information about themselves from online platforms - Ethical Communication: Legal professionals must adhere to ethical standards when communicating with clients, colleagues, and the public. Honesty, integrity, and confidentiality are paramount - Effective Communication in Legal Practice: Clear and persuasive communication is essential for drafting contracts, negotiating settlements, and presenting arguments in court. - Cultural Competence: Lawyers need to communicate effectively across different languages and cultures. Understanding cultural nuances is crucial for successful legal practice

Corporations and the environment (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Limited Natural Resources - World's Pollution: Manufacturing Process - Want Products -- Not Pollution + Ex. Smoke Stacks, Toxic Waste, Rain Forest Destruction - What's a PR Practitioner To Do? BAD NEWS SELLS - Companies that pollute make the news Be prepared for the worst! - Have a list of positive environmental actions by your company and publicize them - Have a crisis action plan on hand just in case Murphy stops by the plant EXAMPLES of PR blunders - R.J. Reynolds (R.J. Reynolds, corporate chairman who stated at a stockholders meeting quoted that children don't like the way of smoking like... and infants would eventually learn to crawl, not a good look) - America West Airlines (American west airlines dumped the passengers on a scheduled flight to see the california baseball team, not a good look) - Mitsubishi Motors - Mitsubishi motors, have been sued for failure to address sexual harassment and sexual assault in their plants in the US so the lawyers organized a bunch of employees to the state capitol to address these things and protest - Company sent 2700 workers to put on a mass protest demonstration in Chicago, they were given a paid day off of work and lunch - 3 months later the company announced changes, they succumbed to the pressure, they were wrong - Why would you support sexual harassment/assault in your workplace?

Line management (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Line management refers to the management of employees who are directly involved in the production or delivery of products, goods, and/or services - It represents the lowest level of management within an organizational hierarchy, distinct from top/executive/senior management and middle management - Determines ground rules/sets the course - Listen to all points of view/debate - Gives orders (receives advice) - Makes final decisions - PR works within the rules and with others to contribute to overall decision

Media Training

Media Training is a specialized form of communication training for individuals who plan to interact with media outlets. - It equips them with the skills necessary to represent themselves, a brand, or a company effectively when engaging with the media. Why use media training? - To promote the idea that a media encounter is likely - To provide a basic understanding of the media - To provide interview experience and tips

Where Does PR Fit In The Corporate Structure? (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Most define PR as a management function - But which management? *Marketing VP? *Group or divisional manager? *Head of legal? *CEO? - Closer to the top the better

Media Dependence (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Most information the public receives comes from public relations (PR) sources such as: * News releases * Features * Planned events * Tips

Does PR have final approval authority? (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

No

The pace of news nowadays waits for... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

No one, no matter how big your title

Open-system networks (1/3 types of Social Networks) (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Not clearly defined - Networks in which the boundaries are not necessarily clear, unlike closed systems where the boundaries are clear and well-defined - Open system social networks are characterized by their loosely connected nature, allowing for many opportunities to build new connections and foster creativity and idea generation. + Ex. The 'Middle-Class' in Canada: The middle-class network in Canada is an open system where individuals from various backgrounds and professions interact, share information, and influence each other. + Ex. Influencers of a Particular Decision: When a significant decision is being made, there is often an open network of influencers who contribute their perspectives, expertise, and connections to shape the outcome.

If You Don't Speak... (video) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Not speaking to the media causes: * Limited Control Over the Narrative (Reporters may still write about your story but without your perspective) * Negative Perception (public may be more unsympathetic if you don't engage with the media) * Missed Opportunity (to provide context, shape the narrative and tell your side of the story) * Legal Implications (could lead to legal problems) - Media Coverage Without Your Input: If you decline to talk to reporters, they may still write about your story but without your perspective - You might see phrases like "Joe Blow declined to comment" or "Jane Doe did not return phone calls" associated with your name - Essentially, your side of the story won't be included, and the narrative will lack your input (not a great idea).

Outsourcing (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Outsourcing is a way of transferring business processes or operations to another party - Outsourcing can be done within the same country or overseas

The human factor of a company's reputation is... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

People! - Customers - Employees (*video example of navy recruiting, NOT AVAILABLE*) - The most important element in any business is people, and it doesn't matter if you're a one-man operation or 1,000-man operation - Both businesses have to deal with people, either employees, the public or both and it needs to be done in a manner of respect or you will not be in business very long. - The public's perception of your business is what counts. Your business may operate in a completely legal, technically sound and well financed manner, but if you appear as a cold and greedy organization, the public will react negatively - There is a Navy commercial that focuses on one of the Navy's newest, most lethal ships. The opening shot shows an empty ship at sea and stresses that the most sophisticated weapons and equipment in the world is useless without one very important factor: people. • The Marine Corps emphasizes that its most potent weapon is the individual Marine: people. • The point here is that the most important element in any business is: People. • A successful company must treat its customers and employees honestly and in a friendly manner, with respect, making them feel as though each and everyone of them are crucial to the success of this organization.

Pitch (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Pitch, to be effective, should include a short summary of the story, a connection relevant to the publication and its readers, and be accurate, intriguing and complete. - must determine the right reporter to approach (must do research to find them) - get to know them beforehand so you're not complete strangers

Question on political concerns, technological concerns (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Political concerns in companies: - Politics can enormously impact business. - For example, regional laws and regulations can determine how a company operates or whether it benefits from international expansion. - Corporate Activism: Many companies take bold stances on various issues (LGBTQ support, abortion access, gun control, etc.) Technological concerns in companies: - Dealing With New and Increasing Cyberattacks - Leveraging New Technology for Tangible Business Outcomes - Maximizing the Capacity and Capability of Teams - Harnessing AI's Potential

What are some characteristics of interviews featured in different medias? Interview characteristics (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Print= - Features longer, more detailed interview Television= - Short answers crucial: 8 seconds - Non-verbals loom large *Ex. "I've got a 22-minute show. If a guy takes five minutes to warm up, he's out." Jeff Greenfield, CNN Radio= - Emphasis on voice, inflection, pace Telephone= - Arrange at your convenience, use notes *Belittle Reporters video- featuring Donald Trump belittling Jim Acosta or John Podesta I think*

Product placement (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Product placement is a marketing technique that involves promoting specific brands and products to consumers in a nontraditional setting, such as in film, television, or retail stores + Omega watches and BMW ads are an example of this

The key to a successful public relations program is... (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Reaching the right groups and avoiding the mass communications effort.

News Dump (video) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Refers to a technique used to minimize negative coverage by the news media. It involves releasing bad news or documents at times when reporters are not on duty, such as late on a Friday when media members have left for the weekend. - This is often called a "Friday news dump" by members of the media. The timing is often chosen strategically, aiming to minimize media coverage, public attention, and potential scrutiny that may arise from the news being released. - In a 24/7 news cycle, the Friday evening news dump is a tactic historically embraced by strategic communicators in government, politics and tech as a means to bury less than stellar news

New cycles (video) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Refers to the time interval between the release of one edition of a news outlet and the subsequent edition. - The most common example of a news cycle is the daily newspaper, which is typically published early in the morning and followed by the next edition approximately 24 hours later * The 24-hour news cycle (or 24/7 news cycle): is 24-hour investigation and reporting of news, concomitant with fast-paced lifestyles. The vast news resources available in recent decades have increased competition for audience and advertiser attention, prompting media providers to deliver the latest news in the most compelling manner in order to remain ahead of competitors. (Television-, radio-, print-, online- and mobile app news media all have many suppliers that want to be relevant to their audiences and deliver news first)

What are the three R's when it comes to reporters and a PR team? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Relationships, relationships, relationships - For both communications professionals and senior business leaders, it's about relationships.

Reputation (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Reputation is the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something - Men have fought duels over it - Companies and institutions have succeeded or failed because of it "If you lose dollars for the firm by bad decisions, I will be very understanding. If you lose reputation for the firm, I will be ruthless." (Warren Buffet) - Gain in reputation more important than financial gain - Reputation = Sum of Images = Performance + Behavior + Communication - Reputation is performance, behavior, and communication combined

What is the main difference between social media and traditional media? (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

SPEED

PR is a... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

STAFF FUNCTION!! - "The job of staff officers is to advise top officials and to support and assist line officers."

"When you find yourself in a hole, the first thing to do is... (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

STOP DIGGING." (Will Rogers) - remaining silent would most likely be the best option if your company is in a crisis situation

What is the term that encompasses the comprehensive management of all employees with an organization in which it doesn't matter what their hierarchical position is? (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Sometimes referred to as "internal communication," employee relations focuses on all employees of an organization, from the head executives to the maintenance crew. - Depending on the size and structure of an organization, PR will often lead internal communication in partnership with chief executives and human resources. - Internal communications broad goal is to help create and sustain a healthy organizational culture. - In an innovative organizational culture, ideas and suggestions from all employees, regardless of their hierarchical position, are considered and analyzed - This inclusive approach fosters creativity, teamwork, and a sense of ownership among all team members

The art of the soundbite *NOT AVAILABLE video example* (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Sound bites are Clips. One-liners. "Quotes". - They are short, succinct statements which stand alone and encapsulate a thought, idea or message into one or two brief sentences. - The art of the sound bite is a useful skill to acquire, as in video or even printed content, they can grab the viewer/reader attention in a way that longer sentences never will - They are short, simple and, for clarity, ideally carry one message. - Sound bites are great to use on videos, live streams and anywhere else you are speaking and being recorded. From interviews to brand videos, press releases, speeches and property videos.

Staged Events (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Staged events refer to events that are purposely organized or orchestrated for media coverage, yet they appear spontaneous. - These events are carefully planned and executed to create a specific narrative or impression *Bush's speech to troops video is an example of a staged event, Bush spoke to Marines at Camp Pendleton about operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, their commitment to national security and the event was preplanned* - Be careful when staged events include scripting

Stakeholders (Chapter 10: Employee Relations, corporate Culture, and Social Responsibility)

Stakeholders are groups of people who can affect your business or are affected by your company's actions - There are three types TEXTBOOK DEFINITION: Stakeholders are these people in an organization who have a "stake" in a company/organization. They may include employees, voters, government agencies and elected officials, customers and prospective employees as well as costumers and other similar individuals. - Stakeholders should also be viewed as those people or organizations that are not supportive of your success, such as competitors, activists, and supporters/costumers of the competition. - Either pro or con, they can be said to have a "stake" in the process. - Note: There is considerable debate in the PR profession as to whether the media should be considered a stakeholder or a vehicle to reach this audience. - Most professionals consider the media to be both- especially in political and governmental communications where the media outlet may have an editorial position on the campaign or issue

What is the interview decision process? (A 7-step process) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

Step One: The Basic Search (search for a reporter to interview you) Step Two: Determine the reporter's purpose (why do they want to interview you) Step Three: Determine Your Purpose (why do you want to be interviewed/what message do you want to communicate during the interview) Step Four: Determine Reporter's Background (make sure the reporter is trustworthy and has a good record) Step Five: Consult with the Boss (discuss if having an interview with this reporter is a good idea) Step Six: Decide Whether or Not You are the Right Person to do an Interview (maybe the boss would want someone else or you don't know the content that is needed to know) *Use the experts video* (watch a video by an expert for reference) Step Seven: Develop a Communications Objective *Iverson practice video- the video features Iverson being honest and empathetic about accepting the loss of a game while the media kept taking it as a joke and laughter. Sad life of a professional athlete and the pressure. Millions can't buy happiness.*

Downsizing (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

THE DIRTY WORD Downsizing = Public Distrust - AT&T dismisses 40,000 employees (Chairman Robert E. Allen receives $16 million) The downsizing challenge to PR - Think of layoff victims as people, not stats - Justify layoffs to public (doing these things will help maintain your reputation, at least a bit)

Media Relations (Diana Sawyer, Chris Wallace, Wolf Blitzer) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

THEY ARE NOT THE ENEMY (enemy of the people + enemy of the state videos) - "We don't want any of that damned crowd around here" (Meg Greenfield, editorial page editor of the Washington Post) - "It's also impossible not to feel the intensity of the briefing, the demand for information, and fear of failure if the briefer is not prepared" (Marlin Fitzwater, 1983) Relationship with media relations is: - Mutually beneficial - Adversarial - Have differing goals

"The one thing that's certain about life is that... (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

THINGS CHANGE - This couldn't be more true than with businesses and the workplace - Whether it's merging personnel from another company, moving to a new location, shifting your brand identity... "

The agenda setting theory (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

The agenda setting theory states the news media has an agenda. - They tell audiences what news to consider important.

What happens when companies acquire other companies? (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

The gaining company gets the other companies: - technology - factories - storefronts - employees (+their associating culture and workplace habits) - it literally gets everything from them

Large amounts of money= (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

The loss of corporate trust + Ex. Tyco + Ex. Worldcom + Ex. Adelphia

Branding (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

The practice of corporate branding is a recent phenonium and an outgrow of the trend of reputation management as a key function of corporate communicators - the promotion of a particular product or company by means of advertising, marketing and distinctive design - Influences customers purchasing choices - More major companies and their leaders are seeing the value and benefits of building and maintaining a corporate brand as part of their reputation. - Simply put, a corporate brand is the attributes of a company that come to mind when you hear the name. + Ex. Apple has a strong corporate brand, reinforced by their innovative retail stores and breakthrough technology (pg. 258)

On background interview (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

The reporter may use verbatim the material, but may not identify the interviewee by name and/or title. - The reporter and the interviewee come to an agreement regarding attribution + Ex. "A senior Defense Department official said . . ."

The Golden hour (MINUTE) (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

The time period lasting from a few minutes to an hour to respond to a crisis - In emergency medicine, the golden hour refers to a time period lasting from a few minutes to several hours following traumatic injury being sustained by a casualty, during which there is the highest likelihood that prompt medical treatment will prevent death." (Wiki)

How many precepts are there of reputation management? (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

There are 10

Selective Attention (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

There was a time when most news was printed on paper, tweets were sung by birds, when a snap meant something had broken, and when chatting was something you did with the person in front of you - The average human could not pay attention to all of these stimuli at the same time - The internet hasn't helped matters. Basically, saying that the internet has lessened our attention spans and made us less social

Customer relations (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

They are the front line of public relations + Ex. Eddie Bauer (The brand aims to preserve natural resources and create environmental conditions that allow its community of outdoor enthusiasts to thrive- good customer relations) + Ex. Taco Bell (good customer relations) + Ex. U.S. Bank of Washington (good customer relations) + Ex. Mattel (good customer relations)

Corporate Philanthropy (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

When corporations do charitable acts or other good works that help others or contribute to the well-being of society overall EXAMPLES - 2006: $12.7 billion - Philip Morris: $17 million - Forms: *Cash, products, food, clothing, loans - Double-edged sword? (example of Anheuser Busch companies)

Uncontrollable media (Chapter 11: Corporate Communication and Reputation Management)

Uncontrollable media refers to channels or platforms where the content is not directly managed or controlled by a central authority. - Word of mouth - Commentary - Social media - There is often no gatekeeper or control over what gets posted as "news" by companies or so called "citizen journalists"

Product recalls (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

When a product gets taken off the shelves at stores due to an issue with that product + Ex. Another Tylenol recall - McNeil Consumer Healthcare announced on Tuesday afternoon that it is recalling more of its over-the-counter Tylenol products. - In a statement, the company said that it was conducting a voluntary consumer recall of one product lot of eight-hour extended-release caplets because of a "musty, or moldy oder".

Wikipedia is a classic example of _____ (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Web 2.0 - Websites like Wikipedia allow users to collaborate, create, and edit content - User-Generated Content: Wikipedia relies on contributions from users worldwide. Anyone can edit articles, add information, and improve content. - Interactivity: Readers can engage with Wikipedia by editing, discussing, and contributing. It's not just a one-way flow of information. - Virtual Community: Wikipedia operates as a virtual community where users collaborate to build a vast knowledge base.

Concepts used by organizations to disseminate info to the public: push/pull (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

Websites Are Interactive and employ one of two concepts to organize and disseminate information to the public - If we go to a corporate website such as General Motor or Microsoft, there will be a digital newsroom where dissemination of press releases occur in news studio Pull concept - The pull approach emphasizes the audience's pulling of information when needed. (pulling in the research from sources) - Demand-driven: Information is accessed based on the audience's needs or queries. - Responsive: It caters to specific requests or interests. - Interactive: It allows for two-way communication. - search engines - online databases - Web sites Push concept - In the context of knowledge translation, the push approach involves actively pushing information from the source (such as researchers, organizations, or institutions) to the intended audience. (pushing out the research to sources) - The source takes the initiative to share information. - Information is actively disseminated through various channels. - Traditional mass media - News releases - policy briefs - news letters - It primarily involves a one-way flow of information. *Motrin Mom Babywearing Ad, 2008 (video available to watch)

Whitewashing (Chapter 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations)

Whitewashing involves casting white actors in roles that should be played by actors of color. - It also encompasses the erasure of non-white individuals from historical narratives and media representations - Essentially, it's altering something in a way that favors, features, or caters to white people while minimizing or misrepresenting BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) individuals

Working with the media (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

You and I are the interface

A PR professional must monitor the media for best results (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

You must be a constant observer of the news media-who is covering what topics and what type of stories are of interest to which publications? - How is the media covering your industry, competitors and company or client? - Which reporters are interested in the topics that connect with the story you want them to tell?

The news cycle being nonexistent nowadays gives the implication for program managers, product line VPs and other senior leaders to always... (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

be prepared

Fake News (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

fake news means fiction deliberately fabricated and presented as nonfiction with the intent to mislead recipients into treating fiction as fact or into doubting verifiable fact

When you work with social media, there is a ___ relationship (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

love-hate (video)

LinkedIn demonstrates the principle of... (Chapter 8: Social Media and Emerging Technologies)

social distance

Pew reported that 67% of all US adults now get their news from...(Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

social media

The true media environment (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

you and your company are under a microscope

What are PR teams trying to do with reporters? (Chapter 7: Media Relations and the lecture on Media Interviews)

• Why are we communicating? • What are we trying to accomplish? • Who are we really trying to reach? • What is the understanding we want people to walk away with? • How do we want our audience to feel? • What do we want them to do? • What tools will we use? • How are we going to check and see how we did?